Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis

Journal of Cancer

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 761-773

  Wang, Maonan ^a,b   Zhao, Jingzhou ^b   Zhang, Lishen ^b   Wei, Fang ^b   Lian, Yu ^b   Wu, Yingfeng ^b   Gong, Zhaojian ^b   Zhang, Shanshan ^a   Zhou, Jianda ^b   Cao, Ke ^b   Li, Xiayu ^b   Xiong, Wei ^a,b   Li, Guiyuan ^a,b   Zeng, Zhaoyang ^a,b   Guo, Can ^a,b  

^a CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Adipose cells; Angiogenesis; Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs); Immune inflammatory cells; Neuroendocrine cells

Indexed keywords

ADIPOSE TISSUE CELL; ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER ASSOCIATED FIBROBLAST; CARCINOGENESIS; INFLAMMATORY CELL; NEUROSECRETORY CELL; PUBLICATION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 85014760592     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18379664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/jca.17648     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011; 144: 646-74.
2. Xiong W, Zeng ZY, Xia JH, et al. A susceptibility locus at chromosome 3p21 linked to familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 1972-4.
3. Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Zhang W, et al. Family-based association analysis validates chromosome 3p21 as a putative nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus. Genet Med. 2006; 8: 156-60.
4. Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Xiong W, et al. Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate molecular markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma using microdissection and cDNA microarray. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2007; 133: 71-81.
5. Zeng ZY, Zhou YH, Zhang WL, et al. Gene expression profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals the abnormally regulated Wnt signaling pathway. Hum Pathol. 2007; 38: 120-33.
6. Zhou Y, Zeng Z, Zhang W, et al. Identification of candidate molecular markers of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by microarray analysis of subtracted cDNA libraries constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008; 17: 561-71.
7. Zhou Y, Zeng Z, Zhang W, et al. Lactotransferrin: a candidate tumor suppressor-Deficient expression in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and inhibition of NPC cell proliferation by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Int J Cancer. 2008; 123: 2065-72.
8. Zeng Z, Huang H, Zhang W, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: advances in genomics and molecular genetics. Sci China Life Sci. 2011; 54: 966-75.
9. Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhang W, et al. Long non-coding RNAs in cancer. Sci China Life Sci. 2012; 55: 1120-4.
10. Zhang W, Zeng Z, Fan S, et al. Evaluation of the prognostic value of TGF-beta superfamily type I receptor and TGF-beta type II receptor expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma using high-throughput tissue microarrays. J Mol Histol. 2012; 43: 297-306.
11. Liao Q, Guo X, Li X, et al. Prohibitin is an important biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and prognosis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2013; 22: 68-76.
12. Zhang W, Huang C, Gong Z, et al. Expression of LINC00312, a long intergenic non-coding RNA, is negatively correlated with tumor size but positively correlated with lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Mol Histol. 2013; 44: 545-54.
13. Zeng Z, Huang H, Huang L, et al. Regulation network and expression profiles of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs and their potential target host genes in nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Sci China Life Sci. 2014; 57: 315-26.
14. Bo H, Gong Z, Zhang W, et al. Upregulated long non-coding RNA AFAP1-AS1 expression is associated with progression and poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 20404-18.
15. Zhang W, Fan S, Zou G, et al. Lactotransferrin could be a novel independent molecular prognosticator of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2015; 36: 675-83.
16. Li H, Li X, Ge X, et al. MiR-34b-3 and miR-449a inhibit malignant progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting lactate dehydrogenase A. Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 54838-51.
17. Li Q, Chen P, Zeng Z, et al. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified WDR77 as a novel interacting partner of TSC22D2. Tumour Biol. 2016; 37: 12503-12.
18. Liang F, Li Q, Li X, et al. TSC22D2 interacts with PKM2 and inhibits cell growth in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol. 2016; 49: 1046-56.
19. Wang H, Zhao R, Guo C, et al. Knockout of BRD7 results in impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 21776.
20. Wang Y, Xue D, Li Y, et al. The Long Noncoding RNA MALAT-1 is A Novel Biomarker in Various Cancers: A Meta-analysis Based on the GEO Database and Literature. J Cancer. 2016; 7: 991-1001.
21. Xu K, Xiong W, Zhou M, et al. Integrating ChIP-sequencing and digital gene expression profiling to identify BRD7 downstream genes and construct their regulating network. Mol Cell Biochem. 2016; 411: 57-71.
22. Yu J, Liu Y, Gong Z, et al. Overexpression long non-coding RNA LINC00673 is associated with poor prognosis and promotes invasion and metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017; DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14200.
23. Zeng Z, Fan S, Zhang X, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA 1 (EBER-1) could predict good prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2016; 18: 206-11.
24. Zhou Y, Liao Q, Li X, et al. HYOU1, Regulated by LPLUNC1, Is Up-Regulated in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Associated with Poor Prognosis. J Cancer. 2016; 7: 367-76.
25. Liu Y, Zhao R, Wang H, et al. miR-141 is involved in BRD7-mediated cell proliferation and tumor formation through suppression of the PTEN/AKT pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2016; 7: e2156.
26. Wang W, Yi M, Chen S, et al. Significance of the NOR1-FOXA1/HDAC2-Slug regulatory network in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells. Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 16745-59.
27. Wang W, Yi M, Chen S, et al. NOR1 Suppresses Cancer Stem-Like Cells Properties of Tumor Cells via the Inhibition of the AKT-GSK-3beta-Wnt/beta-Catenin-ALDH1A1 Signal Circuit. J Cell Physiol. 2017; DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25706.
28. Yang L, Tang Y, He Y, et al. High Expression of LINC01420 indicates an unfavorable prognosis and modulates cell migration and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cancer. 2017; 8: 97-103.
