Lower brain and blood nutrient status in Alzhiemer's disease: Results from meta-analyses

Alzheimer's and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 416-431

  de Wilde, Martijn C ^a   Vellas, Bruno ^b   Girault, Elodie ^a   Yavuz, Aysun Cetinyurek ^a   Sijben, John W ^a  

^a DANONE NUTRICIA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b Faculté de Médecine Centre Hospitalo universitaire   (France)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Brain; Cerebrospinal fluid; Choline; DHA; Metabolism; Neuronal membrane; Nutrient; Nutritional requirement; Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; Phosphatidylcholine; Phospholipid synthesis; Plasma; Synapse; Vitamins

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; CHOLINE; COPPER; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; DRUG; FOLIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IRON; LIPID; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; SELENIUM;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD; BRAIN; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; COGNITION; FATTY ACID BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; NUTRIENT; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 85025598530     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23528737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Castro-Quezada, I., Roman-Vinas, B., Serra-Majem, L., The Mediterranean diet and nutritional adequacy: a review. Nutrients 6 (2014), 231–248.
2. Hu, N., Yu, J.T., Tan, L., Wang, Y.L., Sun, L., Tan, L., Nutrition and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 2013, 524820.
3. Rosendorff, C., Beeri, M.S., Silverman, J.M., Cardiovascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 16 (2007), 143–149.
4. Martins, I.J., Hone, E., Foster, J.K., Sunram-Lea, S.I., Gnjec, A., Fuller, S.J., et al. Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. Mol Psychiatry 11 (2006), 721–736.
5. Schrijvers, E.M., Witteman, J.C., Sijbrands, E.J., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P.J., Breteler, M.M., Insulin metabolism and the risk of Alzheimer disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 75 (2010), 1982–1987.
6. Lanska, D.J., Chapter 30: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins. Handb Clin Neurol 95 (2010), 445–476.
7. Reynolds, E., Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the nervous system. Lancet Neurol 5 (2006), 949–960.
8. Hopkins, F.G., Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries. J Physiol 44 (1912), 425–460.
9. Bourre, J.M., Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging 10 (2006), 377–385.
10. Smith, P.J., Blumenthal, J.A., Diet and neurocognition: review of evidence and methodological considerations. Curr Aging Sci 3 (2010), 57–66.
11. van Wijk, N., Broersen, L.M., de Wilde, M.C., Hageman, R.J., Groenendijk, M., Sijben, J.W., et al. Targeting synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease by administering a specific nutrient combination. J Alzheimers Dis 38 (2014), 459–479.
12. Kosicek, M., Hecimovic, S., Phospholipids and Alzheimer's disease: alterations, mechanisms and potential biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 14 (2013), 1310–1322.
13. de Waal, H., Stam, C.J., Lansbergen, M.M., Wieggers, R.L., Kamphuis, P.J., Scheltens, P., et al. The effect of Souvenaid on functional brain network organisation in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease: a randomised controlled study. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e86558.
14. Scheltens, P., Twisk, J.W., Blesa, R., Scarpini, E., von Arnim, C.A., Bongers, A., et al. Efficacy of Souvenaid in mild Alzheimer's disease: results from a randomized, controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 31 (2012), 225–236.
15. Lopes da Silva, S., Vellas, B., Elemans, S., Luchsinger, J., Kamphuis, P., Yaffe, K., et al. Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement 10 (2014), 485–502.
16. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ, 339, 2009, b2535.
17. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., Stadlan, E.M., Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 34 (1984), 939–944.
18. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed, rev, 1987, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
19. Whiley, L., Sen, A., Heaton, J., Proitsi, P., Garcia-Gomez, D., Leung, R., et al. Evidence of altered phosphatidylcholine metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 35 (2014), 271–278.
20. van Houwelingen, H.C., Arends, L.R., Stijnen, T., Advanced methods in meta-analysis: multivariate approach and meta-regression. Stat Med 21 (2002), 589–624.
21. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., Rothstein, H.R., Introduction to Meta-analysis. 2009, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
22. The-Cochrane-Collaboration. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.
23. US Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population 1999-2002. 2008, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA.
24. Conquer, J.A., Tierney, M.C., Zecevic, J., Bettger, W.J., Fisher, R.H., Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids 35 (2000), 1305–1312.
25. Corrigan, F.M., Van Rhijn, A.G., Ijomah, G., McIntyre, F., Skinner, E.R., Horrobin, D.F., et al. Tin and fatty acids in dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 43 (1991), 229–238.
26. Cunnane, S.C., Schneider, J.A., Tangney, C., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Fortier, M., Bennett, D.A., et al. Plasma and brain fatty acid profiles in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 29 (2012), 691–697.
27. Selley, M.L., A metabolic link between S-adenosylhomocysteine and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 28 (2007), 1834–1839.
28. Tully, A.M., Roche, H.M., Doyle, R., Fallon, C., Bruce, I., Lawlor, B., et al. Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Br J Nutr 89 (2003), 483–489.
29. Wang, D.C., Sun, C.H., Liu, L.Y., Sun, X.H., Jin, X.W., Song, W.L., et al. Serum fatty acid profiles using GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis: potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 33 (2012), 1057–1066.
