Viruses, cell transformation, and cancer

Fields Virology: Sixth Edition

Volumn 1, Issue , 2013, Pages

  DiMaio, Daniel ^a,b   Fan, Hung ^c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b YALE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84974739781     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (518)

1. Adari H, Lowy DR, Willumsen BM, et al. Guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) interacts with the p21 ras effector binding domain. Science 1988;240:518-521.
2. Ahuja D, Saenz-Robles MT, Pipas JM. SV40 large T antigen targets multiple cellular pathways to elicit cellular transformation. Oncogene 2005;24:7729-7745.
3. Amini S, DeSeau V, Reddy S, et al. Regulation of pp60 c-src synthesis by inducible RNA complementary to c-src mRNA in polyomavirus-transformed rat cells. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:2305-2316.
4. Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:24-35.
5. Antman K, Chang Y. Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1027-1038.
6. Arany Z, Sellers WR, Livingston DM, et al. E1A-associated p300 and CREB-associated CBP belong to a conserved family of coactivators. Cell 1994;77:799-800.
7. Arbeit JM, Howley PM, Hanahan D. Chronic estrogen-induced cervical and vaginal squamous carcinogenesis in human papillomavirus type 16 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:2930-2935.
8. Babiss LE, Ginsberg HS, Darnell JE Jr. Adenovirus E1B proteins are required for accumulation of late viral mRNA and for effects on cellular mRNA translation and transport. Mol Cell Biol 1985;5:2552-2558.
9. Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, et al. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 1998;391:86-89.
10. Baker CC, Phelps WC, Lindgren V, et al. Structural and transcriptional analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 sequences in cervical carcinoma cell lines. J Virol 1987;61:962-971.
11. Baker SJ, Markowitz S, Fearon ER, et al. Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science 1990;249:912-915.
12. Ballestas ME, Chatis PA, Kaye KM. Efficient persistence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen. Science 1999;284:641-644.
13. Balsitis S, Dick F, Dyson N, et al. Critical roles for non-pRb targets of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 in cervical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2006;66:9393-9400.
14. Balsitis S, Dick F, Lee D, et al. Examination of the pRb-dependent and pRb-independent functions of E7 in vivo. J Virol 2005;79:11392-11402.
15. Band V, De Caprio JA, Delmolino L, et al. Loss of p53 protein in human papillomavirus type 16 E6-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. J Virol 1991;65:6671-6676.
16. Bandara LR, La Thangue NB. Adenovirus E1a prevents the retinoblastoma gene product from complexing with a cellular transcription factor. Nature 1991;351:494-497.
17. Barbosa MS, Vass WC, Lowy DR, et al. In vitro biological activities of the E6 and E7 genes vary among human papillomaviruses of different oncogenic potential. J Virol 1991;65:292-298.
18. Barnard P, Payne E, McMillan NA. The human papillomavirus E7 protein is able to inhibit the antiviral and anti-growth functions of interferon-alpha. Virology 2000;277:411-419.
19. Basile JR, Zacny V, Munger K. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand differentially modulate proliferation and apoptotic pathways in human keratinocytes expressing the human papillomavirus-16 E7 oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2001;276:22522-22528.
20. Bear SE, Bellacosa A, Lazo PA, et al. Provirus insertion in Tpl-1, an Ets-1-related oncogene, is associated with tumor progression in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymic lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:7495-7499.
21. Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981;2:1129-1133.
22. Bedell MA, Jones KH, Grossman SR, et al. Identification of human papillomavirus type 18 transforming genes in immortalized and primary cells. J Virol 1989;63:1247-1255.
23. Belanger C, Gravel A, Tomoiu A, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 viral FLICE-inhibitory protein inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis through binding and prevention of procaspase-8 maturation. J Hum Virol 2001;4:62-73.
24. Bellacosa A, Testa JR, Staal SP, et al. A retroviral oncogene, akt, encoding a serine-threonine kinase containing an SH2-like region. Science 1991;254:274-277.
25. Ben-David Y, Lavigueur A, Cheong GY, et al. Insertional inactivation of the p53 gene during friend leukemia: a new strategy for identifying tumor suppressor genes. New Biologist 1990;2:1015-1023.
26. Benjamin TL. Host range mutants of polyoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970;67:394-399.
27. Bernstein A, MacCormick R, Martin GS. Transformation-defective mutants of avian sarcoma viruses: the genetic relationship between conditional and nonconditional mutants. Virology 1976;70:206-209.
28. Biedenkapp H, Borgmeyer U, Sippel AE, et al. Viral myb oncogene encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. Nature 1988;335:835-837.
29. Biesinger B, Tsygankov AY, Fickenscher H, et al. The product of the Herpesvirus saimiri open reading frame 1 (tip) interacts with T cell-specific kinase p56lck in transformed cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:4729-4734.
30. Bikel I, Montano X, Agha ME, et al. SV40 small t antigen enhances the transformation activity of limiting concentrations of SV40 large T antigen. Cell 1987;48:321-330.
31. Bishop JM. Viral oncogenes. Cell 1985;42:23-38.
32. Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN. Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science 1991;251:1211-1217.
33. Blair DG, Oskarsson M, Wood TG, et al. Activation of the transforming potential of a normal cell sequence: a molecular model for oncogenesis. Science 1981;212:941-943.
34. Blenis J. Signal transduction via the MAP kinases: proceed at your own RSK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:5889-5892.
35. Boguski MS, McCormick F. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 1993;366:643-654.
36. Bohmann D, Bos TJ, Admon A, et al. Human proto-oncogene c-jun encodes a DNA binding protein with structural and functional properties of transcription factor AP-1. Science 1987;238:1386-1392.
37. Bolen JB, Thiele CJ, Israel MA, et al. Enhancement of cellular src gene product associated tyrosyl kinase activity following polyoma virus infection and transformation. Cell 1984;38:767-777.
38. Bolisetty MT, Dy G, Tam W, et al. Reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T induces miR-155, which targets JARID2 and promotes cell survival. J Virol 2009;83:12009-12017.
39. Bollag G, McCormick F. Regulators and effectors of ras proteins. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1991;7:601-632.
40. Borbely AA, Murvai M, Konya J, et al. Effects of human papillomavirus type 16 oncoproteins on survivin gene expression. J Gen Virol 2006;87:287-294.
41. Bos TJ, Monteclaro FS, Mitsunobu F, et al. Efficient transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts by c-Jun requires structural modification in coding and noncoding sequences. Genes Dev 1990;4:1677-1687.
42. Boshart M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, et al. A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer. EMBO J 1984;3:1151-1157.
43. Boshoff C, Endo Y, Collins PD, et al. Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 1997;278:290-294.
44. Bourne HR, Sanders DA, McCormick F. The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism. Nature 1991;349:117-127.
45. Boyer SN, Wazer DE, Band V. E7 protein of human papilloma virus-16 induces degradation of retinoblastoma protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Cancer Res 1996;56:4620-4624.
46. Boztug K, Schmidt M, Schwarzer A, et al. Stem-cell gene therapy for the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1918-1927.
47. Bradshaw RA, Prentis S. Oncogenes and growth factors. Oncogenes and Growth Factors. Elsevier, 1987.
48. Breuer ML, Cuypers HT, Berns A. Evidence for the involvement of pim-2, a new common proviral insertion site, in progression of lymphomas. Embo J 1989;8:743-748.
49. Brooks L, Yao QY, Rickinson AB, et al. Epstein-Barr virus latent gene transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells: coexpression of EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2 transcripts. J Virol 1992;66:2689-2697.
50. Brugge JS, Erikson RL. Identification of a transformation-specific antigen induced by an avian sarcoma virus. Nature 1977;269:346-348.
51. Burkhardt A, Willingham M, Gay C, et al. The E5 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus is oriented asymmetrically in Golgi and plasma membranes. Virology 1989;170:334-339.
52. Buss JE, Kamps MP, Sefton BM. Myristic acid is attached to the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus during or immediately after synthesis and is present in both soluble and membrane-bound forms of the protein. Mol Cell Biol 1984;4:2697-2704.
53. Butz K, Shahabeddin L, Geisen C, et al. Functional p53 protein in human papillomavirus-positive cancer cells. Oncogene 1995;10:927-936.
54. Caldwell RG, Wilson JB, Anderson SJ, et al. Epstein-Barr virus LMP2 A drives B cell development and survival in the absence of normal B cell receptor signals. Immunity 1998;9:405-411.
55. Cammett TJ, Jun SJ, Cohen EB, et al. Construction and genetic selection of small transmembrane proteins that activate the human erythropoietin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:3447-3452.
56. Campbell KS, Ogris E, Burke B, et al. Polyoma middle tumor antigen interacts with SHC protein via the NPTY (Asn-Pro-Thr-Tyr) motif in middle tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:6344-6348.
57. Cann AJ, Rosenblatt JD, Wachsman W, et al. Identification of the gene responsible for human T-cell leukaemia virus transcriptional regulation. Nature 1985;318:571-574.
58. Cannon ML, Cesarman E. The KSHV G protein-coupled receptor signals via multiple pathways to induce transcription factor activation in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Oncogene 2004;23:514-523.
59. Caporale M, Cousens C, Centorame P, et al. Expression of the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope glycoprotein is sufficient to induce lung tumors in sheep. J Virol 2006;80:8030-8037.
60. Cardiff RD, Altrock BW. Biology of mammary tumor viruses. In: III H. C. Morse, ed. Origins of Inbred Mice. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
61. Casper C. New approaches to the treatment of human herpesvirus 8-associated disease. Rev Med Virol 2008;18:321-329.
62. Cavazzana-Calvo M, Payen E, Negre O, et al. Transfusion independence and HMGA2 activation after gene therapy of human beta-thalassaemia. Nature 2010;467:318-322.
63. Cazalla D, Yario T, Steitz JA. Down-regulation of a host microRNA by a Herpesvirus saimiri noncoding RNA. Science 2010;328:1563-1566.
64. Chang HW, Aoki M, Fruman D, et al. Transformation of chicken cells by the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase. Science 1997;276:1848-1850.
65. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1855-1859.
66. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994;266:1865-1869.
