Food Safety and Foodborne Toxicants

Sixth Edition: Hayes’ Principles and Methods of Toxicology

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 621-676

  Kruger, Claire L ^a   Reddy, Chada S ^b   Conze, Dietrich B ^a   Hayes, A Wallace ^c  

^a Spherix Consulting Inc ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^c HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85138071941     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b17359-25     Document Type: Chapter

References (357)

1. Aalberse, R.C. (2000). Structural biology of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 106: 228-238.
2. Abado-Becognee, K., Mobio, T.A., Ennamany, R., Fleurat-Lessard, F., Shier, W.T., Badria, F., and Creppy, E.E. (1998). Cytotoxicity of fumonisin B1: Implication of lipid peroxidation and inhibition of protein and DNA syntheses. Arch Toxicol, 72(4): 233-236.
3. Abdel-Rahman, A., Anyangwe, N., Carlacci, L. et al. (2011). The safety and regulation of natural products used as foods and food ingredients. Toxicol Sci, 123: 333-348.
4. Abuye, C., Kelbassa, U., and Wolde-Gebriel, S. (1998). Health effects of cassava consumption in South Ethiopia. East Afr Med J, 75: 166-170.
5. Adams, H.R. (1989). Phytoestrogens. In: Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. IV, Phenolics, Cheeke, P.R., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 23-51.
6. Adlercreutz, H. (1995). Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection. Environ Health Perspect, 103(supp 7): 103-112.
7. Aldridge, D. and Tahourdin, C. (1998). Natural oestrogenic compounds. In: Natural Toxicants in Foods, Watson, D.H., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 54-83.
8. Altekruse, S.F., Swerdlow, D.L., and Stern, N.J. (1998). Campylobacter jejuni. In: Microbial Food-Borne Pathogens, Tollefson, L., ed.; WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, Vet Clin N Am (Food Anim Pract) 14: 31-40.
9. Ames, B.N. (1983). Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens: Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science, 221: 1256-1264.
10. Andrews, L.S., Ahmedna, M., Grodner, R.M., Liuzzo, J.A., Murano, P.S., Murano, E.A., Rao, R.M., Shane, S., and Wilson, P.M. (1998). Food preservation using ionizing radiation. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 154: 1-53.
11. Aronow, L. and Kerdel-Vegas, F. (1965). Selino-cystathionine, a pharmacologically active factor in the seeds of Lecythis ollaria: Cytotoxic and depilatory effects. Nature (London), 205: 1185-1186.
12. Ascherio, A., Zhang, S.M., Hernan, M.A., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., and Willett, W.C. (2001). Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women. Ann Neurol, 50: 56-63.
13. Audi, J., Belson, M., Patel, M., Schier, J., and Osterloh, J. (2005). Ricin poisoning: A comprehensive review. JAMA, 294: 2342-2351.
14. Balasubramanian, S. and Govindaswamy, S. (1996). Inhibitory effect of dietary flavonol, quercetin, on 7, 12-cimethylbenzanthracine-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 17: 877-879.
15. Baldessarini, R.J. (1985). Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th edn., Gilman, A.G., Goodman, L.S., Rall, T.W., and Murad, F., eds., The Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York, pp. 387-445.
16. Ballmer-Weber, B.K., Holzhauser, T., Scibilia, J., Mittag, D., Zisa, G., Ortolani, C., Oesterballe, M., Poulsen, L.K., Vieths, S., and Bindslev-Jensen, C. (2007). Clinical characteristics of soybean allergy in Europe: A double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge study. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 119: 1489-1496.
17. Banea-Muyambu, J.P., Tylleskar, T., Gitebo, N., Mtadi, N., Gebre-Medhim, M., and Rosling, A. (1997). Geographical and seasonal association between linamarin and cyanide exposure from cassava and the upper motor neuron disease Konzo in former Zaire. Trop Med Int Health, 2: 1143-1151.
18. Barceloux, D.G. (2009). Cyanogenic foods (cassava, fruit kernels, and cycad seeds). [Review]. Dis Mon, 55: 336-352.
19. Barotto, N.N., Lopez, C.B., Eynard, A.R., Fernandez-Zapico, M.D., and Valentich, M.A. (1998). Quercetin enhances pre-tumorous lesions in the NMU model of rat pancreatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett, 129: 1-6.
20. Bartholomew, R.M. and Ryan, D.A. (1980). Lack of mutagenicity of some phytoestrogens in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. Mutat Res, 78: 317-321.
21. Barzel, U.S. and Massey, L.K. (1998). Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bones. J Nutr, 128: 1051-1053.
22. Beasley, V.R. (1989). Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects, Vol. 1-2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
23. Beck, V., Rohr, U., and Jungbauer, A. (2005). Phytoestrogens derived from red clover: An alternative to estrogen replacement therapy? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 94: 499-518.
24. Behr, M., Oehlmann, J., and Wagner, M. (2011). Estrogens in the daily diet: In vitro analysis indicates that estrogenic activity is omnipresent in foodstuff and infant formula. Food Chem Toxicol, 49: 2681-2688.
25. Beier, R.C. (1990). Natural pesticides and bioactive components in foods. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 113: 47-137.
26. Bennett, J.W. and Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev, 16: 497-516.
27. Berger, K.J. and Guss, D.A. (2005a). Mycotoxins revisited: Part I. J Emerg Med, 28: 53-62.
28. Berger, K.J. and Guss, D.A. (2005b). Mycotoxins revisited: Part II. J Emerg Med, 28: 175-183.
29. Bjorksten, F., Halmepuro, L., Hannuksela, M., and Lahti, A. (1980). Extraction and properties of apple allergens. Allergy, 35: 671-677.
30. Bock, S.A., Sampson, H.A., Atkins, F.M., Zeiger, R.S., Lehrer, S., Sachs, M., Bush, R.K., and Metcalfe, D.D. (1988). Doubleblind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as an office procedure: A manual. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82: 986-997.
31. Booth, N.L., Kruger, C.L., and Clemens, R.A. (2012). FAO/WHOperspective-Upper limit of 1.0 for PDCAAS or unlimited, AACC International Annual Meeting, Hollywood, FL, October 2, 2012.
32. Borchers, A., Teuber, S.S., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E. (2010). Food safety. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 39: 95-141.
33. Bosetti, C., Spertini, L., Parpinel, M., Gnagnarella, P., Lagiou, P., Negri, E., Franceschi, S. et al. (2005). Flavonoids and breast cancer risk in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14: 805-808.
34. Branum, A.M. and Lukacs, S.L. (2009). Food allergy among children in the United States. Pediatrics, 124: 1549-1555.
35. Brett, M.M. (2003). Food poisoning associated with biotoxins in fish and shellfish. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 16: 461-465.
36. Bryan, F.L. (1979). Infections and intoxications caused by other bacteria. In: Foodborne Infections and Intoxications, 2nd edn., Riemann, H. and Bryan, F.L., eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 212-298.
37. Burdock, G.A. (2000). Dietary supplements and lessons to be learned from GRAS. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 31: 68.
38. Burks, A.W., Cockrell, G., Stanley, J.S., Helm, R.M., and Bannon, G.A. (1995). Recombinant peanut allergen Ara h I expression and IgE binding in patients with peanut hypersensitivity. J Clin Invest, 96: 1715-1721.
39. Busby, W.F. Jr. and Wogan, G.N. (1979). Foodborne mycotoxins and alimentary mycotoxicoses. In: Foodborne Infections and Intoxications, 2nd edn., Riemann, H. and Bryan, F.L., eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 519-610.
40. Busby, W.F. Jr. and Wogan, G.N. (1981a). Aflatoxins. In: Mycotoxins and Nitroso Compounds: Environmental Risks, Vol. 2, Shank, R.C., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3-28.
41. Busby, W.F.Jr. and Wogan, G.N. (1981b). Psoralens. In: Mycotoxins and Nitroso Compounds: Environmental Risks, Vol. 2, Shank, R.C., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 105-119.
42. Carr, T.F. and Saltoun, C.A. (2012). Chapter 2: Skin testing in allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc, 33(Suppl 1): S6-S8.