30. Boston, P.F., Bennett, A., Horrobin, D.F., Bennett, C.N., Ethyl-EPA in Alzheimer's disease–a pilot study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 71 (2004), 341–346.
31. Cherubini, A., Andres-Lacueva, C., Martin, A., Lauretani, F., Iorio, A.D., Bartali, B., et al. Low plasma N-3 fatty acids and dementia in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62 (2007), 1120–1126.
32. Corrigan, F.M., Mowat, B., Skinner, E.R., Van Rhijn, A.G., Cousland, G., High density lipoprotein fatty acids in dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 58 (1998), 125–127.
33. Iuliano, L., Pacelli, A., Ciacciarelli, M., Zerbinati, C., Fagioli, S., Piras, F., et al. Plasma fatty acid lipidomics in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 36 (2013), 545–553.
34. Olde Rikkert, M.G., Verhey, F.R., Sijben, J.W., Bouwman, F.H., Dautzenberg, P.L., Lansink, M., et al. Differences in nutritional status between very mild Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls. J Alzheimers Dis 41 (2014), 261–271.
35. Phillips, M.A., Childs, C.E., Calder, P.C., Rogers, P.J., Lower omega-3 fatty acid intake and status are associated with poorer cognitive function in older age: a comparison of individuals with and without cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 15 (2012), 271–277.
36. Zarrouk, A., Riedinger, J.M., Ahmed, S.H., Hammami, S., Chaabane, W., Debbabi, M., et al. Fatty acid profiles in demented patients: identification of hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) as a blood lipid biomarker of dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 44 (2015), 1349–1359.
37. Han, X., Rozen, S., Boyle, S.H., Hellegers, C., Cheng, H., Burke, J.R., et al. Metabolomics in early Alzheimer's disease: identification of altered plasma sphingolipidome using shotgun lipidomics. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e21643.
38. Suemaru, S., Suemaru, K., Hashimoto, K., Ogasa, T., Hirasawa, R., Makino, S., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH, and peripherally circulating choline-containing phospholipid in senile dementia. Life Sci 53 (1993), 697–706.
39. Miller, B.L., Read, S., Tang, C., Jenden, D., Differences in red blood cell choline and lipid-bound choline between patients with Alzheimer disease and control subjects. Neurobiol Aging 12 (1991), 61–64.
40. Burns, A., Marsh, A., Bender, D.A., Dietary intake and clinical, anthropometric and biochemical indices of malnutrition in elderly demented patients and non-demented subjects. Psychol Med 19 (1989), 383–391.
41. Glaso, M., Nordbo, G., Diep, L., Bohmer, T., Reduced concentrations of several vitamins in normal weight patients with late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type without vascular disease. J Nutr Health Aging 8 (2004), 407–413.
42. Agbayewa, M.O., Bruce, V.M., Siemens, V., Pyridoxine, ascorbic acid and thiamine in Alzheimer and comparison subjects. Can J Psychiatry 37 (1992), 661–662.
43. Malaguarnera, M., Bella, R., Alagona, G., Ferri, R., Carnemolla, A., Pennisi, G., Helicobacter pylori and Alzheimer's disease: a possible link. Eur J Intern Med 15 (2004), 381–386.
44. Miller, J.W., Green, R., Mungas, D.M., Reed, B.R., Jagust, W.J., Homocysteine, vitamin B6, and vascular disease in AD patients. Neurology 58 (2002), 1471–1475.
45. Cardoso, B.R., Ong, T.P., Jacob-Filho, W., Jaluul, O., Freitas, M.I., Cozzolino, S.M., Nutritional status of selenium in Alzheimer's disease patients. Br J Nutr 103 (2010), 803–806.
46. Gerhardsson, L., Lundh, T., Minthon, L., Londos, E., Metal concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25 (2008), 508–515.
47. Giacoppo, S., Galuppo, M., Calabro, R.S., D'Aleo, G., Marra, A., Sessa, E., et al. Heavy metals and neurodegenerative diseases: an observational study. Biol Trace Elem Res 161 (2014), 151–160.
48. Nikam, S.V., Nikam, P.S., Ahaley, S.K., Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 1 (2010), 1–4.
49. Smorgon, C., Mari, E., Atti, A.R., Dalla Nora, E., Zamboni, P.F., Calzoni, F., et al. Trace elements and cognitive impairment: an elderly cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl, 2004, 393–402.
50. Vural, H., Demirin, H., Kara, Y., Eren, I., Delibas, N., Alterations of plasma magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and selenium concentrations and some related erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 24 (2010), 169–173.
51. Baum, L., Chan, I.H., Cheung, S.K., Goggins, W.B., Mok, V., Lam, L., et al. Serum zinc is decreased in Alzheimer's disease and serum arsenic correlates positively with cognitive ability. Biometals 23 (2010), 173–179.
52. Ceballos-Picot, I., Merad-Boudia, M., Nicole, A., Thevenin, M., Hellier, G., Legrain, S., et al. Peripheral antioxidant enzyme activities and selenium in elderly subjects and in dementia of Alzheimer's type–place of the extracellular glutathione peroxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 20 (1996), 579–587.
53. Corrigan, F.M., Finlayson, J.D., Stevenson, G., Aluminum, zinc and other elements in serum in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Trace Elem Med 4 (1987), 117–119.