67. Chang Y, Moore PS, Talbot SJ, et al. Cyclin encoded by KS herpesvirus. Nature 1996;382:410.
68. Chatis PA, Holland CA, Silver JE, et al. A 3' end fragment encompassing the transcriptional enhancers of nondefective Friend virus confers erythroleukemogenicity on Moloney leukemia virus. J Virol 1984;52:248-254.
69. Chatterjee M, Osborne J, Bestetti G, et al. Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune evasion of interferon activity. Science 2002;298:1432-1435.
70. Chaudhary PM, Jasmin A, Eby MT, et al. Modulation of the NF-kappa B pathway by virally encoded death effector domains-containing proteins. Oncogene 1999;18:5738-5746.
71. Chellappan S, Kraus VB, Kroger B, et al. Adenovirus E1A, simian virus 40 tumor antigen, and human papillomavirus E7 protein share the capacity to disrupt the interaction between transcription factor E2F and the retinoblastoma gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:4549-4553.
72. Chen IS, Wachsman W, Rosenblatt JD, et al. The role of the x gene in HTLV associated malignancy. Cancer Surv 1986;5:329-342.
73. Chen IS, Wilhelmsen KC, Temin HM. Structure and expression of c-rel, the cellular homolog to the oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T. J Virol 1983;45:104-113.
74. Chen J, Lin J, Levine AJ. Regulation of transcription functions of the p53 tumor suppressor by the mdm-2 oncogene. Mol Med 1995;1:142-152.
75. Cheng EH, Nicholas J, Bellows DS, et al. A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:690-694.
76. Cheng S, Schmidt-Grimminger DC, Murant T, et al. Differentiation-dependent up-regulation of the human papillomavirus E7 gene reactivates cellular DNA replication in suprabasal differentiated keratinocytes. Genes Dev 1995;9:2335-2349.
77. Chinnadurai G. Modulation of oncogenic transformation by the human adenovirus E1A C-terminal region. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004;273:139-161.
78. Chitra E, Yu SL, Hsiao KN, et al. Generation and characterization of JSRV envelope transgenic mice in FVB background. Virology 2009;393:120-126.
79. Chiu IM, Reddy EP, Givol D, et al. Nucleotide sequence analysis identifies the human c-sis proto-oncogene as a structural gene for platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 1984;37:123-129.
80. Chiu R, Boyle WJ, Meek J, et al. The c-Fos protein interacts with c-Jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 1988;54:541-552.
81. Choo KB, Pan CC, Han SH. Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 into cellular DNA of cervical carcinoma: preferential deletion of the E2 gene and invariable retention of the long control region and the E6/E7 open reading frames. Virology 1987;161:259-261.
82. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359-362.
83. Chugh P, Matta H, Schamus S, et al. Constitutive NF-kappaB activation, normal Fas-induced apoptosis, and increased incidence of lymphoma in human herpes virus 8 K13 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:12885-12890.
84. Clurman BE, Hayward WS. Multiple proto-oncogene activations in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas: evidence for stage-specific events. Mol Cell Biol 1989;9:2657-2664.
85. Cmarik j, Ruscetti S. Friend spleen focus-forming virus activates the tyrosine kinase sf-Stk and the transcription factor PU.1 to cause a multi-stage erythroleukemia in mice. Viruses 2010;2:2235-2257.
86. Coffin JM, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, et al. Proposal for naming host cell-derived inserts in retrovirus genomes. J Virol 1981;40:953-957.
87. Cohen JI, Wang F, Mannick J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 is a key determinant of lymphocyte transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:9558-9562.
88. Collett MS, Erikson RL. Protein kinase activity associated with the avian sarcoma virus src gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978;75:2021-2024.
89. Collett MS, Purchio AF, Erikson RL. Avian sarcoma virus-transforming protein, pp60src shows protein kinase activity specific for tyrosine. Nature 1980;285:167-169.
90. Conrad M, Bubb VJ, Schlegel R. The human papillomavirus type 6 and 16 E5 proteins are membrane-associated proteins which associate with the 16-kilodalton pore-forming protein. J Virol 1993;67:6170-6178.
91. Cooper JA, Reiss NA, Schwartz RJ, et al. Three glycolytic enzymes are phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. Nature 1983;302:218-223.
92. Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Myeloid leukemia: disease genes and mouse models. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1999;35:53-63.
93. Cotter MA 2nd, Robertson ES. The latency-associated nuclear antigen tethers the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome to host chromosomes in body cavity-based lymphoma cells. Virology 1999;264:254-264.
94. Courtneidge SA. Activation of the pp60c-src kinase by middle T antigen binding or by dephosphorylation. EMBO J 1985;4:1471-1477.
95. Courtneidge SA, Heber A. An 81 kd protein complexed with middle T antigen and pp60c-src: a possible phosphatidylinositol kinase. Cell 1987;50:1031-1037.
96. Courtneidge SA, Smith AE. Polyoma virus transforming protein associates with the product of the c-src cellular gene. Nature 1983;303:435-439.
97. Crow DS, Beyer EC, Paul DL, et al. Phosphorylation of connexin43 gap junction protein in uninfected and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed mammalian fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1990;10:1754-1763.
98. Crow DS, Kurata WE, Lau AF. Phosphorylation of connexin43 in cells containing mutant src oncogenes. Oncogene 1992;7:999-1003.
99. Cuypers HT, Selten G, Quint W, et al. Murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomagenesis: integration of proviruses in a distinct chromosomal region. Cell 1984;37:141-150.
100. Dabrowska MJ, Dybkaer K, Johnsen HE, et al. Loss of MicroRNA targets in the 3' untranslated region as a mechanism of retroviral insertional activation of growth factor independence 1. J Virol 2009;83:8051-8061.
101. Dahl J, Jurczak A, Cheng LA, et al. Evidence of a role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in the blocking of apoptosis by polyomavirus middle T antigen. J Virol 1998;72:3221-3226.
102. Dakessian RM, Inoshima Y, Fan H. Tumors in mice transgenic for the envelope protein of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Virus Genes 2007;35:73-80.
103. Dalla-Favera R, Bregni M, Erikson J, et al. Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:7824-7827.
104. Damania B, Lee H, Jung JU. Primate herpesviral oncogenes. Mol Cells 1999;9:345-349.
105. Damm K, Thompson CC, Evans RM. Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist. Nature 1989;339:593-597.
106. Danilkovitch-Miagkova A, Duh FM, Kuzmin I, et al. Hyaluronidase 2 negatively regulates RON receptor tyrosine kinase and mediates transformation of epithelial cells by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:4580-4585.
107. Dawson CW, Tramountanis G, Eliopoulos AG, et al. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway to promote cell survival and induce actin filament remodeling. J Biol Chem 2003;278:3694-3704.
108. de Klein A, van Kessel AG, Grosveld G, et al. A cellular oncogene is translocated to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Nature 1982;300:765-767.
109. de Sauvage FJ, Hass PE, Spencer SD, et al. Stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-Mpl ligand. Nature 1994;369:533-538.
110. Debbas M, White E. Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A, which is inhibited by E1B. Genes Dev 1993;7:546-554.
111. DeCaprio JA. The role of the J domain of SV40 large T in cellular transformation. Biologicals 1999;27:23-28.
112. DeCaprio JA, Ludlow JW, Figge J, et al. SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell 1988;54:275-283.
113. DeFilippis RA, Goodwin EC, Wu L, et al. Endogenous human papillomavirus E6 and E7 proteins differentially regulate proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. J Virol 2003;77:1551-1563.
114. DeGregori J, Kowalik T, Nevins JR. Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis- and G1/S-regulatory genes. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:4215-4224.
115. DeMasi J, Chao MC, Kumar AS, et al. Bovine papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein inhibits anoikis. J Virol 2007;81:9419-9425.
116. Demers GW, Foster SA, Halbert CL, et al. Growth arrest by induction of p53 in DNA damaged keratinocytes is bypassed by human papillomavirus 16 E7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:4382-4386.
117. Der CJ, Krontiris TG, Cooper GM. Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:3637-3640.
118. DesGroseillers L, Jolicoeur P. Mapping the viral sequences conferring leukemogenicity and disease specificity in Moloney and amphotropic murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 1984;52:448-456.
119. Diao J, Garces R, Richardson CD. X protein of hepatitis B virus modulates cytokine and growth factor related signal transduction pathways during the course of viral infections and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001;12:189-205.
120. Dickson C, Smith R, Brookes S, et al. Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2. Cell 1984;37:529-536.
121. Dilworth SM, Brewster CE, Jones MD, et al. Transformation by polyoma virus middle T-antigen involves the binding and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc. Nature 1994;367:87-90.
122. Djerbi M, Screpanti V, Catrina AI, et al. The inhibitor of death receptor signaling, FLICE-inhibitory protein defines a new class of tumor progression factors. J Exp Med 1999;190:1025-1032.
123. Doerfler W. The fate of the DNA of adenovirus type 12 in baby hamster kidney cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968;60:636-643.
124. Donehower LA, Harvey M, Slagle BL, et al. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 1992;356:215-221.
125. Downward J, Yarden Y, Mayes E, et al. Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences. Nature 1984;307:521-527.
126. Druker BJ, Sibert L, Roberts TM. Polyomavirus middle T-antigen NPTY mutants. J Virol 1992;66:5770-5776.
127. Drummond-Barbosa DA, Vaillancourt RR, Kazlauskas A, et al. Ligand-independent activation of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor: requirements for bovine papillomavirus E5-induced mitogenic signaling. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:2570-2581.
128. Duensing S, Lee LY, Duensing A, et al. The human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins cooperate to induce mitotic defects and genomic instability by uncoupling centrosome duplication from the cell division cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:10002-10007.
129. Duensing S, Munger K. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein can induce abnormal centrosome duplication through a mechanism independent of inactivation of retinoblastoma protein family members. J Virol 2003;77:12331-12335.
130. Duesberg PH, Kawai S, Wang LH, et al. RNA of replication-defective strains of Rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975;72:1569-1573.
131. Durst M, Dzarlieva-Petrusevska RT, Boukamp P, et al. Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of immortalized human primary keratinocytes obtained after transfection with human papillomavirus type 16 DNA. Oncogene 1987;1:251-256.
132. Durst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, et al. A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:3812-3815.