43. Carrol, K.K. (1982). Dietary fat and its relationship to human cancer. In: Carcinogens and Mutagens in the Environment, Vol. 1, Stich, H.F., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 31-38.
44. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2006). Analytic and Reporting Guidelines, The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Hyattsville, MD.
45. Chapman, J.A., Bernstein, I.L., Lee, R.E., Oppenheimer, J., Nicklas, R.A., Portnoy, J.M., Sicherer, S.H., Schuller, D.E., Spector, S.L., and Khan, D. (2006). Food allergy: A practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 96: S1-S68.
46. Cheeke, P.R. (1989). Toxicants of Plant Origin. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Vol. 1, pp. 1-335; Vol 2, pp. 1-277; Vol. 3, pp. 1-271; Vol. 4, pp. 1-232.
47. Cheeke, P.R. (1996). Biological effects of feed and forage saponins and their impacts on animal production. Adv Exp Med Biol, 405: 377-385.
48. Chen, K.K. and Rose, C.L. (1952). Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning. J Am Med Assoc, 149: 113-119.
49. Chen, T., Mei, N., and Fu, P. (2010). Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Appl Toxicol, 30: 183-196.
50. Chen, Y.W., Huang, S.C., Lin-Shiau, S.Y., and Lin, J.K. (2005). Bowman-Birk inhibitor abates proteasome function and suppresses the proliferation of MCF7 breast cancer cells through accumulation of MAP kinase phosphatase-1. Carcinogen, 26: 1296-1306.
51. Chevion, M., Mager, J., and Claser, G. (1983). Favism producing agents. In: Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, Rechcigl, M. Jr., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 63-79.
52. Chiang, W.C., Huang, C.H., Llanora, G.V., Gerez, I., Goh, S.H., Shek, L.P., Nauta, A.J. et al. (2012). Anaphylaxis to cow’s milk formula containing short-chain galacto-oligosaccharide. J Allergy Clin Immunol. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/r_gmo01_statement_study_mon863_en1.pdf
53. Chow, C.W., Poulos, A., Fellenberg, A.J., Christodoulon, J., and Danks, D.M. (1992). Autopsy findings in two siblings with infantile Refsum’s disease. Acta Neuropathol, 83: 190-195.
54. Clark, B. and McKendrick, M. (2004). A review of viral gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 17: 461-469.
55. Clarkson, T.B. (1995). Estrogenic soybean isoflavones and chronic disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 6: 11-16.
56. Clemente, A., Sonnante, G., and Domoney, C. (2011). Bowman-Birk inhibitors from legumes and human gastrointestinal health: Current status and perspectives [Review]. Curr Protein Pept Sci, 12: 358-373.
57. Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2003). Alinorm 03/34: Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Twenty-Fifth Session, Rome, Italy, June 30-July 5, 2003. Appendix III, Guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNAplants and Appendix IV, Annex on the assessment of possible allergenicity, pp. 47-60.
58. Commins, S.P., Satinover, S.M., Hosen, J., Mozena, J., Borish, L., Lewis, B.D., Woodfolk, J.A., and Platts-Mills, T.A. (2009). Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-alpha-1, 3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 123: 426-433.
59. Cooper, J. and Walker, R.D. (1998). Listeriosis. Vet Clin N Am (Food Anim Pract), 14: 113-125.
60. Cordain, L., Miller, J.B., Eaton, S.B., Mann, N., Holz, H., and Speth, J.D. (2000). Plant-animal substance ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr, 32: 741-749.
61. Coulombe, R.A. Jr. (1991). Aflatoxins. In: Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins, Sharma, R.P. and Salunkhe, D.K., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 103-143.
62. Cox, P.A., Banack, S.A., Murch, S.J., Rasmussen, U., Tien, G., Bidigare, R.R., Metcalf, J.S., Morrison, L.F., Codd, G.A., and Bergman, B. (2005). Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 10: 5074-5078.
63. Creppy, E.E., Baudrimont, I., and Betbeder, A.M. (1995). Prevention of nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant. Toxicol Lett, 82-83: 869-877.
64. Crump, K.S. (1984). A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 4: 854-871.
65. Daly, J.W. (1993). Mechanism of action of caffeine. In: Coffee, Caffeine, and Health, Garattiui, S., ed., Raven Press, New York, pp. 97-150.
66. DeClerk, Y.A. and Inven, S. (1994). Protease inhibitors: Role and potential therapeutic use in human cancer. Eur J Cancer, 30A: 2170-2180.
67. De Haan, L. and Hirst, T.R. (2004). Cholera toxin: A paradigm for multi-functional engagement of cellular mechanisms. Mol Membr Biol, 21: 77-92.
68. de Kleijn, M.J., van der Schouw, Y.T., Wilson, P.W., Grobbee, D.E., and Jacques, P.F. (2002). Dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile in postmenopausal U.S. women: The Framingham study. J Nutr, 132: 276-282.
69. de la Garza, A.L., Milagro, F.I., Boque, N., Campion, J., and Martinez, J.A. (2011). Natural inhibitors of pancreatic lipase as new players in obesity treatment. [Review]. Planta Med, 77: 773-785.
70. Deshpande, S.S. (2002). Handbook of Food Toxicology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 1-880.
71. Deshpande, S.S. and Sathe, S.K. (1991). Toxicants in plants. In: Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins, Sharma, R.P. and Salunkhe, D.K., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 671-730.
72. Drudy, D., Mullane, N.R., Quinn, T., Wall, P.G., and Fanning, S. (2006). Enterobacter sakazakii: An emerging pathogen in powdered infant formula. Clin Infect Dis, 42: 996-1002.
73. Duffy, J.Y., Baines, D., Overmann, G.J., Keen, C.L., and Daston, G.P. (1997). Repeated administration of alpha-hederin results in alterations in maternal zinc status and adverse developmental outcome in the rat. Teratol, 56(5): 327-334.
74. Dunnick, J.K. and Hailey, J.R. (1992). Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of quercetin, a natural component of foods. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 19: 423-431.
75. Dutton, M.F. (1996). Fumonisins, mycotoxins of increasing importance: Their nature and their effects. Pharmacol Ther, 70: 137-161.
76. EFSA. (2003). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the notification (Reference CE/ES/00/01) for the placing on the market of herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize NK603, for import and processing, under Part C of Directive 2001/18/EC from Monsanto (Question No EFSA-Q-2003-003). EFSA J, 10: 1-13.
77. EFSA. (2004a). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the notification (Reference C/NL/00/10) for the placing on the market of insect-tolerant genetically modified maize 1507, for import and processing, under Part C of Directive 2001/18/EC from Pioneer Hi-Bred International/Mycogen Seeds. EFSA J, 124: 1-18.
78. EFSA. (2004b). Statement of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an evaluation of the 13-week rat feeding study on MON 863 maize, submitted by the German authorities to the European Commission. EFSA J.
79. EFSA. (2006a). Guidance document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed. EFSA J, 99: 1-100.
80. EFSA. (2006b). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (Reference EFSAGMO-UK-2005-14) for the placing on the market of genetically modified potato EH92-527-1 with altered starch composition, for production of starch and food/feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from BASF Plant Science. EFSA J, 324: 1-20.
81. EFSA. (2007). EFSA review of statistical analyses conducted for the assessment of the MON 863 90-day rat feeding study. EFSA J. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/19r.pdf
82. EFSA. (2008a). Application (Reference EFSA-GMO-NL-2007-37)for the placing on the market of the insect-resistant genetically modified maize MON89034, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003from Monsanto. EFSA J, 909: 1-30.
83. EFSA. (2008b). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on application (reference EFSAGMO-NL-2006-36) for the placing on the market of the glyphosatetolerant genetically modified soybean MON89788, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 758: 1-23.
84. EFSA. (2009a). Application (Reference EFSAGMO-CZ-2005-27) for the placing on the market of the insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize MON88017, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 1075: 1-28.
85. EFSA. (2009b). Application (Reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2005-11)for the placing on the market of insect-resistant genetically modified maize MIR604 event, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Seeds S.A.S on behalf of Syngenta Crop Protection AG. EFSA J, 1193: 1-26.