54. Fung, Y.K., Meade, A.G., Rack, E.P., Blotcky, A.J., Claassen, J.P., Beatty, M.W., et al. Determination of blood mercury concentrations in Alzheimer's patients. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33 (1995), 243–247.
55. Gonzalez-Dominguez, R., Garcia-Barrera, T., Gomez-Ariza, J.L., Homeostasis of metals in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 27 (2014), 539–549.
56. Jeandel, C., Nicolas, M.B., Dubois, F., Nabet-Belleville, F., Penin, F., Cuny, G., Lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology 35 (1989), 275–282.
57. Krishnan, S., Rani, P., Evaluation of selenium, redox status and their association with plasma amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 158 (2014), 158–165.
58. Meseguer, I., Molina, J.A., Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J., Aguilar, M.V., Mateos-Vega, C.J., Gonzalez-Munoz, M.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of selenium in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 106 (1999), 309–315.
59. Basun, H., Forssell, L.G., Wetterberg, L., Winblad, B., Metals and trace elements in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 3 (1991), 231–258.
60. Zatta, P., Cervellin, D., Mattiello, G., Gerotto, M., Lazzari, F., Gasparoni, G., et al. Plasma multielemental analysis in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarctual dementia. Trace Elem Med 10 (1993), 85–89.
61. Astarita, G., Jung, K.M., Berchtold, N.C., Nguyen, V.Q., Gillen, D.L., Head, E., et al. Deficient liver biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid correlates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 5, 2010, e12538.
62. Fonteh, A.N., Cipolla, M., Chiang, J., Arakaki, X., Harrington, M.G., Human cerebrospinal fluid fatty acid levels differ between supernatant fluid and brain-derived nanoparticle fractions, and are altered in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e100519.
63. Martin, V., Fabelo, N., Santpere, G., Puig, B., Marin, R., Ferrer, I., et al. Lipid alterations in lipid rafts from Alzheimer's disease human brain cortex. J Alzheimers Dis 19 (2010), 489–502.
64. Nakada, T., Kwee, I.L., Ellis, W.G., Membrane fatty acid composition shows delta-6-desaturase abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 1 (1990), 153–155.
65. Brooksbank, B.W., Martinez, M., Lipid abnormalities in the brain in adult Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol 11 (1989), 157–185.
66. Corrigan, F.M., Horrobin, D.F., Skinner, E.R., Besson, J.A., Cooper, M.B., Abnormal content of n-6 and n-3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides and cholesterol esters of parahippocampal cortex from Alzheimer's disease patients and its relationship to acetyl CoA content. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30 (1998), 197–207.
67. Fraser, T., Tayler, H., Love, S., Fatty acid composition of frontal, temporal and parietal neocortex in the normal human brain and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 35 (2010), 503–513.
68. Guan, Z., Wang, Y., Cairns, N.J., Lantos, P.L., Dallner, G., Sindelar, P.J., Decrease and structural modifications of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen in the brain with Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58 (1999), 740–747.
69. Igarashi, M., Ma, K., Gao, F., Kim, H.W., Rapoport, S.I., Rao, J.S., Disturbed choline plasmalogen and phospholipid fatty acid concentrations in Alzheimer's disease prefrontal cortex. J Alzheimers Dis 24 (2011), 507–517.
70. Prasad, M.R., Lovell, M.A., Yatin, M., Dhillon, H., Markesbery, W.R., Regional membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 23 (1998), 81–88.
71. Reich, E.E., Markesbery, W.R., Roberts, L.J. 2nd, Swift, L.L., Morrow, J.D., Montine, T.J., Brain regional quantification of F-ring and D-/E-ring isoprostanes and neuroprostanes in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 158 (2001), 293–297.
72. Skinner, E.R., Watt, C., Besson, J.A., Best, P.V., Differences in the fatty acid composition of the grey and white matter of different regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects. Brain 116 (1993), 717–725.
73. Chantal, S., Labelle, M., Bouchard, R.W., Braun, C.M., Boulanger, Y., Correlation of regional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic metabolic changes with cognitive deficits in mild Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 59 (2002), 955–962.
74. Rami, L., Gomez-Anson, B., Sanchez-Valle, R., Bosch, B., Monte, G.C., Llado, A., et al. Longitudinal study of amnesic patients at high risk for Alzheimer's disease: clinical, neuropsychological and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24 (2007), 402–410.
75. Watanabe, T., Shiino, A., Akiguchi, I., Absolute quantification in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is superior to relative ratio to discriminate Alzheimer's disease from Binswanger's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 26 (2008), 89–100.
76. Watanabe, T., Shiino, A., Akiguchi, I., Absolute quantification in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is useful to differentiate amnesic mild cognitive impairment from Alzheimer's disease and healthy aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 30 (2010), 71–77.
77. Azevedo, D., Tatsch, M., Hototian, S.R., Bazzarella, M.C., Castro, C.C., Bottino, C.M., Proton spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment no dementia: a community-based study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25 (2008), 491–500.
78. Block, W., Traber, F., Flacke, S., Jessen, F., Pohl, C., Schild, H., In-vivo proton MR-spectroscopy of the human brain: assessment of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) reduction as a marker for neurodegeneration. Amino Acids 23 (2002), 317–323.
