Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 281, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 8-27

  Dinarello, Charles A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

acquired immunity; cytokines; host defense; immunity; inflammation; innate immunity

Indexed keywords

ANAKINRA; CRYOPYRIN; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR 5; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR 8; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 18 BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 18 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; INTERLEUKIN 33; INTERLEUKIN 36; INTERLEUKIN 37; INTERLEUKIN 38; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRAL PROTEIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BRAIN; CELL NUCLEUS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; GAMMA DELTA T LYMPHOCYTE; HEART DISEASE; HEMOPHAGOCYTIC SYNDROME; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFECTION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION SYNDROME; MOUSE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NONHUMAN; PRECANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION; ANIMAL; DROSOPHILA; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; DROSOPHILA; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-1; INTERLEUKIN-33; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-1; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS;

EID: 85038035847     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: 1600065X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12621     Document Type: Review

References (260)

1. Gay NJ, Keith FJ. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature. 1991;351:355-356.
2. Heguy A, Baldari CT, Macchia G, Telford JL, Melli M. Amino acids conserved in interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) and the Drosophila toll protein are essential for IL-1R signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:2605-2609.
3. Rosenwasser LJ, Dinarello CA, Rosenthal AS. Adherent cell function in murine T-lymphocyte antigen recognition. IV. Enhancement of murine T-cell antigen recognition by human leukocytic pyrogen. J Exp Med. 1979;150:709-714.
4. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood. 2011;117:3720-3732.
5. van der Meer JWM, Barza M, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA. A low dose of recombinant interleukin 1 protects granulocytopenic mice from lethal gram-negative infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:1620-1623.
6. Garlanda C, Dinarello CA, Mantovani A. The interleukin-1 family: Back to the future. Immunity. 2013;39:1003-1018.
7. Towne JE, Renshaw BR, Douangpanya J, et al. Interleukin-36 (IL-36) ligands require processing for full agonist (IL-36alpha, IL-36beta, and IL-36gamma) or antagonist (IL-36Ra) activity. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:42594-42602.
8. Kim B, Lee Y, Kim E, et al. The interleukin-1alpha precursor is biologically active and is likely a key alarmin in the IL-1 family of cytokines. Front Immunol. 2013;4:391.
9. Boraschi D, Tagliabue A. The interleukin-1 receptor family. Semin Immunol. 2013;25:394-407.
10. Jensen LE, Whitehead AS. Expression of alternatively spliced interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein mRNAs is differentially regulated during inflammation and apoptosis. Cell Signal. 2003;15:793-802.
11. Jensen LE, Muzio M, Mantovani A, Whitehead AS. IL-1 signaling cascade in liver cells and the involvement of a soluble form of the IL-1 receptor accessory protein. J Immunol. 2000;164:5277-5286.
12. Colotta F, Re F, Muzio M, et al. Interleukin-1 type II receptor: A decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4. Science. 1993;261:472-475.
13. Gow NA, van de Veerdonk FL, Brown AJ, Netea MG. Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: Discriminating invasion from colonization. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10:112-122.
14. Garlanda C, Riva F, Bonavita E, Mantovani A. Negative regulatory receptors of the IL-1 family. Semin Immunol. 2013;25:4087-4415.
15. Garlanda C, Riva F, Bonavita E, Gentile S, Mantovani A. Decoys and regulatory “receptors” of the IL-1/Toll-like receptor superfamily. Front Immunol. 2013;4:180-192.
16. Novick D, Kim S-H, Fantuzzi G, Reznikov L, Dinarello CA, Rubinstein M. Interleukin-18 binding protein: A novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. Immunity. 1999;10:127-136.
17. Werman A, Werman-Venkert R, White R, et al. The precursor form of IL-1alpha is an intracrine proinflammatory activator of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:2434-2439.
18. Bessa J, Meyer CA, de Vera Mudry MC, et al. Altered subcellular localization of IL-33 leads to non-resolving lethal inflammation. J Autoimmun. 2014;55:33-41.
19. Cohen I, Rider P, Carmi Y, et al. Differential release of chromatin-bound IL-1alpha discriminates between necrotic and apoptotic cell death by the ability to induce sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:2574-2579.
20. Di Paolo NC, Shayakhmetov DM. Interleukin-1a and the inflammatory process. Nat Immunol. 2016;17:906-913.
21. Berda-Haddad Y, Robert S, Salers P, et al. Sterile inflammation of endothelial cell-derived apoptotic bodies is mediated by interleukin-1alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:20684-20689.
22. Rider P, Carmi Y, Guttman O, et al. IL-1alpha and IL-1beta recruit different myeloid cells and promote different stages of sterile inflammation. J Immunol. 2011;187:4835-4843.
23. Lomedico PT, Gubler R, Hellmann CP, et al. Cloning and expression of murine interleukin-1 cDNA in Escherichia coli. Nature. 1984;312:458-462.
24. Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto K, Saido T, Kawasaki H, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. Identification of calcium-activated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1 alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:5548-5552.
25. Kavita U, Mizel SB. Differential sensitivity of interleukin-1 alpha and -beta precursor proteins to cleavage by calpain, a calcium-dependent protease. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:27758-27765.
26. Carruth LM, Demczuk S, Mizel SB. Involvement of a calpain-like protease in the processing of the murine interleukin 1 alpha precursor. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:12162-12167.
27. Prudovsky I, Mandinova A, Soldi R, et al. The non-classical export routes: FGF1 and IL-1alpha point the way. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:4871-4881.
28. Mandinova A, Soldi R, Graziani I, et al. S100A13 mediates the copper-dependent stress-induced release of IL-1alpha from both human U937 and murine NIH 3T3 cells. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:2687-2696.