86. EFSA. (2009c). Applications (EFSA-GMO-RX-MON810) for renewal of authorisation for the continued marketing of (1)existing food and food ingredients produced from genetically modified insect resistant maize MON810; (2) feed consisting of and/or containing maize MON810, including the use of seed for cultivation; and of (3) food and feed additives, and feed materials produced from maize MON810, all under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 1149: 1-85.
87. EFSA. (2009d). Applications (References EFSA-GMO-NL-2005-22, EFSA-GMO-RXNK603) for the placing on the market of the genetically modified glyphosate tolerant maize NK603 for cultivation, food and feed uses, import and processing and for renewal of the authorisation of maize NK603 as existing products, both under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 1137: 1-50.
88. EFSA. (2010a). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-NL-2005-16) for the placing on the market of insect resistant genetically modified cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) 281-24-236 x 3006-210-23 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Dow AgroSciences. EFSA J, 8(6): 1644.
89. EFSA. (2010b). Scientific Opinion on applications (EFSAGMO-RX-40-3-2[8-1a/20-1a], EFSA-GMO-RX-40-3-2[8-1b/20-1b]) for renewal of authorisation for the continued marketing of (1) food containing, consisting of, or produced from genetically modified soybean 40-3-2; (2) feed containing, consisting of, or produced from soybean 40-3-2; (3) other products containing or consisting of soybean 40-3-2 with the exception of cultivation, all under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 8(12): 1908.
90. EFSA. (2011a). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-BE-2010-79) for the placing on the market of insect resistant genetically modified soybean MON 87701 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 9(7): 2309.
91. EFSA. (2011b). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-CZ-2008-54) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize MON 88017 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003from Monsanto. EFSA J, 9(11).
92. EFSA. (2011c). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-NL-2008-52) for the placing on the market of herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean A5547-127 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience. EFSA J, 9(5): 2147.
93. EFSA. (2011d). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-UK-2007-43) for the placing on the market of herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean 356043 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Pioneer. EFSA J, 9(7): 2310.
94. EFSA. (2011e). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-UK-2008-60) for placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant maize GA21 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Seeds. EFSA J, 9(12): 2480.
95. EFSA. (2012a). Final review of the Séralini et al. (2012a) publication on a 2-year rodent feeding study with glyphosate formulations and GM maize NK603 as published online on 19 September 2012 in Food and Chemical Toxicology. EFSA J, 10(11): 2986.
96. EFSA. (2012b). Scientific Opinion on an application (EFSAGMO-NL-2005-24) for the placing on the market of the herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean 40-3-2for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 10(6): 2753.
97. EFSA. (2012c). Scientific Opinion on an application (EFSAGMO-NL-2009-70) for the placing on the market of genetically modified drought tolerant maize MON 87460 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 10(11): 2936.
98. EFSA. (2012d). Scientific Opinion on application (EFSAGMO-NL-2010-78) for the placing on the market of herbicidetolerant, increased oleic acid genetically modified soybean MON 87705 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J, 10(10): 2909.
99. Ekperigen, H.E. and Nagaraja, K.V. (1998). Salmonella. In: Microbial Food-Borne Pathogens, Tollefson, L., ed.; WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, Vet Clin N Am (Food Anim Pract) 14: 17-29.
100. Ellenhorn, M.J. and Barceloux, D.G. (1988). Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, Elsevier, New York, pp. 508-514, 606-613.
101. FAO/WHO Food Standards, Codex Alimentarius, Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) Online Database, http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/index.html;jsessionid =149CBF5BF97E536467770AEEBC15510D.
102. Food Chemical Codex FCC (2003) is the same as this reference: “Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2003".
103. Formica, J.V. and Regelson, W. (1995). Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol, 33: 1061-1080.
104. Franck, P., Moneret-Vautrin, D.A., Morisset, M., Kanny, G., Megret-Gabeaux, M.L., and Olivier, J.L. (2005). Anaphylactic reaction to inulin: First identification of specific IgEs to an inulin protein compound. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 136: 155-158.
105. Friedman, M. and Brandon, D.L. (2001). Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. J Agric Food Chem, 49: 1069-1086.
106. Friedman, M., Henika, P.R., and Mackey, B.E. (2003). Effect of feeding solanidine, solasodine and tomatidine to non-pregnant and pregnant mice. Food Chem Toxicol, 41: 61-71.
107. FSANZ. (2007). Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods, Guidance Document, Updated September 2007, http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/gmfood/safety/documents/GM%20FINAL%20Sept%2007L%20_2_.pdf
108. Fujiki, H., Yoshizawa, S., Horiuchi, T., Sugamura, M., Yatsunami, J., Nishiwaki, S., Okabe, S., Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R., Okuda, T., and Sugimura, T. (1992). Anticarcinogenic effects of penta-O-gallyl-beta-D-glucose and epigallocatechin gallate. Prev Med, 21: 503-509.
109. Fukuda, H., Shima, H., Vesonder, R.F., Tokuda, H., Nishino, H., Katoh, S., Tamura, S., Sugimura, T., and Nagao, M. (1996). Inhibition of protein serine/threonine phosphatases by fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 220(1): 160-165.
110. Gallaher, D. and Schneeman, B.O. (1984). Nutritional and metabolic response to plant inhibitors of digestive enzymes. Adv Exp Med Biol, 177: 299-320.
111. Garlick, P.J. (2004). The nature of human hazards associated with excessive intake of amino acids. J Nutr, 134(6 Suppl): 1633S-1639S; discussion 1664S-1666S, 1667S-1672S.
112. Gentry, P.A. (1986). Comparative biochemical changes associated with mycotoxicosis other than aflatoxicosis and trichothecene toxicosis. In: Diagnosis of Mycotoxicoses, Richard, J.R. and Thurston, J.R., eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 125-139.
113. Ghedira-Chekir, L., Maaroufi, K., Zakhama, A., Ellouz, F., Dhouib, S., Creppy, E.E., and Bacha, H. (1998). Induction of a SOSrepair system in lysogenic bacteria by zearalenone and its prevention by vitamin E. Chem Biol Interact, 113: 15-25.
114. Gilani, G.S., Cockell, K.A., and Sepehr, E. (2005). Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods. J AOAC Int, 88: 967-987.
115. Goodman, R.E., Vieths, S., Sampson, H.A., Hill, D., Ebisawa, M., Taylor, S.L., and van Ree, R. (2008). Allergenicity assessment of genetically modified crops-What makes sense? Nat Biotechnol, 26(1): 73-81.
116. Gregory, J.R., Collin, D.L., Davies, P.S.W., Hughes, J.M., Clarke, P.C. (1995). National diet and nutrition survey: Children aged 11/2 to 41/2 years, Vol. 1. Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. Appendix J: Number and pattern of recording days and the effect of weighting. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office (HMSO), London, England, pp. 345-347.
117. Guerin, B. and Tioulong, S. (1979). Analysis of the non-immunological activity of allergen extracts in cutaneous tests. Clin Allergy, 9: 283-291.
118. Gupta, R.S. and Dixit, V.P. (2002). Effects of short-term treatment of solasodine on cauda epididymis in dogs. Indian J Exp Biol, 40: 169-173.
119. Gylling, H. and Miettinen, T.A. (2005). The effect of plant stanoland sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease. Ann Clin Biochem, 42: 254-263.
120. Halstead, B.W. (1978). Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. Darwin Press, Inc., Princeton, NJ.
121. Haque, A., Hossain, M., Lambein F., and Bell, E.A. (1997). Evidence of osteolathyrism among patients suffering from neurolathyrism in Bangladesh. Nat Toxins, 5(1): 43-46.
122. Harper, A.E. (1973). Amino acids of nutritional importances. In: Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods, 2nd edn., Committee on Food Protection, NRC, ed., National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, pp. 130-152.
123. Hayatsu, S., Arimoto, K., Togawa, K., and Mokita, M. (1981). Inhibitory effects of the ether extract of human feces on activities of mutagens: Inhibition of oleic and linoleic acids. Mutat Res, 81: 287-293.
124. Hayes, A.W. (2008). Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 5th edn. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc., New York.
125. Health Canada. (2006). Guidelines for the safety assessment of novel foods. Health Canada Website: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/gmf-agm/guidelines-lignesdirectrices-eng.pdf, Last updated June, 2006.
