Tamoxifen-resistant fibroblast growth factor-transfected MCF-7 cells are cross-resistant in vivo to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and two aromatase inhibitors

Clinical Cancer Research

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 697-711

  McLeskey, Sandra W ^a,b   Zhang, Lurong ^a,b   El Ashry, Dorraya ^a,b   Trock, Bruce J ^a,b   Lopez, Cecilia A ^a   Kharbanda, Samir ^a   Tobias, Christopher A ^a   Lorant, Lori A ^d   Hannum, Rachel S ^a   Dickson, Robert B ^a,b   Kern, Francis G ^a,b,c  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIESTROGEN; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; FORMESTANE; FULVESTRANT; LETROZOLE; TAMOXIFEN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG CROSS REACTIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESISTANCE; ENZYME INHIBITION; ESTROGEN METABOLISM; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ANDROSTENEDIONE; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; AROMATASE INHIBITORS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL DIVISION; CELL LINE; CHLORAMPHENICOL O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; ENZYME INHIBITORS; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN ANTAGONISTS; FEMALE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HUMANS; LUCIFERASES; MICE; MICE, NUDE; NITRILES; OVARIECTOMY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RECEPTORS, PROGESTERONE; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; RNA, MESSENGER; TAMOXIFEN; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; TRANSFECTION; TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS; TRIAZOLES; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 15444354663     PISSN: 10780432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Robertson, J. F. R. Oestrogen receptor: a stable phenotype in breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 73: 5-12, 1996.
2. Karnik, P. S., Kulkarni, S., Liu, X-P., Budd, G. T., and Bukowski, R. M. Estrogen receptor mutations in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res., 54: 349-353, 1994.
3. Johnston, S. R. D., Saccani-Jotti, G., Smith, I. E., Salter, J., Newby, J., Coppen, M., Ebbs, S. R., and Dowsett, M. Changes in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and pS2 expression in tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer. Cancer Res., 55: 3331-3338, 1995.
4. Johnston, S. R. D., Lu, B., Dowsett, M., Liang, X., Kaufman, M., Scott, G. K., Osborne, C, K., and Benz, C. C. Comparison of estrogen receptor DNA binding in untreated and acquired antiestrogen-resistant human breast tumors. Cancer Res., 57: 3723-3727, 1997.
5. Jiang, S-Y., Langan-Fahey, S. M., Stella, A. L., McCague, R., and Jordan, V. C. Point mutation of estrogen receptor (ER) in the ligand-binding domain changes the pharmacology of antiestrogens in ER-negative breast cancer cells stably expressing complementary DNAs for ER. Mol. Endocrinol., 6: 2167-2174, 1992.
6. Catherino, W. H., Wolf, D. M., and Jordan, V. C. A naturally occurring estrogen receptor mutation results in increased estrogenicity of a tamoxifen analog. Mol. Endocrinol., 9: 1053-1063, 1995.
7. Wolf, D. M., and Fuqua, S. A. W. Mechanisms of action of antiestrogens. Cancer Treat. Rev., 21: 247-271, 1995.
8. Mahfoudi, A., Roulet, E., Dauvois, S., Parker, M. G., and Wahli, W. Specific mutations in the estrogen receptor change the properties of antiestrogens to full agonists. Biochemistry, 92: 4206-4210, 1995,
9. Osborne, C. K., Coronado, E., Allred, D. C., Wiebe, V., and DeGregorio, M. Acquired tamoxifen resistance: correlation with reduced breast tumor levels of tamoxifen and isomerization of trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 83: 1477-1482, 1991.
10. Tonetti, D. A., and Jordan, V. C. Possible mechanisms in the emergence of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs, 6: 498-507, 1995.
11. Osborne, C. K., and Fuqua, S. A. W. Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 32: 49-55, 1994.
12. Pavlik, E. J., Nelson, K., Srinivasan, S., Powell, D. E., Kenady, D. E., DePriest, P., Gallion, H. H., and van Nagell, J. R., Jr. Resistance to tamoxifen with persisting sensitivity to estrogen: possible mediation by excessive antiestrogen binding site activity. Cancer Res., 52: 4106-4112, 1992.