29. Tang Y, He Y, Yang L, et al. Co-expression of AFAP1-AS1 and PD-1 predicts poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017; 30
30. Wang Y, Mo Y, Gong Z, et al. Circular RNAs in Human Cancer. Molecular Cancer. 2017; 16: 25.
31. Pienta KJ, McGregor N, Axelrod R, et al. Ecological Therapy for Cancer: Defining Tumors Using an Ecosystem Paradigm Suggests New Opportunities for Novel Cancer Treatments. Transl Oncol. 2008; 1: 158-64.
32. Chen F, Zhuang X, Lin L, et al. New horizons in tumor microenvironment biology: challenges and opportunities. BMC Med. 2015; 13: 45.
33. Mroue R, Bissell MJ. Three-Dimensional Cultures of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells. In: Randell HS, Fulcher LM, eds. Epithelial Cell Culture Protocols: Second Edition. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ. 2013:221-50.
34. Karvonen HM, Lehtonen ST, Sormunen RT, et al. Lung cancer-associated myofibroblasts reveal distinctive ultrastructure and function. J Thorac Oncol. 2014; 9: 664-74.
35. Karki S, Surolia R, Hock TD, et al. Wilms' tumor 1 (Wt1) regulates pleural mesothelial cell plasticity and transition into myofibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J. 2014; 28: 1122-31.
36. Shu H, Li HF. Prognostic effect of stromal myofibroblasts in lung adenocarcinoma. Neoplasma. 2012; 59: 658-61.
37. Grotendorst GR, Rahmanie H, Duncan MR. Combinatorial signaling pathways determine fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation. FASEB J. 2004; 18: 469-79.
38. Orimo A, Gupta PB, Sgroi DC, et al. Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell. 2005; 121: 335-48.
39. Olumi AF, Grossfeld GD, Hayward SW, et al. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 5002-11.
40. Busch S, Acar A, Magnusson Y, et al. TGF-beta receptor type-2 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts regulates breast cancer cell growth and survival and is a prognostic marker in pre-menopausal breast cancer. Oncogene. 2015; 34: 27-38.
41. Kalluri R, Zeisberg M. Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006; 6: 392-401.
42. Tanaka K, Miyata H, Sugimura K, et al. miR-27 is associated with chemoresistance in esophageal cancer through transformation of normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis. 2015; 36: 894-903.
43. Min A, Zhu C, Peng S, et al. Downregulation of Microrna-148a in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts from Oral Cancer Promotes Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Targeting Wnt10b. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2016; 30: 186-91.
44. Wiseman BS, Werb Z. Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer. Science. 2002; 296: 1046-9.
45. Xue X, Lu Z, Tang D, et al. Galectin-1 secreted by activated stellate cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma stroma promotes proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells: an in vitro study on the microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas. 2011; 40: 832-9.
46. Saussez S, Decaestecker C, Cludts S, et al. Adhesion/growth-regulatory tissue lectin galectin-1 in relation to angiogenesis/lymphocyte infiltration and prognostic relevance of stromal up-regulation in laryngeal carcinomas. Anticancer Res. 2009; 29: 59-65.
47. van den Brule FA, Waltregny D, Castronovo V. Increased expression of galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated stroma predicts poor outcome in prostate carcinoma patients. J Pathol. 2001; 193: 80-7.
48. Jung EJ, Moon HG, Cho BI, et al. Galectin-1 expression in cancer-associated stromal cells correlates tumor invasiveness and tumor progression in breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007; 120: 2331-8.
49. He XJ, Tao HQ, Hu ZM, et al. Expression of galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes gastric cancer cell invasion through upregulation of integrin beta1. Cancer Sci. 2014; 105: 1402-10.
50. Eberlein C, Rooney C, Ross SJ, et al. E-Cadherin and EpCAM expression by NSCLC tumour cells associate with normal fibroblast activation through a pathway initiated by integrin alphavbeta6 and maintained through TGFbeta signalling. Oncogene. 2015; 34: 704-16.
51. Jung Y, Kim JK, Shiozawa Y, et al. Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into prostate tumours promotes metastasis. Nat Commun. 2013; 4: 1795.
52. Fukui H, Zhang X, Sun C, et al. IL-22 produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes gastric cancer cell invasion via STAT3 and ERK signaling. Br J Cancer. 2014; 111: 763-71.
53. Dowling CM, Herranz Ors C, Kiely PA. Using real-time impedance-based assays to monitor the effects of fibroblast-derived media on the adhesion, proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. Biosci Rep. 2014; 34
54. Desmouliere A, Guyot C, Gabbiani G. The stroma reaction myofibroblast: a key player in the control of tumor cell behavior. Int J Dev Biol. 2004; 48: 509-17.
55. Huang J, Li Z, Ding Z, et al. Different roles of myofibroblasts in the tumorigenesis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol. 2015: 1-10.
56. Gout S, Huot J. Role of cancer microenvironment in metastasis: focus on colon cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2008; 1: 69-83.
57. Hlatky L, Tsionou C, Hahnfeldt P, et al. Mammary Fibroblasts May Influence Breast Tumor Angiogenesis via Hypoxia-induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Up-Regulation and Protein Expression. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 6083-6.
58. Zucali JR, Dinarello CA, Oblon DJ, et al. Interleukin 1 stimulates fibroblasts to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity and prostaglandin E2. J Clin Invest. 1986; 77: 1857-63.
59. Huleihel M, Douvdevani A, Segal S, et al. Regulation of interleukin 1 generation in immune-activated fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol. 1990; 20: 731-8.
60. Yu X, Graves DT. Fibroblasts, mononuclear phagocytes, and endothelial cells express monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in inflamed human gingiva. J Periodontol. 1995; 66: 80-8.
61. Ghatnekar A, Trojanowska M. GATA-6 is a novel transcriptional repressor of the human Tenascin-C gene expression in fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008; 1779: 145-51.
62. Feig C, Jones JO, Kraman M, et al. Targeting CXCL12 from FAP-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts synergizes with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 20212-7.
63. Ohlund D, Elyada E, Tuveson D. Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound. J Exp Med. 2014; 211: 1503-23.
