Liver cancer

Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 635-660

  London, W Thomas ^a   Petrick, Jessica L ^b   McGlynn, Katherine A ^b  

^a FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aflatoxin; Diabetes; Fatty liver disease; Hepatitis b virus; Hepatitis c virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver cancer; Obesity

Indexed keywords

EID: 85051037696     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0033     Document Type: Chapter

References (451)

1. Abelev GI, Assecritova IV, Kraevsky NA, Perova SD, and Perevodchikova NI. 1967. Embryonal serum alpha-globulin in cancer patients: diagnostic value. Int J Cancer, 2(5), 551-558 .PMID: 4170567.
2. Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, et al. 2005. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 129(1), 113-121 .PMID: 16012941.
3. Akiba S, and Hirayama T. 1990. Cigarette smoking and cancer mortality risk in Japanese men and women: results from reanalysis of the six-prefecture cohort study data. Environ Health Perspect, 87, 19-26 .PMCID: PMC1567850.
4. Alpert ME, Uriel J, and de Nechaud B. 1968. Alpha-1 fetoglobulin in the diagnosis of human hepatoma. N Engl J Med, 278(18), 984-986 .PMID: 4171303.
5. Altekruse SF, Devesa SS, Dickie LA, McGlynn KA, and Kleiner DE.2011. Histological classification of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancers in SEER registries. J Registry Manag, 38(4), 201-205 .PMCID: PMC4148005.
6. Altekruse SF, Henley SJ, Cucinelli JE, and McGlynn KA. 2014. Changing hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and liver cancer mortality rates in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol, 109(4), 542-553 .PMCID: PMC4148914.
7. Altekruse SF, Petrick JL, Rolin AI, et al. 2015. Geographic variation of intra- hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and hepa-tocellular carcinoma in the United States. PLoS One, 10(3), e0120574 .PMCID: PMC4383424.
8. Alvardo-Mora MV, Locarnini S, Rizzetto M, and Pinho JR. 2013. An update on HDV: virology, pathogenesis and treatment. Antivir Ther, 18(3 Pt B), 541-548 .PMID: 23792471.
9. Alzahrani B, Iseli TJ, and Hebbard LW. 2014. Non-viral causes of liver cancer: does obesity led inflammation play a role? Cancer Lett, 345(2), 223229 .PMID: 24007864.
10. Andersson M, Carstensen B, and Storm HH. 1995. Mortality and cancer incidence after cerebral arteriography with or without Thorotrast. Radiat Res, 142(3), 305-320 .PMID: 7761581.
11. Ang LW, Cutter J, James L, and Goh KT. 2013. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among adults in Singapore: a 12-year review. Vaccine, 32(1), 103-110 .PMID: 24200974.
12. Armstrong GL, Alter MJ, McQuillan GM, and Margolis HS. 2000. The past incidence of hepatitis C virus infection: implications for the future burden of chronic liver disease in the United States. Hepatology, 31(3), 777-782 .PMID: 10706572.
13. Asare GA, Paterson AC, Kew MC, Khan S, and Mossanda KS. 2006. Iron- free neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis in Wistar rats fed a diet high in iron. J Pathol, 208(1), 82-90 .PMID: 16278820.
14. Asplin F, and Carnaghan R. 1961. The toxicity of certain groundnut meals for poultry with special references to their effect on ducklings and chickens. Vet Rec, 73, 1215-1219.
15. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, and Neuschwander-Tetri BA. 1994. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology, 107(4), 1103-1109 .PMID: 7523217.
16. Badawi AF, and Michael MS. 1999. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt: the role of hepatitis-B viral infection and schistosomiasis. Anticancer Res, 19(5c), 4565-4569 .PMID: 10650811.
17. Baffy G, Brunt EM, and Caldwell SH. 2012. Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging menace. J Hepatol, 56(6), 1384-1391 .PMID: 22326465.
18. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. 2015. Alcohol consumption and site- specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 112(3), 580-593 .PMCID: PMC4453639.
19. Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Wong F, Reddy KR, and Kamath PS. 2012. Bacterial infections in end-stage liver disease: current challenges and future directions. Gut, 61(8), 1219-1225 .PMCID: PMC3604694.
20. Bamia C, Lagiou P, Jenab M, et al. 2015. Coffee, tea and decaffeinated coffee in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population: multicentre, prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer, 136(8), 1899-1908 .PMID: 25219573.
21. Bellentani S, Pozzato G, Saccoccio G, et al. 1999. Clinical course and risk factors of hepatitis C virus related liver disease in the general population: report from the Dionysos study. Gut, 44(6), 874-880 .PMCID: PMC1727553.
22. Bellentani S, and Tiribelli C. 2001. The spectrum of liver disease in the general population: lesson from the Dionysos study. J Hepatol, 35(4), 531-537 .PMID: 11682041.
23. Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Saccoccio G, et al. 1994. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of northern Italy: the Dionysos Study. Hepatology, 20(6), 1442-1449 .PMID: 7982643.
24. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, et al. 1999. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology, 30(4), 1054-1058 .PMID: 10498659.
25. Bjersing L, Andersson C, and Lithner F. 1996. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients from northern Sweden with acute intermittent porphyria: mor-phology and mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 5(5), 393397 .PMID: 9162306.
26. Bjorkhem-Bergman L, Backheden M, and Soderberg Lofdal K. 2014. Statin treatment reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma but not colon cancer-tesults from a nationwide case-control study in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 23(10), 1101-1106 .PMID: 25074765.
27. Blount W. 1961. Turkey "X" disease. J Br Turkey Federation, 9, 55-58.
28. Boettler U, Sommerfeld K, Volz N, et al. 2011. Coffee constituents as modulators of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ARE (EpRE)-dependent gene expression. J Nutr Biochem, 22(5), 426-440 .PMID: 20655719.
29. Bonkovsky HL, Jawaid Q, Tortorelli K, et al. 1999. Non-alcoholic steatohepa- titis and iron: increased prevalence of mutations of the HFE gene in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol, 31(3), 421-429 .PMID: 10488699.
30. Bonkovsky HL, Poh-Fitzpatrick M, Pimstone N, et al. 1998. Porphyria cutanea tarda, hepatitis C, and HFE gene mutations in North America. Hepatology, 27(6), 1661-1669 .PMID: 9620340.
31. Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, et al. 2013. Population-based epi-demiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology, 58(6), 2045-2055 .PMID: 23775876.
32. Bostan N, and Mahmood T. 2010. An overview about hepatitis C: a devastating virus. Crit Rev Microbiol, 36(2), 91-133 .PMID: 20345213.
33. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, Gallus S, and La Vecchia C. 2013. Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11(11), 1413-1421 .PMID: 23660416. "
34. Bressac B, Kew M, Wands J, and Ozturk M. 1991. Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature, 350(6317), 429-431 .PMID: 1672732.
35. Bruix J, and Sherman M. 2011. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology, 53(3), 1020-1022 .PMCID: PMC3084991.
36. Brunt EM. 2000. Grading and staging the histopathological lesions of chronic hepatitis: the Knodell histology activity index and beyond. Hepatology, 31(1), 241-246 .PMID: 10613753.
37. Bugianesi E. 2007. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cancer. Clin Liver Dis, 11(1), 191-207 .PMID: 17544979.
38. Burak KW, and Sherman M. 2015. Hepatocellular carcinoma: consensus, con-troversies and future directions. A report from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Meeting. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 29(4), 178-184 .PMCID: PMC4444026.
39. Cacoub P, Geffray L, Rosenthal E, et al. 2001. Mortality among human immu-nodeficiency virus-infected patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C virus in French Departments of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, in 1995 and 1997. Clin Infect Dis, 32(8), 1207-1214 .PMID: 11283811.
40. Cales P, Veillon P, Konate A, et al. 2008. Reproducibility of blood tests of liver fibrosis in clinical practice. Clin Biochem, 41(1-2), 10-18 .PMID: 17988658.
41. Cameron R, Imaida K, and Ito N. 1981. Promotive effects of ethinyl estradiol in hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine in male rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 72(2), 339-340 .PMID: 7286559.
42. Cardin R, D'Errico A, Fiorentino M et al. 2002. Hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis in relation to oxidative damage in alcohol-related liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol, 37(1), 43-48 .PMID: 11825856.
43. Carmichael W. 2008. A world overview: one-hundred-t wenty-seven years of research on toxic cyanobacteria-where do we go from here? Adv Exp Med Biol, 619, 105-125 .PMID: 18461766.
44. Cavin C, Holzhaeuser D, Scharf G, et al. 2002. Cafestol and kahweol, two coffee specific diterpenes with anticarcinogenic activity. Food Chem Toxicol, 40(8), 1155-1163 .PMID: 12067578.
45. CDC. 2003. Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in cor-rectional settings. MMWR Recomm Rep, 52, 1-17 .PMID: 12562146.
46. CDC. 2015. Viral hepatitis: hepatitis C information. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/.Accessed on May 9, 2016.
47. Chan KY, Wong CM, Kwan JS, et al. 2011. Genome-wide association study of hepatocellular carcinoma in Southern Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One, 6(12), e28798 .PMCID: PMC3234276.
48. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, et al. 1997. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med, 336(26), 1855-1859 .PMID: 9197213.
49. Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ et al. 2009. Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccinees: a 20-year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 101(19), 1348-1355 .PMID: 19759364.
50. Chapman RW. 1999. Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Ann Oncol, 10 Suppl 4, S308-311 .PMID: 10436847.
51. Chen CJ, Chen CW, Wu MM, and Kuo TL. 1992. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Br J Cancer, 66(5), 888-892 .PMCID: PMC1977977.
52. Chen CJ, Chuang YC, Lin TM, and Wu HY. 1985. Malignant neoplasms among residents of a blackfoot disease-endemic area in Taiwan: high-arsenic artesian well water and cancers. Cancer Res, 45(11 Pt 2), 5895-5899 .PMID: 4053060.
53. Chen CJ, Chuang YC, You SL, Lin TM, and Wu HY. 1986. A retrospective study on malignant neoplasms of bladder, lung and liver in black- foot disease endemic area in Taiwan. Br J Cancer, 53(3), 399-405 .PMCID: PMC2001352.