13. Howell, A., DeFriend, D., Robertson, J.,Blarney, R., and Walton, P. Response to a specific antioestrogen (ICI 182780) in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Lancet, 345: 29-30, 1995.
14. Howell, A., Downey, S., and Anderson, E. New endocrine therapies for breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 32A: 576-588, 1996.
15. Miller, W. R. Aromatase inhibitors: where are we now? Br. J. Cancer, 73: 415-417, 1996.
16. Buzdar, A., Jonat, W., Howell, A., Jones, S. E., Blomqvist, C., Vogel, C. L., Eiermann, W., Wolter, J. M., Azab, M., Webster, A., and Plourde, P. V. Anastrozole, a potent and selective aromatase inhibitor, versus megestrol acetate in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of overview analysis of two phase III trials. J. Clin. Oncol., 14: 2000-2011, 1996.
17. Bonnefoi, H. R., Smith, I. E., Dowsett, M., Trunet, P. F., Houston, S. J., da Luz, R. J., Rubens, R. D., Coombes, R. C, and Powles, T. J. Therapeutic effects of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole hydrochloride in advanced breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 73: 539-542, 1996.
18. Buzdar, A. U., Smith, R., Vogel, C., Bonomi, P., Keller, A. M., Favis, G., Mulagha, M., and Cooper, J. Fadrozole HCL (CGS-16949A) versus megestrol acetate treatment of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer (Phila.), 77: 2503-2513, 1996.
19. Howell, A., DeFriend, D. J., Robertson, J. F. R., Blarney, R. W., Anderson, L., Anderson, E., Sutcliffe, F. A., and Walton, P. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and anti-tumour effects of the specific anti-oestrogen ICI 182780 in women with advanced breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 74: 300-308, 1996.
20. Castiglione-Gertsch, M. New aromatase inhibitors: more selectiv-ity, less toxicity, unfortunately, the same activity. Eur. J. Cancer, 3: 393-395, 1996.
21. McLeskey, S. W., Kurebayashi, J., Honig, S. F., Zwiebel, J., Lippman, M. E., Dickson, R. B., and Kern, F. G. Fibroblast growth factor 4 transfection of MCF-7 cells produces cell lines that are tumorigenic and metastatic in ovariectomized or tamoxifen-treated athymic nude mice. Cancer Res., 53: 2168-2177, 1993.
22. Zhang, L., Kharbanda, S., Chen, D., Bullocks, J., Miller, D. L., Ding, I. Y. F., Hanfelt, J., McLeskey, S. W., and Kern, F. G. MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells overexpressing FGF-I form vascularized metastatic tumors in ovariectomized or tamoxifen-treated nude mice. Oncogene, 15: 2093-2108, 1997.
23. Liu, Y., El-Ashry, D., Chen, D., Ding, I. Y. F., and Kern, F. G. MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing transfected c-erbB-2 have an in vitro growth advantage in estrogen-depleted conditions and reduced estrogen dependence and tamoxifen sensitivity in vivo. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 34: 97-117, 1995.
24. Benz, C. C., Scott, G. K., Sarup, J. C., Johnson, R. M., Tripathy, D., Coronado, E., Shepard, H. M., and Osborne, C. K. Estrogen-dependent, tamoxifen-resistant tumorigenic growth of MCF-7 cells transfected with HER2/neu. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 24: 85-95, 1992.
25. Pietras, R. J., Arboleda, J., Reese, D. M., Wongvipat, N., Pegram, M. D., Ramos, L., German, C. M., Parker, M. G., Sliwkowski, M. X., and Slamon, D. J. HER-2 tyrosine kinase pathway targets estrogen receptor and promotes hormone-independent growth in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene, 10: 2435-2446, 1995.
26. Tang, C. K., Perez, C., Grunt, T., Waibel, C., Cho, C., and Lupu, R. Involvement of heregulin-β2 in the acquisition of the hormone-independent phenotype of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res., 56; 3350-3358, 1996.