79. Capizzano, A.A., Schuff, N., Amend, D.L., Tanabe, J.L., Norman, D., Maudsley, A.A., et al. Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia: assessment with quantitative MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000), 621–630.
80. Christiansen, P., Schlosser, A., Henriksen, O., Reduced N-acetylaspartate content in the frontal part of the brain in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Magn Reson Imaging 13 (1995), 457–462.
81. Dixon, R.M., Bradley, K.M., Budge, M.M., Styles, P., Smith, A.D., Longitudinal quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 125 (2002), 2332–2341.
82. Ernst, T., Chang, L., Melchor, R., Mehringer, C.M., Frontotemporal dementia and early Alzheimer disease: differentiation with frontal lobe H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 203 (1997), 829–836.
83. Fayed, N., Modrego, P.J., Rojas-Salinas, G., Aguilar, K., Brain glutamate levels are decreased in Alzheimer's disease: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 26 (2011), 450–456.
84. Fayed, N., Andres, E., Viguera, L., Modrego, P.J., Garcia-Campayo, J., Higher glutamate+glutamine and reduction of N-acetylaspartate in posterior cingulate according to age range in patients with cognitive impairment and/or pain. Acad Radiol 21 (2014), 1211–1217.
85. Fernandez, A., Garcia-Segura, J.M., Ortiz, T., Montoya, J., Maestu, F., Gil-Gregorio, P., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetoencephalographic estimation of delta dipole density: a combination of techniques that may contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 20 (2005), 169–177.
86. Foy, C.M., Daly, E.M., Glover, A., O'Gorman, R., Simmons, A., Murphy, D.G., et al. Hippocampal proton MR spectroscopy in early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Brain Topogr 24 (2011), 316–322.
87. Gordon, M.L., Kingsley, P.B., Goldberg, T.E., Koppel, J., Christen, E., Keehlisen, L., et al. An open-label exploratory study with memantine: correlation between proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cognition in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2 (2012), 312–320.
88. Haley, A.P., Knight-Scott, J., Simnad, V.I., Manning, C.A., Increased glucose concentration in the hippocampus in early Alzheimer's disease following oral glucose ingestion. Magn Reson Imaging 24 (2006), 715–720.
89. Heun, R., Schlegel, S., Graf-Morgenstern, M., Tintera, J., Gawehn, J., Stoeter, P., Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12 (1997), 349–358.
90. Huang, W., Alexander, G.E., Chang, L., Shetty, H.U., Krasuski, J.S., Rapoport, S.I., et al. Brain metabolite concentration and dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease: a (1)H MRS study. Neurology 57 (2001), 626–632.
91. Jessen, F., Traeber, F., Freymann, N., Maier, W., Schild, H.H., Heun, R., et al. A comparative study of the different N-acetylaspartate measures of the medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 20 (2005), 178–183.
92. Jessen, F., Gur, O., Block, W., Ende, G., Frolich, L., Hammen, T., et al. A multicenter (1)H-MRS study of the medial temporal lobe in AD and MCI. Neurology 72 (2009), 1735–1740.
93. Moats, R.A., Ernst, T., Shonk, T.K., Ross, B.D., Abnormal cerebral metabolite concentrations in patients with probable Alzheimer disease. Magn Reson Med 32 (1994), 110–115.
94. Parnetti, L., Lowenthal, D.T., Presciutti, O., Pelliccioli, G.P., Palumbo, R., Gobbi, G., et al. 1H-MRS, MRI-based hippocampal volumetry, and 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in normal aging, age-associated memory impairment, and probable Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 44 (1996), 133–138.
95. Parnetti, L., Tarducci, R., Presciutti, O., Lowenthal, D.T., Pippi, M., Palumbo, B., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can differentiate Alzheimer's disease from normal aging. Mech Ageing Dev 97 (1997), 9–14.
96. Rami, L., Gomez-Anson, B., Bosch, B., Sanchez-Valle, R., Monte, G.C., Villar, A., et al. Cortical brain metabolism as measured by proton spectroscopy is related to memory performance in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24 (2007), 274–279.
97. Rose, S.E., de Zubicaray, G.I., Wang, D., Galloway, G.J., Chalk, J.B., Eagle, S.C., et al. A 1H MRS study of probable Alzheimer's disease and normal aging: implications for longitudinal monitoring of dementia progression. Magn Reson Imaging 17 (1999), 291–299.
98. Schuff, N., Amend, D., Ezekiel, F., Steinman, S.K., Tanabe, J., Norman, D., et al. Changes of hippocampal N-acetyl aspartate and volume in Alzheimer's disease. A proton MR spectroscopic imaging and MRI study. Neurology 49 (1997), 1513–1521.
99. Schuff, N., Amend, D.L., Meyerhoff, D.J., Tanabe, J.L., Norman, D., Fein, G., et al. Alzheimer disease: quantitative H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging of frontoparietal brain. Radiology 207 (1998), 91–102.
100. Schuff, N., Capizzano, A.A., Du, A.T., Amend, D.L., O'Neill, J., Norman, D., et al. Selective reduction of N-acetylaspartate in medial temporal and parietal lobes in AD. Neurology 58 (2002), 928–935.
101. Shiino, A., Watanabe, T., Shirakashi, Y., Kotani, E., Yoshimura, M., Morikawa, S., et al. The profile of hippocampal metabolites differs between Alzheimer's disease and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32 (2012), 805–815.