54. Chen CJ, Kuo TL, and Wu MM. 1988a. Arsenic and cancers. Lancet, 331(8582), 414-415 .PMID: 2893213.
55. Chen CJ, and Wang CJ. 1990. Ecological correlation between arsenic level in well water and age-adjusted mortality from malignant neoplasms. Cancer Res, 50(17), 5470-5474 .PMID: 2386951.
56. Chen CJ, Wu MM, Lee SS, et al. 1988b. Atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of high-arsenic artesian well water: multiple risk factors and related malignant neoplasms of blackfoot disease. Arteriosclerosis, 8(5), 452-460 .PMID: 3190552.
57. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Iloeje UH,. 2009. Hepatitis B virus DNA levels and outcomes in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 49(5 Suppl), S72-84 .PMID: 19399801.
58. Chen G, Lin W, Shen F, et al. 2006. Past HBV viral load as predictor of mortality and morbidity from HCC and chronic liver disease in a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol, 101(8), 1797-1803 .PMID: 16817842.
59. Chen J, Han Y, Xu C, Xiao T, and Wang B. 2015. Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer Prev, 24(2), 89-99 .PMID: 24809655.
60. Chen JG, Egner PA, Ng D, et al. 2013. Reduced aflatoxin exposure presages decline in liver cancer mortality in an endemic region of China. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 6(10), 1038-1045 .PMCID: PMC3800239.
61. Chen SY, Wang LY, Lunn RM et al. 2002. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- DNA adducts in liver tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and controls. Int J Cancer, 99(1), 14-21 .PMID: 11948486.
62. Chen Y, Wang X, Wang J, Yan Z, and Luo J. 2012. Excess body weight and the risk of primary liver cancer: an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Cancer, 48(14), 2137-2145 .PMID: 22446023.
63. Chiang CJ, Yang YW, You SL, Lai MS, and Chen CJ. 2013. Thirty-year out-comes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan. JAMA, 310(9), 974-976 .PMID: 24002285.
64. Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Liaw KF, et al. 1995. Incidence of internal cancers and ingested inorganic arsenic: a seven-year follow-up study in Taiwan. Cancer Res, 55(6), 1296-1300 .PMID: 7882325.
65. Chiu HF, Ho SC, Chen CC, and Yang CY. 2011. Statin use and the risk of liver cancer: a population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol, 106(5), 894-898 .PMID: 21157439.
66. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. 1989. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science, 244(4902), 359-362 .PMID: 2523562.
67. Chou HH, Chien WH, Wu LL, et al. 2015. Age-related immune clearance of hepatitis B virus infection requires the establishment of gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(7), 2175-2180 .PMCID: PMC4343154.
68. Chou YH, Chiou HJ, Tiu CM, et al. 2003. Duplex Doppler ultrasound of hepatic Schistosomiasis japonica: a study of 47 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 68(1), 18-23 .PMID: 12556142.
69. Chuang SC, Lee YC, Hashibe M, et al. 2010. Interaction between cigarette smoking and hepatitis B and C virus infection on the risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 19(5), 1261-1268 .PMCID: PMC4170071.
70. Cibere J, Sibley J, and Haga M. 1997. Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy. Arthritis Rheum, 40(9), 1580-1586 .PMID: 9324011.
71. Clark JM, Brancati FL, and Diehl AM. 2002. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology, 122(6), 1649-1657 .PMID: 12016429.
72. Clifford RJ, Zhang J, Meerzaman DM, et al. 2010. Genetic variations at loci involved in the immune response are risk factors for hepatocellular carci-noma. Hepatology, 52(6), 2034-2043 .PMID: 21105107.
73. Colin JF, Cazals-Hatem D, Loriot MA, et al. 1999. Influence of human immu-nodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men. Hepatology, 29(4), 1306-1310 .PMID: 10094979.
74. Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, and King CH. 2014. Human schistoso-miasis. Lancet, 383(9936), 2253-2264 .PMCID: PMC4672382.
75. Collins JJ, Jammer B, Sladeczek FM, Bodnar CM, and Salomon SS. 2014. Surveillance for angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers. J Occup Environ Med, 56(11), 1207-1209 .PMID: 25376416.
76. Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, et al. 1991. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med, 325(10), 675-680 .PMID: 1651452.
77. Coogan PF, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, et al. 2000. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of digestive cancers at sites other than the large bowel. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9(1), 119-123 .PMID: 10667472.
78. Cook MB. 2013. Epidemiology: Excess cancer in men-a call for an increased research focus. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 10(4), 186-188 .PMID: 23478284.
79. Corrao G, Arico S, Zambon A, Torchio P, and Di Orio F. 1997. Female sex and the risk of liver cirrhosis. Collaborative Groups for the Study of Liver Diseases in Italy. Scand J Gastroenterol, 32(11), 1174-1180 .PMID: 9399401.
80. Creech JL, Jr., and Johnson MN. 1974. Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. J Occup Med, 16(3), 150-151 .PMID: 4856325.
81. Cross AJ, and Sinha R. 2004. Meat-related mutagens/carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen, 44(1), 44-55 .PMID: 15199546.
82. Dapito DH, Mencin A, Gwak GY, et al. 2012. Promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma by the intestinal microbiota and TLR4. Cancer Cell, 21(4), 504-516 .PMCID: PMC3332000.
83. Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangrande PL, et al. 1997. Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C. UK Haemophilia Centre Directors' Organisation. Lancet, 350(9089), 1425-1431 Bibunstruct / .PMID: 9371165.
84. Darwish MA, Raouf TA, Rushdy P, et al. 1993. Risk factors associated with a high seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Egyptian blood donors. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 49(4), 440-447 .PMID: 7692754.
85. Davis GL, Alter MJ, El-Serag H, Poynard T, and Jennings LW. 2010. Aging of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in the United States: a multiple cohort model of HCV prevalence and disease progression. Gastroenterology, 138(2), 513-521 .PMID: 19861128.
86. De Domenico I, Ward DM, Musci G, and Kaplan J. 2006. Iron overload due to mutations in ferroportin. Haematologica, 91(1), 92-95 .PMCID: PMC3718253.
87. De Groen PC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Gunderson LL, and Nagorney DM. 1999. Biliary tract cancers. N Engl J Med, 341(18), 1368-1378 .PMID: 10536130.
88. Di Bisceglie AM. 2015. Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 49(5 Suppl), S56-60 .PMCID: PMC3047495.
89. Ding S, and Robek MD. 2014. Cytidine deamination and cccDNA degradation: A new approach for curing HBV? Hepatology, 60(6), 2118-2121 .PMID: 25142126.
90. Dorak MT, and Karpuzoglu E. 2012. Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: an inadequately addressed issue. Front Genet, 3, 268 .PMCID: PMC3508426.
91. dos Santos Silva I, Jones M, Malveiro F, and Swerdlow A. 1999. Mortality in the Portuguese thorotrast study. Radiat Res, 152(6 Suppl), S88-92 .PMID: 10564944.
92. Drexler JF, Geipel A, Konig A, et al. 2013. Bats carry pathogenic hepadnavi- ruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110(40), 16151-16156 .PMCID: PMC3791787.
93. Duck BW, Carter JT, and Coombes EJ. 1975. Mortality study of workers in a polyvinyl-chloride production plant. Lancet, 306(7946), 1197-1199 .PMID: 53672.
94. Edmondson HA. 1958. Atlas of tumor pathology: tumors of the liver and intra- hepatic bile ducts (pp. 32-33). Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
95. Edmondson H, and Steiner P. 1954. Primary carcinoma of the liver: a study of 100cases among 48,900 necropsies. Cancer, 7(3), 462-503 .PMID: 13160935.
96. Edmondson HA, Henderson B, and Benton B. 1976. Liver-cell adenomas asso-ciated with use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med, 294(9), 470-472 .PMID: 173996.
97. Eggert T, McGlynn KA, Duffy A, et al. 2013. Epidemiology of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma in the USA, 2000-10. Gut, 62(11), 1667-1668 .PMCID: PMC4145809.
98. El-Serag HB. 2012. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 142(6), 1264-1273 .PMCID: PMC3338949.
99. El-Serag HB, Hampel H, and Javadi F. 2006. The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 4(3), 369-380 .PMID: 16527702.
100. El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Yeh C, and Rabeneck L. 2002. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatology, 36(6), 1439-1445 .PMID: 12447870.
101. El-Serag HB, Johnson ML, Hachem C, and Morgana RO. 2009. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes. Gastroenterology, 136(5), 1601-1608 .PMCID: PMC2677134.
102. Elder G, Harper P, Badminton M, Sandberg S, and Deybach JC. 2013. The incidence of inherited porphyrias in Europe. J Inherit Metab Dis, 36(5), 849-857 .PMID: 23114748.
103. Elmberg M, Hultcrantz R, Ekbom A, et al. 2003. Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology, 125(6), 1733-1741 .PMID: 14724826.
104. Elzouki AN, and Eriksson S. 1996. Risk of hepatobiliary disease in adults with severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ): is chronic viral hepatitis B or C an additional risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8(10), 989-994 .PMID: 8930564.
105. Ertle J, Dechene A, Sowa JP, et al. 2011. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pro-gresses to hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of apparent cirrhosis. Int J Cancer, 128(10), 2436-2443 .PMID: 21128245.
106. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Colao A, Lenzi A, and Giugliano D. 2012. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 35(11), 2402-2411 .PMCID: PMC3476894.
107. Evans AA, Chen G, Ross EA, et al. 2002. Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000- person Haimen City cohort: I. Hepatocellular carcinoma mortality, risk factors, and gender differences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11(4), 369-376 .PMID: 11927497.
108. Evans DM, Williams WJ, and Kung IT. 1983. Angiosarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in vinyl chloride workers. Histopathology, 7(3), 377-388 .PMID: 6192069.
109. Fairbanks KD, and Tavill AS. 2008. Liver disease in alpha 1-antitrypsindeficiency: a review. Am J Gastroenterol, 103(8), 2136-2141 .PMID: 18796107.
110. Falk H, Caldwell GG, Ishak KG, Thomas LB, and Popper H. 1981. Arsenic-related hepatic angiosarcoma. Am J Ind Med, 2(1), 43-50 .PMID: 6891179.
111. Farber E, and Cameron R. 1980. The sequential analysis of cancer development. Adv Cancer Res, 31, 125-226 .PMID: 6250325.
