Antinutritional properties of plant lectins

Toxicon

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 385-403

  Vasconcelos, Ilka M ^a   Oliveira, José Tadeu A ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Antinutritional effects; Higher animals; Insects; Plant lectins

Indexed keywords

ABRIN; MANNOSE BINDING LECTIN; PLANT LECTIN; VEGETABLE PROTEIN; VISCUM ALBUM LECTIN;

ABRUS; ACUTE TOXICITY; BACTERIAL FLORA; BASOPHIL; BLOOD CELL; CROTON; DIARRHEA; DIGESTION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ENDOCYTOSIS; EPITHELIUM CELL; ERYTHROCYTE; HEPATOMEGALY; HYPERTROPHY; INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; KIDNEY TUBULE NECROSIS; LUNG; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; ROBINIA; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; VOMITING;

ABSORPTION; ANIMAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ANIMALS; BACTERIA; DIGESTION; IMMUNITY; INSECTICIDES; INSECTS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; PLANT LECTINS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HEXAPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 4043059351     PISSN: 00410101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Aletor V.A., Fetuga B.L. Responses of the rats hepatic and serum transaminases to lectin extracted from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Z. Tierphysiol. Tierer. 54:1985;249-252
2. Allsopp P.G., McGhie T.K. Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins and avidin as antimetabolities for the control of sugarcane whitegrubs. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 80:1996;409-414
3. Baintner K., Jakab G., Gyori Z., Kiss P. Binding of FITC-labelled lectins to the gastrointestinal epithelium of the rat. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 2000:2000;179-183
4. Bandyopadhyay S., Roy A., Das S. Binding of garlic (Allium sativum) leaf lectin to the gut receptors of homopteran pests is correlated to its insecticidal activity. Plant Sci. 161:2001;1025-1033
5. Barbieri L., Battelli M.G., Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1154:1993;237-282
6. Bardocz S., Ewen S.W.B., Grant G., Pusztai A. Lectins as growth factors of the small intestine and the gut. Pusztai A., Bardocz S. Lectins: Biomedical Perspectives. 1995;103-116 Taylor and Francis, London
7. Bardocz S., Grant G., Pusztai A., Franklin M.F., Carvalho A.F.F.U. The effect of phytohaemagglutinin on the growth, body composition, and plasma insulin of the rat at different dietary concentrations. Brit. J. Nutr. 76:1996;613-626
8. Begbie R., King T.P. The interaction of dietary lectin with porcine small intestine and production of lectin-specific antibodies. Bog-Hansen T.C., Breborovicz J. Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry. 1985;15-27 Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
9. Bell H.A., Fitches E.C., Down R.E., Marris G.C., Edwards J.P., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse A.M.R. The effect of snowdrop lectin (GNA) delivered via artificial diet and transgenic plants on Eulophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Insect Physiol. 45:1999;983-991
10. Bell H.A., Fitches E.C., Marris G.C., Bell J., Edwards J.P., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse A.M.R. Transgenic, G.N.A. expressing potato plants augment the beneficial biocontrol of Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) by the parasitoid Eulophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera; Eulophidae). Transgenic Res. 10:2001;35-42
11. Bender A.E., Reaidi G.B. Toxicity of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to lectins. J. Plant Foods. 4:1982;15-22
12. Boulter D., Edwards G.A., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A., Hilder V.A. Additive protective effects of incorporating two different higher plant derived insect resistance genes in transgenic tobacco plants. Crop Prot. 9:1990;351-354
13. Boyd W.C., Reguera R.M. Studies on haemagglutinins present in seeds of some representatives of the family Leguminoseae. J. Immunol. 62:1949;333-339
14. Boyd W.C., Shapleigh E. Separation of individuals of any blood group into secretors and non-secretors by use of a plant agglutinin (lectin). Blood. 9:1954;1195-1198
15. Brady P.G., Vannier A.M., Banwell J.G. Identification of the dietary lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, in human intestinal contents. Gastroenterology. 75:1978;236-239
16. Broekaert W.F., Allen A.K., Peumans W.J. Separation and partial characterization of isolectins with different subunit compositions from Datura stramonium seeds. FEBS Lett. 220:1987;116-120
17. Bryk S.G., Gheri G. Lectin histochemistry of enterocytes sugar residues in the gut of the chick embryo and of the newborn. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 107:2002;37-49