29. Kurt-Jones EA, Beller DI, Mizel SB, Unanue ER. Identification of a membrane-associated interleukin-1 in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:1204-1208.
30. Kaplanski G, Farnarier C, Kaplanski S, et al. Interleukin-1 induces interleukin-8 from endothelial cells by a juxtacrine mechanism. Blood. 1994;84:4242-4248.
31. Kamari Y, Werman-Venkert R, Shaish A, et al. Differential role and tissue specificity of interleukin-1alpha gene expression in atherogenesis and lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis. 2007;195:31-38.
32. Hurgin V, Novick D, Werman A, Dinarello CA, Rubinstein M. Antiviral and immunoregulatory activities of IFN-gamma depend on constitutively expressed IL-1alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:5044-5049.
33. Horai R, Asano M, Sudo K, et al. Production of mice deficient in genes for interleukin (IL)-1a, IL- 1b, IL-1a/b, and IL-1 receptor antagonist shows that IL-1b is crucial in turpentine-induced fever development and glucocorticoid secretion. J Exp Med. 1998;187:1463-1475.
34. Kuida K, Lippke JA, Ku G, et al. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1b converting enzyme. Science. 1995;267:2000-2003.
35. Dinarello CA, Renfer L, Wolff SM. Human leukocytic pyrogen: Purification and development of a radioimmunoassay. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74:4624-4627.
36. Auron PE, Webb AC, Rosenwasser LJ, et al. Nucleotide sequence of human monocyte interleukin 1 precursor cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984;81:7907-7911.
37. Dinarello CA, van der Meer JW. Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in humans. Semin Immunol. 2013;25:469-484.
38. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1119-1131.
39. Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Thuren T, et al. Effect of interleukin-1beta inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390:1833-1842.
40. Dinarello CA, Ikejima T, Warner SJ, et al. Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J Immunol. 1987;139:1902-1910.
41. Goldbach-Mansky R, Dailey NJ, Canna SW, et al. Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease responsive to interleukin-1beta inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:581-592.
42. Greten FR, Arkan MC, Bollrath J, et al. NF-kappaB is a negative regulator of IL-1beta secretion as revealed by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of IKKbeta. Cell. 2007;130:918-931.
43. Schindler R, Ghezzi P, Dinarello CA. IL-1 induces IL-1. IV. IFN-gamma suppresses IL-1 but not lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of IL-1. J Immunol. 1990;144:2216-2222.
44. Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD. Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome. Nat Genet. 2001;29:301-305.
45. Andrei C, Dazzi C, Lotti L, Torrisi MR, Chimini G, Rubartelli A. The secretory route of the leaderless protein interleukin 1beta involves exocytosis of endolysosome-related vesicles. Mol Biol Cell. 1999;10:1463-1475.
46. Andrei C, Margiocco P, Poggi A, Lotti LV, Torrisi MR, Rubartelli A. Phospholipases C and A2 control lysosome-mediated IL-1 beta secretion: Implications for inflammatory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:9745-9750.
47. Gardella S, Andrei C, Costigliolo S, Olcese L, Zocchi MR, Rubartelli A. Secretion of bioactive interleukin-1beta by dendritic cells is modulated by interaction with antigen specific T cells. Blood. 2000;95:3809-3815.
48. Perregaux DG, McNiff P, Laliberte R, Conklyn M, Gabel CA. ATP acts as an agonist to promote stimulus-induced secretion of IL-1 beta and IL-18 in human blood. J Immunol. 2000;165:4615-4623.
49. Qu Y, Franchi L, Nunez G, Dubyak GR. Nonclassical IL-1 beta secretion stimulated by P2X7 receptors is dependent on inflammasome activation and correlated with exosome release in murine macrophages. J Immunol. 2007;179:1913-1925.
50. Bergsbaken T, Fink SL, Cookson BT. Pyroptosis: Host cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:99-109.
51. Brough D, Rothwell NJ. Caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-interleukin-1beta is cytosolic and precedes cell death. J Cell Sci. 2007;120:772-781.
52. Suzuki T, Franchi L, Toma C, et al. Differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e111.
53. Fantuzzi G, Ku G, Harding MW, et al. Response to local inflammation of IL-1 beta-converting enzyme- deficient mice. J Immunol. 1997;158:1818-1824.
54. Coeshott C, Ohnemus C, Pilyavskaya A, et al. Converting enzyme-independent release of TNFa and IL-1b from a stimulated human monocytic cell line in the presence of activated neutrophils or purified proteinase-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:6261-6266.
55. Sugawara S, Uehara A, Nochi T, et al. Neutrophil proteinase 3-mediated induction of bioactive IL-18 secretion by human oral epithelial cells. J Immunol. 2001;167:6568-6575.
56. Zheng H, Fletcher D, Kozak W, et al. Resistance to fever induction and impaired acute-phase response in interleukin-1b deficient mice. Immunity. 1995;3:9-19.
57. Fantuzzi G, Sacco S, Ghezzi P, Dinarello CA. Physiological and cytokine responses in interleukin-1b-deficient mice after zymosan-induced inflammation. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:R400-R406.
58. Alheim K, Chai Z, Fantuzzi G, et al. Hyperresponsive febrile reactions to interleukin (IL) 1alpha and IL-1beta, and altered brain cytokine mRNA and serum cytokine levels, in IL-1beta-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:2681-2686.
59. Faggioni R, Fantuzzi G, Fuller J, Dinarello CA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. IL-1b mediates leptin induction during inflammation. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:R204-R208.
60. Dinarello CA, Rosenwasser LJ, Wolff SM. Demonstration of a circulating suppressor factor of thymocyte proliferation during endotoxin fever in humans. J Immunol. 1981;127:2517-2519.