126. Hill, D.J., Heine, R.G., and Hosking, C.S. (2004). The diagnostic value of skin prick testing in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 15: 435-441.
127. Hirono, I. (1987). Naturally Occurring Carcinogens of Plant Origin: Toxicology, Pathology, and Biochemistry. Kodansha/Elsevier, New York, pp. 1-227.
128. Hogue, A.T., White, P.L., and Heninover, J.A. (1998). Pathogen reduction and hazard analysis and critical control point (NACCP) systems for meat and poultry. Vet Clin N Am (Food Anim Pract), 14(1): 151-164.
129. Holm, J., Baerentzen, G., Gajhede, M., Ipsen, H., Larsen, J.N., Lowenstein, H., Wissenbach, M., and Spangfort, M.D. (2001). Molecular basis of allergic cross-reactivity between group 1 major allergens from birch and apple. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl, 756: 307-313.
130. Houtsmuller, U.M.T., Struijk, C.B., and Van Der Beek, A. (1970). Decrease in rate of ATP synthesis of isolated rat heart mitochondria induced by dietary erucic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 218: 564-566.
131. Howard, B.V. and Kritchevsky, D. (1996). Phytochemicals and cardiovascular disease: A statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 95: 2591-2593.
132. Hsieh, D.P.H. (1986). Genotoxicity of mycotoxins. In: New Concepts and Developments in Toxicology, Chambers, P.L., Gebring, P., and Sakai, F., eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, pp. 251-259.
133. Huang, W., Wood, C., L’Abbe, M.R., Gilani, G.S., Cockell, K.A., and Xiao, C.W. (2005). Soy protein isolate increases hepatic thyroid hormone receptor content and inhibits its binding to target genes in rats. J Nutr, 135: 1631-1635.
134. Hurst, D.S., Gordon, B.R., and Krouse, J.H. (2002). The importance of glycerin-containing negative control tests in allergy research studies that use intradermal skin tests. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 127: 177-181.
135. Iablokov, V., Sydora, B.C., Foshaug, R., Meddings, J., Driedger, D., Churchill, T., and Fedorak, R.N. (2010). Naturally occurring glycoalkaloids in potatoes aggravate intestinal inflammation in two mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci, 55: 3078-3085.
136. Ikeguonu, F.I. and Bassir, O. (1977). Effects of phytohemagglutinins from immature legume seeds on the function and enzyme activities of the liver and on the organs of the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 40: 217-226.
137. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). (2008). Guidelines for the safety assessment of foods derived from genetically engineered plants. http://igmoris.nic.in/files/Coverpage.pdf: accessed June 3, 2012.
138. Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Foundation. (2009). Making decisions about the risks of chemicals in foods with limited scientific information. Compr Rev Food Sci F, 8, 269-303.
139. Ipsen, H. and Lowenstein, H. (1983). Isolation and immunochemical characterization of the major allergen of birch pollen (Betula verrucosa). J Allergy Clin Immunol, 72: 150-159.
140. Jacobsen, B.K. and Bjelke, E. (1982). Coffee consumption and cancer: A prospective study. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, Seattle, WA (abstr): D 82/6/1/2/ix.
141. Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M.J. (2005). Immunobiology, 6th edn. Garland Science, New York.
142. Janssen, M.M.T. (1997). Antinutritives; food contaminants; food additives; nutrients. In: Food Safety and Toxicity, De Vries, J., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 39-98.
143. Janssen, M.M.T., Put, H.M.T., and Nout, M.J.R. (1997). Natural toxins. In: Food Safety and Toxicity, De Vries, J., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 7-38.
144. Johansson, S.G., Bieber, T., Dahl, R., Friedmann, P.S., Lanier, B.Q., Lockey, R.F., Motala, C. et al. (2004). Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 113: 832-836.
145. Juliano, L.M. and Griffiths, R.R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology, 176: 1-29.
146. Kalejta, R.F. and Hamlin, J.L. (1997). The dual effect of mimosine on DNA replication. Exp Cell Res, 231: 173-183.
147. Kanadaswami, C., Lee, L.T., Lee, P.P., Hwang, J.J., Ke, F.C., Huang, Y.T., and Lee, M.T. (2005). The antitumor activities of flavonoids. In Vivo, 19: 895-909.
148. Kang, Y.J. and Alexander, J.M. (1996). Alterations of the glutathione redox cycle status in fumonisin B1-treated pig kidney cells. J Biochem Toxicol, 11: 121-126.
149. Kanisawa, M. and Suzuki, S. (1978). Induction of renal and hepatic tumors in mice by ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin. Gann, 69: 599-600.
150. Kao, C.Y. (1966). Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena. Pharmacol Rev, 18: 997-1049.
151. Kao, C.Y. (1967). Comparison of the biological actions of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. In: Animal Toxins, Russell, F.E. and Saunders, P.R., eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 109-114.
152. Karwa, M., Currie, B., and Kvetan, V. (2005). Bioterrorism: Preparing for the impossible or the improbable. Crit Care Med, 33(supp): S75-S95.
153. Kassell, B. (1970). Inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes. Methods Enzymol, 19: 839-906.
154. Kensler, T.W., Groopman, J.D., and Roebuck, B.D. (1998). Use of aflatoxin adducts as intermediate endpoints to assess the efficacy of chemopreventive interventions in animals and man. Mutat Res, 402: 165-172.
155. Khoury, J.C., Miodovnik, M., Buncher, C.R., Kalkwarf, H., McElvy, S., Khoury, P.R., and Sibai, B. (2004). Consequences of smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 15: 44-50.
156. King, T.P., Pusztai, A., and Clarke, E.M.W. (1980). Kidney bean lectin-induced lesions in rat small intestine, I. Light microscopic studies. J Comp Pathol, 90: 585-593.
157. Klaassen, C.D. (2008). Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York.
158. Knasmuller, S., Bresgen, N., Kassie, F., Mersch-Sundermann, V., Gelderblom, W., Zohrer, E., and Eckl, P.M. (1997). Genotoxic effects of three fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and vomitoxin in bacteria and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Mutat Res, 391: 39-48.
159. Kobayashi, M., Suzuki, K., Nagasawa, S., and Mimaki, Y. (1993). Purification of toxic saponins from narthecium asiaticum maxim. J Vet Med Sci, 55: 401-407.
160. Koluman, A. and Dikisi, A. (2013). Antimicrobial resistance of emerging foodborne pathogens: Status quo and global trends. Crit Rev Microbiol, 39: 57-69.
161. Korn, A., Wagner, B., Moritz, E., and Dingemanse, J. (1996). Tyramine pressor sensitivity in healthy subjects during combined treatment with moclobemide and selegiline. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 49: 273-278.
162. Kowalska, M.T., Itzhak, Y., and Puett, D. (1995). Presence of aromatase inhibitors in cycads. J Ethnopharmacol, 47: 113-116.
163. Krogh, P., Hald, B., Plestina, R., and Ceovic, S. (1977). Balkan nephropathy and food-borne ochratoxin A: Preliminary results of a survey of foodstuffs. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Sect B, 85: 238-240.
164. Kruger, C.L., Booth, N., and Hayes, A.W. (2011). Policing ourselves: Is GRAS robust enough? Food Technol, 8(11): 18-19.
165. Kruger, C.L. and Mann, S.W. (2003). Safety evaluation of functional ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol, 41: 793-805.
166. Kruizinga, A.G., Briggs, D., Crevel, R.W., Knulst, A.C., van den Bosch, L.M., and Houben, G.F. (2008). Probabilistic risk assessment model for allergens in food: Sensitivity analysis of the minimum eliciting dose and food consumption. Food Chem Toxicol, 46: 1437-1443.
167. Kunkel, D.B. and Jallo, D.S. (1990). Ergot. In: Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 2nd edn., Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F., eds., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1401-1406.
168. Kuramochi, G., Gekle, M., and Silbernagle, S. (1997). Derangement of pH homeostasis in the renal papilla: Ochratoxin A increases pH in vasa recta blood. Nephron, 76(4): 472-476.
169. Lahti, A., Bjorksten, F., and Hannuksela, M. (1980). Allergy to birch pollen and apple, and cross-reactivity of the allergens studied with the RAST. Allergy, 35: 297-300.