112. Farrell GC. 2003. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: what is it, and why is it important in the Asia-Pacific region? J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 18(2), 124-138 .PMID: 12542595.
113. Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, and Donato F. 2004. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology, 127(5 Suppl 1), S35-50 .PMID: 15508101.
114. Fausto N, and Campbell JS. 2003. The role of hepatocytes and oval cells in liver regeneration and repopulation. Mech Dev, 120(1), 117-130 .PMID: 12490302.
115. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. 2013. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: I ARC Cancer Base No. 11 [Internet]. Retrieved June 24, 2015, from International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://globocan.iarc.fr.
116. Fernandez E, Gallus S, Bosetti C, et al. 2003. Hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk: a systematic analysis from a network of case-control studies. Int J Cancer, 105(3), 408-412 .PMID: 12704678.
117. Floch MH, Katz J, and Conn HO. 1970. Qualitative and quantitative relationships of the fecal flora in cirrhotic patients with portal systemic encephalopathy and following portacaval anastomosis. Gastroenterology, 59(1), 70-75 .PMID: 4913353.
118. Fon Sing M, Yang WS, Gao S, Gao J, and Xiang YB. 2011. Epidemiological studies of the association between tea drinking and primary liver cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev, 20(3), 157-165 .PMID: 21403523.
119. Forman D, Bennett B, Stafford J, and Doll R. 1985. Exposure to vinyl chloride and angiosarcoma of the liver: a report of the register of cases. Br J Ind Med, 42(11), 750-753 .PMCID: PMC1007571.
120. Fracanzani AL, Piperno A, Valenti L, et al. 2010. Hemochromatosis in Italy in the last 30 years: role of genetic and acquired factors. Hepatology, 51(2),501- 510 .PMID: 20101754.
121. Franciosi M, Lucisano G, Lapice E, et al. 2013. Metformin therapy and risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review. PLoS One, 8(8), e71583 .PMCID: PMC3732236.
122. Frank C, Mohamed MK, Strickland GT, et al. 2000. The role of parenteral anti- schistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet, 355(9207), 887-891 .PMID: 10752705.
123. Frezza M, di Padova C, Pozzato G, et al. 1990. High blood alcohol levels in women: the role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med, 322(2), 95-99 .PMID: 2248624.
124. Friedman GD, Flick ED, Udaltsova N, et al. 2008. Screening statins for possible carcinogenic risk: up to 9 years of follow-up of 361,859 recipients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 17(1), 27-36 .PMID: 17944002.
125. Friedman SL. 2008. Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev, 88(1), 125-172 .PMCID: PMC2888531.
126. Friis S, Poulsen AH, Johnsen SP, et al. 2005. Cancer risk among statin users: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer, 114(4), 643-647 .PMID: 15578694.
127. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, and Goedert JJ. 2001. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA, 285(13), 17361745 .PMID: 11277828.
128. Fujimoto A, Furuta M, Totoki Y, et al. 2016. Whole-genome mutational land-scape and characterization of noncoding and structural mutations in liver cancer. Nat Genet, 48(5), 500-509 .PMID: 27064257.
129. Gao S, Yang WS, Bray F, et al. 2012. Declining rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in urban Shanghai: incidence trends in 1976-2005. Eur J Epidemiol, 27(1), 39^6 .PMID: 22160277.
130. Gazzerro P, Proto MC, Gangemi G, et al. 2012. Pharmacological actions of statins: a critical appraisal in the management of cancer. Pharmacol Rev, 64(1), 102-146 .PMID: 22106090.
131. George DK, Goldwurm S, MacDonald GA, et al. 1998. Increased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis. Gastroenterology, 114(2), 311-318 .PMID: 9453491.
132. Ghaffar YA, Fattah SA, Kamel M, et al. 1991. The impact of endemic schisto-somiasis on acute viral hepatitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 45(6), 743-750 .PMID: 1763802.
133. Gierach GL, Pfeiffer RM, Patel DA, et al. 2014. Long-term overall and disease- specific mortality associated with benign gynecologic surgery performed at different ages. Menopause, 21(6), 592-601 .PMCID: PMC4113222.
134. Gilbert C, and Feschotte C. 2010. Genomic fossils calibrate the longterm evolution of hepadnaviruses. PLoS Biol, 8(9), e1000495 .PMCID: PMC2946954.
135. Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, et al. 2006. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science, 312(5778), 1355-1359 .PMCID: PMC3027896.
136. Gilson RJ, Hawkins AE, Beecham MR, et al. 1997. Interactions between HIV and hepatitis B virus in homosexual men: effects on the natural history of infection. AIDS, 11(5), 597-606 .PMID: 9108941.
137. Gish RG, Chang TT, Lai CL, et al. 2013. Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen analysis in hepatitis B e antigen-positive nucleoside-naive patients treated with entecavir. Antivir Ther, 18(5), 691-698 .PMID: 23510982.
138. Goedert JJ, Hatzakis A, Sherman KE, and Eyster ME. 2001. Lack of association of hepatitis C virus load and genotype with risk of end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. J Infect Dis, 184(9), 1202-1205 .PMID: 11598846.
139. Goldfarb S, and Pugh TD. 1990. Ovariectomy accelerates the growth of micro-scopic hepatocellular neoplasms in the mouse: possible association with whole body growth and fat deposition. Cancer Res, 50(21), 6779-6782 .PMID: 2208142.
140. Goldstein ST, Zhou F, Hadler SC, et al. 2005. A mathematical model to estimate global hepatitis B disease burden and vaccination impact. Int J Epidemiol, 34(6), 1329-1339 .PMID: 16249217.
141. Gonzalez SA, and Talal AH. 2003. Hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: an emerging comorbidity with significant implications. Semin Liver Dis, 23(2), 149-166 .PMID: 12800068.
142. Goodman ZD. 2007. Neoplasms of the liver. Mod Pathol, 20(Suppl 1), S49-60 .PMID: 17486052.
143. Gopalakrishnan D, Keyter M, Shenoy KT, et al. 2013. Hepatitis B virus sub-genotype A1 predominates in liver disease patients from Kerala, India. World J Gastroenterol, 19(48), 9294-9306 .PMCID: PMC3882402.
144. Gordeuk VR, McLaren CE, MacPhail AP, Deichsel G, and Bothwell TH. 1996. Associations of iron overload in Africa with hepatocellular carcinoma and tuberculosis: Strachan's 1929 thesis revisited., 87(8), 3470-3476 .PMID: 8605366.
145. Grobbelaar BG, Higginson J, and Walker AR. 1957. Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in man in relation to malnutrition. Am J Pathol, 33(1), 29-53 .PMCID: PMC1934642.
146. Gronbaek L, Vilstrup H, and Jepsen P. 2014. Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. A nationwide registry-based cohort study. J Hepatol, 60(3), 612-617 .PMID: 24326217.
147. Grundy-Warr C, Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, et al. 2012. Raw attitudes, wetland cultures, life-cycles: socio-cultural dynamics relating to Opisthorchis viverrini in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int, 61(1), 65-70 .PMID: 21712097.
148. Hagberg KW, McGlynn KA, Sahasrabuddhe VV, and Jick S. 2014. Antidiabetic medications and risk of primary liver cancer in persons with type II diabetes. Br J Cancer, 111(9), 1710-1717 .PMCID: PMC4453721.
149. Halim AB, Garry RF, Dash S, and Gerber MA. 1999. Effect of schistosomiasis and hepatitis on liver disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 60(6), 915-920 .PMID: 10403320.
150. Halver J. 1965. Hepatomas in fish. In: Burdette W, eds. Primary hepatoma (pp. 103-112). Utah Press, Utah.
151. Hardell L, Bengtsson NO, Jonsson U, Eriksson S, and Larsson LG. 1984. Aetiological aspects on primary liver cancer with special regard to alcohol, organic solvents and acute intermittent porphyria: an epidemiological investigation. Br J Cancer, 50(3), 389-397 .PMCID: PMC1976799.
152. Hassan MM, Hwang LY, Hatten CJ, et al. 2002. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mel- litus. Hepatology, 36(5), 1206-1213 .PMID: 12395331.
153. Hassan MM, Spitz MR, Thomas MB, et al. 2008. Effect of different types of smoking and synergism with hepatitis C virus on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in American men and women: case-control study. Int J Cancer, 123(8), 1883-1891 .PMCID: PMC2673571.
154. Hassan MM, Zaghloul AS, El-Serag HB et al. 2001. The role of hepatitis C in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study among Egyptian patients. J Clin Gastroenterol, 33(2), 123-126 .PMID: 11468438.
155. Hayashi H, Takikawa T, Nishimura N, et al. 1994. Improvement of serum aminotransferase levels after phlebotomy in patients with chronic active hepatitis C and excess hepatic iron. Am J Gastroenterol, 89(7), 986-988 .PMID: 8017395.
156. Henderson BE, Preston-Martin S, Edmondson HA, Peters RL, and Pike MC.1983. Hepatocellular carcinoma and oral contraceptives. Br J Cancer, 48(3), 437-440 .PMCID: PMC2011476.
157. Hift RJ, Corrigall AV, Hancock V, et al. 2002. Porphyria cutanea tarda: the etio-logical importance of mutations in the HFE gene and viral infection is population-dependent. Cell Mol Biol (), 48(8), 853-859. PMID: 12699243.
158. Holmberg SD, Lu M, Rupp LB, et al. 2013. Noninvasive serum fibrosis markers for screening and staging chronic hepatitis C virus patients in a large US cohort. Clin Infect Dis, 57(2), 240-246 .PMID: 23592832.
159. Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, and Smith AH. 1998. Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina. Int J Epidemiol, 27(4), 561-569 .PMID: 9758107.
160. Hsing AW, Guo W, Chen J, et al. 1991. Correlates of liver cancer mortality in China. Int J Epidemiol, 20(1), 54-59 .PMID: 2066244.
161. Hsu IC, Metcalf RA, Sun T, et al. 1991. Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature, 350(6317), 427-428 .PMID: 1849234.
162. Huang RX, Duan YY, and Hu JA. 2015. Fish intake and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(1), e0096102 .PMCID: PMC4304705.
163. Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, and Harrison PM. 2011. Hepatitis delta virus. Lancet, 378(9785), 73-85 .PMID: 21511329.