61. Arend WP, Joslin FG, Massoni RJ. Effects of immune complexes on production by human monocytes of interleukin 1 or an interleukin 1 inhibitor. J Immunol. 1985;134:3868-3875.
62. Prieur AM, Kaufmann MT, Griscelli C, Dayer JM. Specific interleukin-1 inhibitor in serum and urine of children with systemic juvenile chronic arthritis. Lancet. 1987;2:1240-1242.
63. Seckinger P, Lowenthal JW, Williamson K, Dayer JM, MacDonald HR. A urine inhibitor of interleukin 1 activity that blocks ligand binding. J Immunol. 1987;139:1546-1549.
64. Hannum CH, Wilcox CJ, Arend WP, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity of a human interleukin-1 inhibitor. Nature. 1990;343:336-340.
65. Eisenberg SP, Evans RJ, Arend WP, et al. Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Nature. 1990;343:341-346.
66. Dinarello CA, Simon A, van der Meer JW. Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012;11:633-652.
67. Harrison SR, McGonagle D, Nizam S, et al. Anakinra as a diagnostic challenge and treatment option for systemic autoinflammatory disorders of undefined etiology. JCI Insight. 2016;1:e86336.
68. Aganna E, Martinon F, Hawkins PN, et al. Association of mutations in the NALP3/CIAS1/PYPAF1 gene with a broad phenotype including recurrent fever, cold sensitivity, sensorineural deafness, and AA amyloidosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2445-2452.
69. Rynne M, Maclean C, Bybee A, McDermott MF, Emery P. Hearing improvement in a patient with variant Muckle-Wells syndrome in response to interleukin 1 receptor antagonism. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:533-534.
70. Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Lohse P, Koetter I, et al. NLRP3 E311K mutation in a large family with Muckle-Wells syndrome – Description of a heterogeneous phenotype and response to treatment. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R196.
71. Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Tyrrell PN, Koetter I, et al. Efficacy and safety of anakinra therapy in pediatric and adult patients with the autoinflammatory Muckle-Wells syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:840-849.
72. Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Wittkowski H, Tyrrell PN, et al. Treatment of Muckle-Wells syndrome: Analysis of two IL-1-blocking regimens. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R64.
73. Stew BT, Fishpool SJ, Owens D, Quine S. Muckle-Wells syndrome: A treatable cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss. B-ENT. 2013;9:161-163.
74. Kitley JL, Lachmann HJ, Pinto A, Ginsberg L. Neurologic manifestations of the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome. Neurology. 2010;74:1267-1270.
75. Ahmadi N, Brewer CC, Zalewski C, et al. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes: Otolaryngologic and audiologic manifestations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:295-302.
76. Klein AK, Horneff G. Improvement of sensoneurinal hearing loss in a patient with Muckle-Wells syndrome treated with anakinra. Klin Padiatr. 2011;222:266-268.
77. Eungdamrong J, Boyd KP, Meehan SA, Latkowski JA. Muckle-Wells treatment with anakinra. Dermatol Online J. 2013;19:20720.
78. Gerard S, le Goff B, Maugars Y, Berthelot JM, Malard O. Lasting remission of a Muckle-Wells syndrome with CIAS-1 mutation using half-dose anakinra. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74:659.
79. Abbate A, Kontos MC, Grizzard JD, et al. Interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (Virginia Commonwealth University Anakinra Remodeling Trial [VCU-ART] Pilot study). Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(1371–7):e1.
80. Abbate A, Van Tassell BW, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Effects of interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra on adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure after acute myocardial infarction [from the Virginia Commonwealth University-Anakinra Remodeling Trial (2) (VCU-ART2) pilot study]. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:1394-1400.
81. Van Tassell BW, Arena RA, Toldo S, et al. Enhanced interleukin-1 activity contributes to exercise intolerance in patients with systolic heart failure. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33438.
82. Cantarini L, Lucherini OM, Cimaz R, Galeazzi M. Recurrent pericarditis caused by a rare mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene and with excellent response to anakinra treatment. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28:802.
83. Gerfaud-Valentin M, Jamilloux Y, Iwaz J, Seve P. Adult-onset Still's disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:708-722.
84. Scott IC, Vijay Hajela V, Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ. A case series and systematic literature review of anakinra and immunosuppression in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. J Cardiology Cases. 2011;4:e93-e97.
85. Emsley HC, Smith CJ, Georgiou RF, et al. A randomised phase II study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute stroke patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1366-1372.
86. Vezzani A, Maroso M, Balosso S, Sanchez MA, Bartfai T. IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:1281-1289.
87. Uludag IF, Bilgin S, Zorlu Y, Tuna G, Kirkali G. Interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels in epileptic seizures. Seizure. 2013;22:457-461.
88. Uludag IF, Duksal T, Tiftikcioglu BI, Zorlu Y, Ozkaya F, Kirkali G. IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL1Ra levels in temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure. 2015;26:22-25.
89. Kenney-Jung DL, Vezzani A, Kahoud RJ, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome treated with anakinra. Ann Neurol. 2016;80:939-945.
90. Opal SM, Fisher CJJ, Dhainaut JF, et al. Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:1115-1124.
91. Fisher CJJ, Slotman GJ, Opal SM, et al. Initial evaluation of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of sepsis syndrome: A randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:12-21.
92. Fisher CJ Jr, Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, et al. Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group. JAMA. 1994;271:1836-1843.
93. Shakoory B, Carcillo JA, Chatham WW, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with features of macrophage activation syndrome: Reanalysis of a prior phase III trial. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:275-281.
94. Lust JA, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, et al. Induction of a chronic disease state in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma by targeting interleukin 1{beta}-induced interleukin 6 production and the myeloma proliferative component. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:114-122.
95. Lust JA, Donovan KA. The role of interleukin-1 beta in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1999;13:1117-1125.