170. Lam, S.K. and Ng, T.B. (2011). Lectins: Production and practical applications. [Review]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 89: 45-55.
171. Lambert, L.A., Hines, F.A., and Eppleyl, R.M. (1995). Lack of initiation and promotion potential of deoxynivalenol for skin. Food Chem Toxicol, 33: 217-222.
172. Lasky, T. and Magder, L. (1997). Hepatocellular carcinoma p53 G>T transversions at codon 249: The fingerprint of aflatoxin exposure? Environ Health Perspect, 105(4): 392-397.
173. Latte, K.P., Appel, K.E., and Lampen, A. (2011). Health benefits and possible risks of broccoli-An overview. [Review]. Food Chem Toxicol, 49: 3287-3309.
174. Leach, C.T. (2004). Hepatitis A in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23(6): 551-552.
175. Leftley, J.W. and Hannah, F. (1998). Phycotoxins in seafood. In: Natural Toxicants in Food, Watson, D.H., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 182-224.
176. Lehman, A. and Fitzhugh, O. (1954). Ten-fold safety factor studies. Assoc. Food Drug Off U.S. Quart Bull, XVIII: 33-35.
177. Leibowitz, S.F. (2005). Regulation and effects of hypothalamic galanin: Relation to dietary fat, alcohol ingestion, circulating lipids and energy homeostasis. Neuropeptides, 39: 327-332.
178. Lephart, E.D., Setchell, K.D., Handa, R.J., and Lund, T.D. (2004). Behavioral effects of endocrine-disrupting substances: Phytoestrogens. ILAR J, 45: 443-454.
179. Lewis, W.H. and Elvin-Lewis, M.P.F. (1977). Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 57.
180. Liener, I.E. (1980). Miscellaneous toxic factors. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs, 2nd edn., Liener, I.E., ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 429-467.
181. Liener, I.E. (1995). Possible adverse effects of soybean anti-carcinogens. J Nutr, 125(3 Suppl): 744-750.
182. Lin, J.L. and Ho, Y.S. (1994). Flavonoid-induced acute nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis, 23(3): 433-440.
183. Lipp, E.K. and Rose, J.B. (1997). The role of seafood in food borne diseases in the United States of America. Rev Sci Tech, 16: 620-640.
184. Llewellyn, L.E. (2006). Saxitoxin, a toxic marine natural product that targets a multitude of receptors. [Review]. Nat Prod Rep, 23: 200-222.
185. Lloyd, W.E., Daniels, G.N., and Stahr, H.M. (1985). Cases of nephrotoxic mycotoxicoses in cattle and swine in the United States. In: Trichothecenes and Other Mycotoxins, Lacey, J., ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 545-548.
186. Lorand, T., Vigh, E., and Garai, J. (2010). Hormonal action of plant derived and anthropogenic non-steroidal estrogenic compounds: Phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens. [Review]. Curr Med Chem, 17: 3542-3574.
187. Lovenberg, W. (1973). Some vaso- and psychoactive substances in food. In: Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods, 2nd edn., National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, pp. 170-188.
188. Lull, C., Wichers, H.J., and Savelkoul, H.F. (2005). Antiinflammatory and immuno-modulating properties of fungal metabolites. Mediat Inflamm, 2005: 63-80.
189. MacGregor, J.T. (1984). Genetic and carcinogenic effects of plant flavonoids: An overview. In: Nutritional and Toxicological Aspects of Food Safety, Friedman, M., ed., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 497-526.
190. Madsen, C.B., Hattersley, S., Buck, J., Gendel, S.M., Houben, G.F., Hourihane, J.O.B., Mackie, A., Mills, E.N.C., Nørhede, P., and Taylor, S.L. (2009). Approaches to risk assessment in food allergy: Report from a workshop “developing a framework for assessing the risk from allergenic foods”. Food Chem Toxicol, 47: 480-489.
191. Magnuson, B.A., Jonaitis, T.S., and Card, J.W. (2011). A brief review of the occurrence, use, and safety of food-related nanomaterials. J Food Sci, 76: R126-R133.
192. Malinow, M.R., Bardana, E.J. Jr., Pirofsky, B., Craig, S., and McCluagblin, P. (1982). Systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in monkeys fed alfalfa sprouts: Role of a non-protein amino acid. Science, 216: 415-417.
193. Manach, C., Mazur, A., and Scalbert, A. (2005). Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol, 16: 77-84.
194. Marasas, W.F. (1995). Fumonisins and their implications for human and animal health. Nat Toxins, 3: 193-198.
195. Massey, L.K. (2003). Dietary influences on urinary oxalate and risk of kidney stones. Front Biosci, 8: s584-s594.
196. Matsumoto, H. (1983). Cycasin. In: Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, Rechcigl, M. Jr., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 43-61.
197. Matsumoto, T., Itoh, H., and Akiba, Y. (1968). Goitrogenic effects of 5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione, a goitrogen in rapeseed, in growing chicks. Poultry Sci, 47: 1323-1330.
198. Mattson, F.H. (1973). Potential toxicity of food lipids. In: Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods, 2nd edn., National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, pp. 189-209.
199. Mayer, L., Sperber, K., Chan, L., Child, J., and Toy, L. (2001). Oral tolerance to protein antigens. Allergy, 56(Suppl 67): 12-15.
200. McPartland, J.M., Vigaly, R.J., and Cubeta, M.A. (1997). Mushroom poisoning. Am Fam Physician, 55: 1797-1811.
201. Meadows, M. (2004). The FDA and the fight against terrorism. FDA Consum, 38: 20-27.
202. Meinhardt, P.L. (2005). WATER AND BIOTERRORISM: Preparing for the Potential Threat to U.S. Water Supplies and Public Health. Ann Rev Pub Health, 26: 213-237.
203. Meisner, H. and Cimbala, M. (1985). Effect of ochratoxin A on gene expression in rat kidneys. In: New Concepts and Developments in Toxicology, Chambers, P.L., Gehring, P., and Sakai, F., eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, pp. 261-271.
204. Mennen, L.I., Walker, R., Bennetau-Pelissero, C., and Scalbert, A. (2005). Risks and safety of polyphenol consumption. Am J Clin Nutr, 81(1 Suppl): 326S-329S.
205. Miller, I., Gray, D., and Kay, H. (1998). Bacterial toxins found in foods. In: Natural Toxicants in Food, Watson, D.H., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 105-146.
206. Mody, R., Joshi, S., and Chaney, W. (1995). Use of lectins as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for cancer. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 33: 1-10.
207. Montgomery, R.D. (1980). Cyanogens. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs, 2nd edn., Liener, I.E., ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 143-160.
208. Montine, T.J., Li, K., Perl, D.P., and Galasko, D. (2005). Lack of beta-methylamino-l-alanine in brain from controls, AD, or Chamorros with PDC. Neurology, 65: 768-769.
209. Moosekian, S.R., Jeong, S., Marks, B.P., and Ryser, E.T. (2012). X-ray irradiation as a microbial intervention strategy for food. [Review]. Ann Rev Food Sci Technol, 3: 493-510.
210. Morris, S.C. and Lee, T.H. (1984). The toxicity and teratogenicity of Solanaceae glycoalkaloids, particularly those of the potato (Solanum tuberosum): A review. Food Technol Aust, 36: 118-124.
211. Murch, S.J., Cox, P.A., Banack, S.A., Steele, J.C., and Sacks, O.W. (2004). Occurrence of beta-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA)in ALS/PDC patients from Guam. Acta Neurol Scand, 110: 267-269.
212. Nakhla, H.B., Mohamed, O.S., Abu, I.M., Fatuh, A.L., and Adam, S.E. (1991). The effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek)crude saponins on Hisex-type chicks. Vet Hum Toxicol, 33(6): 561-564.
213. NAS. (1977). Leucaena, Promising Forage, and Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy of Science Press, Washington, DC.
