Alcoholic beverages, obesity, physical activity and other nutritional factors, and cancer risk: A review of the evidence

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 99, Issue , 2016, Pages 308-323

  Latino Martel, Paule ^a,b   Cottet, Vanessa ^b,c   Druesne Pecollo, Nathalie ^a,b   Pierre, Fabrice H F ^b,d   Touillaud, Marina ^b,e   Touvier, Mathilde ^a,b   Vasson, Marie Paule ^b,f   Deschasaux, Mélanie ^a,b   Le Merdy, Julie ^a,b   Barrandon, Emilie ^a,b   Ancellin, Raphaëlle ^g  

^a PARIS DESCARTES UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b French Network on Nutrition and Cancer Research NACRe Network   (France)

^c DIJON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^d TOXALIM RESEARCH CENTRE IN FOOD TOXICOLOGY   (France)

^e CENTRE LÉON BÉRARD   (France)

^f INRA and University of Auvergne   (France)

^g INSTITUT NATIONAL DU CANCER   (France)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Beta carotene supplements; Breastfeeding; Cancer; Diet; Obesity; Physical activity; Prevention

Indexed keywords

BETA CAROTENE;

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; BREAST FEEDING; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIETARY FIBER; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD PROCESSING; FRUIT; HUMAN; NUTRITION; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RED MEAT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; VEGETABLE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; COMPLICATION; DIET; EXERCISE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEOPLASMS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; DIET; EXERCISE; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEOPLASMS; OBESITY;