102. Shonk, T.K., Moats, R.A., Gifford, P., Michaelis, T., Mandigo, J.C., Izumi, J., et al. Probable Alzheimer disease: diagnosis with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 195 (1995), 65–72.
103. Stoppe, G., Bruhn, H., Pouwels, P.J., Hanicke, W., Frahm, J., Alzheimer disease: absolute quantification of cerebral metabolites in vivo using localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 14 (2000), 112–119.
104. Arlt, S., Schwedhelm, E., Kolsch, H., Jahn, H., Linnebank, M., Smulders, Y., et al. Dimethylarginines, homocysteine metabolism, and cerebrospinal fluid markers for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 31 (2012), 751–758.
105. Hagnelius, N.O., Wahlund, L.O., Nilsson, T.K., CSF/serum folate gradient: physiology and determinants with special reference to dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25 (2008), 516–523.
106. Serot, J.M., Christmann, D., Dubost, T., Bene, M.C., Faure, G.C., CSF-folate levels are decreased in late-onset AD patients. J Neural Transm 108 (2001), 93–99.
107. Smach, M.A., Jacob, N., Golmard, J.L., Charfeddine, B., Lammouchi, T., Ben Othman, L., et al. Folate and homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia: a case control study. Eur Neurol 65 (2011), 270–278.
108. Abalan, F., Zittoun, J., Boutami, C., Dugrais, G., Manciet, G., Decamps, A., et al. (Trans.) Plasma, red cell, and cerebrospinal fluid folate in Alzheimer's disease Encephale 22 (1996), 430–434.
109. Mulder, C., Schoonenboom, N.S., Jansen, E.E., Verhoeven, N.M., van Kamp, G.J., Jakobs, C., et al. The transmethylation cycle in the brain of Alzheimer patients. Neurosci Lett 386 (2005), 69–71.
110. Nijst, T.Q., Wevers, R.A., Schoonderwaldt, H.C., Hommes, O.R., de Haan, A.F., Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients with special reference to multiple sclerosis and dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 (1990), 951–954.
111. Popp, J., Lewczuk, P., Linnebank, M., Cvetanovska, G., Smulders, Y., Kölsch, H., et al. Homocysteine metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid markers for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 18 (2009), 819–828.
112. Selley, M.L., Close, D.R., Stern, S.E., The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 23 (2002), 383–388.
113. Basun, H., Forsell, L.G., Bendz, R., Wahlund, L.O., Wetterberg, L., Winblad, B., Cobalamin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2 (1991), 324–332.
114. Gottfries, J., Blennow, K., Lehmann, M.W., Regland, B., Gottfries, C.G., One-carbon metabolism and other biochemical correlates of cognitive impairment as visualized by principal component analysis. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 14 (2001), 109–114.
115. Regland, B., Abrahamsson, L., Blennow, K., Gottfries, C.G., Wallin, A., Vitamin B12 in CSF: reduced CSF/serum B12 ratio in demented men. Acta Neurol Scand 85 (1992), 276–281.
116. Kaddurah-Daouk, R., Rozen, S., Matson, W., Han, X., Hulette, C.M., Burke, J.R., et al. Metabolomic changes in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7 (2011), 309–317.
117. Kontush, A., Donarski, N., Beisiegel, U., Resistance of human cerebrospinal fluid to in vitro oxidation is directly related to its amyloid-beta content. Free Radic Res 35 (2001), 507–517.
118. Schippling, S., Kontush, A., Arlt, S., Buhmann, C., Sturenburg, H.J., Mann, U., et al. Increased lipoprotein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 28 (2000), 351–360.
119. Paraskevas, G.P., Kapaki, E., Libitaki, G., Zournas, C., Segditsa, I., Papageorgiou, C., Ascorbate in healthy subjects, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 96 (1997), 88–90.
120. Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J., de Bustos, F., Molina, J.A., Benito-Leon, J., Tallon-Barranco, A., Gasalla, T., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 104 (1997), 703–710.
121. Tohgi, H., Abe, T., Nakanishi, M., Hamato, F., Sasaki, K., Takahashi, S., Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and its quinone derivative in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type and Alzheimer type dementia. Neurosci Lett 174 (1994), 73–76.
122. Corrigan, F.M., Reynolds, G.P., Ward, N.I., Reductions of zinc and selenium in brain in Alzheimer's disease. Trace Elem Med 8 (1991), 1–5.
123. Corrigan, F.M., Reynolds, G.P., Ward, N.I., Hippocampal tin, aluminum and zinc in Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 6 (1993), 149–154.
124. Stedman, J.D., Spyrou, N.M., Elemental analysis of the frontal lobe of normal brain tissue and that affected by Alzheimer disease. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 217 (1997), 163–166.
125. Cornett, C.R., Ehmann, W.D., Wekstein, D.R., Markesbery, W.R., Trace elements in Alzheimer's disease pituitary glands. Biol Trace Elem Res 62 (1998), 107–114.
126. Cornett, C.R., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Imbalances of trace elements related to oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurotoxicology 19 (1998), 339–346.
127. Ehmann, W.D., Markesbery, W.R., Alauddin, M., Hossain, T.I., Brubaker, E.H., Brain trace elements in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 7 (1986), 197–206.