133. Dyson N, Howley PM, Munger K, et al. The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 1989;243:934-937.
134. Eckhart W, Hutchinson MA, Hunter T. An activity phosphorylating tyrosine in polyoma T antigen immunoprecipitates. Cell 1979;18:925-933.
135. Eddy BE, Borman GS, Grubbs GE, et al. Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40. Virology 1962;17:65-75.
136. Egan SE, Giddings BW, Brooks MW, et al. Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature 1993;363:45-51.
137. Eichten A, Rud DS, Grace M, et al. Molecular pathways executing the "trophic sentinel" response in HPV-16 E7-expressing normal human diploid fibroblasts upon growth factor deprivation. Virology 2004;319:81-93.
138. Eilers M, Eisenman RN. Myc's broad reach. Genes Dev 2008;22:2755-2766.
139. el-Deiry WS, Tokino T, Velculescu VE, et al. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 1993;75:817-825.
140. Eliopoulos AG, Gallagher NJ, Blake SM, et al. Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 coregulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production. J Biol Chem 1999;274:16085-16096.
141. Eliopoulos AG, Young LS. Activation of the cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway by the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Oncogene 1998;16:1731-1742.
142. Eliyahu D, Raz A, Gruss P, et al. Participation of p53 cellular tumour antigen in transformation of normal embryonic cells. Nature 1984;312:646-649.
143. Ellermann V, Bang O. Experimentelle Leukamie bei Huhnern. Zentralb Bakteriol 1908;46:595-609.
144. Elliott J, Jones MD, Griffin BE, et al. Regulation of cytoskeletal association by a basic amino acid motif in polyoma virus middle T antigen. Oncogene 1998;17:1797-1806.
145. Ellis RW, Defeo D, Shih TY, et al. The p21 src genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses originate from divergent members of a family of normal vertebrate genes. Nature 1981;292:506-511.
146. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ, et al. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980-2002. AIDS 2006;20:1645-1654.
147. Fakhari FD, Jeong JH, Kanan Y, et al. The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induces B cell hyperplasia and lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2006;116:735-742.
148. Fan H. Leukemogenesis by Moloney murine leukemia virus: a multistep process. Trends Microbiol 1997;5:74-82.
149. Faraoni I, Antonetti FR, Cardone J, et al. miR-155 gene: a typical multifunctional microRNA. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1792:497-505.
150. Fehrmann F, Klumpp DJ, Laimins LA. Human papillomavirus type 31 E5 protein supports cell cycle progression and activates late viral functions upon epithelial differentiation. J Virol 2003;77:2819-2831.
151. Feitelson MA, Lee J. Hepatitis B virus integration, fragile sites, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2007;252:157-170.
152. Feitelson MA, Zhu M, Duan LX, et al. Hepatitis B x antigen and p53 are associated in vitro and in liver tissues from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 1993;8:1109-1117.
153. Felber BK, Paskalis H, Kleinman-Ewing C, et al. The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science 1985;229:675-679.
154. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, et al. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 2008;319:1096-1100.
155. Filippova M, Parkhurst L, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. The human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein binds to Fas-associated death domain and protects cells from Fas-triggered apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004;279:25729-25744.
156. Finlay CA, Hinds PW, Levine AJ. The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation. Cell 1989;57:1083-1093.
157. Fischer N, Hellwinkel O, Schulz C, et al. Prevalence of human gammaretrovirus XMRV in sporadic prostate cancer. J Clin Virol 2008;43:277-283.
158. Flores ER, Allen-Hoffmann BL, Lee D, et al. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene is required for the productive stage of the viral life cycle. J Virol 2000;74:6622-6631.
159. Flubacher MM, Bear SE, Tsichlis PN. Replacement of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-generated mitogenic signals by a mink cell focus-forming (MCF) or xenotropic virus-induced IL-9-dependent autocrine loop: implications for MCF virus-induced leukemogenesis. J Virol 1994;68:7709-7716.
160. Fluck MM, Schaffhausen BS. Lessons in signaling and tumorigenesis from polyomavirus middle T antigen. Micro Molec Biol Rev 2009;73:542-563.
161. Freeman-Cook LL, DiMaio D. Modulation of cell function by small transmembrane proteins modeled on the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein. Oncogene 2005;24:7756-7762.
162. Friborg J Jr, Kong W, Hottiger MO, et al. p53 inhibition by the LANA protein of KSHV protects against cell death. Nature 1999;402:889-894.
163. Fujimuro M, Wu FY, ApRhys C, et al. A novel viral mechanism for dysregulation of beta-catenin in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency. Nat Med 2003;9:300-306.
164. Fung YK, Lewis WG, Crittenden LB, et al. Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus. Cell 1983;33:357-368.
165. Funk JO, Waga S, Harry JB, et al. Inhibition of CDK activity and PCNA-dependent DNA replication by p21 is blocked by interaction with the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein. Genes Dev 1997;11:2090-2100.
166. Gage JR, Meyers C, Wettstein FO. The E7 proteins of the nononcogenic human papillomavirus type 6b (HPV-6b) and of the oncogenic HPV-16 differ in retinoblastoma protein binding and other properties. J Virol 1990;64:723-730.
167. Gallimore PH. Viral DNA in transformed cells. II. A study of the sequences of adenovirus 2 DNA in nine lines of transformed rat cells using specific fragments of the viral genome J Mol Biol 1974;89:49-72.
168. Gambke C, Hall A, Moroni C. Activation of an N-ras gene in acute myeloblastic leukemia through somatic mutation in the first exon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985;82:879-882.
169. Gao SJ, Boshoff C, Jayachandra S, et al. KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 1997;15:1979-1985.
170. Garcea RL, Imperiale MJ. Simian virus 40 infection of humans. J Virol 2003;77:5039-5045.
171. Gardiol D, Kuhne C, Glaunsinger B, et al. Oncogenic human papillomavirus E6 proteins target the discs large tumour suppressor for proteasome-mediated degradation. Oncogene 1999;18:5487-5496.
172. Garson K, Percival H, Kang CY. The N-terminal env-derived amino acids of v-rel are required for full transforming activity. Virology 1990;177:106-115.
173. Gaudray G, Gachon F, Basbous J, et al. The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription. J Virol 2002;76:12813-12822.
174. Genther SM, Sterling S, Duensing S, et al. Quantitative role of the human papillomavirus type 16 E5 gene during the productive stage of the viral life cycle. J Virol 2003;77:2832-2842.
175. Genther Williams SM, Disbrow GL, Schlegel R, et al. Requirement of epidermal growth factor receptor for hyperplasia induced by E5, a high-risk human papillomavirus oncogene. Cancer Res 2005;65:6534-6542.
176. Gerber P, Hottle GA, Grubbs RE. Inactivation of vacuolating virus (SV-40) by formaldehyde. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1961;108:205-209.
177. Gewin L, Myers H, Kiyono T, et al. Identification of a novel telomerase repressor that interacts with the human papillomavirus type-16 E6/E6-AP complex. Genes Dev 2004;18:2269-2282.
178. Giam CZ, Jeang KT. HTLV-1 Tax and adult T-cell leukemia. Front Biosci 2007;12:1496-1507.
179. Gilks CB, Bear SE, Grimes HL, et al. Progression of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent rat T cell lymphoma lines to IL-2-independent growth following activation of a gene (Gfi-1) encoding a novel zinc finger protein. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:1759-1768.
180. Gilmore TD, Kalaitzidis D, Liang MC, et al. The c-Rel transcription factor and B-cell proliferation: a deal with the devil. Oncogene 2004;23:2275-2286.
181. Girardi AJ, Sweet BH, Slotnick VB, et al. Development of tumors in hamsters inoculated in the neonatal period with vacuolating virus, SV-40. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1962;109:649-660.
182. Gisselbrecht S, Fichelson S, Sola B, et al. Frequent c-fms activation by proviral insertion in mouse myeloblastic leukaemias. Nature 1987;329:259-261.
183. Glykofrydes D, Niphuis H, Kuhn EM, et al. Herpesvirus saimiri vFLIP provides an antiapoptotic function but is not essential for viral replication, transformation, or pathogenicity. J Virol 2000;74:11919-11927.
184. Godden-Kent D, Talbot SJ, Boshoff C, et al. The cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stimulates cdk6 to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein and histone H1. J Virol 1997;71:4193-4198.
185. Goldstein DJ, Andresson T, Sparkowski JJ, et al. The BPV-1 E5 protein, the 16 kDa membrane pore-forming protein and the PDGF receptor exist in a complex that is dependent on hydrophobic transmembrane interactions. EMBO J 1992;11:4851-4859.
186. Goldstein DJ, Finbow ME, Andresson T, et al. Bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein binds to the 16 K component of vacuolar H(+)-ATPases. Nature 1991;352:347-349.
187. Goldstein DJ, Li W, Wang LM, et al. The bovine papillomavirus type 1 E5 transforming protein specifically binds and activates the beta-type receptor for the platelet-derived growth factor but not other related tyrosine kinase-containing receptors to induce cellular transformation. J Virol 1994;68:4432-4441.
188. Goodwin EC, DiMaio D. Repression of human papillomavirus oncogenes in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells causes the orderly reactivation of dormant tumor suppressor pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:12513-12518.
189. Gordadze AV, Peng R, Tan J, et al. Notch1IC partially replaces EBNA2 function in B cells immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 2001;75:5899-5912.
190. Gordon J, Millsum MJ, Finney M, et al. Altered growth phenotype of a Burkitt's lymphoma line following the introduction and stable expression of the EBNA 2A gene. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1988;141:149-156.
191. Gottwein E, Mukherjee N, Sachse C, et al. A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155. Nature 2007;450:1096-1099.
192. Graham FL, Abrahams PJ, Mulder C, et al. Studies on in vitro transformation by DNA and DNA fragments of human adenoviruses and Simian virus 40. CSH Symp Quant Biol 1974;39:637-650.
193. Greig KT, Carotta S, Nutt SL. Critical roles for c-Myb in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Semin Immun 2008;20:247-256.
194. Groffen J, Heisterkamp N, Shibuya M, et al. Transforming genes of avian (v-fps) and mammalian (v-fes) retroviruses correspond to a common cellular locus. Virology 1983;125:480-486.