18. Carbonaro M., Cappelloni M., Nicoli S., Lucarini M., Carnovale E. Solubility-digestibility relationship of legume proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:1997;3387-3394
19. Carbonaro M., Grant G., Cappeloni M., Pusztai A. Perspectives into factors limiting in vivo digestion of legume proteins: antinutritional compounds or storage proteins? J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:2000;742-749
20. Carlini C.R., Grossi-de-Sá M.F. Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties. A review on their potentialities as bioinsecticides. Toxicon. 20:2002;1515-1539
21. Caygill J.C. Antinutritional compounds: background and introduction. Caygill J.C., Mueller-Harvey I. Secondary Plant Products: Antinutritional and Beneficial Actions in Animal Feeding. 1999;1-6 Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK
22. Chrispeels M.J., Raikhel N.V. Lectins, lectin genes, and their role in plant defense. Plant Cell. 3:1991;1-91
23. Cole R.A. Isolation of a chitin-binding lectin with insecticidal activity in chemically-defined synthetic diets from two wild Brassica species with resistance to cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 72:1994;181-187
24. Cordain L., Toohey L., Smith M.J., Hickey M.S. Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis. Brit. J. Nutr. 83:2000;207-217
25. Couty A., de-la-Vina G., Clark S.J., Kaiser L., Pham D.M.H., Poppy G.M. Direct and indirect sublethal effects of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) on the development of a potato-aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus abdominalis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). J. Insect Physiol. 47:2001;553-561
26. Couty A., Down R.E., Gatehouse A.M.R., Kaiser L., Pham-Delegue M.H., Poppy G.M. Effects of artificial diet containing GNA and GNA-expressing potatoes on the development of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). J. Insect Physiol. 47:2001;1357-1366
27. Couty A., Clark S.J., Poppy G.M. Are fecundity and longevity of female Aphelinus abdominalis affected by development in GNA-dosed Macrosiphum euphorbiae? Physiol. Entomol. 26:2001;287-293
28. Cuadrado C., Grant G., Rubio L., Muzquiz M., Bardocz S., Pusztai A. Nutritional utilization by the rat of diets based on lentil (Lens culinaris) seed meal or its fractions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:2002;4371-4376
29. Czapla T.H. Plant lectins as insect control proteins in transgenic plants. Carozzi N., Koziel M. Advances in Insect Control: The Role of Transgenic Plants. 1997;123-138 Taylor and Francis, Basingstoke, UK
30. Czapla T.H., Lang B.A. Effect of plant lectins on the larval development of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83:1990;2480-2485
31. Does M.P., Houterman P.M., Dekker H.L., Cornelissen B.J.C. Processing, targeting, and antifungal activity of stinging nettle agglutinin in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 120:1999;421-431
32. Douglas M.W., Parsons C.M., Hymowitz T. Nutritional evaluation of lectin-free soybeans for poultry. Poultry Sci. 78:1999;91-95
33. Down R.E., Gatehouse A.M.R., Hamilton W.D.O., Gatehouse J.A. Snowdrop lectin inhibits development and decreases fecundity of the glasshouse potato aphid (Aulacorthum solani) when administered in vivo and via transgenic plants both in laboratory and glasshouse trials. J. Insect Physiol. 42:1996;1035-1045
34. Down R.E., Ford L., Woodhouse S.D., Raemaekers R.J.M., Leitch B., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse A.M.R. Snowdrop lectin (GNA) has no acute toxic effects on a beneficial insect predator, the 2-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). J. Insect Physiol. 46:2000;379-391
35. Down R.E., Ford L., Bedford S.J., Gatehouse L.N., Newell C., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse A.M.R. Influence of plant development and environment on transgene expression in potato and consequences for insect resistance. Transgenic Res. 10:2001;223-236
36. Du J., Foissac X., Carss A., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A. Ferritin acts as the most abundant binding protein for snowdrop lectin in the midgut of rice brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30:2000;297-305
37. Duranti M., Gius C. Legume seeds: protein content and nutritional value. Field Crop Res. 53:1997;31-45
38. El-Adawy T.A. Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 57:2002;83-97
39. Elden T.C. Influence of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor on alfafa weevil (Coleptera: Curculionidae) growth and development over successive generations. J. Entomol. Sci. 35:2000;70-76
40. Endo Y., Tsurugi K. RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain: mechanism of action of the toxic lectin ricin on eukaryotic ribosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1987;8735-8739
41. Erickson R.H., Kim J., Sleisenger M.H., Kim Y.S. Effects of lectins on the activity of brush border membrane-bound enzymes of rat small intestine. J. Pediatr. Gastroenter. Nutr. 4:1985;984-991