64. Berdiel-Acer M, Sanz-Pamplona R, Calon A, et al. Differences between CAFs and their paired NCF from adjacent colonic mucosa reveal functional heterogeneity of CAFs, providing prognostic information. Mol Oncol. 2014; 8: 1290-305.
65. Wendling O, Bornert JM, Chambon P, et al. Efficient temporally-controlled targeted mutagenesis in smooth muscle cells of the adult mouse. Genesis. 2009; 47: 14-8.
66. Roberts EW, Deonarine A, Jones JO, et al. Depletion of stromal cells expressing fibroblast activation protein-alpha from skeletal muscle and bone marrow results in cachexia and anemia. J Exp Med. 2013; 210: 1137-51.
67. Okada H, Danoff TM, Kalluri R, et al. Early role of Fsp1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Am J Physiol. 1997; 273: F563-74.
68. Musumeci M, Coppola V, Addario A, et al. Control of tumor and microenvironment cross-talk by miR-15a and miR-16 in prostate cancer. Oncogene. 2011; 30: 4231-42.
69. Bronisz A, Godlewski J, Wallace JA, et al. Reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment by stromal PTEN-regulated miR-320. Nat Cell Biol. 2012; 14: 159-67.
70. Aprelikova O, Palla J, Hibler B, et al. Silencing of miR-148a in cancer-associated fibroblasts results in WNT10B-mediated stimulation of tumor cell motility. Oncogene. 2013; 32: 3246-53.
71. Haubeiss S, Schmid JO, Murdter TE, et al. Dasatinib reverses cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from primary lung carcinomas to a phenotype comparable to that of normal fibroblasts. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 168.
72. Yashiro M, Matsuoka T. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 2415-23.
73. Ding N, Yu RT, Subramaniam N, et al. A vitamin D receptor/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response. Cell. 2013; 153: 601-13.
74. Li M, Li M, Yin T, et al. Targeting of cancerassociated fibroblasts enhances the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment. Mol Med Rep. 2016; 13: 2476-84.
75. Davis CD, Milner JA. Molecular targets for nutritional preemption of cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2007; 7: 410-5.
76. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010; 140: 883-99.
77. Duan Z, Zheng H, Xu S, et al. Activation of the Ig Ialpha1 promoter by the transcription factor Ets-1 triggers Ig Ialpha1-Calpha1 germline transcription in epithelial cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol. 2014; 11: 197-205.
78. Hu D, Duan Z, Li M, et al. Heterogeneity of aberrant immunoglobulin expression in cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011; 8: 479-85.
79. Hu D, Zheng H, Liu H, et al. Immunoglobulin expression and its biological significance in cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol. 2008; 5: 319-24.
80. Li M, Zheng H, Duan Z, et al. Promotion of cell proliferation and inhibition of ADCC by cancerous immunoglobulin expressed in cancer cell lines. Cell Mol Immunol. 2012; 9: 54-61.
81. Yang Y, Zhou H, Yang Y, et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regulates TLR4 signal transduction in nasopharynx epithelial cell line 5-8F via NFkappaB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Mol Immunol. 2007; 44: 984-92.
82. Zheng H, Li M, Ren W, et al. Expression and secretion of immunoglobulin alpha heavy chain with diverse VDJ recombinations by human epithelial cancer cells. Mol Immunol. 2007; 44: 2221-7.
83. Zhao R, Liu Y, Wang H, et al. BRD7 plays an anti-inflammatory role during early acute inflammation by inhibiting activation of the NF-small ka, CyrillicB signaling pathway. Cell Mol Immunol. 2017; DOI:10.1038/cmi.2016.31.
84. O'Sullivan T, Saddawi-Konefka R, Vermi W, et al. Cancer immunoediting by the innate immune system in the absence of adaptive immunity. J Exp Med. 2012; 209: 1869-82.
85. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004; 22: 329-60.
86. Egeblad M, Nakasone ES, Werb Z. Tumors as organs: complex tissues that interface with the entire organism. Dev Cell. 2010; 18: 884-901.
87. Mantovani A. Molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. Curr Mol Med. 2010; 10: 369-73.
88. Qian BZ, Pollard JW. Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell. 2010; 141: 39-51.
89. Murdoch C, Muthana M, Coffelt SB, et al. The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008; 8: 618-31.
90. Ricciardi M, Zanotto M, Malpeli G, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by inflammatory priming elicits mesenchymal stromal cell-like immune-modulatory properties in cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2015; 112: 1067-75.
91. Bronkhorst IH, Ly LV, Jordanova ES, et al. Detection of M2-macrophages in uveal melanoma and relation with survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011; 52: 643-50.
92. Ly LV, Baghat A, Versluis M, et al. In aged mice, outgrowth of intraocular melanoma depends on proangiogenic M2-type macrophages. J Immunol. 2010; 185: 3481-8.
93. Tao M, Liu L, Shen M, et al. Inflammatory stimuli promote growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells through NF-kappaB pathway dependent repression of PP2Ac. Cell Cycle. 2016; 15: 381-93.
94. Pathak BR, Breed AA, Apte S, et al. Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 plays a role in prostate cancer cell invasion and affects expression of PSA and ANXA1. Mol Cell Biochem. 2016; 411: 11-21.
95. Jiang MH, Lim JE, Chi GF, et al. Substance P reduces apoptotic cell death possibly by modulating the immune response at the early stage after spinal cord injury. Neuroreport. 2013; 24: 846-51.
96. Konig A, Vilsmaier T, Rack B, et al. Determination of Interleukin-4, -5, -6, -8 and -13 in Serum of Patients with Breast Cancer Before Treatment and its Correlation to Circulating Tumor Cells. Anticancer Res. 2016; 36: 3123-30.
97. Savino W. Neuroendocrine control of T cell development in mammals: role of growth hormone in modulating thymocyte migration. Exp Physiol. 2007; 92: 813-7.
98. Razmkhah M, Jaberipour M, Erfani N, et al. Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) isolated from breast cancer tissue express IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 and upregulate expression of regulatory molecules on T cells: do they protect breast cancer cells from the immune response? Cell Immunol. 2011; 266: 116-22.