EID: 84959511830     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: 18790461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. Abid Z., Cross A.J., Sinha R. Meat, dairy, and cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100July Suppl. 1:386S-393S. 10.3945/ajcn.113.071597.
2. Alexander D.D., Cushing C.A. Quantitative assessment of red meat or processed meat consumption and kidney cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev. 2009, 325-6:340-351. 10.1016/j.cdp.2009.02.002.
3. Alexander D.D., Morimoto L.M., Mink P.J., Cushing C.A. A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2010, 23December 2:349-365. 10.1017/S0954422410000235.
4. Alexander D.D., Mink P.J., Cushing C.A., Sceurman B. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat intake and prostate cancer. Nutr. J. 2010, 9:50. 10.1186/1475-2891-9-50.
5. Alexander D.D., Weed D.L., Cushing C.A., Lowe K.A. Meta-analysis of prospective studies of red meat consumption and colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2011, 20July 4:293-307. 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328345f985.
6. Allen N.E., Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Travis R.C., Roddam A.W., Tjonneland A., et al. Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 98May 9:1574-1581. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604331.
7. Amadou A., Ferrari P., Muwonge R., Moskal A., Biessy C., Romieu I., et al. Overweight, obesity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer according to ethnicity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013, 14August 8:665-678. 10.1111/obr.12028.
8. Anderson A.S., Key T.J., Norat T., Scoccianti C., Cecchini M., Berrino F., et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: obesity, body fatness and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 10.1016/j.canep.2015.01.017.
9. Anothaisintawee T., Wiratkapun C., Lerdsitthichai P., Kasamesup V., Wongwaisayawan S., Srinakarin J., et al. Risk factors of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2013, 25September 5:368-387. 10.1177/1010539513488795.
10. Askmyr M., Quach J., Purton L.E. Effects of the bone marrow microenvironment on hematopoietic malignancy. Bone 2011, 48January 1:115-120. 10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.003.
11. Aune D., Greenwood D.C., Chan D.S., Vieira R., Vieira A.R., Navarro Rosenblatt D.A., et al. Body mass index, abdominal fatness and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23April 4:843-852. 10.1093/annonc/mdr398.
12. Aune D., Chan D.S., Vieira A.R., Rosenblatt D.A., Vieira R., Greenwood D.C., et al. Fruits, vegetables and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012, 134July 2:479-493. 10.1007/s10549-012-2118-1.
13. Aune D., Chan D.S., Greenwood D.C., Vieira A.R., Rosenblatt D.A., Vieira R., et al. Dietary fiber and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23June 6:1394-1402. 10.1093/annonc/mdr589.
14. Aune D., Lau R., Chan D.S., Vieira R., Greenwood D.C., Kampman E., et al. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23January 1:37-45. 10.1093/annonc/mdr269.
15. Aune D., Chan D.S., Vieira A.R., Navarro Rosenblatt D.A., Vieira R., Greenwood D.C., et al. Dietary compared with blood concentrations of carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96August 2:356-373. 10.3945/ajcn.112.034165.
16. Bardia A., Tleyjeh I.M., Cerhan J.R., Sood A.K., Limburg P.J., Erwin P.J., et al. Efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in reducing primary cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2008, 83January 1:23-34. 10.4065/83.1.23.
17. Bastide N.M., Pierre F.H., Corpet D.E. Heme iron from meat and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and a review of the mechanisms involved. Cancer Prev. Res. Phila 2011, 4February 2:177-184. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0113.
18. Behrens G., Leitzmann M.F. The association between physical activity and renal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 2013, 108March 4:798-811. 10.1038/bjc.2013.37.
19. Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Simonetti R.G., Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2008, CD004183. 10.1002/14651858.CD004183.pub3.
20. Boccia S., Hashibe M., Galli P., De Feo E., Asakage T., Hashimoto T., et al. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18January 1:248-254. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0462.
21. Boffetta P., Hazelton W.D., Chen Y., Sinha R., Inoue M., Gao Y.T., et al. Body mass, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and risk of cancer of the small intestine-a pooled analysis of over 500,000 subjects in the Asia Cohort Consortium. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23July 7:1894-1898. 10.1093/annonc/mdr562.
22. Bordoni A., Danesi F., Dardevet D., Dupont D., Fernandez A.S., Gille D., et al. Dairy products and inflammation: a review of the clinical evidence. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015, 19:0. 10.1080/10408398.2014.967385.
23. Bouvard V., Loomis D., Guyton K.Z., Grosse Y., Ghissassi F.E., Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Guha N., et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 2015, 10.1016/S1470-20451500444-1.
24. Boyle T., Keegel T., Bull F., Heyworth J., Fritschi L. Physical activity and risks of proximal and distal colon cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012, 104October 20:1548-1561. 10.1093/jnci/djs354.
25. Brambilla D., Mancuso C., Scuderi M.R., Bosco P., Cantarella G., Lempereur L., et al. The role of antioxidant supplement in immune system, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders: a point of view for an assessment of the risk/benefit profile. Nutr. J. 2008, 7:29. 10.1186/1475-2891-7-29.
26. Buffart L.M., Singh A.S., van Loon E.C., Vermeulen H.I., Brug J., Chinapaw M.J. Physical activity and the risk of developing lung cancer among smokers: a meta-analysis. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2014, 17January 1:67-71. 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.02.015.
27. Calle E.E., Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4August 8:579-591. 10.1038/nrc1408.
28. Canani R.B., Costanzo M.D., Leone L., Pedata M., Meli R., Calignano A. Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 17March 12:1519-1528. 10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1519.
29. Castillo J.J., Reagan J.L., Ingham R.R., Furman M., Dalia S., Merhi B., et al. Obesity but not overweight increases the incidence and mortality of leukemia in adults: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Leuk. Res. 2012, 36July 7:868-875. 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.12.020.
30. Chan J.M., Stampfer M.J., Giovannucci E., Gann P.H., Ma J., Wilkinson P., et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 1998, 279January 5350:563-566. 10.1126/science.279.5350.563.
31. Chan D.S., Lau R., Aune D., Vieira R., Greenwood D.C., Kampman E., et al. Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 2011, 66:e20456. 10.1371/journal.pone.0020456.
32. Chao C. Associations between beer, wine, and liquor consumption and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16November 1:2436-2447. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0386.
33. Chen Y., Wang X., Wang J., Yan Z., Luo J. Excess body weight and the risk of primary liver cancer: an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Cancer 2012, 48September 14:2137-2145. 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.063.
34. Chen J., Song Y., Zhang L. Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. Tokyo 2012, 593:213-223. 10.3177/jnsv.59.213.