128. Panayi, A.E., Spyrou, N.M., Part, P., Differences in trace element concentrations between Alzheimer and “normal” human brain tissue using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 249 (2001), 437–441.
129. Plantin, L.O., Lying-Tunell, U., Kristensson, K., Trace elements in the human central nervous system studied with neutron activation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 13 (1987), 69–75.
130. Samudralwar, D.L., Diprete, C.C., Ni, B.F., Ehmann, W.D., Markesbery, W.R., Elemental imbalances in the olfactory pathway in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 130 (1995), 139–145.
131. Thompson, C.M., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Mao, Y.X., Vance, D.E., Regional brain trace-element studies in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 9 (1988), 1–7.
132. Wenstrup, D., Ehmann, W.D., Markesbery, W.R., Trace element imbalances in isolated subcellular fractions of Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Res 533 (1990), 125–131.
133. Kapaki, E., Segditsa, J., Papageorgiou, C., Zinc, copper and magnesium concentration in serum and CSF of patients with neurological disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 79 (1989), 373–378.
134. Kovatsi, L., Touliou, K., Tsolaki, M., Kazis, A., Cerebrospinal fluid levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Trace Elem Electrolytes 23 (2006), 247–250.
135. Molina, J.A., Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J., Aguilar, M.V., Meseguer, I., Mateos-Vega, C.J., Gonzalez-Munoz, M.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 105 (1998), 479–488.
136. Graham, S.F., Nasaruddin, M.B., Carey, M., Holscher, C., McGuinness, B., Kehoe, P.G., et al. Age-associated changes of brain copper, iron, and zinc in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Alzheimers Dis 42 (2014), 1407–1413.
137. Hozumi, I., Hasegawa, T., Honda, A., Ozawa, K., Hayashi, Y., Hashimoto, K., et al. Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci 303 (2011), 95–99.
138. Panayi, A.E., Spyrou, N.M., Iversen, B.S., White, M.A., Part, P., Determination of cadmium and zinc in Alzheimer's brain tissue using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Neurol Sci 195 (2002), 1–10.
139. Sahu, R.N., Pandey, R.S., Subhash, M.N., Arya, B.Y., Padmashree, T.S., Srinivas, K.N., CSF zinc in Alzheimer's type dementia. Biol Psychiatry 24 (1988), 480–482.
140. Tao, Y., Wang, Y., Rogers, J.T., Wang, F., Perturbed iron distribution in Alzheimer's disease serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and selected brain regions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 42 (2014), 679–690.
141. Veronese, N., Zurlo, A., Solmi, M., Luchini, C., Trevisan, C., Bano, G., et al. Magnesium status in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 31 (2016), 208–213.
142. Ventriglia, M., Brewer, G.J., Simonelli, I., Mariani, S., Siotto, M., Bucossi, S., et al. Zinc in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid studies. J Alzheimers Dis 46 (2015), 75–87.
143. Schrag, M., Mueller, C., Oyoyo, U., Smith, M.A., Kirsch, W.M., Iron, zinc and copper in the Alzheimer's disease brain: a quantitative meta-analysis. Some insight on the influence of citation bias on scientific opinion. Prog Neurobiol 94 (2011), 296–306.
144. Johansson, P., Almqvist, E.G., Johansson, J.O., Mattsson, N., Andreasson, U., Hansson, O., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and CSF acetylcholinesterase activity are reduced in patients with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e81989.
145. van de Rest, O., Berendsen, A.A., Haveman-Nies, A., de Groot, L.C., Dietary patterns, cognitive decline, and dementia: a systematic review. Adv Nutr 6 (2015), 154–168.
146. Shakersain, B., Santoni, G., Larsson, S.C., Faxen-Irving, G., Fastbom, J., Fratiglioni, L., et al. Prudent diet may attenuate the adverse effects of Western diet on cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 12 (2015), 100–109.
147. Hsiao, P.Y., Mitchell, D.C., Coffman, D.L., Allman, R.M., Locher, J.L., Sawyer, P., et al. Dietary patterns and diet quality among diverse older adults: the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging. J Nutr Health Aging 17 (2013), 19–25.
148. Bowman, G.L., Silbert, L.C., Howieson, D., Dodge, H.H., Traber, M.G., Frei, B., et al. Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and MRI measures of brain aging. Neurology 78 (2012), 241–249.
149. Gillette-Guyonnet, S., Nourhashemi, F., Andrieu, S., de Glisezinski, I., Ousset, P.J., Riviere, D., et al. Weight loss in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2000), 637S–642S.
150. Gillette Guyonnet, S., Abellan Van Kan, G., Alix, E., Andrieu, S., Belmin, J., Berrut, G., et al. IANA (International Academy on Nutrition and Aging) Expert Group: weight loss and Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 11 (2007), 38–48.
151. White, H., Pieper, C., Schmader, K., The association of weight change in Alzheimer's disease with severity of disease and mortality: a longitudinal analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 46 (1998), 1223–1227.
152. Zhao, Q.F., Tan, L., Wang, H.F., Jiang, T., Tan, M.S., Tan, L., et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 190 (2016), 264–271.