27. Carlomagno, C., Perrone, F., Gallo, C., De Laurentiis, M., Lauria, R., Morabito, A., Pettinato, G., Panico, L., D'Antonio, A., Bianco, A. R., and De Placido, S. c-erbB2 overexpression decreases the benefit of adjuvant tamoxifen in early stage breast cancer without axillary lymph node metastases. J. Clin. Oncol., 14: 2702-2708, 1996.
28. Arnold, S. F., Obourn, J. D., Jaffe, H., and Notides, A. C. Phosphorylation of human estrogen receptor by mitogen-activated protein kinase and casein kinase II: consequences on DNA binding. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 55: 163-172, 1995.
29. Katzenellenbogen, B. S., Montano. M. M., Le Goff, P., Schodin, D. J., Kraus, W. L., Bhardwaj, B., and Fujimoto, N. Antiestrogens. Mechanisms and actions in target cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 53: 387-393, 1995.
30. Kato, S., Endoh, H., Masuhiro, Y., Kitamoto, T., Uchiyama, S., Sasaki, H., Masushige, S., Gotoh, Y., Nishida, E., Kawashima, H., Metzger, D., and Chambon, P. Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science (Washington DC), 270: 1491-1494, 1995.
31. Bunone, G., Briand, P. A., Miksicek, R. J., and Picard, D. Activation of the unliganded estrogen receptor by EGF involves the MAP kinase pathway and direct phosphorylation. EMBO J., 15: 2174-2183, 1996.
32. Ignar-Trowbridge, D. M., Pimentel, M., Parker, M. G., McLachlan, J. A., and Korach, K. S. Peptide growth factor cross-talk with the estrogen receptor requires the A/B domain and occurs independently of protein kinase C or estradiol. Endocrinology, 137: 1735-1744, 1996.
33. 1 can induce estrogen-independent tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells in athymic mice. Cell Growth Differ., 4: 193-201, 1993.
34. Arteaga, C. L., Hurd, S. D., Winnier, A. R., Johnson, M. D., Fendly, B. M., and Forbes, J. T. Anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β antibodies inhibit breast cancer cell tumorigenicity and increase mouse spleen natural killer cell activity. J. Clin. Invest., 92: 2569-2576, 1993.
35. Clarke, R. Human breast cancer cell line xenografts as models of breast cancer: the immunobiologies of recipient mice and the characteristics of several tumorigenic cell lines. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 39: 69-86, 1996.
36. Gottardis, M. M., Wagner, R. J., Borden, E. C., and Jordan, V. C. Differential ability of antiestrogens to stimulate breast cancer (MCF-7) growth in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res., 49: 4765-4769, 1989.
37. Katzenellenbogen, J. A., O'Malley, B. W., and Katzenellenbogen, B. S. Tripartite steroid hormone receptor pharmacology: interaction with multiple effector sites as a basis for the cell- and promoter-specific action of these hormones. Mol. Endocrinol., 10: 119-131, 1996.
38. Horwitz, K. B., Jackson, T. A., Bain, D. L., Richer, J. K., Takimoto, G. S., and Tung, L. Nuclear receptor coactivators and corepressors. Mol. Endocrinol., 10: 1167-1177, 1996.
39. Smith, C. L., Nawaz, Z., and O'Malley, B. W. Coactivator and corepressor regulation of the agonist/antagonist activity of the mixed antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Mol. Endocrinol., 11: 657-666, 1997.
40. Jackson, T. A., Richer, J. K., Bain, D. L., Takimoto, G. S., Tung, L., and Horwitz, K. B. The partial agonist activity of antagonist-occupied steroid receptors is controlled by a novel hinge domain-binding coactivator L7/SPA and the corepressors N-CoR or SMRT. Mol. Endocrinol., 11: 693-705, 1997.
41. Ding, I. Y. F., McLeskey, S. W., Chang, K., Fu, Y. M., Acol, J. C., Shou, M. T., Alitalo, K., and Kern, F. G. Expression of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and receptors (FGFRs) in human breast carcinomas. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 33: 269, 1992.