42. Fitches E., Gatehouse J.A. A comparison of the short and long term effects of insecticidal lectins on the activities of soluble and brush border enzymes of tomato moth larvae (Laconobia oleracea). J. Insect Physiol. 44:1998;1213-1224
43. Fitches E., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A. Effects of snowdrop lectin (GNA) delivered via artificial diet and transgenic plant on the development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae in laboratory and glasshouse trials. J. Insect Physiol. 8:1997;727-739
44. Fitches E., Woodhouse S.D., Edwards J.P., Gatehouse J.A. In vitro and in vivo binding of snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) and jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis; Con A) lectins within tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae; mechanisms of insecticidal action. J. Insect Physiol. 47:2001;777-787
45. Fitches E., Ilett C., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse L.N., Greene R., Edwards J.P., Gatehouse J.A. The effects of Phaseolus vulgaris erythro- and leucoagglutinating isolectins (PHA-E and PHA-L) delivered via artificial diet and transgenic plants on the growth and development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae; lectin binding to gut glycoproteins in vitro and in vivo. J. Insect Physiol. 47:2001;1389-1398
46. Fitzgerald A.J., Jordinson M., Rhodes J.M., Singh R., Calam J., Goodlad R.A. Comparison of the effects of concanavalin-A and epidermal growth factor on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine. Aliment. Pharm. Therap. 15:2001;1077-1084
47. Foissac X., Loc N.T., Christou P., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A. Resistance to green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens) and brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in transgenic rice expressing snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA). J. Insect Physiol. 46:2000;573-583
48. Friedman M. Nutritional value of proteins from different food sources: a review. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:1996;6-20
49. Gatehouse A.M.R., Howe D.S., Flemming J.E., Hilder V.A., Gatehouse J.A. Biochemical basis of insect resistance in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 55:1991;63-74
50. Gatehouse A.M.R., Powell K.S., Van Damme E.J.M., Peumans W.J., Gatehouse J.A. Insecticidal properties of plant lectins: their potential in plant protection. Pustzai A., Bardocz S. Lectins: Biomedical Perspectives. 1995;35-58 Taylor and Francis, London
51. Gatehouse A.M.R., Down R.E., Powell K.S., Sauvion N., Rahbé Y., Newell C.A., Merryweather A., Hamilton W.D.O., Gatehouse J.A. Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the peach-potato aphid Mirzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 79:1996;295-307
52. Gatehouse A.M., Davison G.M., Newell C.A., Hamilton W.D.O., Burgess E.P.J., Gilbert R.J.C., Gatehouse J.A. Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea: growth room trials. Mol. Breed. 3:1997;49-63
53. Gatehouse A.M., Davison G.M., Stewart J.N., Gatehouse L.N., Kumar A., Geoghegan I.E., Birch A.N.E., Gatehouse J.A. Concanavalin A inhibits development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) and peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) when expressed in transgenic potato plants. Mol. Breed. 5:1999;153-165
54. Gilbert R.J. Healthy eating day. Commun. Dis. Rep. 33:1988;3-4
55. Goldstein I.J., Poretz R.D. Isolation, physicochemical characterization, and carbohydrate-binding specificity of lectins. Liener I.E., Sharon N., Goldstein I.J. The Lectins. 1986;33-247 Academic Press, Orlando
56. Goldstein I.J., Winter H.C., Poretz R.D. Plant lectins: tools for the studying of complex carbohydrates. Montreuil J., Vliegenthart J.F.G., Schacter H. Glycoproteins II. 1997;403-474 Elsevier, Amsterdam
57. Grangeiro T.B., Schriefer A., Calvete J.J., Raida M., Urbanke C., Barral-Netto M., Cavada B.S. Molecular cloning and characterization of ConBr, the lectin of Canavalia brasiliensis seeds. Eur. J. Biochem. 248:1997;43-48
58. Grant G. Lectins. D'Mello J.P.F., Duffus C.M. Toxic Substances in Crop Plants. 1991;49-67. The Royal Society of Chemistry
59. Grant G. Plant lectins. Caygill J.C., Mueller-Harvey I. Secondary Plant Products: Antinutritional and Beneficial Actions in Animal Feeding. 1999;87-110 Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK
60. Grant G., More L.J., McKenzie N.H., Stewart J.C., Pusztai A. A survey of the nutritional and haemagglutination properties of legume seeds generally available in the UK. Brit. J. Nutr. 50:1983;207-214
61. Grant G., Greer F., McKenzie N.H., Pusztai A. The nutritional response of mature rats to kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectins. J. Sci. Food Agric. 36:1985;409-414