96. Lust JA, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein indicates successful targeting of the IL-1/IL-6 axis resulting in improved survival in early stage multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2016;91:571-574.
97. Fleischmann RM, Tesser J, Schiff MH, et al. Safety of extended treatment with anakinra in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1006-1012.
98. Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1118-1125.
99. van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, van der Meer JW. Anakinra for the inflammatory complications of chronic granulomatous disease. Neth J Med. 2011;69:95.
100. Hennig S, Bayegan K, Uffmann M, Thalhammer F, Winkler S. Pneumonia in a patient with familial Mediterranean fever successfully treated with anakinra-case report and review. Rheumatol Int. 2010;32:1801-1804.
101. Solovic I, Sester M, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. The risk of tuberculosis related to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapies: A TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J. 2011;36:1185-1206.
102. Fleischmann RM, Schechtman J, Bennett R, et al. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A large, international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:927-934.
103. Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:2196-2204.
104. Liew FY, Girard JP, Turnquist HR. Interleukin-33 in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:676-689.
105. Schmitz J, Owyang A, Oldham E, et al. IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines. Immunity. 2005;23:479-490.
106. Casadio R, Frigimelica E, Bossu P, et al. Model of interaction of the IL-1 receptor accessory protein IL-1RAcP with the IL-1beta/IL-1R(I) complex. FEBS Lett. 2001;499:65-68.
107. Ali S, Huber M, Kollewe C, Bischoff SC, Falk W, Martin MU. IL-1 receptor accessory protein is essential for IL-33-induced activation of T lymphocytes and mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:18660-18665.
108. Lingel A, Weiss TM, Niebuhr M, et al. Structure of IL-33 and its interaction with the ST2 and IL-1RAcP receptors–insight into heterotrimeric IL-1 signaling complexes. Structure. 2009;17:1398-1410.
109. Cayrol C, Girard JP. The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is inactivated after maturation by caspase-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:9021-9026.
110. Lefrancais E, Roga S, Gautier V, et al. IL-33 is processed into mature bioactive forms by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:1673-1678.
111. Lefrancais E, Duval A, Mirey E, et al. Central domain of IL-33 is cleaved by mast cell proteases for potent activation of group-2 innate lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:15502-15507.
112. Hong J, Bae S, Jhun H, et al. Identification of constitutively active interleukin 33 (IL-33) splice variant. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:20078-20086.
113. Carriere V, Roussel L, Ortega N, et al. IL-33, the IL-1-like cytokine ligand for ST2 receptor, is a chromatin-associated nuclear factor in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:282-287.
114. Biton J, Khaleghparast Athari S, Thiolat A, et al. In vivo expansion of activated foxp3+ regulatory T cells and establishment of a Type 2 immune response upon IL-33 treatment protect against experimental arthritis. J Immunol. 2016;197:1708-1719.
115. Bulek K, Swaidani S, Qin J, et al. The essential role of single Ig IL-1 receptor-related molecule/Toll IL-1R8 in regulation of Th2 immune response. J Immunol. 2009;182:2601-2609.
116. Sedhom MA, Pichery M, Murdoch JR, et al. Neutralisation of the interleukin-33/ST2 pathway ameliorates experimental colitis through enhancement of mucosal healing in mice. Gut. 2013;62:1714-1723.
117. Macedo RB, Kakehasi AM, Melo de Andrade MV. IL33 in rheumatoid arthritis: Potential contribution to pathogenesis. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed. 2016;56:451-457.
118. Kunisch E, Chakilam S, Gandesiri M, Kinne RW. IL-33 regulates TNF-alpha dependent effects in synovial fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med. 2012;29:530-540.
119. Liang Y, Jie Z, Hou L, et al. IL-33 promotes innate IFN-gamma production and modulates dendritic cell response in LCMV-induced hepatitis in mice. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:3052-3063.
120. Okamura H, Nagata K, Komatsu T, et al. A novel costimulatory factor for gamma interferon induction found in the livers of mice causes endotoxic shock. Infect Immun. 1995;63:3966-3972.
121. Boraschi D, Dinarello CA. IL-18 in autoimmunity: Review. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006;17:224-252.
122. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-18 and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Semin Nephrol. 2007;27:98-114.
123. Tsutsui H, Nakanishi K. Immunotherapeutic applications of IL-18. Immunotherapy. 2012;4:1883-1894.
124. Puren AJ, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA. Gene expression, synthesis and secretion of IL-1b and IL-18 are differentially regulated in human blood mononuclear cells and mouse spleen cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:2256-2261.
125. Siegmund B, Lehr HA, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA. IL-1beta -converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:13249-13254.
126. Bersudsky M, Luski L, Fishman D, et al. Non-redundant properties of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta during acute colon inflammation in mice. Gut. 2014;63:598-609.
127. Siegmund B, Fantuzzi G, Rieder F, et al. Neutralization of interleukin-18 reduces severity in murine colitis and intestinal IFN-g and TNF-a production. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;281:R1264-R1273.
128. Weber A, Wasiliew P, Kracht M. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway. Sci Signal. 2010;3:cm1.
129. Morel JC, Park CC, Woods JM, Koch AE. A novel role for interleukin-18 in adhesion molecule induction through NFkappa B and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-dependent signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:37069-37075.
130. Lee JK, Kim SH, Lewis EC, Azam T, Reznikov LL, Dinarello CA. Differences in signaling pathways by IL-1beta and IL-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:8815-8820.
131. Nakanishi K, Yoshimoto T, Tsutsui H, Okamura H. Interleukin-18 is a unique cytokine that stimulates both Th1 and Th2 responses depending on its cytokine milieu. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2001;12:53-72.