164. IARC. 1976. Some naturally occuring substances. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 10, 1-342 .PMID: 992652.
165. IARC. 1987. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, Suppl 7, 83-87 .PMID: 3482203.
166. IARC. 1991. Occupational exposures in insecticide application, and some pesticides. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 53, 179-249 .PMID: 1688189.
167. IARC. 1994a. Hepatitis viruses. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 59, 72-97 .PMID: 7933461.
168. IARC. 1994b. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 61, 45-119 .PMID: 7715068.
169. IARC. 1999. Oral contraceptives, combined. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 72, 49-7338 .PMID: 10533177.
170. IARC. 2004. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 83, 1-1438 .PMCID: PMC4781536.
171. IARC. 2010a. Alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 96, 3-1383 .PMCID: PMC4781168.
172. IARC. 2010b. Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 94, v-vii, 1-412 .PMCID: PMC4781178.
173. IARC. 2012. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 100(Pt C), 11^65 .PMCID: PMC4781271.
174. Iida F, Iida R, Kamijo H, et al. 1999. Chronic Japanese schistosomiasis and hepatocellular carcinoma: ten years of follow-up in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Bull World Health Organ, 77(7), 573-581 .PMCID: PMC2557707.
175. Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Koida I, et al. 1993. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinogenesis: a prospective observation of 795 patients with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology, 18(1), 47-53 .PMID: 7686879.
176. Imaeda AB, Watanabe A, Sohail MA, et al. 2009. Acetaminophen-induced hep- atotoxicity in mice is dependent on Tlr9 and the Nalp3 inflammasome. J Clin Invest, 119(2), 305-314 .PMCID: PMC2631294.
177. Innala E, and Andersson C. 2011. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in acute intermittent porphyria: a 15-year follow-up in northern Sweden. J Intern Med, 269(5), 538-545 .PMID: 21198994.
178. Ishak KG, Goodman ZD, and Stocker JT. 2001. Atlas of tumor pathology: tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
179. James WP. 2008. The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med, 263(4), 336-352 .PMID: 18312311.
180. Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW, and Samet JM. 2004. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B, and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst, 96(24), 1851-1856 .PMID: 15601641.
181. Jiang DK, Sun J, Cao G, et al. 2013. Genetic variants in STAT4 and HLA-DQ genes confer risk of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet, 45(1), 72-75 .PMCID: PMC4105840.
182. Jin F, Xiong WJ, Jing JC, et al. 2011. Evaluation of the association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 137(7), 1095-1104 .PMID: 21240526.
183. Jinjuvadia R, Patel S, and Liangpunsakul S. 2014. The association between meta-bolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma: systemic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol, 48(2), 172-177 .PMCID: PMC3887366.
184. Jones J. 2001. New alcohol strategy being developed for England. BMJ,322(7287), 636.
185. Jung HJ, and Seo YR. 2010. Current issues of selenium in cancer chemopreven- tion. Biofactors, 36(2), 153-158 .PMID: 20333751.
186. Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. 2003. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 138(1), 1-9 .PMID: 12513038.
187. Kane MA. 2003. Global control of primary hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B vaccine: the contributions of research in Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 12(1), 2-3 .PMID: 12540496.
188. Kato J, Kobune M, Nakamura T et al. 2001. Normalization of elevated hepatic8- hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in chronic hepatitis C patients by phlebotomy and low iron diet. Cancer Res, 61(24), 8697-8702 .PMID: 11751387.
189. Kato J, Miyanishi K, Kobune M, et al. 2007. Long-term phlebotomy with low-tron diet therapy lowers risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma from chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol, 42(10), 830-836 .PMID: 17940836.
190. Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, and Gordon JI. 2011. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature, 474(7351), 327-336 .PMCID: PMC3298082.
191. Kaul A. 1995. Biokinetic models and data. In: van Kaick G, Karaoglou A, Kellerer AM, eds., Health effects of internally deposited radionuclides: emphasis on radium and thorium (pp. 53-68). Singapore, World Scientific.
192. Kern MA, Schubert D, Sahi D, et al. 2002. Proapoptotic and antiproliferative potential of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in human liver tumor cells. Hepatology, 36(4 Pt 1), 885-894 .PMID: 12297835.
193. Ketcham AS, Wexler H, and Mantel N. 1963. Effects of alcohol in mouse neo-plasia. Cancer Res, 23, 667-670 .PMID: 14032175.
194. Kew MC. 2014. Hepatic iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 3(1), 31-40 .PMCID: PMC3995380.
195. Khalili K, Menezes R, Kim TK, et al. 2015. The effectiveness of ultrasound surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in a Canadian centre and deter-minants of its success. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 29(5), 267-273 .PMCID: PMC4467488.
196. Klimas J, Tobin H, Field CA, et al. 2014. Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12, CD009269 .PMID: 25470303.
197. Knights KM, Mangoni AA, and Miners JO. 2010. Defining the COX inhibitor selectivity of NSAIDs: implications for understanding toxicity. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 3(6), 769-776 .PMID: 22111779.
198. Kojiro M, and Nakashima T. 1987. Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Okudu K, Ishak KG, eds., Neoplastic diseases of the liver (pp. 81104). Tokyo, Springer-Verlag.
199. Kojiro M, and Roskams T. 2005. Early hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules. Semin Liver Dis, 25(2), 133-142 .PMID: 15918142.
200. Kosaka A, Takahashi H, Yajima Y, et al. 1996. Hepatocellular carcinoma asso-ciated with anabolic steroid therapy: report of a case and review of the Japanese literature. J Gastroenterol, 31(3), 450-454 .PMID: 8726841.
201. Kramvis A, and Paraskevis D. 2013. Subgenotype A1 of HBV: tracing human migrations in and out of Africa. Antivir Ther, 18(3 Pt B), 513-521 .PMID: 23792935.
202. Kumar V, Kato N, Urabe Y, et al. 2011. Genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet, 43(5), 455-458 .PMID: 21499248.
203. Kuper H, Tzonou A, Kaklamani E, et al. 2000. Tobacco smoking, alcohol con-sumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 85(4), 498-502 .PMID: 10699921.
204. Labine MA, Green C, Mak G, et al. 2015. The geographic distribution of liver cancer in Canada does not associate with cyanobacterial toxin exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 12(12), 15143-15153 .PMCID: PMC4690905.
205. Lai SW, Liao KF, Lai HC, et al. 2013. Statin use and risk of hepatocellular car-cinoma. Eur J Epidemiol, 28(6), 485-492 .PMID: 23681775.
206. Lander JJ, Stanley Rj, Sumner HW, Boswell DC, and Aach RD. 1975. Angiosarcoma of the liver associated with Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite). Gastroenterology, 68(6), 1582-1586 .PMID: 1169181.
207. Lang E, Schafer M, Schwender H, Neumann NJ, and Frank J. 2015. Occurrence of malignant tumours in the acute hepatic porphyrias. JIMD Rep, 22, 1722 .PMCID: PMC4486276.
208. Lee CL, Hsieh KS, and Ko YC. 2003. Trends in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in boys and girls in Taiwan after large-scale hepatitis B vaccination. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 12(1), 57-59 .PMID: 12540504.
209. Lee CL, and Ko YC. 1997. Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Pediatrics, 99(3), 351-353 .PMID: 9041286.
210. Lee JS. 2015. The mutational landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol, 21(3), 220-229 .PMCID: PMC4612282.
211. Lelbach WK. 1996. A 25-year follow-up study of heavily exposed vinyl chloride workers in Germany. Am J Ind Med, 29(5), 446-458 .PMID: 8732918.
212. Leng J, Han C, Demetris AJ, Michalopoulos GK, and Wu T. 2003. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through Akt activation: evidence for Akt inhibition in celecoxib-induced apoptosis. Hepatology, 38(3), 756-768 .PMID: 12939602.
213. Leung HW, Chan AL, Lo D, Leung JH, and Chen HL. 2013. Common cancer risk and statins: a population-based case-control study in a Chinese population. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 12(1), 19-27 .PMID: 23199231.
214. Lewis DR, Southwick JW, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, Rench J, and Calderon RL. 1999. Drinking water arsenic in Utah: a cohort mortality study. Environ Health Perspect, 107(5), 359-365 .PMCID: PMC1566417.
215. Li S, Qian J, Yang Y, et al. 2012. GWAS identifies novel susceptibility loci on 6p21.32 and 21q21.3 for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. PLoS Genet, 8(7), e1002791 .PMCID: PMC3395595.
216. Liang X, Bi S, Yang W, et al. 2009. Evaluation of the impact of hepatitis B vac-cination among children born during 1992-2005 in China. J Infect Dis, 200(1), 39-47 .PMID: 19469708.
217. Liang Y, Yang Z, and Zhong R. 2012. Primary biliary cirrhosis and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 56(4), 14091417 .PMID: 22504852.
218. Lin ZH, Xin YN, Dong QJ, et al. 2011. Performance of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the staging of hepatitis C- related fibrosis: an updated meta-analysis. Hepatology, 53(3), 726-736 .PMID: 21319189.
219. Linet MS, Gridley G, Nyren O, et al. 1999. Primary liver cancer, other malignan-cies, and mortality risks following porphyria: a cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. Am J Epidemiol, 149(11), 1010-1015 .PMID: 10355376.
220. Lipshutz GS, Brennan TV, and Warren RS. 2002. Thorotrast-induced liver neopla-sia: a collective review. J Am Coll Surg, 195(5), 713-718 .PMID: 12437262.
221. Liu J, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Qian X, et al. 2006. Further studies on aberrant gene expression associated with arsenic-tnduced malignant transformation in rat liver TRL1215 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 216(3), 407415 .PMID: 16876216.
222. Liu J, and Waalkes MP. 2008. Liver is a target of arsenic carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci, 105(1), 24-32 .PMCID: PMC2734307.
223. Liu Y, Chang C-CH, Marsh GM, and Wu F. 2012. Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 48(14), 2125-2136 .PMCID: PMC3374897.
224. Lobo RA. 2007. Surgical menopause and cardiovascular risks. Menopause, 14(3 Pt 2), 562-566 .PMID: 17476145.
225. Lok AS, Sterling RK, Everhart JE, et al. 2010. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein as biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 138(2), 493-502 .PMCID: PMC2819612.