195. Gross L. Development and serial cellfree passage of a highly potent strain of mouse leukemia virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1957;94:767-771.
196. Gross L. A filterable agent, recovered from Ak leukemic extracts, causing salivary gland carcinomas in C3H mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1953;83:414-421.
197. Grossman SR, Johannsen E, Tong X, et al. The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 transactivator is directed to response elements by the J kappa recombination signal binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:7568-7572.
198. Groupe V, Manaker RA. Discrete foci of altered chicken embryo cells associated with Rous sarcoma virus in tissue culture. Virology 1956;2:838-840.
199. Guasparri I, Keller SA, Cesarman E. KSHV vFLIP is essential for the survival of infected lymphoma cells. J Exp Med 2004;199:993-1003.
200. Gwack Y, Hwang S, Byun H, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50 represses p53-induced transcriptional activity and apoptosis. J Virol 2001;75:6245-6248.
201. Hacein-Bey-Abina S, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, et al. A serious adverse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2003;348:255-256.
202. Hackett PB, Swanstrom R, Varmus HE, et al. The leader sequence of the subgenomic mRNA's of Rous sarcoma virus is approximately 390 nucleotides. J Virol 1982;41:527-534.
203. Hammerschmidt W, Sugden B. Genetic analysis of immortalizing functions of Epstein-Barr virus in human B lymphocytes. Nature 1989;340:393-397.
204. Hanafusa H, Hanafusa T, Rubin H. The defectiveness of Rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1963;49:572-580.
205. Hanna Z, Jankowski M, Tremblay P, et al. The Vin-1 gene, identified by provirus insertional mutagenesis, is the cyclin D2. Oncogene 1993;8:1661-1666.
206. Harlow E, Whyte P, Franza BR Jr, et al. Association of adenovirus early-region 1A proteins with cellular polypeptides. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:1579-1589.
207. Hartley JW, Wolford NK, Old LJ, et al. A new class of murine leukemia virus associated with development of spontaneous lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977;74:789-792.
208. Haupt Y, Maya R, Kazaz A, et al. Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53. Nature 1997;387:296-299.
209. Hawley-Nelson P, Vousden KH, Hubbert NL, et al. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins cooperate to immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. EMBO J 1989;8:3905-3910.
210. Hayman MJ, Enrietto PJ. Cell transformation by the epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erbB. Cancer Cells 1991;3:302-307.
211. Hayward WS, Neel BG, Astrin SM. Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature 1981;290:475-480.
212. Heck DV, Yee CL, Howley PM, et al. Efficiency of binding the retinoblastoma protein correlates with the transforming capacity of the E7 oncoproteins of the human papillomaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:4442-4446.
213. Henderson E, Miller G, Robinson J, et al. Efficiency of transformation of lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus. Virology 1977;76:152-163.
214. Henderson S, Huen D, Rowe M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRF1 protein, a viral homologue of Bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:8479-8483.
215. Hermine O, Lefrere F, Bronowicki JP, et al. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002;347:89-94.
216. Hofacre A, Fan H. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus molecular biology and oncogenesis. Viruses 2010;2:2618-2648.
217. Houben R, Shuda M, Weinkam R, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus-infected Merkel cell carcinoma cells require expression of viral T antigens. J Virol 2010;84:7064-7072.
218. Howie HL, Katzenellenbogen RA, Galloway DA. Papillomavirus E6 proteins. Virology 2009;384:324-334.
219. Huang E, Nocka K, Beier DR, et al. The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded by the Sl locus and is the ligand of the c-kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus. Cell 1990;63:225-233.
220. Huh K, Zhou X, Hayakawa H, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein associates with the cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex, which contributes to degradation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. J Virol 2007;81:9737-9747.
221. Huh KW, DeMasi J, Ogawa H, et al. Association of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein with the 600-kDa retinoblastoma protein-associated factor, p600. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:11492-11497.
222. Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M, Howley PM. A cellular protein mediates association of p53 with the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus types 16 or 18. EMBO J 1991;10:4129-4135.
223. Hunter T, Sefton BM. Transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980;77:1311-1315.
224. Hurlin PJ, Kaur P, Smith PP, et al. Progression of human papillomavirus type 18-immortalized human keratinocytes to a malignant phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:570-574.
225. Hwang ES, Riese DJ 2nd, Settleman J, et al. Inhibition of cervical carcinoma cell line proliferation by the introduction of a bovine papillomavirus regulatory gene. J Virol 1993;67:3720-3729.
226. Hynes RO. Role of surface alterations in cell transformation: the importance of proteases and surface proteins. Cell 1974;1:147-156.
227. Iavarone C, Catania A, Marinissen MJ, et al. The platelet-derived growth factor controls c-myc expression through a JNK- and AP-1-dependent signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2003;278:50024-50030.
228. Iftner T, Elbel M, Schopp B, et al. Interference of papillomavirus E6 protein with single-strand break repair by interaction with XRCC1. EMBO J 2002;21:4741-4748.
229. Izumi KM, Cahir McFarland ED, Ting AT, et al. The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 engages the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated proteins TRADD and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) but does not induce apoptosis or require RIP for NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19:5759-5767.
230. Izumi KM, Kaye KM, Kieff ED. The Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 amino acid sequence that engages tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors is critical for primary B lymphocyte growth transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:1447-1452.
231. Izumi KM, Kieff ED. The Epstein-Barr virus oncogene product latent membrane protein 1 engages the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain protein to mediate B lymphocyte growth transformation and activate NF-kappaB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:12592-12597.
232. Jackson S, Harwood C, Thomas M, et al. Role of Bak in UV-induced apoptosis in skin cancer and abrogation by HPV E6 proteins. Genes Dev 2000;14:3065-3073.
233. James MA, Lee JH, Klingelhutz AJ. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 activates NF-kappaB, induces cIAP-2 expression, and protects against apoptosis in a PDZ binding motif-dependent manner. J Virol 2006;80:5301-5307.
234. Jansen HW, Lurz R, Bister K, et al. Homologous cell-derived oncogenes in avian carcinoma virus MH2 and murine sarcoma virus 3611. Nature 1984;307:281-284.
235. Javier RT. Adenovirus type 9 E4 open reading frame 1 encodes a transforming protein required for the production of mammary tumors in rats. J Virol 1994;68:3917-3924.
236. Jenkins JR, Rudge K, Currie GA. Cellular immortalization by a cDNA clone encoding the transformation-associated phosphoprotein p53. Nature 1984;312:651-654.
237. Jewers RJ, Hildebrandt P, Ludlow JW, et al. Regions of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein required for immortalization of human keratinocytes. J Virol 1992;66:1329-1335.
238. Jiang X, Hanna Z, Kaouass M, et al. Ahi-1, a novel gene encoding a modular protein with WD40-repeat and SH3 domains, is targeted by the Ahi-1 and Mis-2 provirus integrations. J Virol 2002;76:9046-9059.
239. Joazeiro CA, Wing SS, Huang H, et al. The tyrosine kinase negative regulator c-Cbl as a RING-type, E2-dependent ubiquitin-protein ligase. Science 1999;286:309-312.
240. Johannsen E, Koh E, Mosialos G, et al. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 transactivation of the latent membrane protein 1 promoter is mediated by J kappa and PU.1. J Virol 1995;69:253-262.
241. Johnson P, Benchimol S. Friend virus induced murine erythroleukaemia: the p53 locus. Cancer Surv 1992;12:137-151.
242. Jones NC. Transformation by the human adenoviruses. Semin Cancer Biol 1990;1:425-435.
243. Kamps MP, Buss JE, Sefton BM. Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein lacking myristic acid phosphorylates known polypeptide substrates without inducing transformation. Cell 1986;45:105-112.
244. Kanda T, Furuno A, Yoshiike K. Human papillomavirus type 16 open reading frame E7 encodes a transforming gene for rat 3Y1 cells. J Virol 1988;62:610-613.
245. Kannian P, Green PL. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): molecular biology and oncogenesis. Viruses 2010;2:2037-2077.
246. Kaplan DR, Whitman M, Schaffhausen B, et al. Phosphatidylinositol metabolism and polyoma-mediated transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986;83:3624-3628.
247. Katoh M. WNT and FGF gene clusters (review). Int J Oncol 2002;21:1269-1273.
248. Katz E, Lareef MH, Rassa JC, et al. MMTV Env encodes an ITAM responsible for transformation of mammary epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture. J Exp Med 2005;201:431-439.
249. Kaushansky K, Lok S, Holly RD, et al. Promotion of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion and differentiation by the c-Mpl ligand thrombopoietin. Nature 1994;369:568-571.
250. Kaye KM, Izumi KM, Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is essential for B-lymphocyte growth transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:9150-9154.
251. Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, et al. Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000363.
252. Kennedy G, Komano J, Sugden B. Epstein-Barr virus provides a survival factor to Burkitt's lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:14269-14274.
253. Kenter GG, Welters MJ, Valentijn AR, et al. Vaccination against HPV-16 oncoproteins for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1838-1847.
254. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 1996;87:159-170.
255. Kiyono T, Foster SA, Koop JI, et al. Both Rb/p16INK4a inactivation and telomerase activity are required to immortalize human epithelial cells. Nature 1998;396:84-88.
256. Kiyono T, Hiraiwa A, Fujita M, et al. Binding of high-risk human papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins to the human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:11612-11616.
257. Klein U, Dalla-Favera R. New insights into the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Cancer Biol 2010;20:377-383.
258. Klempnauer KH, Gonda TJ, Bishop JM. Nucleotide sequence of the retroviral leukemia gene v-myb and its cellular progenitor c-myb: the architecture of a transduced oncogene. Cell 1982;31:453-463.
259. Klingelhutz AJ, Foster SA, McDougall JK. Telomerase activation by the E6 gene product of human papillomavirus type 16. Nature 1996;380:79-82.
260. Kobayashi S, Mukai N. Retinoblastoma-like tumors induced in rats by human adenovirus. Invest Ophthalmol 1973;12:853-856.
261. Koch CA, Anderson D, Moran MF, et al. SH2 and SH3 domains: elements that control interactions of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Science 1991;252:668-674.