42. Ulich, T. R., Yi, E. S., Cardiff, R., Yin, S., Bikhazi, N., Biltz, R., Morris, C. F., and Pierce, G. F. Keratinocyte growth factor is a growth factor for mammary epithelium in vivo. Am. J. Pathol., 144: 862-868, 1994.
43. Visscher, D. W., DeMattia, F., Ottosen, S., Sarkar, F. H., and Crissman, J. D. Biologic and clinical significance of basic fibroblast growth factor immunostaining in breast carcinoma. Mod. Pathol., 8: 665-670, 1995.
44. Koos, R. D., Banks, P. K., Inkster, S. E., Yue, W., and Brodie, A. M. H. Detection of aromatase and keratinocyte growth factor expression in breast tumors using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 45: 217-225, 1993.
45. Yiangou, C., Gomm, J. J., Coope, R. C., Law, M., Luqmani, Y. A., Shousha, S., Coombes, R. C., and Johnston, C. L. Fibroblast growth factor 2 in breast cancer: occurrence and prognostic significance. Br. J. Cancer, 75: 28-33, 1997.
46. Gomm, J. J., Smith, J., Ryall, G. K., Baillie, R., Turnbull, L., and Coombes, R. C. Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor β 1 in the human mammary gland. Cancer Res., 51: 4685-4692, 1991.
47. Bansai, G. S., Yiangou, C., Gomm, J. J., Luqmani, Y. A., Coombes, R. C., and Johnston, C. L. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 1 is lower in breast cancer than in normal breast. Br. J. Cancer, 72: 1420-1426, 1995.
48. Smith, J., Yelland, A., Baillie. R., and Coombes, R. C. Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in human breast tissue. Eur. J. Cancer, 3OA: 496-503, 1994.
49. Luqmani, Y. A., Mortimer, C., Yiangou, C., Johnston, C. L., Bansal, G. S., Sinnett, D., Law, M., and Coombes, R. C. Expression of two variant forms of fibroblast growth factor receptor type 1 in human breast. Int. J. Cancer, 64: 274-279, 1995.
50. Penault-Llorca, F., Bertucci, F., Adélaïde, J., Parc, P., Coulier, F., Jacquemier, J., Birnbaum, D., and deLapeyrière, O. Expression of FGF and FGF receptor genes in human breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 61: 170-176, 1995.
51. Kurebayashi, J., McLeskey, S.W., Johnson, M. D., Lippman, M. E., Dickson, R. B., and Kern, F. G. Quantitative demonstration of spontaneous metastasis by MCF-7 human breast cancer cells cotransfected with fibroblast growth factor 4 and LacZ. Cancer Res., 53: 2178-2187, 1993.
52. McLeskey, S. W., Zhang, L., Kharbanda, S., Kurebayashi, J., Lippman, M. E., Dickson, R. B., and Kern, F. G. Fibroblast growth factor overexpressing breast carcinoma cells as models of angiogenesis and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 39: 103-117, 1996.
53. McLeskey, S. W., Zhang, L., Trock, B. J., Kharbanda, S., Liu, Y., Gottardis, M. M., Lippman, M. E., and Kern, F. G. Effects of AGM-1470 and pentosan polysulphate on tumorigenicity and metastasis of FGF-transfected MCF-7 cells. Br. J. Cancer, 73: 1053-1062, 1996.
54. Edwards, D. P., and McGuire, W. L. 17-β-estradiol is a biologically active estrogen in human breast cancer cells in tissue culture. Endocrinology, 107: 884-891, 1980.
55. Miller, D. L., El-Ashry, D., Cheville, A. L., Liu, Y., McLeskey, S. W., and Kern, F. G. Emergence of MCF-7 cells overexpressing a transfected epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) under estrogendepleted conditions: evidence for a role of EGFR in breast cancer growth and progression. Cell Growth Differ., 5: 1263-1274, 1994.
56. Bradford, M. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254, 1976.
57. Chevillard, S., Müller, A., Levalois, C., Lainé-Bidron, C., Vielh, P., and Magdelénat, H. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 41: 81-89, 1996.