226. Loomba R, Yang HI, Su J, et al. 2010. Obesity and alcohol synergize to increase the risk of incident hepatocellular carcinoma in men. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8(10), 891-898 .PMID: 20621202.
227. Loomba R, Yang HI, Su J, et al. 2013. Synergism between obesity and alcohol in increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 177(4), 333-342 .PMCID: 3626057.
228. Lu JN, and Chen CJ. 1991. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status among residents in the endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan. Anticancer Res, 11(1), 229-233 .PMID: 2018356.
229. Ludwig IA, Clifford MN, Lean ME, Ashihara H, and Crozier A. 2014. Coffee: biochemistry and potential impact on health. Food Funct, 5(8), 1695-1717 .PMID: 24671262.
230. Ludwig J, McGill DB, and Lindor KD. 1997. Review: nonalcoholic steatohepa- titis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12(5), 398-403 .PMID: 9195388.
231. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, and Oh BJ. 1980. Nonalcoholic steatohep- atitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc, 55(7), 434-438 .PMID: 7382552.
232. Lukanova A, Becker S, Husing A, et al. 2014. Prediagnostic plasma testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, IGF-I and hepatocellular carcinoma: etiologi-cal factors or risk markers? Int J Cancer, 134(1), 164-173 .PMID: 23801371.
233. Luo J, Yang Y, Liu J, et al. 2014. Systematic review with meta-analysis: meat consumption and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 39(9), 913-922 .PMID: 24588342.
234. Ly KN, Xing J, Klevens RM, et al. 2012. The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med, 156(4), 271-278 .PMID: 22351712.
235. Lyra LG, Reboucas G, and Andrade ZA. 1976. Hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Gastroenterology, 71(4), 641-645 .PMID: 955351.
236. Macmahon HE, Murphy AS, and Bates MI. 1947. Endothelial-cell sarcoma of liver following thorotrast injections. Am J Pathol, 23(4), 585-611 .PMCID: PMC1934290.
237. Madwar MA, el Tahawy M, and Strickland GT. 1989. The relationship between uncomplicated schistosomiasis and hepatitis B infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 83(2), 233-236 .PMID: 2514475.
238. Maheshwari S, Sarraj A, Kramer J, and El-Serag HB. 2007. Oral contraception and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 47(4), 506-513 .PMID: 17462781.
239. Makarova-Rusher OV, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, et al. 2016. Population attrib-utable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer, 122(11), 757-765 .PMID: 26998818.
240. Mandishona E, MacPhail AP, Gordeuk VR, et al. 1998. Dietary iron overload as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Black Africans. Hepatology, 27(6), 1563-1566 .PMID: 9620327.
241. Marelli C, Gunnarsson C, Ross S, et al. 2011. Statins and risk of cancer: a retro-spective cohort analysis of 45,857 matched pairs from an electronic medical records database of 11 million adult Americans. J Am Coll Cardiol, 58(5), 530-537 .PMID: 21777752.
242. Marinier E, Barrois V, Larouze B, et al. 1985. Lack of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Senegal, West Africa. J Pediatr, 106(5),843- 849 .PMID: 3998929.
243. Marrero JA, Feng Z, WangY, et al. 2009. Alpha-fetoprotein, des-gamma carboxy- prothrombin, and lectin-bound alpha-fetoprotein in early hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 137(1), 110-118 .PMCID: PMC2704256.
244. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Fu S, et al. 2005. Alcohol, Tobacco and obesity are synergistic risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 42(2), 218-224 .PMID: 15664247.
245. Mason WS, Liu C, Aldrich CE, Litwin S, and Yeh MM. 2010. Clonal expansion of normal-appearing human hepatocytes during chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Virol, 84(16), 8308-8315 .PMCID: PMC2916518.
246. McCoy G, Katayama S, Young R, Wyatt M, and Hecht S. 1982. Influence of chronic ethanol consumption on the metabolism and carcinogenicity of Tobacco-related nitrosamines. IARC Sci Publ 41, 635-642 .PMID: 6890527.
247. McGlynn KA, Abnet CC, Zhang M, et al. 2006. Serum concentrations of 1,1,1- trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and risk of primary liver cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 98(14), 1005-1010 .PMID: 16849683.
248. McGlynn KA, Divine GW, Sahasrabuddhe VV, et al. 2014. Statin use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a U.S. population. Cancer Epidemiol, 38(5), 523-527 .PMCID: PMC4188715.
249. McGlynn KA, Hagberg K, Chen J, et al. 2016. Menopausal hormone therapy use and risk of primary liver cancer in the clinical practice research data- link. Int J Cancer, 138(9), 2146-2153 .PMCID: PMC4764427.
250. McGlynn KA, Hagberg K, Chen J, et al. 2015a. Statin use and risk of primary liver cancer in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. J Natl Cancer Inst, 107(4) .PMCID: PMC4351398.
251. McGlynn KA, Petrick JL, and London WT. 2015b. Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional vari-ability. Clin Liver Dis, 19(2), 223-238 .PMCID: PMC4712629.
252. McGlynn Ka, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Campbell PT, et al. 2015c. Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among US women: results from the Liver Cancer Pooling Project. Br J Cancer, 112(7), 1266-1272 .PMCID: PMC4385955.
253. McKenzie J, Fisher BM, Jaap AJ, et al. 2006. Effects of HRT on liver enzyme levels in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 65(1), 40-44 .PMID: 16817817.
254. McKiernan PJ, Preece MA, and Chakrapani A. 2015. Outcome of children with hereditary tyrosinaemia following newborn screening. Arch Dis Child, 100(8), 738-741 .PMID: 25564536.
255. McLaughlin JK, and Lipworth L. 1999. A critical review of the epidemiologic literature on health effects of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. J Epidemiol Biostat, 4(4), 253-275 .PMID: 10764240.
256. McMahon BJ. 2009. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int, 3(2), 334342 .PMCID: PMC2716762.
257. McMahon BJ. 2010. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis, 14(3), 381-396 .PMID: 20638020.
258. Ming L, Thorgeirsson SS, Gail MH, et al. 2002. Dominant role of hepatitis B virus and cofactor role of aflatoxin in hepatocarcinogenesis in Qidong, China. Hepatology, 36(5), 1214-1220 .PMID: 12395332.
259. Molodecky NA, Kareemi H, Parab R, et al. 2011. Incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology, 53(5), 1590-1599 .PMID: 21351115.
260. Monson RR, Peters JM, and Johnson MN. 1975. Proportional mortality among vinyl chloride workers. Environ Health Perspect, 11, 75-77 .PMCID: PMC1475200.
261. Montalto G, Miceli M, Soresi M, et al. 1997. Sex hormones in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep, 4(1), 173-176 .PMID: 21590036.
262. Montesi L, Mazzotti A, Moscatiello S, Forlani G, and Marchesini G. 2013. Insulin resistance: mechanism and implications for carcinogenesis and hepatocellular carcinoma in NASH. Hepatol Int, 7(Suppl 2), 814-822 .PMID: 26202296.
263. Mori T, Fukutomi K, Kato Y, et al. 1999a. 1998 results of the first series of follow-up studies on Japanese thorotrast patients and their relationships to an autopsy series. Radiat Res, 152(6 Suppl), S72-80 .PMID: 10564941.
264. Mori T, Kido C, Fukutomi K, et al. 1999b. Summary of entire Japanese thorotrast follow-up study: updated 1998. Radiat Res, 152(6 Suppl), S84- 87 .PMID: 10564943.
265. Moyo VM, Makunike R, Gangaidzo IT, et al. 1998. African iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma (HA-7-0-080). Eur J Haematol, 60(1), 28-34 .PMID: 9451425.
266. Muriel P, and Arauz J. 2010. Coffee and liver diseases. Fitoterapia, 81(5), 297-305 .PMID: 19825397.
267. Nakatani T, Roy G, Fujimoto N, Asahara T, and Ito A. 2001. Sex hormone dependency of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumors in mice and chemoprevention by leuprorelin. Jpn J Cancer Res, 92(3), 249-256 .PMID: 11267934.
268. National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Health risks of radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters: BEIR IV. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
269. Naugler WE, Sakurai T, Kim S, et al. 2007. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production. Science, 317(5834), 121-124 .PMID: 17615358.
270. Nicholson WJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H, and Selikoff IJ. 1975. Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers. Ann N YAcad Sci, 246, 225-230 .PMID: 1054955.
271. Nishikawa T, Wanibuchi H, Ogawa M, et al. 2002. Promoting effects of mono- methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid and trimethylarsine oxide on induction of rat liver preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form positive foci: a possible reactive oxygen species mechanism. Int J Cancer, 100(2), 136-139 .PMID: 12115560.
272. Nordlund LA, Carstensen JM, and Pershagen G. 1997. Cancer incidence in female smokers: a 26-year follow-up. Int J Cancer, 73(5), 625-628 .PMID: 9398036.
273. Nyberg U, Nilsson B, Travis LB, Holm LE, and Hall P. 2002. Cancer incidence among Swedish patients exposed to radioactive thorotrast: a forty-year follow-up survey. Radiat Res, 157(4), 419-425 .PMID: 11893244.
274. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, and Flegal KM. 2014. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA, 311(8), 806-814 .PMCID: PMC4770258.
275. Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, and Flegal KM. 2004. Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960-2002. Adv Data 347, 1-17 .PMID: 15544194.
276. Ogimoto I, Shibata A, Kurozawa Y, et al. 2004. Risk of death due to hepatocel-lular carcinoma among smokers and ex-smokers: univariate analysis of JACC study data. Kurume Med J, 51(1), 71-81 .PMID: 15150902^
277. Okuda K, Nakanuma Y, and Miyazaki M. 2002. Cholangiocarcinoma: recent progress. Part 1: epidemiology and etiology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17(10), 1049-1055 .PMID: 12201863.
278. Ott MG, Langer RR, and Holder BB. 1975. Vinyl chloride exposure in a con-trolled industrial environment: a long-term mortality experience in 594 employees. Arch Environ Health, 30(7), 333-339 .PMID: 1170818.
279. Ozturk M. 1991. p53 mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma after aflatoxin exposure. Lancet, 338(8779), 1356-1359 .PMID: 1682737.