132. Bellora F, Castriconi R, Doni A, et al. M-CSF induces the expression of a membrane-bound form of IL-18 in a subset of human monocytes differentiating in vitro toward macrophages. Eur J Immunol. 2012;42:1618-1626.
133. Sutton C, Brereton C, Keogh B, Mills KH, Lavelle EC. A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17-producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med. 2006;203:1685-1691.
134. Lalor SJ, Dungan LS, Sutton CE, Basdeo SA, Fletcher JM, Mills KH. Caspase-1-processed cytokines IL-1beta and IL-18 promote IL-17 production by gammadelta and CD4 T cells that mediate autoimmunity. J Immunol. 2011;186:5738-5748.
135. Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Fantuzzi G, Mendoza L, et al. IL-18 regulates IL-1beta-dependent hepatic melanoma metastasis via vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:734-739.
136. Gatti S, Beck J, Fantuzzi G, Bartfai T, Dinarello CA. Effect of interleukin-18 on mouse core body temperature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;282:R702-R709.
137. Li S, Goorha S, Ballou LR, Blatteis CM. Intracerebroventricular interleukin-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta and IL-18: Pyrogenic and PGE(2)-mediated? Brain Res. 2003;992:76-84.
138. Robertson MJ, Mier JW, Logan T, et al. Clinical and biological effects of recombinant human interleukin-18 administered by intravenous infusion to patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:4265-4273.
139. Reznikov LL, Kim SH, Westcott JY, et al. IL-18 binding protein increases spontaneous and IL-1-induced prostaglandin production via inhibition of IFN-gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:2174-2179.
140. Tak PP, Bacchi M, Bertolino M. Pharmacokinetics of IL-18 binding protein in healthy volunteers and subjects with rheumatoid arthritis or plaque psoriasis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2006;31:109-116.
141. Mallat Z, Heymes C, Corbaz A, et al. Evidence for altered interleukin 18 (IL)-18 pathway in human heart failure. FASEB J. 2004;18:1752-1754.
142. Platis A, Yu Q, Moore D, Khojeini E, Tsau P, Larson D. The effect of daily administration of IL-18 on cardiac structure and function. Perfusion. 2008;23:237-242.
143. Woldbaek PR, Sande JB, Stromme TA, et al. Daily administration of interleukin-18 causes myocardial dysfunction in healthy mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:H708-H714.
144. Raeburn CD, Dinarello CA, Zimmerman MA, et al. Neutralization of IL-18 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283:H650-H657.
145. Pomerantz BJ, Reznikov LL, Harken AH, Dinarello CA. Inhibition of caspase 1 reduces human myocardial ischemic dysfunction via inhibition of IL-18 and IL-1beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:2871-2876.
146. Toldo S, Mezzaroma E, O'Brien L, et al. Interleukin-18 mediates interleukin-1-induced cardiac dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;306:H1025-H1031.
147. Murray DR, Mummidi S, Valente AJ, et al. beta2 adrenergic activation induces the expression of IL-18 binding protein, a potent inhibitor of isoproterenol induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and myocardial hypertrophy in vivo. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2012;52:206-218.
148. Dupaul-Chicoine J, Yeretssian G, Doiron K, et al. Control of intestinal homeostasis, colitis, and colitis-associated colorectal cancer by the inflammatory caspases. Immunity. 2010;32:367-378.
149. Hirota SA, Ng J, Lueng A, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:1359-1372.
150. Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL, et al. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell. 2011;145:745-757.
151. Chen CJ, Kono H, Golenbock D, Reed G, Akira S, Rock KL. Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells. Nat Med. 2007;13:851-856.
152. Doyle SL, Campbell M, Ozaki E, et al. NLRP3 has a protective role in age-related macular degeneration through the induction of IL-18 by drusen components. Nat Med. 2012;18:791-798.
153. Netea MG, Joosten LA, Lewis E, et al. Deficiency of interleukin-18 in mice leads to hyperphagia, obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2006;12:650-656.
154. Zorrilla EP, Sanchez-Alavez M, Sugama S, et al. Interleukin-18 controls energy homeostasis by suppressing appetite and feed efficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:11097-11102.
155. Novick D, Schwartsburd B, Pinkus R, et al. A novel IL-18BP ELISA shows elevated serum il-18BP in sepsis and extensive decrease of free IL-18. Cytokine. 2001;14:334-342.
156. Novick D, Elbirt D, Dinarello CA, Rubinstein M, Sthoeger ZM. Interleukin-18 binding protein in the sera of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29:38-45.
157. Novick D, Elbirt D, Miller G, Dinarello CA, Rubinstein M, Sthoeger ZM. High circulating levels of free interleukin-18 in patients with active SLE in the presence of elevated levels of interleukin-18 binding protein. J Autoimmun. 2011;34:121-126.
158. Mazodier K, Marin V, Novick D, et al. Severe imbalance of IL-18/IL-18BP in patients with secondary hemophagocytic syndrome. Blood. 2005;106:3483-3489.
159. Bufler P, Azam T, Gamboni-Robertson F, et al. A complex of the IL-1 homologue IL-1F7b and IL-18-binding protein reduces IL-18 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:13723-13728.
160. Dinarello C, Arend W, Sims J, et al. IL-1 family nomenclature. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:973.
161. McNamee EN, Masterson JC, Jedlicka P, et al. Interleukin 37 expression protects mice from colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:16711-16716.
162. Banda NK, Vondracek A, Kraus D, et al. Mechanisms of inhibition of collagen-induced arthritis by murine IL-18 binding protein. J Immunol. 2003;170:2100-2105.
163. Muhl H, Kampfer H, Bosmann M, Frank S, Radeke H, Pfeilschifter J. Interferon-gamma mediates gene expression of IL-18 binding protein in nonleukocytic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;267:960-963.