99. Caspar-Bauguil S, Cousin B, Andre M, et al. Weight-dependent changes of immune system in adipose tissue: importance of leptin. Exp Cell Res. 2006; 312: 2195-202.
100. Winer S, Winer DA. The adaptive immune system as a fundamental regulator of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Immunol Cell Biol. 2012; 90: 755-62.
101. Wei N, Chen Z, Xue Z, et al. Polymorphism of VEGF gene in susceptibility to chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2015; 35: 1351-60.
102. Middleton E, Jr., Kandaswami C. Effects of flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell functions. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992; 43: 1167-79.
103. Lolmede K, Campana L, Vezzoli M, et al. Inflammatory and alternatively activated human macrophages attract vessel-associated stem cells, relying on separate HMGB1- and MMP-9-dependent pathways. J Leukoc Biol. 2009; 85: 779-87.
104. Zhang J, Silva T, Yarovinsky T, et al. VEGF blockade inhibits lymphocyte recruitment and ameliorates immune-mediated vascular remodeling. Circ Res. 2010; 107: 408-17.
105. Abbott RJ, Knott V, Roversi P, et al. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of three EGF domains of EMR2, a 7TM immune-system molecule. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004; 60: 936-8.
106. Angell H, Galon J. From the immune contexture to the Immunoscore: the role of prognostic and predictive immune markers in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013; 25: 261-7.
107. Manser AR, Uhrberg M. Age-related changes in natural killer cell repertoires: impact on NK cell function and immune surveillance. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016; 65: 417-26.
108. Butt AQ, Mills KH. Immunosuppressive networks and checkpoints controlling antitumor immunity and their blockade in the development of cancer immunotherapeutics and vaccines. Oncogene. 2014; 33: 4623-31.
109. Baeke F, Korf H, Overbergh L, et al. Human T lymphocytes are direct targets of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the immune system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010; 121: 221-7.
110. Baruch K, Rosenzweig N, Kertser A, et al. Breaking immune tolerance by targeting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells mitigates Alzheimer's disease pathology. Nat Commun. 2015; 6: 7967.
111. Parker KH, Sinha P, Horn LA, et al. HMGB1 enhances immune suppression by facilitating the differentiation and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res. 2014; 74: 5723-33.
112. Tiainen S, Tumelius R, Rilla K, et al. High numbers of macrophages, especially M2-like (CD163-positive), correlate with hyaluronan accumulation and poor outcome in breast cancer. Histopathology. 2015; 66: 873-83.
113. Dobrenis K, Gauthier LR, Barroca V, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor off-target effect on nerve outgrowth promotes prostate cancer development. Int J Cancer. 2015; 136: 982-8.
114. Hu P, Wang G, Shen M, et al. Intratumoral polymorphonuclear granulocyte is associated with poor prognosis in squamous esophageal cancer by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Future Oncol. 2015; 11: 771-83.
115. Yoshimura T, Imamichi T, Weiss JM, et al. Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins in Macrophages via the Production of Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor by Breast Cancer Cells. Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 2.
116. Rizvi NA, Mazieres J, Planchard D, et al. Activity and safety of nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, for patients with advanced, refractory squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 063): a phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16: 257-65.
117. Sun S, Fei X, Mao Y, et al. PD-1(+) immune cell infiltration inversely correlates with survival of operable breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014; 63: 395-406.
118. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012; 12: 252-64.
119. Hoechst B, Gamrekelashvili J, Manns MP, et al. Plasticity of human Th17 cells and iTregs is orchestrated by different subsets of myeloid cells. Blood. 2011; 117: 6532.
120. Park JH, Han JH, Kang HY, et al. Expression of follicular helper T-cell markers in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36: 465-70.
121. Reiss KA, Forde PM, Brahmer JR. Harnessing the power of the immune system via blockade of PD-1 and PD-L1: a promising new anticancer strategy. Immunotherapy. 2014; 6: 459-75.
122. Byrne WL, Mills KH, Lederer JA, et al. Targeting regulatory T cells in cancer. Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 6915-20.
123. Sinha P, Clements VK, Bunt SK, et al. Cross-Talk between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Macrophages Subverts Tumor Immunity toward a Type 2 Response. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 977-83.
124. Puig-Kröger A, Sierra-Filardi E, Domínguez-Soto A, et al. Folate Receptor ß Is Expressed by Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Constitutes a Marker for M2 Anti-inflammatory/Regulatory Macrophages. Cancer Res. 2009; 69: 9395.
125. Rasku MA, Clem AL, Telang S, et al. Transient T cell depletion causes regression of melanoma metastases. J Transl Med. 2008; 6: 12.
126. Kim Y, Pardoll D, Fu J, et al. Abstract 2495: STING agonists formulated into cancer vaccines (STINGVAX) can cure established tumor resistant to immune checkpoint blockade by activating NK cells. Cancer Res. 2015; 75: 2495.
127. Coe D, Begom S, Addey C, et al. Depletion of regulatory T cells by anti-GITR mAb as a novel mechanism for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010; 59: 1367-77.
128. Pyonteck SM, Gadea BB, Wang HW, et al. Deficiency of the macrophage growth factor CSF-1 disrupts pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor development. Oncogene. 2012; 31: 1459-67.
129. Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med. 2004; 10: 942-9.
130. Boesteanu AC, Katsikis PD. Memory T cells need CD28 costimulation to remember. Semin Immunol. 2009; 21: 69-77.
131. Parietti V, Monneaux F, Decossas M, et al. Function of CD4+,CD25+ Treg cells in MRL/lpr mice is compromised by intrinsic defects in antigen-presenting cells and effector T cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 58: 1751-61.
132. Miwa S, Nishida H, Tanzawa Y, et al. TNF-alpha and tumor lysate promote the maturation of dendritic cells for immunotherapy for advanced malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e52926.
133. De Bock K, Cauwenberghs S, Carmeliet P. Vessel abnormalization: another hallmark of cancer? Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011; 21: 73-9.
134. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 1996; 86: 353-64.
135. Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, et al. Type-2 pericytes participate in normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2014; 307: C25-38.
136. Hos D, Schlereth SL, Bock F, et al. Antilymphangiogenic therapy to promote transplant survival and to reduce cancer metastasis: what can we learn from the eye? Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2015; 38: 117-30.
137. Barankay T, Baumgartl H, Lubbers DW, et al. Oxygen pressure in small lymphatics. Pflugers Arch. 1976; 366: 53-9.
138. Chovatiya R, Medzhitov R. Stress, inflammation, and defense of homeostasis. Mol Cell. 2014; 54: 281-8.
139. Guillaumond F, Leca J, Olivares O, et al. Strengthened glycolysis under hypoxia supports tumor symbiosis and hexosamine biosynthesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 3919-24.
140. Koshikawa N, Iyozumi A, Gassmann M, et al. Constitutive upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1[alpha] mRNA occurring in highly metastatic lung carcinoma cells leads to vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression upon hypoxic exposure. Oncogene. 2003; 22: 6717-24.
141. Ito M, Minamiya Y, Kawai H, et al. Tumor-derived TGFbeta-1 induces dendritic cell apoptosis in the sentinel lymph node. J Immunol. 2006; 176: 5637-43.
142. Huang RR, Wen DR, Guo J, et al. Selective Modulation of Paracortical Dendritic Cells and T-Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer Sentinel Lymph Nodes. Breast J. 2000; 6: 225-32.
143. Watanabe S, Deguchi K, Zheng R, et al. Tumor-induced CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells suppress T cell sensitization in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J Immunol. 2008; 181: 3291-300.
144. Pereira ER, Jones D, Jung K, et al. The lymph node microenvironment and its role in the progression of metastatic cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2015; 38: 98-105.
145. Topalian SL, Drake CG, Pardoll DM. Targeting the PD-1/B7-H1(PD-L1) pathway to activate anti-tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2012; 24: 207-12.
146. Padera TP, Meijer EF, Munn LL. The Lymphatic System in Disease Processes and Cancer Progression. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2016; 18: 125-58.
147. Nathanson SD, Shah R, Chitale DA, et al. Intraoperative clinical assessment and pressure measurements of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014; 21: 81-5.
148. Shields JD, Borsetti M, Rigby H, et al. Lymphatic density and metastatic spread in human malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer. 2004; 90: 693-700.
149. Farnsworth RH, Karnezis T, Shayan R, et al. A role for bone morphogenetic protein-4 in lymph node vascular remodeling and primary tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 6547-57.
150. Dunn IF, Heese O, Black PM. Growth factors in glioma angiogenesis: FGFs, PDGF, EGF, and TGFs. J Neurooncol. 2000; 50: 121-37.
151. Christiaens V, Lijnen HR. Angiogenesis and development of adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010; 318: 2-9.
152. Kesavan P, McCabe F, Millar H, et al. Anti-CCL-2 / MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) monoclonal antibodies effectively inhibit tumor angiogenesis and growth of human breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 254-.
153. Argaw AT, Zhang Y, Snyder BJ, et al. IL-1beta regulates blood-brain barrier permeability via reactivation of the hypoxia-angiogenesis program. J Immunol. 2006; 177: 5574-84.
154. Banerji S, Ni J, Wang S-X, et al. LYVE-1, a New Homologue of the CD44 Glycoprotein, Is a Lymph-specific Receptor for Hyaluronan. J Cell Biol. 1999; 144: 789-801.
155. Ellis LM, Hicklin DJ. VEGF-targeted therapy: mechanisms of anti-tumour activity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008; 8: 579-91.
156. Crawford Y, Ferrara N. VEGF inhibition: insights from preclinical and clinical studies. Cell Tissue Res. 2009; 335: 261-9.
157. Horowitz A, Simons M. Branching morphogenesis. Circ Res. 2008; 103: 784-95.
158. Jain RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science. 2005; 307: 58-62.
159. Heath VL, Bicknell R. Anticancer strategies involving the vasculature. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009; 6: 395-404.
160. Fischer C, Mazzone M, Jonckx B, et al. FLT1 and its ligands VEGFB and PlGF: drug targets for anti-angiogenic therapy? Nat Rev Cancer. 2008; 8: 942-56.
161. Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 2576-81.
162. Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 290-8.
163. Yamada Y, Nezu J, Shimane M, et al. Molecular cloning of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-D. Genomics. 1997; 42: 483-8.
164. Tang Y, Zhang D, Fallavollita L, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor C expression and lymph node metastasis are regulated by the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 1166-71.
165. Gaengel K, Genove G, Armulik A, et al. Endothelial-mural cell signaling in vascular development and angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009; 29: 630-8.
166. Bergers G, Song S, Meyer-Morse N, et al. Benefits of targeting both pericytes and endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature with kinase inhibitors. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111: 1287-95.
167. Nisancioglu MH, Betsholtz C, Genove G. The absence of pericytes does not increase the sensitivity of tumor vasculature to vascular endothelial growth factor-A blockade. Cancer Res. 2010; 70: 5109-15.
168. Tutunea-Fatan E, Majumder M, Xin X, et al. The role of CCL21/CCR7 chemokine axis in breast cancer-induced lymphangiogenesis. Mol Cancer. 2015; 14: 35.
169. Kazenwadel J, Secker GA, Liu YJ, et al. Loss-of-function germline GATA2 mutations in patients with MDS/AML or MonoMAC syndrome and primary lymphedema reveal a key role for GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature. Blood. 2012; 119: 1283-91.
170. Ishii J, Yazawa T, Chiba T, et al. PROX1 Promotes Secretory Granule Formation in Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells. Endocrinology. 2016; 157: 1289-98.
171. Cui L, Dang S, Qu J, et al. FOXC2 is up-regulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and promotes the growth and migration of cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 2016; 37: 8579-85.