153. Guerin, O., Soto, M.E., Brocker, P., Robert, P.H., Benoit, M., Vellas, B., Nutritional status assessment during Alzheimer's disease: results after one year (the REAL French Study Group). J Nutr Health Aging 9 (2005), 81–84.
154. Droogsma, E., van Asselt, D.Z., Scholzel-Dorenbos, C.J., van Steijn, J.H., van Walderveen, P.E., van der Hooft, C.S., Nutritional status of community-dwelling elderly with newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: prevalence of malnutrition and the relation of various factors to nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging 17 (2013), 606–610.
155. Lane, R.M., Farlow, M.R., Lipid homeostasis and apolipoprotein E in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 46 (2005), 949–968.
156. Getz, G.S., Reardon, C.A., Apoprotein E as a lipid transport and signaling protein in the blood, liver, and artery wall. J Lipid Res 50 (2009), S156–S161.
157. Samieri, C., Lorrain, S., Buaud, B., Vaysse, C., Berr, C., Peuchant, E., et al. Relationship between diet and plasma long-chain n-3 PUFAs in older people: impact of apolipoprotein E genotype. J Lipid Res 54 (2013), 2559–2567.
158. D'Ambrosio, D.N., Clugston, R.D., Blaner, W.S., Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients 3 (2011), 63–103.
159. Kayden, H.J., Traber, M.G., Absorption, lipoprotein transport, and regulation of plasma concentrations of vitamin E in humans. J Lipid Res 34 (1993), 343–358.
160. Shearer, M.J., Newman, P., Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K. Thromb Haemost 100 (2008), 530–547.
161. Wang, C., Yu, J.T., Wang, H.F., Jiang, T., Tan, C.C., Meng, X.F., et al. Meta-analysis of peripheral blood apolipoprotein E levels in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e89041.
162. Rai, V., Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and Alzheimer disease risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 54 (2017), 1173–1186.
163. Naj, A.C., Beecham, G.W., Martin, E.R., Gallins, P.J., Powell, E.H., Konidari, I., et al. Dementia revealed: novel chromosome 6 locus for late-onset Alzheimer disease provides genetic evidence for folate-pathway abnormalities. PLoS Genet, 6, 2010, e1001130.
164. Cascalheira, J.F., Goncalves, M., Barroso, M., Castro, R., Palmeira, M., Serpa, A., et al. Association of the transcobalamin II gene 776C->G polymorphism with Alzheimer's type dementia: dependence on the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1298A->C polymorphism genotype. Ann Clin Biochem 52 (2015), 448–455.
165. Trushina, E., Dutta, T., Persson, X.M., Mielke, M.M., Petersen, R.C., Identification of altered metabolic pathways in plasma and CSF in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using metabolomics. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e63644.
166. Wang, G., Zhou, Y., Huang, F.J., Tang, H.D., Xu, X.H., Liu, J.J., et al. Plasma Metabolite Profiles of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Proteome Res 13 (2014), 2649–2658.
167. Gonzalez-Dominguez, R., Ruperez, F.J., Garcia-Barrera, T., Barbas, C., Gomez-Ariza, J.L., Metabolomic-driven elucidation of serum disturbances associated with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 13 (2016), 641–653.
168. Mapstone, M., Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults. Nat Med 20 (2014), 415–418.
169. Bourre, J.M., Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging 10 (2006), 386–399.
170. Spector, R., Nucleoside and vitamin homeostasis in the mammalian central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 481 (1986), 221–230.
171. Takeda, A., Movement of zinc and its functional significance in the brain. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 34 (2000), 137–148.
172. Spector, A.A., Plasma free fatty acid and lipoproteins as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid for the brain. J Mol Neurosci 16 (2001), 159–165.
173. Spector, R., Johanson, C.E., Vitamin transport and homeostasis in mammalian brain: focus on vitamins B and E. J Neurochem 103 (2007), 425–438.
174. Burk, R.F., Hill, K.E., Motley, A.K., Winfrey, V.P., Kurokawa, S., Mitchell, S.L., et al. Selenoprotein P and apolipoprotein E receptor-2 interact at the blood-brain barrier and also within the brain to maintain an essential selenium pool that protects against neurodegeneration. FASEB J 28 (2014), 3579–3588.
175. Nguyen, L.N., Ma, D., Shui, G., Wong, P., Cazenave-Gassiot, A., Zhang, X., et al. Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Nature 509 (2014), 503–506.
176. Talwar, P., Sinha, J., Grover, S., Agarwal, R., Kushwaha, S., Srivastava, M.V., et al. Meta-analysis of apolipoprotein E levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 360 (2016), 179–187.
177. Czech, C., Berndt, P., Busch, K., Schmitz, O., Wiemer, J., Most, V., et al. Metabolite profiling of Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e31501.
178. Miatto, O., Gonzalez, R.G., Buonanno, F., Growdon, J.H., In vitro 31P NMR spectroscopy detects altered phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 13 (1986), 535–539.
179. Yassine, H.N., Rawat, V., Mack, W.J., Quinn, J.F., Yurko-Mauro, K., Bailey-Hall, E., et al. The effect of APOE genotype on the delivery of DHA to cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther, 8, 2016, 25.
180. Blusztajn, J.K., Holbrook, P.G., Lakher, M., Liscovitch, M., Maire, J.C., Mauron, C., et al. “Autocannibalism” of membrane choline-phospholipids: physiology and pathology. Psychopharmacol Bull 22 (1986), 781–786.