62. Grant G., Oliveira J.T.A., de Dorward P.M., Annand M.G., Waldron M., Pusztai A. Metabolic and hormonal changes in rats resulting from consumption of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) or soyabean (Glycine max). Nutr. Rep. Int. 36:1987;763-772
63. Grant G., More L.J., McKenzie N.H., Dorward P.M., Buchan W.C., Telek L., Pusztai A. Nutritional and haemagglutination properties of several tropical seeds. J. Agric. Sci. 124:1995;437-445
64. 2 lectin is mediated only in part by cholecystokinin (CCK). Pancreas. 19:1999;382-389
65. Grant G., Alonso R., Edwards J.E., Murray S. Dietary soya beans and kidney beans stimulate secretion of cholecystokinin and pancreatic digestive enzymes in 400-day-old Hooded-Lister rats but only soya beans induce growth of the pancreas. Pancreas. 20:2000;305-312
66. Gupta A., Sandhu R.S. Effect of garlic agglutinin and garlic extracts on the rat jejunum. Nutr. Res. 18:1998;841-850
67. Gurjar M.M., Gaikwad S.M., Salokhe S.G., Mukherjee S., Khan M.I. Growth inhibition and total loss of reproductive potential in Tribolium castaneum by Artocarpus hirsut lectin. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 38:2000;95-98
68. Haas H., Falcone F.H., Schramm G., Haisch K., Gibbs B.F., Klaucke J., Poppelmann M., Becker W.M., Gabius H.J., Schlaak M. Dietary lectins can induce in vitro release of IL-4 and IL-13 from human basophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 29:1999;918-927
69. Habibi J., Backus E.A., Huesing J.E. Effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on the structure of midgut epithelial cells and localization of its binding sites in western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight. J. Insect Physiol. 46:2000;611-619
70. Hajos G., Gelencser E., Pusztai A., Grant G., Sakhri M., Bardocz S. Biological effects and survival of trypsin-inhibitors and the agglutinin from soybean in the small intestine of the rat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:1995;165-170
71. Hara T., Mukunoki Y., Tsukamoto I., Miyoshi M., Hasegawa K. Susceptibility of kintoki bean lectin to digestive enzymes in vitro and its behaviour in the digestive organs of mouse in vivo. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 30:1984;381-394
72. Harper S.M., Crenshaw R.W., Mullins M.A., Privalle L.S. Lectin binding to insect brush border membranes. J. Econ. Ecol. 88:1995;1197-1202
73. Herzig K.H., Bardocz S., Grant G., Nustede R., Folsch U.R., Pusztai A. Kidney bean lectin is a potent cholecystokinin releasing stimulus in the rat inducing pancreatic growth. Gut. 41:1997;333-338
74. Higuchi M., Suga M., Iwai K. Participation of lectin in biological effects of raw winged bean seeds on rats. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47:1983;1979-1986
75. Higuchi M., Tsuchiya I., Iwai K. Growth inhibition and small intestinal lesions in rats alter after feeding with isolated winged bean lectin. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48:1984;695-701
76. Hilder V.A., Boulter D. Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance - a critical review. Crop Prot. 18:1999;177-191
77. Hilder V.A., Powell K.S., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse L.N., Shi Y., Hamilton W.D.O., Merryweather A., Newell C.A., Timans J.C. Expression of snowdrop lectin in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in added protection against aphids. Transgenic Res. 4:1995;18-25
78. Huisman J., van der Poel A.F.B., Van Leeuwen P., Verstegen M.W.A. Comparison of growth, nitrogen-metabolism and organ weights in piglets and rats fed on diets containing Phaseolus vulgaris beans. Brit. J. Nutr. 64:1990;743-753
79. Huisman J., van der Poel A.F.B., Mouwen J.M.V.M., Vanweerden E.J. Effect of variable protein contents in diets containing Phaseolus vulgaris beans on performance, organ weights and blood variables in piglets, rats and chickens. Brit. J. Nutr. 64:1990;755-764
80. Jaffé W.G. Studies on phytotoxins in beans. Arzneimittel Forschung. 10:1960;1012-1016
81. Jordinson M., Playford R.J., Calam J. Effects of a panel of lectins on cholecystokinin release in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 273:1997;946-950
82. Jordinson M., Goodlad R.A., Brynes A., Bliss P., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R., Fitzgerald A., Grant G., Bardocz S., Pusztai A., Pignatelli M., Calam J. Gastrointestinal responses to a panel of lectins in rats maintained on total parenteral nutrition. Am. J. Physiol. 276:1999;1235-1242
83. Jouanin L., Bonade B.M., Girard C., Morrot G., Giband M. Transgenic plants for insect resistance. Plant Sci. 131:1998;1-11
84. Kanrar S., Venkateswari J., Kirti P.B., Chopra V.L. Transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) with resistance to the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). Plant Cell Rep. 20:2002;976-981