172. Rajala MW, Scherer PE. Minireview: The adipocyte--at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 3765-73.
173. Gilbert CA, Slingerland JM. Cytokines, obesity, and cancer: new insights on mechanisms linking obesity to cancer risk and progression. Annu Rev Med. 2013; 64: 45-57.
174. Roberts DL, Dive C, Renehan AG. Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annu Rev Med. 2010; 61: 301-16.
175. Naugler WE, Karin M. The wolf in sheep's clothing: the role of interleukin-6 in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Trends Mol Med. 2008; 14: 109-19.
176. Donohoe CL, O'Farrell NJ, Doyle SL, et al. The role of obesity in gastrointestinal cancer: evidence and opinion. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2014; 7: 38-50.
177. Lago F, Gomez R, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Adipokines as novel modulators of lipid metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci. 2009; 34: 500-10.
178. Gilbert CA, Slingerland JM. Cytokines, Obesity, and Cancer: New Insights on Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Risk and Progression. Annu Rev Med. 2013; 64: 45-57.
179. Mohammadpour H, Pourfathollah AA, Nikougoftar Zarif M, et al. Irradiation enhances susceptibility of tumor cells to the antitumor effects of TNF-alpha activated adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells in breast cancer model. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 28433.
180. Goodwin PJ, Stambolic V. Impact of the obesity epidemic on cancer. Annu Rev Med. 2015; 66: 281-96.
181. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, et al. Body Mass Index, Serum Sex Hormones, and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95: 1218-26.
182. van Kruijsdijk RC, van der Wall E, Visseren FL. Obesity and cancer: the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18: 2569-78.
183. Joshi RK, Lee SA. Obesity related adipokines and colorectal cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014; 15: 397-405.
184. Parekh N, Chandran U, Bandera EV. Obesity in cancer survival. Annu Rev Nutr. 2012; 32: 311-42.
185. Kolonin MG, Simmons PJ. Combinatorial stem cell mobilization. Nat Biotechnol. 2009; 27: 252-3.
186. Kolonin MG, Evans KW, Mani SA, et al. Alternative origins of stroma in normal organs and disease. Stem Cell Res. 2012; 8: 312-23.
187. Lee YH, Mottillo EP, Granneman JG. Adipose tissue plasticity from WAT to BAT and in between. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1842: 358-69.
188. Iwen KA, Priewe AC, Winnefeld M, et al. Gluteal and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue depots as stroma cell source: gluteal cells display increased adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potentials. Exp Dermatol. 2014; 23: 395-400.
189. Noel D, Caton D, Roche S, et al. Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal-stromal cells despite similar differentiation potentials. Exp Cell Res. 2008; 314: 1575-84.
190. Eterno V ZA, Pavesi L, Villani L, Zanini V, Petrolo G, et al. Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) may favour breast cancer recurrence via HGF/c-Met signaling. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 613-33.
191. Rowan BG, Gimble JM, Sheng M, et al. Human adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells promote migration and early metastasis of triple negative breast cancer xenografts. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e89595.
192. Gehmert S, Gehmert S, Prantl L, et al. Breast cancer cells attract the migration of adipose tissue-derived stem cells via the PDGF-BB/PDGFR-beta signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010; 398: 601-5.
193. Amos PJ, Shang H, Bailey AM, et al. IFATS collection: The role of human adipose-derived stromal cells in inflammatory microvascular remodeling and evidence of a perivascular phenotype. Stem Cells. 2008; 26: 2682-90.
194. Jotzu C, Alt E, Welte G, et al. Adipose tissue derived stem cells differentiate into carcinoma-associated fibroblast-like cells under the influence of tumor derived factors. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2011; 34: 55-67.
195. Cho JA, Park H, Lim EH, et al. Exosomes from ovarian cancer cells induce adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells to acquire the physical and functional characteristics of tumor-supporting myofibroblasts. Gynecol Oncol. 2011; 123: 379-86.
196. Jeon ES, Heo SC, Lee IH, et al. Ovarian cancer-derived lysophosphatidic acid stimulates secretion of VEGF and stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha from human mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Mol Med. 2010; 42: 280-93.
197. Do EK, Kim YM, Heo SC, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced ADAM12 expression mediates human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-stimulated tumor growth. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012; 44: 2069-76.
198. Park YM, Yoo SH, Kim SH. Adipose-derived stem cells induced EMT-like changes in H358 lung cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2013; 33: 4421-30.
199. Zimmerlin L, Donnenberg AD, Rubin JP, et al. Regenerative therapy and cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies of the interaction between adipose-derived stem cells and breast cancer cells from clinical isolates. Tissue Eng Part A. 2011; 17: 93-106.
200. Devarajan E, Song YH, Krishnappa S, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer lines is mediated through PDGF-D released by tissue-resident stem cells. Int J Cancer. 2012; 131: 1023-31.
201. Pinilla S, Alt E, Abdul Khalek FJ, et al. Tissue resident stem cells produce CCL5 under the influence of cancer cells and thereby promote breast cancer cell invasion. Cancer Lett. 2009; 284: 80-5.
202. Lee Y, Jung WH, Koo JS. Adipocytes can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015; 153: 323-35.
203. Quarto N, Senarath-Yapa K, Renda A, et al. TWIST1 silencing enhances in vitro and in vivo osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells by triggering activation of BMP-ERK/FGF signaling and TAZ upregulation. Stem Cells. 2015; 33: 833-47.
204. Goodwin PJ. Obesity and endocrine therapy: host factors and breast cancer outcome. Breast. 2013; 22 Suppl 2: S44-7.
205. Maccio A, Madeddu C, Mantovani G. Adipose tissue as target organ in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer: new therapeutic perspectives. Obes Rev. 2009; 10: 660-70.
206. Yin N, Wang D, Zhang H, et al. Molecular mechanisms involved in the growth stimulation of breast cancer cells by leptin. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 5870-5.
207. Delort L, Rossary A, Farges MC, et al. Leptin, adipocytes and breast cancer: Focus on inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. Life Sci. 2015; 140: 37-48.