164. Hurgin V, Novick D, Rubinstein M. The promoter of IL-18 binding protein: Activation by an IFN-gamma -induced complex of IFN regulatory factor 1 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:16957-16962.
165. Kaser A, Novick D, Rubinstein M, et al. Interferon-alpha induces interleukin-18 binding protein in chronic hepatitis C patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;129:332-338.
166. Ludwiczek O, Kaser A, Novick D, et al. Plasma levels of interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 binding protein are elevated in patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Immunol. 2002;22:331-337.
167. Wittmann M, Bachmann M, Doble R, Pfeilschifter J, Werfel T, Mühl H. IL-27 regulates IL-18 binding protein in skin resident cells. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e38751.
168. Xiang Y, Moss B. Correspondence of the functional epitopes of poxvirus and human interleukin-18-binding proteins. J Virol. 2001;75:9947-9954.
169. Ogilvie EM, Khan A, Hubank M, Kellam P, Woo P. Specific gene expression profiles in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1954-1965.
170. Sumegi J, Barnes MG, Nestheide SV, et al. Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with active hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood. 2011;117:e151-e160.
171. Maeno N, Takei S, Imanaka H, et al. Increased interleukin-18 expression in bone marrow of a patient with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and unrecognized macrophage-activation syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1935-1938.
172. Emmenegger U, Reimers A, Frey U, et al. Reactive macrophage activation syndrome: A simple screening strategy and its potential in early treatment initiation. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002;132:230-236.
173. Nold-Petry CA, Lehrnbecher T, Jarisch A, et al. Failure of interferon gamma to induce the anti-inflammatory interleukin 18 binding protein in familial hemophagocytosis. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8663.
174. Honda K, Ohga S, Takada H, et al. Neuron-specific enolase in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A potential indicator for macrophage activation? Int J Hematol. 2000;72:55-60.
175. Wada T, Muraoka M, Yokoyama T, Toma T, Kanegane H, Yachie A. Cytokine profiles in children with primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:E46-E48.
176. Fitzgerald AA, Leclercq SA, Yan A, Homik JE, Dinarello CA. Rapid responses to anakinra in patients with refractory adult-onset Still's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1794-1803.
177. Larroche C, Mouthon L. Pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Autoimmunity Rev. 2004;3:69-75.
178. Canna SW, Girard C, Malle L, et al. Life-threatening NLRC4-associated hyperinflammation successfully treated with IL-18 inhibition. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:1698-1701.
179. Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Lehr R, et al. Identification and initial characterization of four novel members of the interleukin-1 family. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:10308-10314.
180. Dinarello CA, Nold-Petry C, Nold M, et al. Suppression of innate inflammation and immunity by interleukin-37. Eur J Immunol. 2016;46:1067-1081.
181. Sakai N, Van Sweringen HL, Belizaire RM, et al. Interleukin-37 reduces liver inflammatory injury via effects on hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:1609-1616.
182. Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Zepp JA, Palmer BE, Bufler P, Dinarello CA. IL-37 is a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:1014-1022.
183. Nold-Petry CA, Lo CY, Rudloff I, et al. IL-37 requires the receptors IL-18Ralpha and IL-1R8 (SIGIRR) to carry out its multifaceted anti-inflammatory program upon innate signal transduction. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:354-365.
184. Li Y, Wang Z, Yu T, et al. Increased expression of IL-37 in patients with Graves’ disease and its contribution to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e107183.
185. Xia T, Zheng XF, Qian BH, et al. Plasma interleukin-37 is elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Its correlation with disease activity and Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines. Dis Markers. 2015;2015:795043.
186. Yang L, Zhang J, Tao J, Lu T. Elevated serum levels of Interleukin-37 are associated with inflammatory cytokines and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. APMIS. 2015;123:1025-1031.
187. Chen B, Huang K, Ye L, et al. Interleukin-37 is increased in ankylosing spondylitis patients and associated with disease activity. J Transl Med. 2015;13:36.
188. Keermann M, Koks S, Reimann E, et al. Expression of IL-36 family cytokines and IL-37 but not IL-38 is altered in psoriatic skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2015;80:150-152.
189. Song L, Qiu F, Fan Y, et al. Glucocorticoid regulates interleukin-37 in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33:111-117.
190. Zeng Q, Song R, Fullerton DA, et al. Interleukin-37 suppresses the osteogenic responses of human aortic valve interstitial cells in vitro and alleviates valve lesions in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:1631-1636.
191. Charrad R, Berraies A, Hamdi B, Ammar J, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37 in asthmatic children: Correlation with inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-beta, IL-6 and IL-17A. Immunobiology. 2016;221:182-187.
192. Lunding L, Webering S, Vock C, et al. IL-37 requires IL-18Ralpha and SIGIRR/IL-1R8 to diminish allergic airway inflammation in mice. Allergy. 2015;79:366-373.
193. Ballak DB, van Diepen JA, Moschen AR, et al. IL-37 protects against obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4711.
194. Liu W, Deng L, Chen Y, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of IL-37b in children with allergic rhinitis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:746846.
195. Kimura T, Tsutsumi N, Arita K, et al. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of human IL-18 and its extracellular complexes. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun. 2014;70:1351-1356.
196. Tsutsumi N, Kimura T, Arita K, et al. The structural basis for receptor recognition of human interleukin-18. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5340.
197. Kumar S, Hanning CR, Brigham-Burke MR, et al. Interleukin-1F7B (IL-1H4/IL-1F7) is processed by caspase-1 and mature IL-1F7B binds to the IL-18 receptor but does not induce IFN-gamma production. Cytokine. 2002;18:61-71.
198. Pan G, Risser P, Mao W, et al. IL-1H, an interleukin 1-related protein that binds IL-18 receptor/IL-1Rrp. Cytokine. 2001;13:1-7.