262. Kolch W, Heidecker G, Lloyd P, et al. Raf-1 protein kinase is required for growth of induced NIH/3T3 cells. Nature 1991;349:426-428.
263. Komano J, Maruo S, Kurozumi K, et al. Oncogenic role of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs in Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Akata. J Virol 1999;73:9827-9831.
264. Konopka JB, Watanabe SM, Witte ON. An alteration of the human c-abl protein in K562 leukemia cells unmasks associated tyrosine kinase activity. Cell 1984;37:1035-1042.
265. Kool J, Uren AG, Martins CP, et al. Insertional mutagenesis in mice deficient for p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 reveals cancer gene interactions and correlations with tumor phenotypes. Cancer Res 2010;70:520-531.
266. Koprowski H, Jensen FC, Steplewski Z. Activation of production of infectious tumor virus SV40 in heterokaryon cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967;58:127-133.
267. Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1645-1651.
268. Kovesdi I, Reichel R, Nevins JR. Identification of a cellular transcription factor involved in E1A trans-activation. Cell 1986;45:219-228.
269. Kranjec C, Banks L. A systematic analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 PDZ substrates identifies MAGI-1 as a major target of HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18 whose loss accompanies disruption of tight junctions. J Virol 2011;85:1757-1764.
270. Krause D. Therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: benefits and risks. Hematologist 2011;8:10.
271. Kulwichit W, Edwards RH, Davenport EM, et al. Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces B cell lymphoma in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:11963-11968.
272. Lagunas-Martinez A, Madrid-Marina V, Gariglio P. Modulation of apoptosis by early human papillomavirus proteins in cervical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010;1805:6-16.
273. Lai CC, Henningson C, DiMaio D. Bovine papillomavirus E5 protein induces oligomerization and trans-phosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:15241-15246.
274. Lairmore MD, Stanley JR, Weber SA, et al. Squamous epithelial proliferation induced by walleye dermal sarcoma retrovirus cyclin in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:6114-6119.
275. Landais S, Landry S, Legault P, et al. Oncogenic potential of the miR-106-363 cluster and its implication in human T-cell leukemia. Cancer Res 2007;67:5699-5707.
276. Lane DP, Crawford LV. T antigen is bound to a host protein in SV40-transformed cells. Nature 1979;278:261-263.
277. Largaespada DA, Shaughnessy JD Jr, Jenkins NA, et al. Retroviral integration at the Evi-2 locus in BXH-2 myeloid leukemia cell lines disrupts Nf1 expression without changes in steady-state Ras-GTP levels. J Virol 1995;69:5095-5102.
278. Lee C, Laimins LA. Role of the PDZ domain-binding motif of the oncoprotein E6 in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus type 31. J Virol 2004;78:12366-12377.
279. Lee H, Veazey R, Williams K, et al. Deregulation of cell growth by the K1 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat Med 1998;4:435-440.
280. Lee SS, Weiss RS, Javier RT. Binding of human virus oncoproteins to hDlg/SAP97, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:6670-6675.
281. Lenz J, Celander D, Crowther RL, et al. Determination of the leukaemogenicity of a murine retrovirus by sequences within the long terminal repeat. Nature 1984;308:467-470.
282. Lerat H, Honda M, Beard MR, et al. Steatosis and liver cancer in transgenic mice expressing the structural and nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology 2002;122:352-365.
283. Leung K, Nabel GJ. HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-kappa B-like factor. Nature 1988;333:776-778.
284. Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 1997;88:323-331.
285. Li JP, D'Andrea AD, Lodish HF, et al. Activation of cell growth by binding of Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein to the erythropoietin receptor. Nature 1990;343:762-764.
286. Ling PD, Rawlins DR, Hayward SD. The Epstein-Barr virus immortalizing protein EBNA-2 is targeted to DNA by a cellular enhancer-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:9237-9241.
287. Linzer DI, Levine AJ. Characterization of a 54 K dalton cellular SV40 tumor antigen present in SV40-transformed cells and uninfected embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell 1979;17:43-52.
288. Liu B, Hong S, Tang Z, et al. HTLV-I Tax directly binds the Cdc20-associated anaphase-promoting complex and activates it ahead of schedule. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:63-68.
289. Liu SL, Duh FM, Lerman MI, et al. Role of virus receptor Hyal2 in oncogenic transformation of rodent fibroblasts by sheep betaretrovirus env proteins. J Virol 2003;77:2850-2858.
290. Liu X, Dakic A, Zhang Y, et al. HPV E6 protein interacts physically and functionally with the cellular telomerase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:18780-18785.
291. Lok S, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, et al. Cloning and expression of murine thrombopoietin cDNA and stimulation of platelet production in vivo. Nature 1994;369:565-568.
292. Lowenstein EJ, Daly RJ, Batzer AG, et al. The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 1992;70:431-442.
293. Lum AM, Wang BB, Li L, et al. Retroviral activation of the mir-106a microRNA cistron in T lymphoma. Retrovirology 2007;4:5.
294. Macpherson I, Montagnier L. Agar suspension culture for the selective assay of cells transformed by polyoma virus. Virology 1964;23:291-294.
295. Maeda N, Fu W, Ortin A, et al. Roles of the Ras-MEK-mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mTOR pathways in Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus-induced transformation of rodent fibroblast and epithelial cell lines. J Virol 2005;79:4440-4450.
296. Maeda N, Palmarini M, Murgia C, et al. Direct transformation of rodent fibroblasts by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:4449-4454.
297. Maki Y, Bos TJ, Davis C, et al. Avian sarcoma virus 17 carries the jun oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:2848-2852.
298. Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 1990;250:1233-1238.
299. Manos MM, Gluzman Y. Genetic and biochemical analysis of transformation-competent, replication-defective simian virus 40 large T antigen mutants. J Virol 1985;53:120-127.
300. Marriott SJ, Semmes OJ. Impact of HTLV-I Tax on cell cycle progression and the cellular DNA damage repair response. Oncogene 2005;24:5986-5995.
301. Martin DF, Kuppermann BD, Wolitz RA, et al. Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. Roche Ganciclovir Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1063-1070.
302. Martin GS. Rous sarcoma virus: a function required for the maintenance of the transformed state. Nature 1970;227:1021-1023.
303. Massimi P, Shai A, Lambert P, et al. HPV E6 degradation of p53 and PDZ containing substrates in an E6AP null background. Oncogene 2008;27:1800-1804.
304. Matsuda M, Kurata T. Emerging components of the Crk oncogene product: the first identified adaptor protein. Cell Signal 1996;8:335-340.
305. Matsuoka M, Green PL. The HBZ gene, a key player in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2009;6:71.
306. Matsushime H, Roussel MF, Ashmun RA, et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell 1991;65:701-713.
307. Mayer BJ, Hanafusa H. Association of the v-crk oncogene product with phosphotyrosine-containing proteins and protein kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:2638-2642.
308. McCormick C, Ganem D. The kaposin B protein of KSHV activates the p38/MK2 pathway and stabilizes cytokine mRNAs. Science 2005;307:739-741.
309. McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Munger K. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. Virology 2009;384:335-344.
310. McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Munger K. Viruses associated with human cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008;1782:127-150.
311. Mester J, Wagenaar E, Sluyser M, et al. Activation of int-1 and int-2 mammary oncogenes in hormone-dependent and -independent mammary tumors of GR mice. J Virol 1987;61:1073-1078.
312. Mietz JA, Unger T, Huibregtse JM, et al. The transcriptional transactivation function of wild-type p53 is inhibited by SV40 large T-antigen and by HPV-16 E6 oncoprotein. EMBO J 1992;11:5013-5020.
313. Miller CL, Burkhardt AL, Lee JH, et al. Integral membrane protein 2 of Epstein-Barr virus regulates reactivation from latency through dominant negative effects on protein-tyrosine kinases. Immunity 1995;2:155-166.
314. Miller CL, Lee JH, Kieff E, et al. An integral membrane protein (LMP2) blocks reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency following surface immunoglobulin crosslinking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:772-776.
315. Mitchell RS, Beitzel BF, Schroder AR, et al. Retroviral DNA integration: ASLV, HIV, and MLV show distinct target site preferences. PLoS Biol 2004;2:E234.
316. Montaner S. Akt/TSC/mTOR activation by the KSHV G protein-coupled receptor: emerging insights into the molecular oncogenesis and treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Cell Cycle 2007;6:438-443.
317. Moore PS, Chang Y. Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology. Nat Rev Cancer 2010;10:878-889.
318. Moran E. A region of SV40 large T antigen can substitute for a transforming domain of the adenovirus E1A products. Nature 1988;334:168-170.
319. Moran MF, Koch CA, Anderson D, et al. Src homology region 2 domains direct protein-protein interactions in signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:8622-8626.
320. Moreau-Gachelin F, Ray D, Mattei MG, et al. The putative oncogene Spi-1: murine chromosomal localization and transcriptional activation in murine acute erythroleukemias. Oncogene 1989;4:1449-1456.
321. Moriya K, Fujie H, Shintani Y, et al. The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med 1998;4:1065-1067.
322. Mosialos G, Birkenbach M, Yalamanchili R, et al. The Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 engages signaling proteins for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Cell 1995;80:389-399.
323. Mowat M, Cheng A, Kimura N, et al. Rearrangements of the cellular p53 gene in erythroleukaemic cells transformed by Friend virus. Nature 1985;314:633-636.
324. Muller R, Bravo R, Burckhardt J, et al. Induction of c-fos gene and protein by growth factors precedes activation of c-myc. Nature 1984;312:716-720.
325. Munger K, Phelps WC, Bubb V, et al. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J Virol 1989;63:4417-4421.
326. Munger K, Werness BA, Dyson N, et al. Complex formation of human papillomavirus E7 proteins with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product. EMBO J 1989;8:4099-4105.
327. Muralidhar S, Pumfery AM, Hassani M, et al. Identification of kaposin (open reading frame K12) as a human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) transforming gene. J Virol 1998;72:4980-4988.
328. Murphy PM. Pirated genes in Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature 1997;385:296-297, 299.
329. Nakabeppu Y, Ryder K, Nathans D. DNA binding activities of three murine Jun proteins: stimulation by Fos. Cell 1988;55:907-915.