280. Paraskevis D, Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, et al. 2013. Dating the origin and dispersal of hepatitis B virus infection in humans and primates. Hepatology, 57(3), 908-916 .PMID: 22987324.
281. Park SZ, Nagorney DM, and Czaja AJ. 2000. Hepatocellular carcinoma in auto-immune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci, 45(10), 1944-1948 .PMID: 11117564.
282. Parker WH, Feskanich D, Broder MS, et al. 2013. Long-term mortality associated with oophorectomy compared with ovarian conservation in the nurses' health study. Obstet Gynecol, 121(4), 709-716 .PMCID: PMC4254662.
283. Parkin D, Ferlay J, Curado M, et al. 2014. Cancer incidence in five continents (CI5), Volumes I to X. IARC CancerBase No. 12 [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr.Accessed on June 24, 2015.
284. Parrino MW, Maremmani AG, Samuels PN, and Maremmani I. 2015. Challenges and opportunities for the use of medications to treat opioid addiction in the United States and other nations of the world. J Addict Dis, 34(2-3), 255-262 .PMID: 26110357.
285. Pavlov CS, Casazza G, Nikolova D, et al. 2015. Transient elastography for diagnosis of stages of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in people with alcoholic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD010542 .PMID: 25612182.
286. Perlmutter DH. 1998. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Semin Liver Dis, 18(3), 217-225 .PMID: 9773422.
287. Persson EC, Graubard BI, EvansAA, et al. 2012. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 131(9), 2078-2084 .PMCID: PMC4127991.
288. Persson I, Yuen J, Bergkvist L, and Schairer C. 1996. Cancer incidence and mor-tality in women receiving estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy: long-term follow-up of a Swedish cohort. Int J Cancer, 67(3), 327-332 .PMID: 8707404.
289. Petrick JL, Braunlin M, Laversanne M, et al. 2016a. International trends in liver cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1978-2007. Int J Cancer, 139(7), 1534-1545 .PMID: 27244487.
290. Petrick JL, Freedman ND, Graubard BI, et al. 2015a. Coffee consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by sex: The Liver Cancer Pooling Project. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 24(9), 1398-1406 PMCID: PMC4576990. Bibunstruct
291. Petrick JL, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, and Rosenberg PS. 2016b. Future of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States forecast through 2030. J Clin Oncol, 34(15), 1787-1794 PMCID: PMC4966339.
292. Petrick JL, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Chan AT, et al. 2015b. NSAID use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: The Liver Cancer Pooling Project. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 8(12), 11561162 .PMCID: PMC4704448.
293. Pfafferott K, Deshpande P, McKinnon E, et al. 2015. Anti-hepatitis C virus T- cell immunity in the context of multiple exposures to the virus. PLoS One, 10(6), e0130420 .PMCID: PMC4480353.
294. Piperno A, Sampietro M, D'Alba R, et al. 1996. Iron stores, response to alpha- interferon therapy, and effects of iron depletion in chronic hepatitis C. Liver, 16(4), 248-254 .PMID: 8877995.
295. Poirier MC, and Beland FA. 1994. DNA adduct measurements and tumor inci-dence during chronic carcinogen exposure in rodents. Environ Health Perspect, 102(Suppl 6), 161-165 .PMCID: PMC1566867.
296. Poynard T, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, et al. 2011. FibroTest and Fibroscan performances revisited in patients with chronic hepatitis C: impact of the spectrum effect and the applicability rate. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 35(11), 720-730 .PMID: 21852224.
297. Poynard T, Morra R, Ingiliz P et al. 2008. Biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Adv Clin Chem, 46, 131-160 .PMID: 19004189.
298. Price J. 2014. An update on hepatitis B, D, and E viruses. Top Antivir Med, 21(5), 157-163 .PMID: 24531556.
299. Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, and Williams R. 1973. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg, 60(8), 646-649 .PMID: 4541913.
300. Pybus OG, Barnes E, Taggart R, et al. 2009. Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia. J Virol, 83(2), 1071-1082 .PMCID: PMC2612398.
301. Pybus OG, Markov PV, Wu A, and Tatem AJ. 2007. Investigating the endemic transmission of the hepatitis C virus. Int J Parasitol, 37(8-9), 839-849 .PMID: 17521655.
302. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, et al. 1994. A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 3(1), 3-10 .PMID: 8118382.
303. Qu CX, Kamangar F, Fan JH, et al. 2007. Chemoprevention of primary liver cancer: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China. J Natl Cancer Inst, 99(16), 1240-1247 .PMID: 17686823.
304. Rahman El-Zayadi A, Abaza H, Shawky S, et al. 2001. Prevalence and epide-miological features of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt: a single center experience. Hepatol Res, 19(2), 170-179 .PMID: 11164741.
305. Regelson W, Kim U, Ospina J, and Holland JF. 1968. Hemangioendothelial sarcoma of liver from chronic arsenic intoxication by Fowler's solution. Cancer, 21(3), 514-522 .PMID: 5688987.
306. Rennke H, Prat G, Etcheverry R, Katz R, and Donoso S. 1971. [Malignant hemangioma of the liver and chronic arsenicism]. Rev Med Chil, 99(9), 664-668 .PMID: 5157216.
307. Rezvani I. 2015. Defects in metabolism of amino acids. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BMD, St. Geme J, Schor NF, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, eds., Chapter 85, pp 636-678. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 2015th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier Health Sciences.
308. Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, and Hylemon PB. 2006. Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res, 47(2), 241-259 .PMID: 16299351.
309. Rizvi S, Eaton JE, and Gores GJ. 2015. Primary sclerosing cholangitis as a pre-malignant biliary tract disease: surveillance and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 13(12), 2152-2165 .PMCID: PMC4618039.
310. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, et al. 1977. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut, 18(12), 997-1003 .PMCID: PMC1411847.
311. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, et al. 1980. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis, 141(5), 590602 .PMID: 6989929.
312. Robbins HA, Pfeiffer RM, Shiels MS, et al. 2015. Excess cancers among HIV-i nfected people in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst, 107(4) .PMCID: PMC4334816.
313. Roberts AG, Whatley SD, Morgan RR, Worwood M, and Elder GH. 1997. Increased frequency of the haemochromatosis Cys282Tyr mutation in sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda. Lancet, 349(9048), 321-323 .PMID: 9024376.
314. Rodier F, and Campisi J. 2011. Four faces of cellular senescence. J Cell Biol, 192(4), 547-556 .PMCID: PMC3044123.
315. Ross RK, Yuan JM, Yu MC, et al. 1992. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet, 339(8799), 943-946 .PMID: 1348796.
316. Roth F. 1957. The sequelae of chronic arsenic poisoning in Moselle vintners. German Med Month 2, 172-175.
317. Saffroy R, Pham P, Reffas M, et al. 2007. New perspectives and strategy research biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med, 45(9), 1169-1179 .PMID: 17635075.
318. Sahasrabuddhe VV, Gunja MZ, Graubard BI, et al. 2012. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst, 104(23), 1808-1814 .PMCID: PMC3514167.
319. Salomon JA, Weinstein MC, Hammitt JK, and Goldie SJ. 2002. Empirically calibrated model of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol, 156(8), 761-773 .PMID: 12370165.
320. Sampietro M, Piperno A, Lupica L, et al. 1998. High prevalence of the His63Asp HFE mutation in Italian patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Hepatology, 27(1), 181-184 .PMID: 9425935.
321. Sangiovanni A, and Colombo M. 2011. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: a standard of care, not a clinical option. Hepatology, 54(6), 18981900 .PMID: 21932397.
322. Sanyal AJ, Banas C, Sargeant C, et al. 2006. Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C. Hepatology, 43(4), 682-689 .PMID: 16502396.
323. Schottenfeld D. 1979. Alcohol as a co-factor in the etiology of cancer. Cancer, 43(5 Suppl), 1962-1966 .PMID: 445384.
324. Schramm C, and Lohse AW. 2014. Autoimmune hepatitis on the rise. J Hepatol, 60(3), 478-479 .PMID: 24295874.
325. Schulze K, Imbeaud S, Letouze E, et al. 2015. Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinomas identifies new mutational signatures and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Genet, 47(5), 505-511 .PMCID: PMC4587544.
326. Schutte K, Schulz C, Link A, and Malfertheiner P. 2015. Current biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: surveillance, diagnosis and prediction of prognosis. World J Hepatol, 7(2), 139-149 .PMCID: PMC4342597.
327. Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, Krause G, and Ott JJ. 2015. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet, 386(10003), 1546-1555 .PMID: 26231459.
328. Seeff LB, Miller RN, Rabkin CS, et al. 2000. 45-year follow-up of hepatitis C virus infection in healthy young adults. Ann Intern Med, 132(2), 105-111 .PMID: 10644270.
329. SEER. 2015. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov) SEERStat Database: Incidence-SEER 18 Regs Research Data, Nov 2014 Sub (2000-2012) Katrina/Rita Population Adjustment-Linked to County Attributes-Total U.S., 1969-2013 Counties, National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch, released April 2015, based on the November 2014 submission. Accessed on June 1, 2015.
330. Seitz HK, and Stickel F. 2006. Risk factors and mechanisms of hepatocarcino- genesis with special emphasis on alcohol and oxidative stress. Biol Chem, 387(4), 349-360 .PMID: 16606331.
331. Setiawan VW, Wilkens LR, Lu SC, et al. 2015. Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort. Gastroenterology, 148(1), 118-125 .PMCID: PMC4274222.
332. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, and Zimmet PZ. 2010. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 87(1), 4-14 .PMID: 19896746.
333. Sherman M, and Colombo M. 2014. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening and diagnosis. Semin Liver Dis, 34(4), 389-397 .PMID: 25369301.
334. Shibata T, and Aburatani H. 2014. Exploration of liver cancer genomes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11(6), 340-349 .PMID: 24473361.
335. Shoelson SE, Herrero L, and Naaz A. 2007. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology, 132(6), 2169-2180 .PMID: 17498510.
336. Siegel RL, Miller KD, and Jemal A. 2015. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 65(1), 5-29 .PMID: 25559415.
337. Simmonds P. 2004. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus: 15 years on. J Gen Virol, 85(Pt 11), 3173-3188 .PMID: 15483230.
338. Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, et al. 1993. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol, 74(Pt 11), 2391-2399 .PMID: 8245854.
339. Simonetti RG, Camma C, Fiorello F, et al. 1991. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a worldwide problem and the major risk factors. Dig Dis Sci, 36(7), 962972 .PMID: 1649041.
340. Singh S, Singh PP, Singh AG, Murad MH, and Sanchez W. 2013. Antidiabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol, 108(6), 881-891 .PMID: 23381014.
341. Sithithaworn P, Haswell-Elkins MR, Mairiang P, et al. 1994. Parasite-associated morbidity: liver fluke infection and bile duct cancer in northeast Thailand. Int J Parasitol, 24(6), 833-843 .PMID: 7982745.
342. Sithithaworn P, Yongvanit P, Duenngai K, Kiatsopit N, and Pairojkul C. 2014. Roles of liver fluke infection as risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 21(5), 301-308 .PMID: 24408775.
343. Sitia G, Iannacone M, and Guidotti LG. 2013. Anti-platelet therapy in the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 59(5), 1135-1138 .PMID: 23742914.
344. Snyder P. 2001. Androgens. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds., Goodman & Gilman's The pharmalogical basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
345. Soe KL, Soe M, and Gluud C. 1992. Liver pathology associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Liver, 12(2), 73-79 .PMID: 1535676.
346. Sofia MJ, Bao D, Chang W, et al. 2010. Discovery of a beta-d-2'-deoxy-2'- alpha-fluoro-2'-beta-C-methyluridine nucleotide prodrug (PSI-7977) for the treatment of hepatitis C virus. J Med Chem, 53(19), 7202-7218 .PMID: 20845908.
347. Sorensen HT, Friis S, Olsen JH, et al. 1998. Risk of liver and other types of cancer in patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Hepatology, 28(4), 921-925 .PMID: 9755226.
348. Srinivasan R, and Dean HA. 1997. Thorotrast and the liver: revisited. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 35(2), 199-202 .PMID: 9120892.
349. Srivatanakul P. 2001. Epidemiology of liver cancer in Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2(2), 117-121 .PMID: 12718642.
350. Stevens RG, Beasley RP, and Blumberg BS. 1986. Iron-binding proteins and risk of cancer in Taiwan. J Natl Cancer Inst, 76(4), 605-610 .PMID: 3007843.
351. Strachan A. 1929. Haemosiderosis and haemochromatosis in South African natives with a comment on the etiology of maemochromatosis. Thesis: University of Gasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
352. Strathdee SA, and Beyrer C. 2015. Threading the needle: how to stop the HIV outbreak in rural Indiana. N Engl J Med, 373(5), 397-399 .PMID: 26106947.
353. Strohmeyer G, Niederau C, and Stremmel W. 1988. Survival and causes of death in hemochromatosis: observations in 163 patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 526, 245-257 .PMID: 3389643.
354. Struben VM, Hespenheide EE, and Caldwell SH. 2000. Nonalcoholic steato- hepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis within kindreds. Am J Med, 108(1),9- 13 .PMID: 11059435.
355. Sulkowski MS, Gardiner DF, Rodriguez-Torres M, et al. 2014. Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir for previously treated or untreated chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med, 370(3), 211-221 .PMID: 24428467.
356. Sumi H, Yokosuka O, Seki N, et al. 2003. Influence of hepatitis B virus gen-otypes on the progression of chronic type B liver disease. Hepatology, 37(1), 19-26 .PMID: 12500184.
357. Summers J, Jilbert AR, Yang W, et al. 2003. Hepatocyte turnover during reso-lution of a transient hepadnaviral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(20), 11652-11659 .PMCID: PMC208813.
358. Sun C, Jin XL, and Xiao JC. 2006. Oval cells in hepatitis B virus-positive and hepatitis C virus-positive liver cirrhosis: histological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology, 48(5), 546-555 .PMID: 16623780.
359. Sun CA, Wu DM, Wang LY, et al. 2002. Determinants of formation of aflatoxin- albumin adducts: a seven-township study in Taiwan. Br J Cancer, 87(9), 966-970 .PMCID: PMC2364325.
360. Sun Z, Chen T, Thorgeirsson SS, et al. 2013. Dramatic reduction of liver cancer incidence in young adults: 28 year follow-up of etiological interventions in an endemic area of China. Carcinogenesis, 34(8), 1800-1805 .PMCID: PMC3731800.
361. Sung WK, Zheng H, Li S, et al. 2012. Genome-wide survey of recurrent HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet, 44(7), 765-769 .PMID: 22634754.
362. Svircev Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, et al. 2013. Epidemiology of primary liver cancer in Serbia and possible connection with cyanobacterial blooms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev, 31(3), 181-200 .PMID: 24024518.
363. Tabershaw IR, and Gaffey WR. 1974. Mortality study of workers in the manu-facture of vinyl chloride and its polymers. J Occup Med, 16(8), 509-518 .PMID: 4858414.
364. Takaishi H, Kitamoto M, Takahashi S, et al. 2000. Precancerous hepatic nodules had significant levels of telomerase activity determined by sensitive quantitation using a hybridization protection assay. Cancer, 88(2), 312317 .PMID: 10640962.
365. Takemura Y, Kikuchi S, and Inaba Y. 1998. Epidemiologic study of the rela-tionship between schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma japonicum and liver cancer/cirrhosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59(4), 551-556 .PMID: 9790429.
366. Tanaka H, Imai Y, Hiramatsu N, et al. 2008. Declining incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Osaka, Japan, from 1990 to 2003. Ann Intern Med, 148(11), 820-826 .PMID: 18519928.
367. Tanaka K, Sakai H, Hashizume M, and Hirohata T. 2000. Serum testosterone:estradiol ratio and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma among male cirrhotic patients. Cancer Res, 60(18), 5106-5110 .PMID: 11016636.
368. Tanaka Y, Hanada K, Mizokami M, et al. 2002. A comparison of the molecular clock of hepatitis C virus in the United States and Japan predicts that hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States will increase over the next two decades. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99(24), 15584-15589 .PMCID: PMC137760.
369. Taylor JM. 2003. Replication of human hepatitis delta virus: recent developments. Trends Microbiol, 11(4), 185-190 .PMID: 12706997.
370. Thio CL. 2003. Hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-t nfected patient: epidemiology, natural history, and treatment. Semin Liver Dis, 23(2), 125-136 .PMID: 12800066.
371. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Jr., et al. 2002. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet, 360(9349), 1921-1926 .PMID: 12493258.
372. Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, and Patrono C. 2012. The role of aspirin in cancer preven-tion. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 9(5), 259-267 .PMID: 22473097.
373. Tiribelli C, personal communication. 2003.
374. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. 2015. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 65(2), 87-108 .PMID: 25651787.
375. Toshkov I, Hacker HJ, Roggendorf M, and Bannasch P. 1990. Phenotypic patterns of preneoplastic and neoplastic hepatic lesions in woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 116(6), 581-590 .PMID: 2152341.
376. Totoki Y, Tatsuno K, Covington KR, et al. 2014. Trans-ancestry mutational landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma genomes. Nat Genet, 46(12), 1267-1273 .PMID: 25362482.
377. Travis LB, Kathren RL, and Boice JD, Jr. 1992. Cancer risk following exposure to Thorotrast: overview in relation to a case report. Health Phys, 63(1), 89-97 .PMID: 1522013.
378. Travis LB, Land CE, Andersson M, et al. 2001. Mortality after cerebral angi-ography with or without radioactive Thorotrast: an international cohort of 3,143 two-year survivors. Radiat Res, 156(2), 136-150 .PMID: 11448234.
379. Tsan YT, Lee CH, Ho WC, et al. 2013. Statins and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Oncol, 31(12), 1514-1521 .PMID: 23509319.
380. Tsan YT, Lee CH, Wang JD, and Chen PC. 2012. Statins and the risk of hepa-tocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Oncol, 30(6), 623-630 .PMID: 22271485.
381. Tsuda T, Babazono A, Yamamoto E, et al. 1995. Ingested arsenic and internal cancer: a historical cohort study followed for 33 years. Am J Epidemiol, 141(3), 198-209 .PMID: 7840093.
382. Tsukazaki N, Watanabe M, and Irifune H. 1998. Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepa-titis C virus infection. Br J Dermatol, 138(6), 1015-1017 .PMID: 9747364.
383. Tsukuma H, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, et al. 1993. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med, 328(25), 1797-1801 .PMID: 7684822.
384. Turati F, Galeone C, Rota M, et al. 2014. Alcohol and liver cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol, 25(8), 1526-1535 .PMID: 24631946.
385. Turner PC, Sylla A, Gong YY, et al. 2005. Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: a community-based intervention study. Lancet, 365(9475), 1950-1956 .PMID: 15936422.
386. Tuyns AJ, and Pequignot G. 1984. Greater risk of ascitic cirrhosis in females in relation to alcohol consumption. Int J Epidemiol, 13(1), 53-57 .PMID: 6698704.
387. Ueno Y, Nagata S, Tsutsumi T, et al. 1996. Detection of microcystins, a blue- green algal hepatotoxin, in drinking water sampled in Haimen and Fusui, endemic areas of primary liver cancer in China, by highly sensitive immu-noassay. Carcinogenesis, 17(6), 1317-1321 .PMID: 8681449.
388. US Surgeon General. 2010. How Tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
389. US Surgeon General. 2014. The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
390. Usman MW, Luo F, Cheng H, Zhao JJ, and Liu P. 2015. Chemopreventive effects of aspirin at a glance. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1855(2), 254-263 .PMID: 25842298.
391. van Kaick G, Dalheimer A, Hornik S, et al. 1999. The german thorotrast study: recent results and assessment of risks. Radiat Res, 152(6 Suppl), S64-71 .PMID: 10564940.
392. Velazquez RF, Rodriguez M, Navascues CA, et al. 2003. Prospective analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 37(3), 520-527 .PMID: 12601348.
393. Vesselinovitch SD, Itze L, Mihailovich N, and Rao KV. 1980. Modifying role of partial hepatectomy and gonadectomy in ethylnitrosourea-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 40(5), 1538-1542 .PMID: 7370992.