199. Gong J, Wei T, Stark RW, et al. Inhibition of Toll-like receptors TLR4 and 7 signaling pathways by SIGIRR: A computational approach. J Struct Biol. 2010;169:323-330.
200. Cavalli G, Justice JN, Boyle KE, et al. Interleukin 37 reverses the metabolic cost of inflammation, increases oxidative respiration, and improves exercise tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:2313-2318.
201. Sharma S, Kulk N, Nold MF, et al. The IL-1 family member 7b translocates to the nucleus and down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol. 2008;180:5477-5482.
202. Ross R, Grimmel J, Goedicke S, et al. Analysis of nuclear localization of interleukin-1 family cytokines by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods. 2013;387:219-227.
203. Bulau AM, Nold MF, Li S, et al. Role of caspase-1 in nuclear translocation of IL-37, release of the cytokine, and IL-37 inhibition of innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:2650-2655.
204. Grimsby S, Jaensson H, Dubrovska A, Lomnytska M, Hellman U, Souchelnytskyi S. Proteomics-based identification of proteins interacting with Smad3: SREBP-2 forms a complex with Smad3 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. FEBS Lett. 2004;577:93-100.
205. Smithrithee R, Niyonsaba F, Kiatsurayanon C, et al. Human beta-defensin-3 increases the expression of interleukin-37 through CCR6 in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;77:46-53.
206. Bufler P, Gamboni-Robertson F, Azam T, Kim SH, Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 homologues IL-1F7b and IL-18 contain functional mRNA instability elements within the coding region responsive to lipopolysaccharide. Biochem J. 2004;381:503-510.
207. Coll-Miro M, Francos-Quijorna I, Santos-Nogueira E, et al. Beneficial effects of IL-37 after spinal cord injury in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:1411-1416.
208. Li S, Neff CP, Barber K, et al. Extracellular forms of IL-37 inhibit innate inflammation in vitro and in vivo but require the IL-1 family decoy receptor IL-1R8. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:2497-2502.
209. Yousif NG, Li J, Yousif F, et al. Expression of IL-37 in mouse protects the myocardium against ischemic injury via modulation of NF-κB activation. Circulation. 2011;124(Suppl 21):A8603.
210. Yang Y, Zhang ZX, Lian D, Haig A, Bhattacharjee RN, Jevnikar AM. IL-37 inhibits IL-18-induced tubular epithelial cell expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int. 2014;87:396-408.
211. Imaeda H, Takahashi K, Fujimoto T, et al. Epithelial expression of interleukin-37b in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;172:410-416.
212. Weidlich S, Bulau AM, Schwerd T, et al. Intestinal expression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 homologue IL-37 in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59:e18-e26.
213. Zhao PW, Jiang WG, Wang L, Jiang ZY, Shan YX, Jiang YF. Plasma levels of IL-37 and correlation with TNF-alpha, IL-17A, and disease activity during DMARD treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e95346.
214. Xia L, Shen H, Lu J. Elevated serum and synovial fluid levels of interleukin-37 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine. 2015;76:553-557.
215. Hojen JF, Rasmussen TA, Andersen KL, et al. Interleukin-37 expression is increased in chronic HIV-1-infected individuals and is associated with inflammation and the size of the total viral reservoir. Mol Med. 2015;21:337-345.
216. Mora J, Schlemmer A, Wittig I, et al. Interleukin-38 is released from apoptotic cells to limit inflammatory macrophage responses. J Mol Cell Biol. 2016;8:426-438.
217. Busfield SJ, Comrack CA, Yu G, et al. Identification and gene organization of three novel members of the IL-1 family on human chromosome 2. Genomics. 2000;66:213-216.
218. Debets R, Timans JC, Homey B, et al. Two novel IL-1 family members, IL-1 delta and IL-1 epsilon, function as an antagonist and agonist of NF-kappa B activation through the orphan IL-1 receptor-related protein 2. J Immunol. 2001;167:1440-1446.
219. Sharaf N, Nicklin MJ, di Giovine FS. Long-range DNA interactions at the IL-1/IL-36/IL-37 gene cluster (2q13) are induced by activation of monocytes. Cytokine. 2014;68:16-22.
220. Lian LH, Milora KA, Manupipatpong KK, Jensen LE. The double-stranded RNA analogue polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid induces keratinocyte pyroptosis and release of IL-36gamma. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:1346-1353.
221. Henry CM, Sullivan GP, Clancy DM, Afonina IS, Kulms D, Martin SJ. Neutrophil-derived proteases escalate inflammation through activation of IL-36 family cytokines. Cell Rep. 2016;14:708-722.
222. Onoufriadis A, Simpson MA, Pink AE, et al. Mutations in IL36RN/IL1F5 are associated with the severe episodic inflammatory skin disease known as generalized pustular psoriasis. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;89:432-437.
223. Teoh YL, Tay YK. Generalized pustular psoriasis with a novel mutation of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist, responding to methotrexate. JAAD Case Rep. 2015;1:51-53.
224. Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BR, et al. Interleukin-36-receptor antagonist deficiency and generalized pustular psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:620-628.
225. Boutet MA, Bart G, Penhoat M, et al. Distinct expression of interleukin (IL)-36alpha, beta and gamma, their antagonist IL-36Ra and IL-38 in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;184:159-173.
226. Hessam S, Sand M, Gambichler T, Skrygan M, Ruddel I, Bechara FG. IL-36 in hidradenitis suppurativa: Evidence for a distinctive pro-inflammatory role and a key factor in the development of an inflammatory loop. Br J Dermatol. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16019
227. Li N, Yamasaki K, Saito R, et al. Alarmin function of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL37 through IL-36gamma induction in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Immunol. 2014;193:5140-5148.