58. Chen, C., and Okayama, H. High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7: 2745-2752, 1987.
59. El-Ashry, D., Chrysolgelos, S. A., Lippman, M. E., and Kern, F. G. Estrogen induction of TGF-α is mediated by an estrogen response element composed of two imperfect palindromes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 59: 261-269, 1996.
60. Heitjan, D. F., Manni, A., and Santen, R. J. Statistical analysis of in vivo tumor growth experiments. Cancer Res., 53: 6042-6050, 1993.
61. Brodie, A. M. H., and Santen, R. J. Aromatase and its inhibitors in breast cancer treatment: overview and perspective. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 30: 1-6, 1994.
62. Dowsett, M., and Coombes, R. C. Second generation aromatase inhibitor: 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 30: 81-87, 1994.
63. Demers, L. M., Lipton, A., Harvey, H. A., Kambic, K. B., Grossberg, H., Brady, C., and Santen, R. J. The efficacy of CGS 20267 in suppressing estrogen biosynthesis in patients with advanced stage breast cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 44: 687-691, 1993.
64. Screpanti, I., Felli, M. P., Toniato, E., Meco, D., Martinotti, S., Frati. L., Santoni, A., and Gulino, A. Enhancement of natural-killer-cell susceptibility of human breast-cancer cells by estradiol and v-Ha-ras oncogene. Int. J. Cancer, 47: 445-449, 1991.
65. Knabbe, C., Lippman, M. E., Wakefield, L. M., Flanders, K. C., Kasid, A., Derynck, R., and Dickson, R. B. Evidence that transforming growth factor βis a hormonally regulated negative growth factor in human breast cancer cells. Cell, 48: 417-428, 1987.
66. Melder, R. J., Koenig, G. C., Witwer, B. P., Safabakhsh, N., Munn, L. L., and Jain, R. K. During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium. Nat. Med., 2: 992-997, 1996.
67. Osborne, C. K., Hobbs, K., and Clark, G. M. Effect of estrogens and antiestrogens on growth of human breast cancer cells in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res., 45: 584-590, 1985.
68. Katzenellenbogen, B. S., Kendra, K. L., Norman, M. J., and Berthois, Y. Proliferation, hormonal responsiveness, and estrogen receptor content of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells grown in the short-term and long-term absence of estrogens. Cancer Res., 47: 4355-4360, 1987.
69. Masamura, S., Santner, S. J., Heitjan, D. F., and Santen, R. J. Estrogen deprivation causes estradiol hypersensitivity in human breast cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 80: 2918-2925, 1995.
70. Wakeling, A. E. Comparative studies on the effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal oestrogen antagonists on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. J. Steroid Biochem., 34: 183-188, 1989.
71. Umayahara, Y., Kawamori, R., Watada, H., Imano, E., Iwama, N., Morishima, T., Yamasaki, Y., Kajimoto, Y., and Kamada, T. Estrogen regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription involves an AP-1 enhancer. J. Biol. Chem., 269: 16433-16442, 1994.
72. Ignar-Trowbridge, D. M., Teng, C. T., Ross, K. A., Parker, M. G., and Korach, K. S. Peptide growth factors elicit estrogen receptor-dependent transcriptional activation of an estrogen-response element. Mol. Endocrinol., 7: 992-998, 1993.
73. El-Tanani, M. K. K., and Green, C. D. Two separate mechanisms for ligand-independent activation of the estrogen receptor. Mol. Endocrinol., 11: 928-937, 1997.
74. Zhang, L., Kharbanda, S., Hanfelt, J., and Kern, F. G. Both auto-crine and paracrine effects of transfected acidic fibroblast growth factor are involved in the estrogen-independent and antiestrogen-resistant growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Res., 58: 352-361, 1998.
75. Leygue, E., Huang, A., Murphy, L. C., and Watson, P. H. Prevalence of estrogen receptor variant messenger RNAs in human breast cancer. Cancer Res., 56: 4324-4327, 1996.