330. Nason-Burchenal K, Wolff L. Activation of c-myb is an early bone-marrow event in a murine model for acute promonocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:1619-1623.
331. Neel BG, Hayward WS, Robinson HL, et al. Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete new RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell 1981;23:323-334.
332. Negri E, Little D, Boiocchi M, et al. B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2004;111:1-8.
333. Nerenberg M, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, et al. The tat gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice. Science 1987;237:1324-1329.
334. Nguyen CL, Munger K. Human papillomavirus E7 protein deregulates mitosis via an association with nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1. J Virol 2009;83:1700-1707.
335. Nguyen ML, Nguyen MM, Lee D, et al. The PDZ ligand domain of the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein is required for E6's induction of epithelial hyperplasia in vivo. J Virol 2003;77:6957-6964.
336. Nienhuis AW, Dunbar CE, Sorrentino BP. Genotoxicity of retroviral integration in hematopoietic cells. Mol Ther 2006;13:1031-1049.
337. Nilson LA, DiMaio D. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor can mediate tumorigenic transformation by the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:4137-4145.
338. Niman HL. Antisera to a synthetic peptide of the sis viral oncogene product recognize human platelet-derived growth factor. Nature 1984;307:180-183.
339. Nishigaki K, Thompson D, Hanson C, et al. The envelope glycoprotein of friend spleen focus-forming virus covalently interacts with and constitutively activates a truncated form of the receptor tyrosine kinase Stk. J Virol 2001;75:7893-7903.
340. Nusse R, Varmus HE. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 1982;31:99-109.
341. Oliner JD, Kinzler KW, Meltzer PS, et al. Amplification of a gene encoding a p53-associated protein in human sarcomas. Nature 1992;358:80-83.
342. Pallas DC, Shahrik LK, Martin BL, et al. Polyoma small and middle T antigens and SV40 small t antigen form stable complexes with protein phosphatase 2A. Cell 1990;60:167-176.
343. Palmarini M, Maeda N, Murgia C, et al. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase docking site in the cytoplasmic tail of the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus transmembrane protein is essential for envelope-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. J Virol 2001;75:11002-11009.
344. Paprotka T, Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Cingoz O, et al. Recombinant origin of the retrovirus XMRV. Science 2011. Epub ahead of print.
345. Parada LF, Land H, Weinberg RA, et al. Cooperation between gene encoding p53 tumour antigen and ras in cellular transformation. Nature 1984;312:649-651.
346. Parada LF, Tabin CJ, Shih C, et al. Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene. Nature 1982;297:474-478.
347. Park J, Seo T, Hwang S, et al. The K-bZIP protein from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with p53 and represses its transcriptional activity. J Virol 2000;74:11977-11982.
348. Park JS, Kim EJ, Kwon HJ, et al. Inactivation of interferon regulatory factor-1 tumor suppressor protein by HPV E7 oncoprotein. Implication for the E7-mediated immune evasion mechanism in cervical carcinogenesis. J Biol Chem 2000;275:6764-6769.
349. Patriotis C, Makris A, Bear SE, et al. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl-2) encodes a protein kinase involved in the progression of rodent T-cell lymphomas and in T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:2251-2255.
350. Paul R, Schuetze S, Kozak SL, et al. A common site for immortalizing proviral integrations in Friend erythroleukemia: molecular cloning and characterization. J Virol 1989;63:4958-4961.
351. Paul TA, Rovnak J, Quackenbush SL, et al. Transgenic expression of walleye dermal sarcoma virus rv-cyclin (orfA) in zebrafish does not result in tissue proliferation. Mar Biotech (NY) 2011;13:142-150.
352. Payne GS, Bishop JM, Varmus HE. Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas. Nature 1982;295:209-214.
353. Pecoraro G, Morgan D, Defendi V. Differential effects of human papillomavirus type 6, 16, and 18 DNAs on immortalization and transformation of human cervical epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:563-567.
354. Peng M, Lundgren E. Transient expression of the Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 gene in human primary B cells induces cellular activation and DNA synthesis. Oncogene 1992;7:1775-1782.
355. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, et al. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006;45:529-538.
356. Petti L, DiMaio D. Stable association between the bovine papillomavirus E5 transforming protein and activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor in transformed mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:6736-6740.
357. Petti L, Nilson LA, DiMaio D. Activation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor by the bovine papillomavirus E5 transforming protein. EMBO J 1991;10:845-855.
358. Pietenpol JA, Stein RW, Moran E, et al. TGF-beta 1 inhibition of c-myc transcription and growth in keratinocytes is abrogated by viral transforming proteins with pRB binding domains. Cell 1990;61:777-785.
359. Pilder S, Logan J, Shenk T. Deletion of the gene encoding the adenovirus 5 early region 1b 21,000-molecular-weight polypeptide leads to degradation of viral and host cell DNA. J Virol 1984;52:664-671.
360. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, et al. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980;77:7415-7419.
361. Poirier Y, Kozak C, Jolicoeur P. Identification of a common helper provirus integration site in Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma DNA. J Virol 1988;62:3985-3992.
362. Pope JH, Horne MK, Scott W. Transformation of foetal human leukocytes in vitro by filtrates of a human leukaemic cell line containing herpes-like virus. Int J Cancer 1968;3:857-866.
363. Portis T, Longnecker R. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) LMP2A mediates B-lymphocyte survival through constitutive activation of the Ras/PI3K/Akt pathway. Oncogene 2004;23:8619-8628.
364. Pozzatti R, Vogel J, Jay G. The human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax gene can cooperate with the ras oncogene to induce neoplastic transformation of cells. Mol Cell Biol 1990;10:413-417.
365. Prakash O, Swamy OR, Peng X, et al. Activation of Src kinase Lyn by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K1 protein: implications for lymphomagenesis. Blood 2005;105:3987-3994.
366. Prakash O, Tang ZY, Peng X, et al. Tumorigenesis and aberrant signaling in transgenic mice expressing the human herpesvirus-8 K1 gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:926-935.
367. Radke K, Gilmore T, Martin GS. Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus: a cellular substrate for transformation-specific protein phosphorylation contains phosphotyrosine. Cell 1980;21:821-828.
368. Radkov SA, Kellam P, Boshoff C. The latent nuclear antigen of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus targets the retinoblastoma-E2F pathway and with the oncogene Hras transforms primary rat cells. Nat Med 2000;6:1121-1127.
369. Rampias T, Sasaki C, Weinberger P, et al. E6 and E7 gene silencing and transformed phenotype of human papillomavirus 16-positive oropharyngeal cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:412-423.
370. Rao L, Debbas M, Sabbatini P, et al. The adenovirus E1A proteins induce apoptosis, which is inhibited by the E1B 19-kDa and Bcl-2 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:7742-7746.
371. Rapin AM, Burger MM. Tumor cell surfaces: general alterations detected by agglutinins. Adv Cancer Res 1974;20:1-91.
372. Rapp UR, Goldsborough MD, Mark GE, et al. Structure and biological activity of v-raf, a unique oncogene transduced by a retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:4218-4222.
373. Rassoulzadegan M, Cowie A, Carr A, et al. The roles of individual polyoma virus early proteins in oncogenic transformation. Nature 1982;300:713-718.
374. Rassoulzadegan M, Naghashfar Z, Cowie A, et al. Expression of the large T protein of polyoma virus promotes the establishment in culture of "normal" rodent fibroblast cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:4354-4358.
375. Rauscher FJ 3rd, Cohen DR, Curran T, et al. Fos-associated protein p39 is the product of the jun proto-oncogene. Science 1988;240:1010-1016.
376. Raychaudhuri P, Bagchi S, Devoto SH, et al. Domains of the adenovirus E1A protein required for oncogenic activity are also required for dissociation of E2F transcription factor complexes. Genes Dev 1991;5:1200-1211.
377. Regan JA, Laimins LA. Bap31 is a novel target of the human papillomavirus E5 protein. J Virol 2008;82:10042-10051.
378. Reya T, Clevers H. Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature 2005;434:843-850.
379. Rivas C, Thlick AE, Parravicini C, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J Virol 2001;75:429-438.
380. Robb JA, Martin RG. Genetic analysis of simian virus 40. 3. Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant blocked at an early stage of productive infection in monkey cells. J Virol 1972;9:956-968.
381. Rossomando AJ, Payne DM, Weber MJ, et al. Evidence that pp42, a major tyrosine kinase target protein, is a mitogen-activated serine/threonine protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:6940-6943.
382. Rous P. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. J Exp Med 1911;13:397-411.
383. Rovnak J, Quackenbush SL. Walleye dermal sarcoma virus: molecular biology and oncogenesis. Viruses 2010;2:1984-1999.
384. Rowe M, Peng-Pilon M, Huen DS, et al. Upregulation of bcl-2 by the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein LMP1: a B-cell-specific response that is delayed relative to NF-kappa B activation and to induction of cell surface markers. J Virol 1994;68:5602-5612.
385. Rowley JD. Chromosome abnormalities in the acute phase of CML. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1978;29:57-63.
386. Rozakis-Adcock M, McGlade J, Mbamalu G, et al. Association of the Shc and Grb2/Sem5 SH2-containing proteins is implicated in activation of the Ras pathway by tyrosine kinases. Nature 1992;360:689-692.
387. Ruf IK, Rhyne PW, Yang C, et al. Epstein-Barr virus small RNAs potentiate tumorigenicity of Burkitt lymphoma cells independently of an effect on apoptosis. J Virol 2000;74:10223-10228.
388. Ruley HE. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature 1983;304:602-606.
389. Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien MC, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:14862-14867.
390. Sabbatini P, Chiou SK, Rao L, et al. Modulation of p53-mediated transcriptional repression and apoptosis by the adenovirus E1B 19K protein. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:1060-1070.
391. Sabbatini P, Lin J, Levine AJ, et al. Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev 1995;9:2184-2192.
392. Sablina AA, Hahn WC. SV40 small T antigen and PP2 A phosphatase in cell transformation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008;27:137-146.
393. Sadowski I, Stone JC, Pawson T. A noncatalytic domain conserved among cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases modifies the kinase function and transforming activity of Fujinami sarcoma virus P130gag-fps. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:4396-4408.