214. National Center for Health Statistics’ (NCHS). (1999-2000). National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes1999-2000/nhanes99_00.htm
215. National Center for Health Statistics’ (NCHS). (2001-2002). National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2001-2002/nhanes01_02.htm
216. National Center for Health Statistics’ (NCHS). (2009-2010). National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2009-2010/nhanes09_10.htm
217. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), NHANES I, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanesi.htm
218. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), NHANES II, http://http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanesii.htm
219. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), NHANES III, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nh3data.htm
220. Nawrot, P., Jordan, S., Eastwood, J., Rotstein, J., Hugenholtz, A., and Feeley, M. (2003). Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Add Contam, 20: 1-30.
221. Niyogi, S.K. (2005). Shigellosis. J Microbiol, 43: 133-143.
222. No Authors. (2012). Decline in human Salmonellosis continues. Vet Rec, 170: 322.
223. Nowak-Wegrzyn, A., Assa’ad, A.H., Bahna, S.L., Bock, S.A., Sicherer, S.H., and Teuber, S.S. (2009). Work Group report: Oral food challenge testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 123: S365-S383.
224. NRC. (1996). Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 1-417.
225. NTP. (2011) Riddelliine. Rep Carcinog: Carcinogen Profiles, 12: 372-374.
226. Nunn, P.B., Lyddiard, J.R., and Christopher Perera, K.P. (2011). Brain glutathione as a target for aetiological factors in neurolathyrism and konzo. [Review]. Food Chem Toxicol, 49: 662-667.
227. Nyska, A., Murphy, E., Foley, J.F., Collins, B.J., Petranka, J., Howden, R., Hanlon, P., and Dunnick, J.K. (2005). Acute hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis and sudden death of rats exposed to a combination of ephedrine and caffeine. Toxicol Sci, 83: 388-396.
228. Office of Food Additive Safety in the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Redbook 2000. Guidance for Industry and Other Stakeholders. Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients. IV.B.1 General Guidelines for Designing and Conducting Toxicity Studies, November 2003. http://www.fda.gov/food/guidance complianceregulatoryinformation/guidancedocuments/foodingredientsandpackaging/redbook/ucm078315.htm, accessed October 8, 2011.
229. Osuntokun, B.O. (1973). Ataxic neuropathy associated with high cassava diets in West Africa. In: Chronic Cassava Toxicity, Nestel, B. and MacIntyre, R., eds., International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 127-138.
230. Osweiler, G.D., Carson, T.L., Buck, W.B., and Van Gelder, G.A. (1985). Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology. Kendall-Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA.
231. Otero, A., Chapela, M.-J., Atanassova, M., Vieites, J.M., and Cabado, A.G. (2011). Cyclic imines: Chemistry and mechanism of action: A review. Chem Res Toxicol, 24: 1817-1829.
232. Padmanaban, G. (1980). Lathyrogens. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs, 2nd edn., Liener, I.E., ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 239-263.
233. Panter, K.E. and James, L.F. (1990). Natural plant toxicants in milk: A review. J Anim Sci, 68: 892-904.
234. Pascal, G. (2009). Safety impact: The risk-benefits of functional foods. Eur J Nutr, 48(suppl 1): s33-s39.
235. Pestka, J.J. and Smolinski, A.T. (2005). Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology and potential effects on humans. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B: Crit Rev, 8: 39-69.
236. Peters, R.L., Gurrin, L.C., and Allen, K.J. (2012). The predictive value of skin prick testing for challenge-proven food allergy: A systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 23: 347-352.
237. Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Chekir-Ghedira, L., and Bacha, H. (1995). Genotoxicity of zearalenone, and estrogenic mycotoxin: DNA adduct formation in female mouse tissues. Carcinogen, 16(10): 2315-2320.
238. Poulton, J.E. (1983). Cyanogenic compounds in higher plants and their toxic effects. In: Handbook of Natural Toxins, Vol. 1, Plant and Fungal Toxins, Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T., eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 117-160.
239. Puchala, R., Pierzynowski, S.G., Sahlu, T., and Hart, S.P. (1996). Effects of mimosine administered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats. Brit J Nutr, 75(1): 69-79.
240. Puschner, B. and Wegenast, C. (2012). Mushroom poisoning cases in dogs and cats: Diagnosis and treatment of hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, gastroenterotoxic, nephrotoxic, and muscarinic mushrooms. [Review]. Vet Clin N Am-Small Anim Pract, 42: 375-387, viii.
241. Quintana, P.J., de Peyster, A., Klatzke, S., and Park, H.J. (2000). Gossypol-induced DNA breaks in rat lymphocytes are secondary to cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett, 117: 85-94.
242. Radauer, C., Bublin, M., Wagner, S., Mari, A., and Breiteneder, H. (2008). Allergens are distributed into few protein families and possess a restricted number of biochemical functions. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 121: 847.e7-852.e7.
243. Randel, R.D., Chase, C.C., and Wyse, S.J. (1992). Effect of gossypol and cottonseed products on reproduction in mammals. J Anim Sci, 70: 1628-1638.
244. Rao, A.V. and Sung, M.K. (1995). Saponins as anticarcinogens. J Nutr, 125(suppl): 717S-724S.
245. Rapuri, P.B., Gallagher, J.C., Kinyamu, H.K., and Ryschon, K.L. (2001). Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. [see comment]. Am J Clin Nutr, 74: 694-700.
246. Rasenack, R., Muller, C., Kleinschmidt, M., Rasenack, J., and Wiedenfeld, H. (2003). Veno-occlusive disease in a fetus caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids of food origin. Fetal Diag Ther, 18: 223-225.
247. Reddy, C.S. (2005). Alterations in protein kinase A signaling and cleft palate: A review. Hum Exp Toxicol, 24: 235-242.
248. Reddy, C.S. and Hayes, A.W. (2008). Foodborne toxicants. In: Principles and Methods in Toxicology, 5th edn., Hayes, A.W., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 633-692.
249. Reddy, R.V., Johnson, G., Rottinghaus, G.E., Casteel, S.W., and Reddy, C.S. (1996). Developmental effects of fumonisin B in mice. Mycopathology, 134: 161-166.
250. Reed, J.D. (1995). Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. J Anim Sci, 43: 1516-1528.
251. Riccardi, G., Giacco, R., and Rivellese, A.A. (2004). Dietary fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr, 23: 447-456.
252. Riemann, H.P. and Oliver, D.O. (1998). Escherichia coli O157:H7. Vet Clin N Am (Food Anim Pract), 14(1): 41-48.
253. Roche, H.M. (2004). Dietary lipids and gene expression. Biochem Soc Trans, 32: 999-1002.
254. Roebuck, B.D., Yeager, J.D. Jr., Longnecker, D.S., and Wilpone, S.A. (1981). Promotion by unsaturated fat of azaserineinduced pancreatic carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Res, 41: 3961-3966.
255. Rona, R.J., Keil, T., Summers, C., Gislason, D., Zuidmeer, L., Sodergren, E., Sigurdardottir, S.T. et al. (2007). The prevalence of food allergy: A meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 120: 638-646.
256. Rotter, B.A. and Oh, Y.N. (1996). Mycotoxin fumonisin B1 stimulates nitric oxide production in a murine macrophage cell line. Nat Toxins, 4(6): 291-294.
257. Rotter, B.A., Prelusky, D.B., and Pestka, J.J. (1996). Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J Toxicol Environ Health, 48(1): 1-34.
258. Rotz, L.D., Khan, A.S., Lillibridge, S.R. et al. (2002) Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg Infect Dis, 8: 225-230.
259. Russell, F.E. (1986). Toxic effects of animal toxins. In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, the Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd edn., Klaassen, C.D., Amdur, M.O., and Doull, J., eds., Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, pp. 706-756.
260. Russell, F.E. and Dart, R.C. (1991). Toxic effects of animal toxins. In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, the Basic Science of Poisons, 4th edn., Amdur, M.O., Doull, J., and Klaassen, C.D., eds., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 753-803.
261. Safe, S.H. (1995). Environmental and dietary estrogens and human health: Is there a problem? Environ Health Perspect, 103: 346-351.
262. Salazar-Martinez, E., Willett, W.C., Ascherio, A., Manson, J.E., Leitzmann, M.F., Stampfer, M.J., and Hu, F.B. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med, 140: 1-8.
263. Sanchez, J. and Holmgren, J. (2005). Virulence factors, pathogenesis and vaccine protection in cholera and ETEC diarrhea. Curr Opin Immunol, 17: 388-398.