208. Lopez R, Arumugam A, Joseph R, et al. Hyperglycemia enhances the proliferation of non-tumorigenic and malignant mammary epithelial cells through increased leptin/IGF1R signaling and activation of AKT/mTOR. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e79708.
209. Jung JS, Jee MK, Cho HT, et al. MBD6 is a direct target of Oct4 and controls the stemness and differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013; 70: 711-28.
210. Wang X, Simpson ER, Brown KA. Aromatase overexpression in dysfunctional adipose tissue links obesity to postmenopausal breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015; 153: 35-44.
211. Ioannides SJ, Barlow PL, Elwood JM, et al. Effect of obesity on aromatase inhibitor efficacy in postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014; 147: 237-48.
212. Montuenga LM, Guembe L, Burrell MA, et al. The diffuse endocrine system: from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. Prog Histochem Cytochem. 2003; 38: 155-272.
213. Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM, Staton CA. Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol. 2011; 92: 219-31.
214. di Sant'Agnese PA. Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Cancer. 1992; 70: 254-68.
215. Linnoila RI. Functional facets of the pulmonary neuroendocrine system. Lab Invest. 2006; 86: 425-44.
216. Ayala GE, Dai H, Powell M, et al. Cancer-related axonogenesis and neurogenesis in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 7593-603.
217. Lala PK, Parhar RS, Singh P. Indomethacin therapy abrogates the prostaglandin-mediated suppression of natural killer activity in tumor-bearing mice and prevents tumor metastasis. Cell Immunol. 1986; 99: 108-18.
218. Levite M. Nerve-driven immunity. The direct effects of neurotransmitters on T-cell function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000; 917: 307-21.
219. Lang K, Drell TL, Niggemann B, et al. Neurotransmitters regulate the migration and cytotoxicity in natural killer cells. Immunol Lett. 2003; 90: 165-72.
220. Delgado AV, McManus AT, Chambers JP. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 2, and interleukin 6 by rat leukocyte subpopulations after exposure to substance P. Neuropeptides. 2003; 37: 355-61.
221. Lang K, Entschladen F, Weidt C, et al. Tumor immune escape mechanisms: impact of the neuroendocrine system. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006; 55: 749-60.
222. Epstein JI, Amin MB, Beltran H, et al. Proposed morphologic classification of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014; 38: 756-67.
223. Tanaka M, Suzuki Y, Takaoka K, et al. Progression of prostate cancer to neuroendocrine cell tumor. Int J Urol. 2001; 8: 431-6; discussion 7.
224. Jin RJ, Wang Y, Masumori N, et al. NE-10 neuroendocrine cancer promotes the LNCaP xenograft growth in castrated mice. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 5489-95.
225. Gout S, Huot J. Role of Cancer Microenvironment in Metastasis: Focus on Colon Cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2008; 1: 69-83.
226. Kaltsas GA, Besser GM, Grossman AB. The diagnosis and medical management of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Rev. 2004; 25: 458-511.
227. Jiang N, Zhu S, Chen J, et al. A-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) and prostate-cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 4,385 participants. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e74386.
228. Olar A, He D, Florentin D, et al. Biologic correlates and significance of axonogenesis in prostate cancer. Hum Pathol. 2014; 45: 1358-64.
229. Vlachostergios PJ, Papandreou CN. Targeting neuroendocrine prostate cancer: molecular and clinical perspectives. Front Oncol. 2015; 5: 6.
230. Leiblich A, Cross SS, Catto JW, et al. Human prostate cancer cells express neuroendocrine cell markers PGP 9.5 and chromogranin A. Prostate. 2007; 67: 1761-9.
231. Grigore AD, Ben-Jacob E, Farach-Carson MC. Prostate cancer and neuroendocrine differentiation: more neuronal, less endocrine? Front Oncol. 2015; 5: 37.
232. Tsao KC, Wu JT. Development of an ELISA for the detection of serum chromogranin A (CgA) in prostate and non-neuroendocrine carcinomas. Clin Chim Acta. 2001; 313: 21-9.
233. Von Dorsche HH, Fält K, Hahn H-J, et al. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a neuroendocrine cell marker in the human fetal pancreas. Acta Histochemica. 1989; 85: 227-8.
234. Modlin IM, Bodei L, Kidd M. Neuroendocrine tumor biomarkers: From monoanalytes to transcripts and algorithms. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 30: 59-77.
235. Berkovic MC, Jokic M, Marout J, et al. IL-2 -330 T/G SNP and serum values-potential new tumor markers in neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas (GEP-NETs). J Mol Med (Berl). 2010; 88: 423-9.
236. Chen G, Jaskula-Sztul R, Harrison A, et al. KE108-conjugated unimolecular micelles loaded with a novel HDAC inhibitor thailandepsin-A for targeted neuroendocrine cancer therapy. Biomaterials. 2016; 97: 22-33.
237. Saunders LR, Bankovich AJ, Anderson WC, et al. A DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate eradicates high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor-initiating cells in vivo. Sci Transl Med. 2015; 7: 302ra136.
238. Nagashio R, Sato Y, Matsumoto T, et al. Significant high expression of cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, 19 in pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, compared to small cell lung carcinomas. Pathol Int. 2010; 60: 71-7.
239. Sorhaug S, Steinshamn S, Haaverstad R, et al. Expression of neuroendocrine markers in non-small cell lung cancer. APMIS. 2007; 115: 152-63.
240. Sun RF, Liu ZG, Ma G, et al. Prognostic value of neuroendocrine markers for predicting survival in patients with small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2016; 9: 5970-9.
241. van der Zwan WA, Bodei L, Mueller-Brand J, et al. GEPNETs update: Radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015; 172: R1-8.
242. Di Florio A, Sancho V, Moreno P, et al. Gastrointestinal hormones stimulate growth of Foregut Neuroendocrine Tumors by transactivating the EGF receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013; 1833: 573-82.
243. Kashyap R, Hofman MS, Michael M, et al. Favourable outcomes of (177)Lu-octreotate peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in patients with FDG-avid neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015; 42: 176-85.