181. Löffelholz, K., Brain choline has a typical precursor profile. J Physiol Paris 92 (1998), 235–239.
182. Wurtman, R.J., How anticholinergic drugs might promote Alzheimer's disease: more amyloid-β and less phosphatidylcholine. J Alzheimers Dis 46 (2015), 983–987.
183. Overk, C.R., Masliah, E., Pathogenesis of synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease. Biochem Pharmacol 88 (2014), 508–516.
184. de Wilde, M.C., Overk, C.R., Sijben, J.W., Masliah, E., Meta-analysis of synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease reveals selective molecular vesicular machinery vulnerability. Alzheimers Dement 12 (2016), 633–644.
185. Terry, R.D., Masliah, E., Salmon, D.P., Butters, N., DeTeresa, R., Hill, R., et al. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 30 (1991), 572–580.
186. Nitsch, R.M., Blusztajn, J.K., Pittas, A.G., Slack, B.E., Growdon, J.H., Wurtman, R.J., Evidence for a membrane defect in Alzheimer disease brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 (1992), 1671–1675.
187. Pettegrew, J.W., Panchalingam, K., Hamilton, R.L., McClure, R.J., Brain membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 26 (2001), 771–782.
188. Grimm, M.O., Grösgen, S., Riemenschneider, M., Tanila, H., Grimm, H.S., Hartmann, T., From brain to food: analysis of phosphatidylcholins, lyso-phosphatidylcholins and phosphatidylcholin-plasmalogens derivates in Alzheimer's disease human post mortem brains and mice model via mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218 (2011), 7713–7722.
189. Gaudin, M., Panchal, M., Auzeil, N., Duyckaerts, C., Brunelle, A., Laprevote, O., et al. Choline-containing phospholipids in microdissected human Alzheimer's disease brain senile plaque versus neuropil. Bioanalysis 4 (2012), 2153–5159.
190. Wood, P.L., Barnette, B.L., Kaye, J.A., Quinn, J.F., Woltjer, R.L., Non-targeted lipidomics of CSF and frontal cortex grey and white matter in control, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease subjects. Acta Neuropsychiatr 27 (2015), 270–278.
191. Wood, P.L., Medicherla, S., Sheikh, N., Terry, B., Phillipps, A., Kaye, J.A., et al. Targeted lipidomics of frontal cortex and plasma diacylglycerols (DAG) in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: validation of DAG accumulation early in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 48 (2015), 537–546.
192. Casanova, R., Varma, S., Simpson, B., Kim, M., An, Y., Saldana, S., et al. Blood metabolite markers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease in two longitudinally followed cohorts of older individuals. Alzheimers Dement 12 (2016), 815–822.
193. Selkoe, D.J., Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science 298 (2002), 789–791.
194. Yuki, D., Sugiura, Y., Zaima, N., Akatsu, H., Takei, S., Yao, I., et al. DHA-PC and PSD-95 decrease after loss of synaptophysin and before neuronal loss in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep, 4, 2014, 7130.
195. Bennett, S.A., Valenzuela, N., Xu, H., Franko, B., Fai, S., Figeys, D., Using neurolipidomics to identify phospholipid mediators of synaptic (dys)function in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol, 4, 2013, 168.
196. Athanasopoulos, D., Karagiannis, G., Tsolaki, M., Recent findings in Alzheimer disease and nutrition focusing on epigenetics. Adv Nutr 7 (2016), 917–927.
197. Marques, S., Outeiro, T.F., Epigenetics in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Subcell Biochem 61 (2013), 507–525.
198. Vadnal, J., Houston, S., Bhatta, S., Freeman, E., McDonough, J., Transcriptional signatures mediated by acetylation overlap with early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Exp Brain Res 221 (2012), 287–297.
199. Tonnies, E., Trushina, E., Oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 57 (2017), 1105–1121.
200. Lorente-Cebrian, S., Costa, A.G., Navas-Carretero, S., Zabala, M., Laiglesia, L.M., Martinez, J.A., et al. An update on the role of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory and degenerative diseases. J Physiol Biochem 71 (2015), 341–349.
201. Zhao, Y., Calon, F., Julien, C., Winkler, J.W., Petasis, N.A., Lukiw, W.J., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 induces neuronal survival via secretase- and PPARgamma-mediated mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease models. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e15816.
202. Mizwicki, M.T., Liu, G., Fiala, M., Magpantay, L., Sayre, J., Siani, A., et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and resolvin D1 retune the balance between amyloid-beta phagocytosis and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 34 (2013), 155–170.
203. Canhada, S., Castro, K., Perry, I.S., Luft, V.C., Omega-3 fatty acids' supplementation in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci, 2017, 1–10.
204. Farina, N., Llewellyn, D., Isaac, M., Tabet, N., Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2017, CD002854.
205. Li, M.M., Yu, J.T., Wang, H.F., Jiang, T., Wang, J., Meng, X.F., et al. Efficacy of vitamins B supplementation on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res 11 (2014), 844–852.
206. von Arnim, C.A., Gola, U., Biesalski, H.K., More than the sum of its parts? Nutrition in Alzheimer's disease. Nutrition 26 (2010), 694–700.