85. Kelsall A., Fitzgerald A.J., Howard C.V., Evans R.C., Singh R., Rhodes J.M., Goodlad R.A. Dietary lectins can stimulate pancreatic growth in the rat. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 83:2002;203-208
86. Kilpatrick D.C., Pusztai A., Grant G., Graham C., Ewen S.W.B. Tomato lectin resists digestion in the mammalian alimentary canal and binds to intestinal villi without deleterious effects. FEBS Lett. 185:1985;299-305
87. Kordás K., Burghardt B., Kisfalvi K., Bardocz S., Pusztai A., Varga G. Diverse effects of phytohaemagglutinin on gastrointestinal secretions in rats. J. Physiol. 94:2000;31-36
88. Kordás K., Szalmay G., Bardocz S., Pusztai A., Varga G. Phytohaemagglutinin inhibits gastric acid but not pepsin secretion in conscius rats. J. Physiol. 95:2001;309-314
89. Koshte V.L., Vandijk W., Vanderstelt M.E., Aalberse R.C. Isolation and characterization of BanLec-I, a mannoside-binding lectin from Musa paradisiac (banana). Biochem. J. 272:1990;721-726
90. Koshte V.L., Aalbers M., Calkhoven P.G., Aalberse R.C. The Potent IgG4-inducing antigen in banana is a mannose-binding lectin, BanLec-I. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 97:1992;17-24
91. Kritchevsky D., Tepper S.A., Klurfeld D.M. Lectin may contribute to the atherogenicity of peanut oil. Lipids. 33:1998;821-823
92. Kumar M.A., Timm D.E., Neet K.E., Owen W.G., Peumans W.J., Rao A.G. Characterization of the lectin from the bulbs of Eranthis hyemalis (winter aconite) as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;25176-25183
93. Lajolo F.M., Genovese M.I. Nutritional significance of lectins and enzyme inhibitors from legumes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:2002;6592-6598
94. Lavelle E.C. Targeted delivery of drugs to the gastrointestinal tract. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug. 18:2001;341-386
95. Lavelle E.C., Grant G., Pusztai A., Pfuller U., O'Hagan D.T. Mucosal immunogenicity of plant lectins in mice. Immunology. 2000:2000;30-37
96. Lavelle E.C., Grant G., Pusztai A., Pfuller U., O'Hagan D.T. The identification of plant lectins with mucosal adjuvant activity. Immunology. 102:2001;77-86
97. Leontowicz H., Leontowicz M., Kostyra H., Kulasek G., Gralak M.A., Krzeminski R., Podgurniak M. Effects of raw or extruded legume seeds on some functional and morphological gut parameters in rats. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 10:2001;169-183
98. Liener I.E. Soyin, a toxic protein from the soybean. I. Inhibition of rat growth. J. Nutr. 49:1953;529-539
99. Liener I.E. Nutritional significance of lectins in the diet. Liener I.E., Sharon N., Goldstein I.J. The Lectins. 1986;527-552 Academic Press, London
100. Liener I.E. Implication of antinutritional components in soybean foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 34:1994;31-67
101. Liener I., Young M., Lovrien R. Lectins inhibit digestive enzymes and so survive alimentary passage. FASEB J. 45:1986;1573-1573
102. Lis H., Sharon N. Lectins: carbohydrate-specific proteins that mediate cellular recognition. Chem. Rev. 98:1998;637-674
103. Loc N.T., Tinjuangjun P., Gatehouse A.M.R., Christou P., Gatehouse J.A. Linear transgene constructs lacking vector backbone sequences generate transgenic rice plants which accumulate higher levels of proteins conferring insect resistance. Mol. Breed. 9:2002;231-244
104. Macedo M.L.R., Mello G.C., Freire M.G.M., Novello J.C., Marangoni S., Matos D.G.G. Effect of a trypsin inhibitor from Dimorphandra mollis seeds on the development of Callosobruchus maculatus larval. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 40:2002;891-898
105. Macedo M.L.R., Freire M.G.M., Cabrini E.C., Toyama M.H., Novello J.C., Marangoni S. A trypsin inhibitor from Peltophorum dubium seeds active against pest proteases and its effects on the survival of Anagasta kuehniellla (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1621:2003;170-182
106. Machuka J., Van Damme E.J.M., Peumans W.J., Jackai L.E.N. Effect of plant lectins on survival development of the pod borer Maruca vitrata. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 93:1999;179-187
107. Machuka J.S., Okeola O.G., Chrispeels M.J., Jackai L.E.N. The African yam bean seed lectin affects the development of the cowpea weevil but does not affect the development of larvae of the legume pod borer. Phytochemistry. 53:2000;667-674
108. Maddock S.E., Hufman G., Isenhour D.J., Roth B.A., Raikhel N.V., Howard J.A., Czapla T.H. Expression in maize plants of wheatgerm agglutinin, a novel source of insect resistance. Third International Congress in Plant Molecular Biology, Tucson, Arizona. 1991
109. Maqbool S.B., Riazuddin S., Loc N.T., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A., Christou P. Expression of multiple insecticidal genes confers broad resistance against a range of different rice pests. Mol. Breed. 7:2001;85-93
110. Murdock L.L., Shade R.E. Lectins and protease inhibitors as plant defense against insects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:2002;6605-6611