394. Saito I, Miyamura T, Ohbayashi A, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:6547-6549.
395. Sap J, Munoz A, Damm K, et al. The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature 1986;324:635-640.
396. Sarnow P, Ho YS, Williams J, et al. Adenovirus E1b-58kd tumor antigen and SV40 large tumor antigen are physically associated with the same 54 kd cellular protein in transformed cells. Cell 1982;28:387-394.
397. Schaeper U, Boyd JM, Verma S, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cellular phosphoprotein that interacts with a conserved C-terminal domain of adenovirus E1A involved in negative modulation of oncogenic transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:10467-10471.
398. Schaller MD, Borgman CA, Cobb BS, et al. pp125FAK a structurally distinctive protein-tyrosine kinase associated with focal adhesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:5192-5196.
399. Schapiro F, Sparkowski J, Adduci A, et al. Golgi alkalinization by the papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein. J Cell Biol 2000;148:305-315.
400. Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, et al. The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell 1993;75:495-505.
401. Scheffner M, Munger K, Byrne JC, et al. The state of the p53 and retinoblastoma genes in human cervical carcinoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:5523-5527.
402. Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, et al. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 1990;63:1129-1136.
403. Schiller JT, Lowy DR. Vaccines to prevent infections by oncoviruses. Annu Rev Microbiol 2010;64:23-41.
404. Schlaberg R, Choe DJ, Brown KR, et al. XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:16351-16356.
405. Schlegel R, Phelps WC, Zhang YL, et al. Quantitative keratinocyte assay detects two biological activities of human papillomavirus DNA and identifies viral types associated with cervical carcinoma. EMBO J 1988;7:3181-3187.
406. Schlegel R, Wade-Glass M, Rabson MS, et al. The E5 transforming gene of bovine papillomavirus encodes a small, hydrophobic polypeptide. Science 1986;233:464-467.
407. Schlessinger J. How receptor tyrosine kinases activate Ras. Trends Biochem Sci 1993;18:273-275.
408. Schneider C, Weisshart K, Guarino LA, et al. Species-specific functional interactions of DNA polymerase alpha-primase with simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen require SV40 origin DNA. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:3176-3185.
409. Schroder AR, Shinn P, Chen H, et al. HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots. Cell 2002;110:521-529.
410. Schwab M, Alitalo K, Klempnauer KH, et al. Amplified DNA with limited homology to myc cellular oncogene is shared by human neuroblastoma cell lines and a neuroblastoma tumour. Nature 1983;305:245-248.
411. Schwab M, Alitalo K, Varmus HE, et al. A cellular oncogene (c-Ki-ras) is amplified, overexpressed, and located within karyotypic abnormalities in mouse adrenocortical tumour cells. Nature 1983;303:497-501.
412. Schwarz E, Freese UK, Gissmann L, et al. Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells. Nature 1985;314:111-114.
413. Scolnick EM, Howk RS, Anisowicz A, et al. Separation of sarcoma virus-specific and leukemia virus-specific genetic sequences of Moloney sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975;72:4650-4654.
414. Sedman SA, Hubbert NL, Vass WC, et al. Mutant p53 can substitute for human papillomavirus type 16 E6 in immortalization of human keratinocytes but does not have E6-associated trans-activation or transforming activity. J Virol 1992;66:4201-4208.
415. Sefton BM, Hunter T, Nigg EA, et al. Cytoskeletal targets for viral transforming proteins with tyrosine protein kinase activity. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1982;46(Pt 2):939-951.
416. Seif R, Cuzin F. Temperature-sensitive growth regulation in one type of transformed rat cells induced by the tsa mutant of polyoma virus. J Virol 1977;24:721-728.
417. Selten G, Cuypers HT, Zijlstra M, et al. Involvement of c-myc in MuLV-induced T cell lymphomas in mice: frequency and mechanisms of activation. EMBO J 1984;3:3215-3222.
418. Shah KM, Young LS. Epstein-Barr virus and carcinogenesis: beyond Burkitt's lymphoma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:982-988.
419. Shai A, Pitot HC, Lambert PF. E6-associated protein is required for human papillomavirus type 16 E6 to cause cervical cancer in mice. Cancer Res 2010;70:5064-5073.
420. Sharp PA, Pettersson U, Sambrook J. Viral DNA in transformed cells. I. A study of the sequences of adenovirus 2 DNA in a line of transformed rat cells using specific fragments of the viral genome. J Mol Biol 1974;86:709-726.
421. Sheiness D, Fanshier L, Bishop JM. Identification of nucleotide sequences which may encode the oncogenic capacity of avian retrovirus MC29. J Virol 1978;28:600-610.
422. Shen H, Suzuki T, Munroe DJ, et al. Common sites of retroviral integration in mouse hematopoietic tumors identified by high-throughput, single nucleotide polymorphism-based mapping and bacterial artificial chromosome hybridization. J Virol 2003;77:1584-1588.
423. Shen Y, Shenk T. Relief of p53-mediated transcriptional repression by the adenovirus E1B 19-kDa protein or the cellular Bcl-2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:8940-8944.
424. Sheng Q, Denis D, Ratnofsky M, et al. The DnaJ domain of polyomavirus large T antigen is required to regulate Rb family tumor suppressor function. J Virol 1997;71:9410-9416.
425. Sherr CJ, Rettenmier CW, Sacca R, et al. The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1. Cell 1985;41:665-676.
426. Shih C, Shilo BZ, Goldfarb MP, et al. Passage of phenotypes of chemically transformed cells via transfection of DNA and chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979;76:5714-5718.
427. Shope T, Dechairo D, Miller G. Malignant lymphoma in cottontop marmosets after inoculation with Epstein-Barr virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973;70:2487-2491.
428. Short MK, Okenquist SA, Lenz J. Correlation of leukemogenic potential of murine retroviruses with transcriptional tissue preference of the viral long terminal repeats. J Virol 1987;61:1067-1072.
429. Shuda M, Feng H, Kwun HJ, et al. T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:16272-16277.
430. Siekevitz M, Feinberg MB, Holbrook N, et al. Activation of interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor (Tac) promoter expression by the trans-activator (tat) gene product of human T-cell leukemia virus, type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:5389-5393.
431. Singh M, Kumar V. Transgenic mouse models of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Rev Med Virol 2003;13:243-253.
432. Slebos RJ, Lee MH, Plunkett BS, et al. p53-dependent G1 arrest involves pRB-related proteins and is disrupted by the human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:5320-5324.
433. Smirnova IS, Aksenov ND, Kashuba EV, et al. Hepatitis C virus core protein transforms murine fibroblasts by promoting genomic instability. Cell Oncol 2006;28:177-190.
434. Smith MR, Greene WC. Type I human T cell leukemia virus tax protein transforms rat fibroblasts through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein/activating transcription factor pathway. J Clin Invest 1991;88:1038-1042.
435. Sola B, Fichelson S, Bordereaux D, et al. fim-1 and fim-2: two new integration regions of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias. J Virol 1986;60:718-725.
436. Spanos WC, Hoover A, Harris GF, et al. The PDZ binding motif of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 induces PTPN13 loss, which allows anchorage-independent growth and synergizes with ras for invasive growth. J Virol 2008;82:2493-2500.
437. Srivenugopal KS, Ali-Osman F. The DNA repair protein, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is a proteolytic target for the E6 human papillomavirus oncoprotein. Oncogene 2002;21:5940-5945.
438. Steegenga WT, Riteco N, Jochemsen AG, et al. The large E1B protein together with the E4orf6 protein target p53 for active degradation in adenovirus infected cells. Oncogene 1998;16:349-357.
439. Steele C, Sacks PG, Adler-Storthz K, et al. Effect on cancer cells of plasmids that express antisense RNA of human papillomavirus type 18. Cancer Res 1992;52:4706-4711.
440. Steffen D. Proviruses are adjacent to c-myc in some murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984;81:2097-2101.
441. Stehelin D, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, et al. DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 1976;260:170-173.
442. Stein S, Ott MG, Schultze-Strasser S, et al. Genomic instability and myelodysplasia with monosomy 7 consequent to EVI1 activation after gene therapy for chronic granulomatous disease. Nat Med 2010;16:198-204.
443. Stephens RM, Rice NR, Hiebsch RR, et al. Nucleotide sequence of v-rel: the oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:6229-6233.
444. Stine JT, Wood C, Hill M, et al. KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogenesis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood 2000;95:1151-1157.
445. Stoppler H, Stoppler MC, Johnson E, et al. The E7 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 sensitizes primary human keratinocytes to apoptosis. Oncogene 1998;17:1207-1214.
446. Storey A, Pim D, Murray A, et al. Comparison of the in vitro transforming activities of human papillomavirus types. EMBO J 1988;7:1815-1820.
447. Stott FJ, Bates S, James MC, et al. The alternative product from the human CDKN2A locus, p14(ARF), participates in a regulatory feedback loop with p53 and MDM2. EMBO J 1998;17:5001-5014.
448. Stoye JP, Moroni C, Coffin JM. Virological events leading to spontaneous AKR thymomas. J Virol 1991;65:1273-1285.
449. Straight SW, Hinkle PM, Jewers RJ, et al. The E5 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 transforms fibroblasts and effects the downregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in keratinocytes. J Virol 1993;67:4521-4532.
450. Stubdal H, Zalvide J, Campbell KS, et al. Inactivation of pRB-related proteins p130 and p107 mediated by the J domain of simian virus 40 large T antigen. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:4979-4990.
451. Sugden B, Mark W. Clonal transformation of adult human leukocytes by Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 1977;23:503-508.
452. Summers J, Mason WS. Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B-like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell 1982;29:403-415.
453. Sun Q, Zachariah S, Chaudhary PM. The human herpes virus 8-encoded viral FLICE-inhibitory protein induces cellular transformation via NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2003;278:52437-52445.
454. Swanstrom R, Parker RC, Varmus HE, et al. Transduction of a cellular oncogene: the genesis of Rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:2519-2523.
455. Swanton C, Mann DJ, Fleckenstein B, et al. Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins. Nature 1997;390:184-187.
456. Swart R, Ruf IK, Sample J, et al. Latent membrane protein 2A-mediated effects on the phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt pathway. J Virol 2000;74:10838-10845.