394. Vessey CJ, and de la Hall PM. 2001. Hepatic stem cells: a review. Pathology, 33(2), 130-141 .PMID: 11358043.
395. Vijay A, Elaffandi A, and Khalaf H. 2015. Hepatocellular adeinoma. World Journal of Hepatology, 7(25), 2603-2609 .PMCID: PMC4635146.
396. Vinceti M, Dennert G, Crespi CM, et al. 2014. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3), CD005195 .PMCID: PMC4441528.
397. Volz T, Allweiss L, Ben MM, et al. 2013. The entry inhibitor Myrcludex-B efficiently blocks intrahepatic virus spreading in humanized mice previously infected with hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol, 58(5), 861-867 .PMID: 23246506.
398. Waalkes MP, Liu J, and Diwan BA. 2007. Transplacental arsenic carcinogenesis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 222(3), 271-280 .PMCID: PMC1995036.
399. Wade N. 1972. Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them, but athletes aren't listening. Science, 176(4042), 1399-1403.
400. Wahib AA, Masoud AA, Halem AA, et al. 1998. Cell mediated immune response in chronic liver diseases: schistosomal, viral and neoplastic. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 28(3), 929-939 .PMID: 9914713.
401. Wan R, Liu H, Wang X, et al. 2015. Noninvasive predictive models of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(1), 961-971 .PMCID: PMC4358537.
402. Wang C, Wang X, Gong G, et al. 2012. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer, 130(7), 1639-1648 .PMID: 21544812.
403. Wang LY, Chen CJ, Zhang YJ, et al. 1998. 4-Aminobiphenyl DNA damage in liver tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and controls. Am J Epidemiol, 147(3), 315-323 .PMID: 9482507.
404. Wang P, Kang D, Cao W, Wang Y, and Liu Z. 2012. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 28(2), 109-122 .PMID: 21898753.
405. Wang W, Zhu J, Lyu F, et al. 2014. ro-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived lipid metabolites on angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 113-115, 13-20 .PMCID: PMC4306447.
406. Wang WM, Xu Y, Yang XR, et al. 2011. Prognostic role of diabetes mel- litus in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative treatments: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 10(4), 346-355 .PMID: 21813381.
407. Wang YG, Wang P, Wang B, et al. 2014. Diabetes mellitus and poorer prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 9(5), e95485 .PMCID: PMC4022589.
408. Wanless IR, and Medline A. 1982. Role of estrogens as promoters of hepatic neoplasia. Lab Invest, 46(3), 313-320 .PMID: 6278220.
409. Ward E, Boffetta P, Andersen A, et al. 2001. Update of the follow-up of mortality and cancer incidence among European workers employed in the vinyl chloride industry. Epidemiology, 12(6), 710-718 .PMID: 11679801.
410. Washington MK. 2007. Autoimmune liver disease: overlap and outliers. Mod Pathol, 20 Suppl 1, S15-30 .PMID: 17486048.
411. Watanapa P, and Watanapa WB. 2002. Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarci- noma. Br J Surg, 89(8), 962-970 .PMID: 12153620.
412. WCRF/AICR. 2015. World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Liver Cancer. Available from: wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Liver-Cancer-2015-Report.pdf. Accessed on June 10, 2015.
413. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Zeuzem S, et al. 2011. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology, 54(2), 463-471 .PMCID: PMC4141525.
414. Wen CP, Tsai SP, Chen CJ, and Cheng TY. 2004. The mortality risks of smokers in Taiwan: Part I: cause-specific mortality. Prev Med, 39(3), 528-535 .PMID: 15313092.
415. WHO. 2002. Hepatitis B. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisB_whocdscsrlyo2002_2.pdf?ua=1. Accessed on May 9, 2016.
416. WHO. 2015a. Health topics: schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
417. WHO. 2015b. Hepatitis B fact sheet no. 204. Available from: http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/. Accessed on May 9, 2016.
418. WHO. 2015c. Hepatitis C fact sheet no. 164. Available from: http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/. Accessed on May 9, 2016.
419. Wong RH, Chen PC, Du CL, Wang JD, and Cheng TJ. 2002. An increased stan-dardised mortality ratio for liver cancer among polyvinyl chloride workers in Taiwan. Occup Environ Med, 59(6), 405^09 .PMCID: PMC1740305.
420. Wong RJ, Gish R, Frederick T, Bzowej N, and Frenette C. 2011. Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis patients: a case series. Dig Dis Sci, 56(2), 578-585 .PMID: 21046244.
421. Woolhouse M, and Gaunt E. 2007. Ecological origins of novel human pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol, 33(4), 231-242 .PMID: 18033594.
422. Wu MM, Kuo TL, Hwang YH, and Chen CJ. 1989. Dose-tesponse relation between arsenic concentration in well water and mortality from cancers and vascular diseases. Am J Epidemiol, 130(6), 1123-1132 .PMID: 2589305.
423. Yager JD, Jr., and Yager R. 1980. Oral contraceptive steroids as promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Res, 40(10), 3680-3685 .PMID: 6108158.
424. Yamamoto S, Konishi Y, Matsuda T, et al. 1995. Cancer induction by an organic arsenic compound, dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid), in F344/DuCrj rats after pretreatment with five carcinogens. Cancer Res, 55(6), 12711276 .PMID: 7882321.
425. Yan H, Peng B, Liu Y, et al. 2014. Viral entry of hepatitis B and D viruses and bile salts transportation share common molecular determinants on sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. J Virol, 88(6), 32733284 .PMCID: PMC3957944.
426. Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, et al. 2012. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting poly-peptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. Elife, 1, e00049 .PMCID: PMC3485615.
427. Yang CS, Wang X, Lu G, and Picinich SC. 2009. Cancer prevention by tea: ani-mal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nat Rev Cancer, 9(6), 429-439 .PMCID: PMC2829848.
428. Yatsuji S, Hashimoto E, Tobari M, et al. 2009. Clinical features and outcomes of cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis compared with cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 24(2), 248-254 .PMID: 19032450.
429. Yee TT, Griffioen A, Sabin CA, Dusheiko G, and Lee CA. 2000. The natural history of HCV in a cohort of haemophilic patients infected between 1961 and 1985. Gut, 47(6), 845-851 .PMCID: PMC1728144.
430. Yeoman AD, Al-Chalabi T, Karani JB, et al. 2008. Evaluation of risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis: implications for follow-up and screening. Hepatology, 48(3), 863870 .PMID: 18752332.
431. Yongvanit P, Pinlaor S, and Loilome W. 2014. Risk biomarkers for assessment and chemoprevention of liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 21(5), 309-315 .PMID: 24408859.
432. Yoshimoto S, Loo TM, Atarashi K, et al. 2013. Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome. Nature, 499(7456), 97-101 .PMID: 23803760.
433. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, et al. 2011. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9(6), 524-530 e521; quiz e560 .PMID: 21440669.
434. Yu L, Sun L, Jiang YF, et al. 2012. Interactions between CYP1A1 polymor-phisms and cigarette smoking are associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence from epidemiological studies. Mol Biol Rep, 39(6), 6641-6646 .PMID: 22297691.
435. Yu MC, Tong MJ, Govindarajan S, and Henderson BE. 1991. Nonviral risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in a low-risk population, the non- Asians of Los Angeles County, California. J Natl Cancer Inst, 83(24), 1820-1826 .PMID: 1660542.
436. Yu MW, Chang HC, Chang SC et al. 2003. Role of reproductive factors in hepatocellular carcinoma: Impact on hepatitis B- and C-related risk. Hepatology, 38(6), 1393-1400 .PMID: 14647050.
437. Yu MW, and Chen CJ. 1993. Elevated serum testosterone levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res, 53(4), 790-794 .PMID: 8381328.
438. Yu MW, Horng IS, Hsu KH, et al. 1999. Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection. Am J Epidemiol, 150(4), 367-374 .PMID: 10453813.
439. Yu MW, Pai CI, Yang SY, et al. 2000. Role of N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms in hepatitis B related hepatocellular carcinoma: impact of smoking on risk. Gut, 47(5), 703-709 .PMCID: PMC1728099.
440. Yu MW, Yang YC, Yang SY, et al. 2001. Hormonal markers and hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a nested case- control study among men. J Natl Cancer Inst, 93(21), 1644-1651 .PMID: 11698569.
441. Yu SY, Chu YJ, and Li WG. 1988. Selenium chemoprevention of liver cancer in animals and possible human applications. Biol Trace Elem Res, 15, 231-241 .PMID: 2484521.
442. Yu SZ. 1995. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 10(6), 674-682 .PMID: 8580413.
443. Yu SZ, Chen G, Zhi XL, and Li J. 1998. Primary liver cancer: natural toxins and prevention in China. J Toxicol Sci, 23(Suppl 2), 143-147 .PMID: 9760452.
444. Yuan JM, Govindarajan S, Arakawa K, and Yu MC. 2004. Synergism of alcohol, diabetes, and viral hepatitis on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks and whites in the U.S. Cancer, 101(5), 1009-1017 .PMID: 15329910.
445. Yuan JM, Ross RK, Stanczyk FZ, et al. 1995. A cohort study of serum testos-terone and hepatocellular carcinoma in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer, 63(4), 491-493 .PMID: 7591255.
446. Zhang F, Lee J, Liang S, and Shum CK. 2015. Cyanobacteria blooms and non-alcoholic liver disease: evidence from a county level ecological study in the United States. Environ Health, 14, 41 .PMCID: PMC4428243.
447. Zhang H, Gao C, Fang L, Zhao HC, and Yao SK. 2013. Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol, 48(1), 78-87 .PMID: 23137049.
448. Zhang H, Zhai Y, Hu Z et al. 2010. Genome-wide association study identifies 1p36.22 as a new susceptibility locus for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Nat Genet, 42(9), 755-758 .PMID: 20676096.
449. Zhang ZJ, Zheng ZJ, Shi R, et al. 2012. Metformin for liver cancer prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97(7), 2347-2353 .PMID: 22523334.
450. Zhao B, Shen H, Liu F, et al. 2012. Exposure to organochlorine pesticides is an independent risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 22(6), 541-548 .PMID: 21915153.
451. Zucman-Rossi J, Villanueva A, Nault JC, and Llovet JM. 2015. Genetic landscape and biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 149(5), 1226-1239 e1224 .PMID: 26099527.