111. Nachbar M.S., Oppenheim J.D. Lectins in the United States diet: a survey of lectins in commonly consumed foods and a review of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:1980;2338-2345
112. Nakata S., Kimura T. Effect of ingested toxic bean lectins on the gastrointestinal tract in the rat. J. Nutr. 115:1985;1621-1629
113. Noah N.D., Bender A.E., Reaidi G.B., Gilbert R.J. Food poisoning from red kidney beans. Brit. Med. J. 281:1980;236-237
114. Nowell P.C. Phytohemagglutinin: an initiator of mitosis in cultures of normal human leukocytes. Cancer Res. 20:1960;462-466
115. Oka Y., Chet I., Spiegel Y. Accumulation of lectins in cereal roots invaded by the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. Physiol. Mol. Plant P. 51:1997;333-345
116. Okeola O.G., Machuka J. Biological effects of African yam bean lectins on Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera: Coreidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94:2001;724-729
117. Oliveira J.T.A., Pusztai A., Grant G. Changes in organs and tissues induced by feeding of purified kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectins. Nutr. Res. 8:1988;943-947
118. Oliveira J.T.A., Vasconcelos I.M., Gondim M.J.L., Cavada B.S., Moreira R.A., Santos C.F., Moreira L.I.M. Canavalia brasiliensis seeds. Protein quality and nutritional implications of dietary lectin. J. Sci. Food Agric. 64:1994;417-424
119. Oliveira J.T.A., Vasconcelos I.M., Bezerra L.C.N.M., Silveira S.B., Monteiro A.C.O., Moreira R.A. Composition and nutritional properties of seeds from Pachira aquatica Aubl, Sterculia striata St Hil et Naud and Terminalia catappa Linn. Food Chem. 70:2000;185-191
120. Olsnes S., Wesche J., Falnes P. Binding, uptake, routing and translocation of toxins with intracellular sites of action. Alouf J.E., Freer J.H. The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins. 1999;73-93 Academic Press, London
121. Otte J.M., Chen C., Brunke G., Kiehne K., Schimitz F., Foelsch U.R., Herzig K.H. Mechanisms of lectin (phytohemagglutinin)-induced growth in small intestinal epithelial cells. Digestion. 64:2001;169-178
122. Palmer R.M., Pusztai A., Bain P., Grant G. Changes in rates of tissue protein synthesis in rats induced in vivo by consumption of kidney bean lectins. Comp. Biochem. Phys. 88:1987;179-183
123. Peumans W.J., Van Damme E.J.M. The role of lectins in the plant defense against insects. Van Driessche E., Fisher J., Beeckmans S., Bog-Hansen T.C. Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry. 1994;128-141 Textop, Hellerup, Denmark
124. Peumans W.J., Van Damme J.M. Lectins as plant defense proteins. Plant Physiol. 109:1995;347-352
125. Peumans W.J., Winter H.C., Bemer V., Van Leuven F., Goldstein I.J., Truffa-Cachi P., Van Damme E.J.M. Isolation of a novel plant lectin with an unusual specificity from Calystegia sepium. Glycoconj. J. 14:1997;259-265
126. Powell K.S. Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins towards nymphal stages of the planthoppers Tarophagous proserpina and Nilaparvata lugens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 99:2001;71-77
127. Powell K.S., Gatehouse A.M.R., Hilder V.A., Van Damme E.J.M., Peumans W.J., Boonjawat J., Horsham K., Gatehouse J.A. Different antimetabolic effects of related lectins towards nymphal stages of Nilaparvata lugens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 75:1995;61-65
128. Powell K.S., Spence J., Bharathi M., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse A.M.R. Immunohistochemical and developmental studies to elucidate the mechanism of action of the snowdrop lectin on the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). J. Insect Physiol. 44:1998;529-539
129. Preet K., Punia D. Proximate composition, phytic acid, polyphenols and digestibility (in vitro) of four brown cowpea varieties. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 51:2000;189-193
130. Pryme I.F., Pusztai A., Bardocz S., Ewen S.W.B. The induction of gut hyperplasia by phytohaemagglutinin in the diet and limitation of tumour growth. Histol. Histopathol. 13:1998;575-583
131. Pryme I.F., Pusztai A., Bardocz S., Ewen S.W.B. A combination of dietary protein depletion and PHA-induced gut growth reduce the mass of a murine non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Lett. 139:1999;145-152
132. Pusztai A. Effects on gut structure, function and metabolism of dietary lectins. The nutritional toxicity of the kidney bean lectin. Franz H. Advances in Lectin Research. 1989;74-86 VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin
133. Pusztai A. General effects on animal cells. Pusztai A. Plant Lectins. 1991;105-205 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
134. Pusztai A., Bardocz S. Biological effects of plant lectins on the gastrointestinal tract: metabolic consequences and applications. Trends Glycosci. Glyc. 8:1996;149-165