244. Carver BS. Defining and Targeting the Oncogenic Drivers of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Cancer Cell. 2016; 29: 431-2.
245. Monboisse JC, Oudart JB, Ramont L, et al. Matrikines from basement membrane collagens: a new anti-cancer strategy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1840: 2589-98.
246. Chelberg MK, Tsilibary EC, Hauser AR, et al. Type IV collagen-mediated melanoma cell adhesion and migration: involvement of multiple, distinct domains of the collagen molecule. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 4796-802.
247. Brown E, McKee T, diTomaso E, et al. Dynamic imaging of collagen and its modulation in tumors in vivo using second-harmonic generation. Nat Med. 2003; 9: 796-800.
248. Schminke B, Frese J, Bode C, et al. Laminins and Nidogens in the Pericellular Matrix of Chondrocytes: Their Role in Osteoarthritis and Chondrogenic Differentiation. Am J Pathol. 2016; 186: 410-8.
249. Yamada KM, Olden K. Fibronectins[mdash]adhesive glycoproteins of cell surface and blood. Nature. 1978; 275: 179-84.
250. Kim LB, Shkurupy VA, Putyatina AN. Dynamic Structure of Proteoglycans/Glycosaminoglycans in the Lungs of Mice with Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016; 160: 435-8.
251. Dahl LB, Dahl IM, Engstrom-Laurent A, et al. Concentration and molecular weight of sodium hyaluronate in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthropathies. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985; 44: 817-22.
252. Goldberg VM, Buckwalter JA. Hyaluronans in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: evidence for disease-modifying activity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005; 13: 216-24.
253. Zhu J, Liang L, Jiao Y, et al. Enhanced invasion of metastatic cancer cells via extracellular matrix interface. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0118058.
254. Yu J, Liu Y, Guo C, et al. Upregulated long non-coding RNA LINC00152 expression is associated with progression and poor prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer. 2017; 8(4):523-30.
255. Zhou YJ, Liao QJ, Li XY, et al. HYOU1, Regulated by LPLUNC1, Is Up-Regulated in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Associated with Poor Prognosis. J Cancer. 2016; 7: 367-76.
256. Zeng Z, Bo H, Gong Z, et al. AFAP1-AS1, a long noncoding RNA upregulated in lung cancer and promotes invasion and metastasis. Tumour Biol. 2016; 37: 729-37.
257. Xiao K, Yu Z, Li X, et al. Genome-wide Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Integration and Strain in C666-1 and Raji Cells. J Cancer. 2016; 7: 214-24.
258. Song Y, Li X, Zeng Z, et al. Epstein-Barr virus encoded miR-BART11 promotes inflammation-induced carcinogenesis by targeting FOXP1. Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 36783-99.
259. Lian Y, Li XY, Tang YY, et al. Long Non-coding RNAs Function as Competing Endogenous RNAs to Regulate Cancer Progression. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2016; 43: 219-25.
260. He B, Li W, Wu Y, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miR-BART6-3p inhibits cancer cell metastasis and invasion by targeting long non-coding RNA LOC553103. Cell Death Dis. 2016; 7: e2353.
261. Gong Z, Yang Q, Zeng Z, et al. An integrative transcriptomic analysis reveals p53 regulated miRNA, mRNA, and lncRNA networks in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2016; 37: 3683-95.
262. Yan Q, Zeng Z, Gong Z, et al. EBV-miR-BART10-3p facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting BTRC. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 41766-82.
263. Howlett AR, Bissell MJ. The influence of tissue microenvironment (stroma and extracellular matrix) on the development and function of mammary epithelium. Epithelial Cell Biol. 1993; 2: 79-89.
264. Liao Q, Zeng Z, Guo X, et al. LPLUNC1 suppresses IL-6-induced nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation via inhibiting the Stat3 activation. Oncogene. 2014; 33: 2098-109.
265. Gong Z, Zhang S, Zeng Z, et al. LOC401317, a p53-regulated long non-coding RNA, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE2. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e110674.
266. Yang Y, Liao Q, Wei F, et al. LPLUNC1 inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth via down-regulation of the MAP kinase and cyclin D1/E2F pathways. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e62869.
267. Gattazzo F, Urciuolo A, Bonaldo P. Extracellular matrix: a dynamic microenvironment for stem cell niche. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1840: 2506-19.
268. Popovic ZV, Sandhoff R, Sijmonsma TP, et al. Sulfated Glycosphingolipid as Mediator of Phagocytosis: SM4s Enhances Apoptotic Cell Clearance and Modulates Macrophage Activity. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 6770-82.
269. O'Connell J, O'Sullivan GC, Collins JK, et al. The Fas counterattack: Fas-mediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J Exp Med. 1996; 184: 1075-82.
270. Gong ZJ, Huang HB, Xu K, et al. Advances in microRNAs and TP53 Gene Regulatory Network. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2012; 39: 1133-44.
271. Huang HB, Liang F, Xiong W, et al. Bioinformatics Accelerates Drug Repositioning. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2012; 39: 35-44.
272. Huang HB, Deng M, Zheng Y, et al. Innate immune protein lactotransferrin prevents initiation and arrests progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2013; 40: 319-24.
273. Liang F, Xu K, Gong ZJ, et al. ChIP-seq: a New Technique for Genome-wide Profiling of Protein-DNA Interaction. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2013; 40: 216-27.
274. Tang K, Wei F, Bo H, et al. Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Novel Long Non-coding RNA Gene Associated With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2014; 41: 153-62.
275. Yu ZY, Song YL, Gong ZJ, et al. The Mechanism and Tumorigenesis of Oncogenic DNA Virus Integration. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2014; 41: 324-31.
276. Li YW, Wang YM, Zhang XY, et al. Progress of Long Noncoding RNA HOTAIR in Human Cancer. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2015; 42: 228-35.
277. Tu CF, Qi P, Li XY, et al. Tumor Heterogeneity: The Challenge of Precision Medicine. Prog Biochem Biophys. 2015; 42: 881-90.