264. Sandani, G.R., Soman, C.S., Deodhar, K.K., and Nadharni, G.D. (1997). Reactive oxygen species involvement in ricin-induced thyroid toxicity in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol, 16: 254-256.
265. Sandvig, K. and Van Deurs, B. (1997). Endocytosis, intracellular transport and cytotoxic action of shiga toxin and ricin. Physiol Rev, 76: 949-966.
266. Sayre, R., Beeching, J.R., Cahoon, E.B., Egesi, C., Fauquet, C., Fellman, J., Fregene, M. et al. (2011). The BioCassava plus program: Biofortification of cassava for sub-Saharan Africa. [Review]. Ann Rev Plant Biol, 62: 251-272.
267. Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Remesy, C., and Jimenez, L. (2005). Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 45: 287-306.
268. Schardein, J.L. (1985). Chemically Induced Birth Defects. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 709-716.
269. Scheid, C.R., Cao, L.C., Honeyman, T., and Jonassen, J.A. (2004). How elevated oxalate can promote kidney stone disease: Changes at the surface and in the cytosol of renal cells that promote crystal adherence and growth. Front Biosci, 9: 797-808.
270. Schep, L.J., Temple, W.A., Butt, G.A., and Beasley, M.D. (2009). Ricin as a weapon of mass terror-Separating fact from fiction. [Review]. Environ Int, 35: 1267-1271.
271. Schlatter, J. (2004). Toxicity data relevant for hazard characterization. Toxicol Lett, 153: 8389.
272. Schoeni, J.L. and Wong, A.C. (2005). Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. J Food Prot, 68: 636-648.
273. Schramek, H., Wilflingseder, D., Pollack, V., Freudinger, R., Mildenberger, S., and Gekle, M. (1997). Ochratoxin A-induced stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 is associated with Madin-Darby canine kidney-C7 cell dedifferentiation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 283(3): 1460-1468.
274. Scott, B.R., Pathak, M.A., and Mohn, G.R. (1976). Molecular and genetic basis of furocoumarin reactions. Mutat Res, 39: 29-74.
275. Scudamore, K.A. (1998). Mycotoxins. In: Natural Toxins in Foods, Watson, D.H., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 147-181.
276. Shank, R.C. (1981). Environmental toxicoses in humans. In: Mycotoxins and Nitroso Compounds: Environmental Risks, Vol. 1, Shank, R.C., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 107-140.
277. Sharma, R.P. and Salunkhe, D.K. (1989). Solanum glycoalkaloids. In: Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. I, Alkaloids, Cheeke, P.R., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 179-236.
278. Sherif, H.M. (2010). In search of a new therapeutic target for the treatment of genetically triggered thoracic aortic aneurysms and cardiovascular conditions: Insights from human and animal lathyrism. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 11: 271-276.
279. Shoda, R., Matsueda, K., Yamamoto, S., and Umeda, N. (1996). Epidemiologic analysis of Crohn’s disease in Japan: Increased dietary intake of n-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids and animal protein relates to increased incidence of Crohn’s disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 63: 741-745.
280. Sicherer, S.H. (1999). Food allergy: When and how to perform oral food challenges. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 10: 226-234.
281. Sicherer, S.H. and Sampson, H.A. (1999). Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104: S114-S122.
282. Singh, R.P. and Agarwal, R. (2005). Prostate cancer and inositol hexaphosphate: Efficacy and mechanisms. Anticancer Res, 25: 2891-2903.
283. Singleton, V.L. and Kratzer, F.H. (1973). Plant phenolics. In: Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods, 2nd edn., National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, pp. 309-345.
284. Smith, L.D. (1977). Botulism: The Organism, Its Toxins, The Disease. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, IL.
285. Smith, S.W., Giesbrecht, E., Thompson, M., Nelson, L.S., and Hoffman, R.S. (2008). Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry. Toxicon, 52: 667-676.
286. Soto-Blanco, B., Maiorka, P.C., and Gorniak, S.L. (2002). Neuropathologic study of long term cyanide administration to goats. Food Chem Toxicol, 40: 1693-1698.
287. Spanjersberg, M.Q., Kruizinga, A.G., Rennen, M.A., and Houben, G.F. (2007). Risk assessment and food allergy: The probabilistic model applied to allergens. Food Chem Toxicol, 45: 49-54.
288. Spencer, P.D., Nunn, P.B., Hugon, J., Ludolph, A.C., Ross, S.M., Roy, D.N., and Robertson, R.C. (1987). Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plantexcitant neurotoxin. Science, 237: 517-522.
289. Stark, A.A. (2005). Threat assessment of mycotoxins as weapons: Molecular mechanisms of acute toxicity. J Food Prot, 68: 1285-1293.
290. Stegelmeier, B.L. (2011). Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing toxic plants (Senecio, Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Heliotropium, and Echium spp.). Vet Clin N Am (Food Anim Pract), 27: 419-428.
291. Stewart, C.S., Duncan, S.H., and Cave, D.R. (2004). Oxalobacter formigenes and its role in oxalate metabolism in the human gut. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 230: 1-7.
292. Stob, M. (1983). Estrogens. In: Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, Rechcigl, M. Jr., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 81-100.
293. Stocks, P. (1970). Cancer mortality in relation to national consumption of cigarettes, solid fuel, tea, and coffee. Br J Cancer, 24: 215-225.
294. Stopper, H., Schmitt, E., and Kobras, K. (2005). Genotoxicity of phytoestrogens. Mutat Res, 574: 139-155.
295. Strobel, S. and Mowat, A.M. (1998). Immune responses to dietary antigens: Oral tolerance. Immunol Today, 19: 173-181.
296. Sugimoto, N., Horiguchi, Y., and Matsuda, M. (1996). Mechanism of action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. In: Natural Toxins II, Singh, B.R. and Tu, A., eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 257-269.
297. Suzuki, Y.J., Forman, H.J., and Sevanian, A. (1997). Oxidants as stimulators of signal transduction. Free Radical Biol Med, 22: 269-285.
298. Taylor, S.L., Crevel, R.W., Sheffield, D., Kabourek, J., and Baumert, J. (2009). Threshold dose for peanut: Risk characterization based upon published results from challenges of peanut-allergic individuals. Food Chem Toxicol, 47: 1198-1204.
299. Taylor, S.L., Hefle, S.L., Bindslev-Jensen, C., Bock, S.A., Burks, A.W.J., Christie, L., Hill, D.J. et al. (2002). Factors affecting the determination of threshold doses for allergenic foods: How much is too much? J Allergy Clin Immunol, 109: 24-30.
300. Taylor, S.L. and Hourihane, J.O.B. (2008). Food allergen thresholds of reactivity. In: Food Allergy-Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives, Blackwell Publishing, Metcalfe, D.D., Sampson, H.A., and Simon, R.A., eds., pp. 82-89.
301. Taylor, S.L., Moneret-Vautrin, D.A., Crevel, R.W., Sheffield, D., Morisset, M., Dumont, P., Remington, B.C., and Baumert, J.L. (2010). Threshold dose for peanut: Risk characterization based upon diagnostic oral challenge of a series of 286 peanut-allergic individuals. Food Chem Toxicol, 48: 814-819.
302. Teng, C.S. (1995). Gossypol-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation correlates with inhibited protein kinase C activity in speratocytes. Contraception 52: 389-395.
303. The Threshold Working Group. (2008). Approaches to establish thresholds for major food allergens and for gluten in food. J Food Prot, 71: 1043-1088.
304. Tookey, H.L., Van Etten, C.H., and Daxenbichler, M.E. (1980). Glucosinolates. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs, 2nd edn., Liener, I.E., ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 103-142.
305. Tsuda, S., Kosaka, Y., Murakami, M., Matsuo, H., Matsusaka, N., Taniguchi, K., and Sasaki, Y.F. (1998). Detection of nivalenol genotoxicity in cultured cells and multiple mouse organs by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Mutat Res, 415(3): 191-200.
306. Unkrig, C.J., Schroeder, R., Scharf, R.E., and Aubourg, P. (1994). Lorenzo’s oil and lymphocytopenia (letter). New Engl J Med 330: 577.