228. Ciccia F, Accardo-Palumbo A, Alessandro R, et al. Interleukin-36alpha axis is modulated in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015;181:230-238.
229. Dehghan A, Dupuis J, Barbalic M, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in >80 000 subjects identifies multiple loci for C-reactive protein levels. Circulation. 2011;123:731-738.
230. van de Veerdonk FL, Stoeckman AK, Wu G, et al. IL-38 binds to the IL-36 receptor and has biological effects on immune cells similar to IL-36 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:3001-3005.
231. Sana TR, Debets R, Timans JC, Bazan JF, Kastelein RA. Computational identification, cloning, and characterization of IL-1R9, a novel interleukin-1 receptor-like gene encoded over an unusually large interval of human chromosome Xq22.2-q22.3. Genomics. 2000;69:252-262.
232. Rudloff I, Godsell J, Nold-Petry CA, et al. Interleukin-38 exerts antiinflammatory functions and is associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:3219-3225.
233. Chu M, Tam LS, Zhu J, et al. In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of novel cytokine IL-38 in Murphy Roths Large (MRL)/lpr mice. Immunobiology. 2017;222:483-493.
234. Chu M, Chu IM, Yung EC, et al. Aberrant expression of novel cytokine IL-38 and regulatory T lymphocytes in childhood asthma. Molecules. 2016;21:E933.
235. Boutet MA, Najm A, Bart G, et al. IL-38 overexpression induces anti-inflammatory effects in mice arthritis models and in human macrophages in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1304-1312.
236. Zhong Y, Yu K, Wang X, Wang X, Ji Q, Zeng Q. Elevated Plasma IL-38 Concentrations in Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Their Dynamics after Reperfusion Treatment. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:490120.
237. Emmanuilidis K, Weighardt H, Matevossian E, et al. Differential regulation of systemic IL-18 and IL-12 release during postoperative sepsis: High serum IL-18 as an early predictive indicator of lethal outcome. Shock. 2002;18:301-305.
238. Tsai MH, Chen YC, Yang CW, et al. Acute renal failure in cirrhotic patients with severe sepsis: Value of urinary interleukin-18. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28:135-141.
239. Mommsen P, Frink M, Pape HC, et al. Elevated systemic IL-18 and neopterin levels are associated with posttraumatic complications among patients with multiple injuries: A prospective cohort study. Injury. 2009;40:528-534.
240. Palladino I, Salani F, Ciaramella A, et al. Elevated levels of circulating IL-18BP and perturbed regulation of IL-18 in schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:206.
241. Haas SL, Abbatista M, Brade J, Singer MV, Bocker U. Interleukin-18 serum levels in inflammatory bowel diseases: Correlation with disease activity and inflammatory markers. Swiss Med Wkly. 2009;139:140-145.
242. Ludwiczek O, Kaser A, Novick D, Dinarello CA, Rubinstein M, Tilg H. Elevated systemic levels of free interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with Crohn's disease. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2005;16:27-33.
243. Bokarewa M, Hultgren O. Is interleukin-18 useful for monitoring rheumatoid arthritis? Scand J Rheumatol. 2005;34:433-436.
244. Favilli F, Anzilotti C, Martinelli L, et al. IL-18 activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173:301-309.
245. Koenig KF, Groeschl I, Pesickova SS, Tesar V, Eisenberger U, Trendelenburg M. Serum cytokine profile in patients with active lupus nephritis. Cytokine. 2012;60:410-416.
246. Jelusic M, Lukic IK, Tambic-Bukovac L, et al. Interleukin-18 as a mediator of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1332-1334.
247. Shimizu M, Yokoyama T, Yamada K, et al. Distinct cytokine profiles of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated macrophage activation syndrome with particular emphasis on the role of interleukin-18 in its pathogenesis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:1645-1653.
248. Kawashima M, Yamamura M, Taniai M, et al. Levels of interleukin-18 and its binding inhibitors in the blood circulation of patients with adult-onset Still's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:550-560.
249. Colafrancesco S, Priori R, Alessandri C, et al. IL-18 serum level in adult onset Still's disease: A marker of disease activity. Int J Inflam. 2012;2012:156890.
250. Blankenberg S, Luc G, Ducimetiere P, et al. Interleukin-18 and the risk of coronary heart disease in European men: The Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Circulation. 2003;108:2453-2459.
251. Narins CR, Lin DA, Burton PB, Jin ZG, Berk BC. Interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 binding protein levels before and after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with and without recent myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1285-1287.
252. Jefferis BJ, Papacosta O, Owen CG, et al. Interleukin 18 and coronary heart disease: Prospective study and systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2011;217:227-233.
253. Thompson SR, Novick D, Stock CJ, et al. Free Interleukin (IL)-18 levels, and the impact of IL18 and IL18BP genetic variation, in CHD patients and healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2743-2749.
254. Opstad TB, Pettersen AA, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. Circulating levels of IL-18 are significantly influenced by the IL-18 +183 A/G polymorphism in coronary artery disease patients with diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome: An observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;10:110.
255. Troseid M, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H. The role of interleukin-18 in the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:11.
256. Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL. Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the ICU. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3046-3052.
257. Vaidya VS, Waikar SS, Ferguson MA, et al. Urinary biomarkers for sensitive and specific detection of acute kidney injury in humans. Clin Transl Sci. 2008;1:200-208.
258. Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al. Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int. 2006;70:199-203.
259. Sirota JC, Walcher A, Faubel S, et al. Urine IL-18, NGAL, IL-8 and serum IL-8 are biomarkers of acute kidney injury following liver transplantation. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:17.
260. Lin CY, Chang CH, Fan PC, et al. Serum interleukin-18 at commencement of renal replacement therapy predicts short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66028.