76. Roodi, N., Bailey, L. R., Kao, W-Y., Verrier, C. S., Yee, C. J., Dupont, W. D., and Parl, F. F. Estrogen receptor gene analysis in estrogen receptor-positive and receptor-negative primary breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87: 446-451, 1995.
77. Daffada, A. A. I., Johnston, S. R. D., Smith, I. E., Detre, S., King, N., and Dowsett, M. Exon 5 deletion variant estrogen receptor messenger RNA expression in relation to tamoxifen resistance and progesterone receptor/pS2 status in human breast cancer. Cancer Res., 55: 288-293, 1995.
78. Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Enmark, E., Pelto-Huikko, M., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, J. A. Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 5925-5930, 1997.
79. Paech, K., Webb, P., Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Nilsson, S., Gustafsson, J. A., Kushner, P. J., and Scanlon, T. S. Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ at AP1 sites. Science (Washington DC), 277: 1508-1510, 1997.
80. Gaub, M-P., Bellard, M., Scheuer, I., Chambon, P., and Sassone-Corsi, P. Activation of the ovalbumin gene by the estrogen receptor involves the fos-jun complex. Cell, 63: 1267-1276. 1990.
81. Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Carlsson, B., Grandien, K., Enmark, E., Häggblad, J., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, J. A. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β. Endocrinology, 138: 863-870, 1997.
82. McLeskey, S. W., Ding, I. Y. F., Lippman, M. E., and Kern, F. G. MDA-MB-134 breast carcinoma cells overexpress FGF receptors and are growth-inhibited by FGF ligands. Cancer Res., 54: 523-529, 1994.
83. Brünner, N., Boulay, V., Fojo, A., Freter, C. E., Lippman, M. E., and Clarke, R. Acquisition of hormone-independent growth in MCF-7 cells is accompanied by increased expression of estrogen-regulated genes, but without detectable DNA amplifications. Cancer Res., 53: 283-290, 1993.
84. Brünner, N., Frandsen, T. L., Holst-Hansen, C., Bei, M., Thompson, E. W., Wakeling, A. E., Lippman, M. E., and Clarke, R. MCF7/LCC2: a 4-hydroxytamoxifen resistant human breast cancer variant that retains sensitivity to the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Cancer Res., 53: 3229-3232, 1993.
85. Brünner, N., Boysen, B., Jirus, S., Skaar, T. C., Holst-Hansen, C., Lippman, J., Frandsen, T., Spang-Thomsen, M., Fuqua, S. A. W., and Clarke, R. MCF7/LCC9: an antiestrogen-resistant MCF-7 variant in which acquired resistance to the steroidal antiestrogen ICl 182,780 confers an early cross-resistance to the nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen. Cancer Res., 57: 3486-3493, 1997.
86. Lykkesfeldt, A. E., Larsen, S. S., and Briand, P. Human breast cancer cell lines resistant to pure anti-estrogens are sensitive to tamoxifen treatment. Int. J. Cancer, 61: 529-534, 1995.
87. Dumont, J. A., Bitonti, A. J., Wallace, C. D., Baumann, R. J., Cashman, E. A., and Gross-Doersen, D. E. Progression of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to antiestrogen-resistant phenotype is accompanied by elevated levels of AP-I DNA binding activity. Cell Growth Differ., 7: 351-359, 1996.
88. Osborne, C. K., Coronado-Heinsohn, E. B., Hilsenbeck, S. G., McCue, B. L., Wakeling, A. E., McClelland, R. A., Manning, D. L., and Nicholson, R. I. Comparison of the effects of a pure steroidal antiestrogen with those of tamoxifen in a model of human breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87: 746-750, 1995.
89. Wilcken, N. R. C., Prall, O. W. J., Musgrove, E. A., and Sutherland, R. L. Inducible overexpression of cyclin D1 in breast cancer cells reverses the growth-inhibitory effects of antiestrogens. Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 849-854, 1997.
90. 1 checkpoint. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16: 6917-6925, 1996.
91. Green, P. J., Walsh, F. S., and Doherty, P. Promiscuity of fibroblast growth factor receptors. BioEssays, 18: 639-646, 1996.