135. Pusztai A., Clarke E.M.W., King T.P. The nutritional toxicity of Phaseolus vulgaris lectins. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 38:1979;115-120
136. Pusztai A., Oliveira de J.T.A., Bardocz S., Grant G., Wallace H.M. Dietary kidney bean lectin-induced hyperplasia and increased polyamine content of the small intestine. Bog-Hansen T.C., Freed D.L.J. Lectins, Biology, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. 1988;117-120 Sigma Library, St Louis, MO
137. Pusztai A., Greer F., Grant G. Specific uptake of dietary lectins into the systemic circulation of rats. Biochem. Soc. T. 17:1989;481-482
138. Pusztai A., Grant G., Spencer R.J., Duguid T.J., Brown D.S., Ewen S.W.B., Peumans W.J., Van Damme E.J.M., Bardocz S. Kidney bean lectin-induced Escherichia coli overgrowth in the small-intestine is blocked by GNA, a mannose-specific lectin. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75:1993;360-368
139. Pusztai A., Ewen S.W.B., Grant G., Brown D.S., Stewart J.C., Peumans W.J., Van Damme E.J.M., Bardocz S. Antinutritive effects of wheat-germ- agglutinin and other N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. Brit. J. Nutr. 70:1993;313-321
140. Pusztai A., Ewen S.W.B., Carvalho A.F.U., Grant G., Brantner K., Bardocz S. Dietary lectins affect hormone balance of body and modulate its general metabolism. Singer M.V., Ziegller R., Rohr G. Gastrointestinal Tract and Endocrine System. 1995;457-463 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Lancaster
141. Pusztai A., Koninkx J., Hendriks H., Kok W., Hulscher S., Van Damme E.J.M., Peumans W.J., Grant G., Bardocz S. Effect of the insecticidal Galanthus nivalis agglutinin on metabolism and the activities of brush border enzymes in the rat small intestine. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7:1996;677-682
142. Pusztai A., George G., Gelencsar E., Ewen S.W.B., Pfueller U., Eifler R., Bardocz S. Effects of an orally administered mistletoe (type-2 RIP) lectin on growth, body composition, small intestinal structure, and insulin levels in young rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 9:1998;31-36
143. Rahbé Y., Febvay G. Protein toxicity to aphids - an in vitro test on Acyrthosiphon pisum. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 67:1993;149-160
144. Rahbé Y., Sauvion N., Febvay G., Peumans W.J., Gatehouse A.M.R. Toxicity of lectins and processing of ingested proteins in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 76:1995;143-155
145. Radberg K., Biernat M., Linderoth A., Zabielski R., Pierzynowski S.G., Westrom B.R. Enteral exposure to crude red kidney bean lectin induces maturation of the gut in suckling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2001;2669-2678
146. Rao K.V., Rathore K.S., Hodges T.K., Fu X., Stoger E., Sudhakar D., Williams S., Christou P., Bharathi M., Bown D.P., Powell K.S., Spence J., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A. Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper. Plant J. 15:1998;469-477
147. Ratanapo S., Ngamjunyaporn W., Chulavatnatol M. Sialic acid binding lectins from leaf of mulberry (Morus alba). Plant Sci. 139:1998;141-148
148. Renkonnen K.O. Studies on hemagglutinins present in seeds of some representatives of the family Leguminoseae. Ann. Med. Exp. Fenn. 26:1948;66
149. Reynoso-Camacho R., De-Mejia E.G., Loarca-Pina G. Purification and acute toxicity of a lectin extracted from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius). Food Chem. Toxicol. 41:2003;21-27
150. Rios F.J.B., Cavada B.S., Medeiros D.A., Moreira R.A., Vasconcelos I.M., Oliveira J.T.A. Digestibility of plant lectins from Canavalia, Cratylia, Dioclea and Artocarpus Genera. Van Driessche E., Rougé P., Beeckmans S., Bog-Hansen T.C. Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry. 1996;277-284 Textop, Denmark
151. Ripoll C., Favery B., Lecomte P., Van Damme E., Peumans W., Abad P., Jouanin L. Evaluation of the ability of lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) to protect plants against root-knot nematodes. Plant Sci. 164:2003;517-523
152. Rouanet J.M., Besancon P., Lafont J. Effect of lectins from leguminous seeds on rat duodenal enterokinase activity. Experientia. 39:1983;1356-1358
153. Roy A., Banerjee S., Majumder P., Das S. Efficiency of mannose-binding plant lectins in controlling a homopteran insect, the red cotton bug. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:2002;6775-6779
154. Rüdiger H. Plant lectins - more than just tools for glycoscientists: occurrence, structure and possible functions of plant lectins. Acta Anat. 161:1998;130-152
155. Santos, L.F.L., 2001. Toxina da salsa (Ipomoea asarifolia R. et Schult.): aspectos bioquímicos, estruturais, funcionais e potencial biotecnológico. Doctoral thesis. Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, pp. 142.