457. Sylla BS, Temin HM. Activation of oncogenicity of the c-rel proto-oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:4709-4716.
458. Tabin CJ, Bradley SM, Bargmann CI, et al. Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene. Nature 1982;300:143-149.
459. Tabin CJ, Weinberg RA. Analysis of viral and somatic activations of the cHa-ras gene. J Virol 1985;53:260-265.
460. Takeya T, Hanafusa H. Structure and sequence of the cellular gene homologous to the RSV src gene and the mechanism for generating the transforming virus. Cell 1983;32:881-890.
461. Talbert-Slagle K, DiMaio D. The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein and the PDGF beta receptor: it takes two to tango. Virology 2009;384:345-351.
462. Talmage DA, Freund R, Young AT, et al. Phosphorylation of middle T by pp60c-src: a switch for binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and optimal tumorigenesis. Cell 1989;59:55-65.
463. Temin HM, Rubin H. Characteristics of an assay for Rous sarcoma virus and Rous sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Virology 1958;6:669-688.
464. Thomas JE, Aguzzi A, Soriano P, et al. Induction of tumor formation and cell transformation by polyoma middle T antigen in the absence of Src. Oncogene 1993;8:2521-2529.
465. Thomas M, Banks L. Inhibition of Bak-induced apoptosis by HPV-18 E6. Oncogene 1998;17:2943-2954.
466. Tomaic V, Gardiol D, Massimi P, et al. Human and primate tumour viruses use PDZ binding as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of targeting cell polarity regulators. Oncogene 2009;28:1-8.
467. Toyoshima K, Vogt PK. Temperature sensitive mutants of an avian sarcoma virus. Virology 1969;39:930-931.
468. Treisman R, Novak U, Favaloro J, et al. Transformation of rat cells by an altered polyoma virus genome expressing only the middle-T protein. Nature 1981;292:595-600.
469. Uchida J, Yasui T, Takaoka-Shichijo Y, et al. Mimicry of CD40 signals by Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 in B lymphocyte responses. Science 1999;286:300-303.
470. Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N, et al. Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant. PLoS Pathog 2006;2:e25.
471. Utermark T, Schaffhausen BS, Roberts TM, et al. The p110alpha isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is essential for polyomavirus middle T antigen-mediated transformation. J Virol 2007;81:7069-7076.
472. Van Beveren C, van Straaten F, Curran T, et al. Analysis of FBJ-MuSV provirus and c-fos (mouse) gene reveals that viral and cellular fos gene products have different carboxy termini. Cell 1983;32:1241-1255.
473. van Lohuizen M, Verbeek S, Krimpenfort P, et al. Predisposition to lymphomagenesis in pim-1 transgenic mice: cooperation with c-myc and N-myc in murine leukemia virus-induced tumors. Cell 1989;56:673-682.
474. van Lohuizen M, Verbeek S, Scheijen B, et al. Identification of cooperating oncogenes in E mu-myc transgenic mice by provirus tagging. Cell 1991;65:737-752.
475. Veldman T, Horikawa I, Barrett JC, et al. Transcriptional activation of the telomerase hTERT gene by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein. J Virol 2001;75:4467-4472.
476. Vennstrom B, Sheiness D, Zabielski J, et al. Isolation and characterization of c-myc, a cellular homolog of the oncogene (v-myc) of avian myelocytomatosis virus strain 29. J Virol 1982;42:773-779.
477. von Knebel Doeberitz M, Oltersdorf T, Schwarz E, et al. Correlation of modified human papilloma virus early gene expression with altered growth properties in C4-1 cervical carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1988;48:3780-3786.
478. Voronova AF, Sefton BM. Expression of a new tyrosine protein kinase is stimulated by retrovirus promoter insertion. Nature 1986;319:682-685.
479. Vousden KH, Doniger J, DiPaolo JA, et al. The E7 open reading frame of human papillomavirus type 16 encodes a transforming gene. Oncogene Res 1988;3:167-175.
480. Walter G, Ruediger R, Slaughter C, et al. Association of protein phosphatase 2A with polyoma virus medium tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:2521-2525.
481. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 1985;43:831-840.
482. Wang F, Gregory CD, Rowe M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 specifically induces expression of the B-cell activation antigen CD23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:3452-3456.
483. Wang HW, Sharp TV, Koumi A, et al. Characterization of an anti-apoptotic glycoprotein encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus which resembles a spliced variant of human survivin. EMBO J 2002;21:2602-2615.
484. Wang LH, Duesberg P, Beemon K, et al. Mapping RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides of avian tumor virus RNAs: sarcoma-specific oligonucleotides are near the poly(A) end and oligonucleotides common to sarcoma and transformation-defective viruses are at the poly(A) end. J Virol 1975;16:1051-1070.
485. Watanabe T, Sugaya M, Atkins AM, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen prolongs the life span of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Virol 2003;77:6188-6196.
486. Watson RA, Thomas M, Banks L, et al. Activity of the human papillomavirus E6 PDZ-binding motif correlates with an enhanced morphological transformation of immortalized human keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2003;116:4925-4934.
487. Weinberger C, Thompson CC, Ong ES, et al. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature 1986;324:641-646.
488. Weitzman MD, Carson CT, Schwartz RA, et al. Interactions of viruses with the cellular DNA repair machinery. DNA Repair (Amst) 2004;3:1165-1173.
489. Werness BA, Levine AJ, Howley PM. Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Science 1990;248:76-79.
490. White AE, Livanos EM, Tlsty TD. Differential disruption of genomic integrity and cell cycle regulation in normal human fibroblasts by the HPV oncoproteins. Genes Dev 1994;8:666-677.
491. White E, Grodzicker T, Stillman BW. Mutations in the gene encoding the adenovirus early region 1B 19,000-molecular-weight tumor antigen cause the degradation of chromosomal DNA. J Virol 1984;52:410-419.
492. White E, Sabbatini P, Debbas M, et al. The 19-kilodalton adenovirus E1B transforming protein inhibits programmed cell death and prevents cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:2570-2580.
493. Whitman M, Kaplan DR, Schaffhausen B, et al. Association of phosphatidylinositol kinase activity with polyoma middle-T competent for transformation. Nature 1985;315:239-242.
494. Whyte P, Buchkovich KJ, Horowitz JM, et al. Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature 1988;334:124-129.
495. Whyte P, Ruley HE, Harlow E. Two regions of the adenovirus early region 1A proteins are required for transformation. J Virol 1988;62:257-265.
496. Witte ON, Dasgupta A, Baltimore D. Abelson murine leukaemia virus protein is phosphorylated in vitro to form phosphotyrosine. Nature 1980;283:826-831.
497. Witte ON, Goff S, Rosenberg N, et al. A transformation-defective mutant of Abelson murine leukemia virus lacks protein kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980;77:4993-4997.
498. Wolff L, Scolnick E, Ruscetti S. Envelope gene of the Friend spleen focus-forming virus: deletion and insertions in 3' gp70/p15E-encoding region have resulted in unique features in the primary structure of its protein product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:4718-4722.
499. Woodworth CD, Doniger J, DiPaolo JA. Immortalization of human foreskin keratinocytes by various human papillomavirus DNAs corresponds to their association with cervical carcinoma. J Virol 1989;63:159-164.
500. Wootton SK, Halbert CL, Miller AD. Sheep retrovirus structural protein induces lung tumours. Nature 2005;434:904-907.
501. Wrede D, Tidy JA, Crook T, et al. Expression of RB and p53 proteins in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical carcinoma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 1991;4:171-175.
502. Wu X, Bayle JH, Olson D, et al. The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop. Genes Dev 1993;7:1126-1132.
503. Xu W, Harrison SC, Eck MJ. Three-dimensional structure of the tyrosine kinase c-Src. Nature 1997;385:595-602.
504. Yajima M, Kanda T, Takada K. Critical role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-encoded RNA in efficient EBV-induced B-lymphocyte growth transformation. J Virol 2005;79:4298-4307.
505. Yang SI, Lickteig RL, Estes R, et al. Control of protein phosphatase 2A by simian virus 40 small-t antigen. Mol Cell Biol 1991;11:1988-1995.
506. Yang TY, Chen SC, Leach MW, et al. Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human herpesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi's sarcoma. J Exp Med 2000;191:445-454.
507. Yee SP, Branton PE. Detection of cellular proteins associated with human adenovirus type 5 early region 1A polypeptides. Virology 1985;147:142-153.
508. Yew N, Strobel M, Vande Woude GF. Mos and the cell cycle: the molecular basis of the transformed phenotype. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1993;3:19-25.
509. Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y. Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:2031-2035.
510. Yu J, Boyapati A, Rundell K. Critical role for SV40 small-t antigen in human cell transformation. Virology 2001;290:192-198.
511. Yu SF, von Ruden T, Kantoff PW, et al. Self-inactivating retroviral vectors designed for transfer of whole genes into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986;83:3194-3198.
512. Yuan H, Fu F, Zhuo J, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins upregulate c-IAP2 gene expression and confer resistance to apoptosis. Oncogene 2005;24:5069-5078.
513. Zerfass-Thome K, Zwerschke W, Mannhardt B, et al. Inactivation of the cdk inhibitor p27KIP1 by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. Oncogene 1996;13:2323-2330.
514. Zhang XF, Settleman J, Kyriakis JM, et al. Normal and oncogenic p21ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal regulatory domain of c-Raf-1. Nature 1993;364:308-313.
515. Zhang Y, Xiong Y, Yarbrough WG. ARF promotes MDM2 degradation and stabilizes p53: ARF-INK4a locus deletion impairs both the Rb and p53 tumor suppression pathways. Cell 1998;92:725-734.
516. Zhu JY, Abate M, Rice PW, et al. The ability of simian virus 40 large T antigen to immortalize primary mouse embryo fibroblasts cosegregates with its ability to bind to p53. J Virol 1991;65:6872-6880.
517. Zsebo KM, Williams DA, Geissler EN, et al. Stem cell factor is encoded at the Sl locus of the mouse and is the ligand for the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell 1990;63:213-224.
518. zur Hausen H. Papillomavirus infections-a major cause of human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996;1288:F55-F78.