307. USDA. (2012). Vegetables and Pulses Yearbook 2012, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1858
308. U.S. FDA. (1992). Statement of Policy-Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties. Guidance to Industry for Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties, FDA Federal Register, Volume 57-1992, May 29, 1992, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Biotechnology/ucm096095.htm
309. U.S. FDA. (1998). Regulatory Background of the Food Contact Substance Notification Program, http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/PackagingFCS/ucm064152.htm
310. U.S. FDA. (1999). Genetically Engineered Foods. Statement of James H. Maryanski, PhD, Biotechnology Coordinator, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration before the Subcommittee on Basic Research House Committee on Science, October 19, 1999, http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm115032.htm
311. U.S. FDA. (2001). Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering; Draft Guidance Released for Comment January 2001, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm059098.htm
312. U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). (2003). Dairy Farms, Bulk Milk Transporters, Bulk Milk Transfer Stations and Fluid Milk Processors: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC.
313. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1993 Draft Redbook II, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food, Draft Guidance, Chapter V.B. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Studies, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/UCM078741.pdf
314. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1993 Draft Redbook II, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food, Draft Guidance, Chapter V.D. Immunotoxicity Studies, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/UCM078748.pdf.
315. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1993 Draft Redbook II, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food, Draft Guidance, Chapter VI.A. Clinical Evaluation of Foods and Food Additives, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/UCM078753.pdf.
316. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Citations for Color Additives, Food Ingredients and Packaging, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/Guidance DocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm082463.htm.
317. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Determining the Regulatory Status of Components of a Food Contact Material, http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/PackagingFCS/RegulatoryStatusFoodContactMaterial/ucm120771.htm
318. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dietary Supplements, http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/default.htm.
319. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS), http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?rpt=eafusListing.
320. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDandC Act), http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct/default.htm
321. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackaging Labeling/GRAS/default.htm
322. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry: Questions and Answers About the Petition Process, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/Guidance DocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm253328.htm.
323. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.10 Neurotoxicity Studies, July 2000, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.10. Neurotoxicity Studies, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078323.htm.
324. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.1 Short-Term Tests for Genetic Toxicity, July 2007, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.1. Short-Term Tests for Genetic Toxicity, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078321.htm.
325. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.3.a Short-Term Toxicity Studies with Rodents, November 2003, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.3.a. Short-Term Toxicity Studies with Rodents, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078339.htm.
326. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.4.a Subchronic Toxicity Studies with Rodents, November 2003, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.4.a. Subchronic Toxicity Studies with Rodents, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078345.htm.
327. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.5.a Chronic Toxicity Studies with Rodents, July 2007, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.5.a. Chronic Toxicity Studies with Rodents, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/Guidance DocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078349.htm.
328. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.5.b One-Year Toxicity Studies with Non-Rodents, November 2003, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.5.b. One-Year Toxicity Studies with Non-Rodents, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078348.htm.
329. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.6 Carcinogenicity Studies with Rodents, January 2006, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.6. Carcinogenicity Studies with Rodents, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078388.htm.
330. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.9.a Guidelines for Reproduction Studies, July 2000, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.9.a. Guidelines for Reproduction Studies, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078396.htm.
331. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Redbook 2000: IV.C.9.b Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Studies, July 2000, Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Chapter IV.C.9.b. Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Studies, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ingredients AdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm078399.htm.
332. Van Damme, E.J., Barre, A., Rouge, P., and Peumans, W.J. (2004). Cytoplasmic/nuclear plant lectins: A new story. Trends Plant Sci, 9: 484-489.
333. Vandenborre, G., Smagghe, G., and Van Damme, E.J. (2011). Plant lectins as defense proteins against phytophagous insects. [Review]. Phytochemistry, 72: 1538-1550.
334. Van Etten, C.H. and Tookey, H.L. (1983). Glucosinolates. In: Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, Rechcigl, M. Jr., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 15-30.
335. Van Genderen, H. (1997). Adverse effects of naturally occurring non-nutritive substances. In: Food Safety and Toxicity, DeVries, J., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 147-162.
336. Van Hoff, F., Hue, L., Vamecq, J., and Sherratt, H.S. (1985). Protection of rats by clofibrate against the hypoglycaemic and toxic effects of hypoglycin and pent-4-enoate. An ultrastructural and biochemical study. Biochem J, 229: 387-397.
337. Vasconcelos, I.M. and Oliveira, J.T. (2004). Antinutritional properties of plant lectins. Toxicon, 44: 385-403.
338. Verdeal, K., Brown, R.R., Richardson, T., and Ryan, D.S. (1980). Affinity of phytoestrogens for the estradiol-binding proteins and effect of coumestrol on growth of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (A)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst, 64: 285-290.
339. Verhoef, P., Pasman, W.J., Van Vliet, T., Urgert, R., and Katan, M.B. (2002). Contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee: A randomized controlled trial in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 76: 1244-1248.
340. Verkerk, R., Dekker, M., and Jongen, W.M.F. (1998). Glucosinolates. In: Natural Toxicants in Foods, Watson, D.H., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 29-53.
341. Vetter, J. (1998). Toxins of Amanita phalloides. Toxicon, 36: 13-24.
342. Voss, K.A., Chamberlain, W.J., Bacon, C.W., Riley, R.T., and Norred, W.P. (1995). Subchronic toxicity of fumonisin B1 to male and female rats. Food Addit Contam, 12(3): 473-478.
343. Walker, G.R. and Yamazaki, K. (1996a). Saponins in food and agriculture. Adv Exp Med Biol, 404: 1-422.
344. Walker, G.R. and Yamazaki, K. (1996b). Saponins in traditional and modern medicine. Adv Exp Med Biol, 405: 1-576.
345. Wang, J. and Sampson, H.A. (2009). Food allergy: Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res, 1: 19-29.
346. Watson, C.S., Jeng, Y.J., and Kochukov, M.Y. (2010). Nongenomic signaling pathways of estrogen toxicity. [Review]. Toxicol Sci, 115: 1-11.
347. Weil, M.J., Zhang, Y., and Nair, M.G. (2004). Colon cancer proliferating desulfosinigrin in wasabi (Wasabia japonica). Nutr Cancer, 48: 207-213.
348. Wein, L.M. and Liu, Y. (2005). Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk. PNAS, 102: 9984-9989.
349. West, P.L., Lindgren, J., and Horowitz, B.Z. (2009). Amanita smithiana mushroom ingestion: A case of delayed renal failure and literature review. [Review]. J Med Toxicol, 5: 32-38.
350. Williamson, G., Faulkner, K., and Plumb, G.W. (1998). Glucosinolates and phenolics and antioxidants from plant foods. Eur J Cancer Prev, 7: 17-21.
351. Wilmarth, K.R. and Froines, J.R. (1992). In vitro and in vivo inhibition of lysyl oxidase by aminopropionitriles. J Toxicol Environ Health, 37: 411-423.
352. Wolever, T.M., Hamad, S., Gittelsohn, J., Gao, J., Hanley, A.J., Harris, S.B., and Zinman, B. (1997). Low dietary fiber and high protein intake associated with newly diagnosed diabetes in a remote aboriginal community. Am J Clin Nutr, 66: 1470-1474.
353. Xu, R., Zhao, W., Xu, J., Shao, B., and Qin, G. (1996). Studies on bioactive saponins from Chinese medicinal plants. Adv Exp Med Biol, 404: 371-382.
354. Yamanaka, N., Oda, O., and Nagao, S. (1997). Prooxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non-flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu24-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. FEBS Lett, 405: 186-190.
355. Yee, S.B., Kinser, S., Hill, D.A., Barton, C.C., Hotchkiss, J.A., Harkema, J.R., Ganey, P.E., and Roth, R.A. (2000). Synergistic hepatotoxicity from coexposure to bacterial endotoxin and the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 166: 173-185.
356. Yeung, J.M., Wang, H.Y., and Prelusky, D.B. (1996). Fumonisin B1induces protein kinase C translocation via direct interaction with diacylglycerol binding site. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 141(1): 178-184.
357. Zelski, R.Z., Rothwell, J.T., Moore, R.E., and Kennedy, D.J. (1995). Gossypol toxicity in preruminant calves. Aust Vet J, 72: 394-398.