156. Sasaki M., Fitzgerald A.J., Grant G., Ghatei M.A., Wright N.A., Goodlad R.A. Lectins can reverse the distal intestinal atrophy associated with elemental diets in mice. Aliment. Pharm. Therap. 16:2002;633-642
157. Sauvion N., Rahbé Y., Peumans W.J., Van Damme E.J.M., Gatehouse J.A., Gatehouse A.M.R. Effects of GNA and other mannose binding lectins on development and fecundity of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 79:1996;285-293
158. Sayegh A.I., Ritter R.C. Cholecystokinin activates specific enteric neurons in the rat small intestine. Peptides. 24:2003;237-244
159. Schuler T.H., Poppy G.M., Kerry B.R., Denholm I. Insect-resistant transgenic plants. Trends Biotechnol. 16:1998;168-174
160. Setamou M., Bernal J.S., Legaspi J.C., Mirkov T.E., Legaspi B.C. Jr. Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): effects on life history parameters. J. Econ. Entomol. 95:2002;469-477
161. Sgarbieri V.C. Propriedades nutricionais das proteínas. Sgarbieri V.C. Proteinas em Alimentos Protéicos: Propriedades, Degradaç ões e Modificações. 1996;337-386 Livraria Varela Ltda, São Paulo
162. Small G.J., Hemingway J. Molecular characterization of the amplified carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Insect Mol. Biol. 9:2000;647-653
163. Stillmark H. Ueber Ricin, ein giftiges Ferment aus dem Samen von Ricinus communis L. und einigen anderen Euphorbiaceen. Arb. Pharmak. Inst. Dorpat. 3:1888;59-151
164. Stoger E., Williams S., Christou P., Down R.E., Gatehouse J.A. Expression of the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) in transgenic wheat plants: effects on predation by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Mol. Breed. 5:1999;65-73
165. Sun X., Wu A., Tang K. Transgenic rice lines with enhanced resistance to the small brown planthopper. Crop Prot. 21:2002;511-514
166. Tang K., Zhao E., Sun X., Wan B., Qi H., Lu X. Production of transgenic rice homozygous lines with enhanced resistance to the rice brown planthopper. Acta Biotechnol. 21:2001;117-128
167. Tchernychev B., Wilchek M. Natural human antibodies to dietary lectins. FEBS Lett. 397:1996;139-142
168. Thompson L.U., Tenebaum A.V., Hui H. Effect of lectins and the mixing of proteins on rate of protein digestibility. J. Food Sci. 51:1986;150-152
169. Tinjuangjun P., Loc N.T., Gatehouse A.M.R., Gatehouse J.A., Christou P. Enhanced insect resistance in Thai rice varieties generated by particle bombardment. Mol. Breed. 6:2000;391-399
170. Tomov B.W., Bernal J.S. Effects of GNA transgenic sugarcane on life history parameters of Parallorhogas pyralophagus (Marsh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Mexican rice borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:2003;570-576
171. Triadou N., Audran E. Interaction of the brush-border hydrolases of the human small intestine with lectins. Digestion. 27:1983;1-7
172. Van Damme E.J.M., Peumans W.J., Barre A., Rougé P. Plant lectins: a composite of several distinct families of structurally and evolutionary related proteins with diverse biological role. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 17:1998;575-692
173. Van Damme E.J.M., Hao Q., Charels D., Barre A., Rougé P., Van Leuven F., Peumans W.J. Characterization and molecular cloning of two different type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from the monocotyledonous plant Polygonatum multiflorum. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:2000;2746-2759
174. Vasconcelos I.M., Maia A.A.B., Siebra E.A., Oliveira J.T.A., Carvalho A.F.F.U., Melo V.M.M., Carlini C.R., Castelar L.I.M. Nutritional study of two Brazilian soybean (Glycine max) cultivars differing in the contents of antinutritional and toxic proteins. J. Nutr. Biochem. 12:2001;1-8
175. Vaughan A., Hilder V.A., Boulter D. Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance - a critical review. Crop Prot. 18:1999;177-191
176. Wang Z.B., Guo S.D. Expression of two insect resistant genes cryIA (bandc) GNA in transgenic tobacco plants results in added protection against both cotton bollworm and aphids. Chinese Sci. Bull. 44:1999;2051-2058
177. Wang W., Hause B., Peumans W.J., Smagghe G., Mackie A., Fraser R., Van Damme E.J.M. The Tn antigen-specific lectin from ground ivi is an insecticidal protein with an unusual physiology. Plant Physiol. 132:2003;1322-1334
178. Williams P.E.V., Pusztai A., MacDearmid A., Innes G.M. The use of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as protein supplements in diets for young rapidly growing beef steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 12:1984;1-10
179. Wilson A.B., King T.P., Clarke E.M.W., Pusztai A. Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectin-induced lesions in the small intestine. II. Microbiological studies. J. Comp. Pathol. 90:1980;597-602
180. Wu A., Sun X., Pang Y., Tang K. Homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA with enhanced resistance to the rice sap-sucking pest Laodelphax striatellus. Plant Breed. 121:2002;93-95
181. Zhu K., Huesing J.E., Shade R.E., Bressan R.A., Hasegawa P.M., Murdock L.L. An insecticidal N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin gene from Griffonia simplicifolia (Leguminosae). Plant Physiol. 110:1996;195-202
182. Zhu-Salzman K., Salzman R. A functional mechanic of the plant defensive Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II: resistance to proteolysis is independent of glycoconjugate binding in the insect gut. J. Econ. Entomol. 94:2001;1280-1284
183. Zhu-Salzman K., Shade R.E., Koiwa H., Salzman R.A., Narasimhan M., Bressan R.A., Hasegawa P.M., Murdock L.L. Carbohydrate binding and resistance to proteolysis control insecticidal activity of Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;15123-15128