35. Chen Y., Liu L., Wang X., Wang J., Yan Z., Cheng J., et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of a population with more than ten million from 24 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2013, 22August 8:1395-1408. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0042.
36. Cheraghi Z., Poorolajal J., Hashem T., Esmailnasab N., Doosti Irani A. Effect of body mass index on breast cancer during premenopausal and postmenopausal periods: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012, 712:e51446. 10.1371/journal.pone.0051446.
37. Choi Y., Song S., Song Y., Lee J.E. Consumption of red and processed meat and esophageal cancer risk: meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19February 7:1020-1029. 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1020.
38. Coleman H.G., Murray L.J., Hicks B., Bhat S.K., Kubo A., Corley D.A., et al. Dietary fiber and the risk of precancerous lesions and cancer of the oesophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 2013, 71July 7:474-482. 10.1111/nure.12032.
39. Cooper K., Squires H., Carroll C., Papaioannou D., Booth A., Logan R.F., et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess. 2010, 14June 32:1-206. 10.3310/hta14320.
40. Crider K.S., Yang T.P., Berry R.J., Bailey L.B. Folate and DNA methylation: a review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate's role. Adv. Nutr. 2012, 3January 1:21-38. 10.3945/an.111.000992.
41. Cronin-Fenton D.P., Murray L.J., Whiteman D.C., Cardwell C., Webb P.M., Jordan S.J., et al. Reproductive and sex hormonal factors and oesophageal and gastric junction adenocarcinoma: a pooled analysis. Eur. J. Cancer 2010, 46July 11:2067-2076. 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.03.032.
42. D'Elia L., Rossi G., Ippolito R., Cappuccio F.P., Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 31August 4:489-498. 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.003.
43. Discacciati A., Orsini N., Wolk A. Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer-a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23July 7:1665-1671. 10.1093/annonc/mdr603.
44. Dong J.Y., Zhang L., He K., Qin L.Q. Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast. Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 127May 1:23-31. 10.1007/s10549-011-1467-5.
45. Druesne-Pecollo N., Latino-Martel P., Norat T., Barrandon E., Bertrais S., Galan P., et al. Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Cancer 2010, 127July 1:172-184. 10.1002/ijc.25008.
46. EHBC Collaborative Group, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF1, IGF binding protein 3 IGFBP3, and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. Lancet Oncol. 2010, 11June 6:530-542. 10.1016/S1470-20451070095-4.
47. Ezzedine K., Latreille J., Kesse-Guyot E., Galan P., Hercberg S., Guinot C., et al. Incidence of skin cancers during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplementation. Eur. J. Cancer 2010, 46December 18:3316-3322. 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.06.008.
48. Fang P., Jiao S., Zhang X., Liu Z., Wang H., Gao Y., et al. Meta-analysis of ALDH2 variants and esophageal cancer in Asians. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2011, 1210:2623-2627.
49. Faramawi M.F., Johnson E., Fry M.W., Sall M., Zhou Y. Consumption of different types of meat and the risk of renal cancer: meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control 2007, 18March 2:125-133. 10.1007/s10552-006-0104-9.
50. Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Ervik M., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 11 2013, IARC, Lyon. http://globocan.iarc.fr.
51. Fleshner N., Bagnell P.S., Klotz L., Venkateswaran V. Dietary fat and prostate cancer. J. Urol. 2004, 171February 2 Pt 2:S19-S24. 10.1097/01.ju.0000107838.33623.19.
52. Freedman N.D., Murray L.J., Kamangar F., Abnet C.C., Cook M.B., Nyren O., et al. Alcohol intake and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a pooled analysis from the BEACON Consortium. Gut 2011, 60August 8:1029-1037. 10.1136/gut.2010.233866.
53. Gallicchio L., Boyd K., Matanoski G., Tao X.G., Chen L., Lam T.K., et al. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 88August 2:372-383.
54. Gaudet M.M., Olshan A.F., Chuang S.C., Berthiller J., Zhang Z.F., Lissowska J., et al. Body mass index and risk of head and neck cancer in a pooled analysis of case-control studies in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology INHANCE Consortium. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 39August 4:1091-1102. 10.1093/ije/dyp380.
55. Guo H., Zhang G., Mai R. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1B Arg47His polymorphism and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis including 24,252 subjects. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2012, 36February 2:272-278. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01621.x.
56. Hague A., Paraskeva C. The short-chain fatty acid butyrate induces apoptosis in colorectal tumour cell lines. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1995, 4October 5:359-364.
57. Hashibe M., Brennan P., Chuang S.C., Boccia S., Castellsague X., Chen C., et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18February 2:541-550. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0347.
58. Hashibe M., Brennan P., Benhamou S., Castellsague X., Chen C., Curado M.P., et al. Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2007, 99May 10:777-789. 10.1093/jnci/djk179.
59. Hercberg S., Ezzedine K., Guinot C., Preziosi P., Galan P., Bertrais S., et al. Antioxidant supplementation increases the risk of skin cancers in women but not in men. J. Nutr. 2007, 137September 9:2098-2105.
60. Hoyo C., Cook M.B., Kamangar F., Freedman N.D., Whiteman D.C., Bernstein L., et al. Body mass index in relation to oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas: a pooled analysis from the International BEACON Consortium. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 41December 6:1706-1718. 10.1093/ije/dys176.
61. Huang W., Han Y., Xu J., Zhu W., Li Z. Red and processed meat intake and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Causes Control 2013, 24January 1:193-201. 10.1007/s10552-012-0105-9.
62. Huncharek M., Muscat J., Kupelnick B. Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutr. Cancer 2008, 604:421-441. 10.1080/01635580801911779.
63. IARC, Consumption of alcoholic beverages. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 2012; 100E:373-499. Available from: . http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100E/mono100E-11.pdf.
64. IARC Global Battle Against Cancer Won't Be Won with Treatment Alone-Effective Prevention Measures Urgently Needed to Prevent Cancer Crisis 2014, 224. IARC Press, Release [serial on the Internet]. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2014/pdfs/pr224_E.pdf.
65. IARC World Cancer Report 2014 2014, IARC, Lyon. B.W. Stewart, C.P. Wild Eds..
66. INCa, Nutrition et prévention primaire des cancers: actualisation des données - Grille d'analyse des études. 2015a. Available from: . http://www.e-cancer.fr/content/download/121726/1458500/file/RAPPORT%20NUTRITION%20GRILLE%20ANALYSE%20DES%20ETUDES.xlsx.
67. INCa, Nutrition et prévention primaire des cancers: actualisation des données. 2015b. Available from: . http://www.e-cancer.fr/Expertises-et-publications/Catalogue-des-publications/Nutrition-et-prevention-primaire-des-cancers-actualisation-des-donnees.
68. Ildaphonse G., George P.S., Mathew A. Obesity and kidney cancer risk in men: a meta-analysis 1992-2008. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2009, 10April-June 2:279-286.
69. Islami F., Tramacere I., Rota M., Bagnardi V., Fedirko V., Scotti L., et al. Alcohol drinking and laryngeal cancer: overall and dose-risk relation?a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2010, 46November 11:802-810. 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.07.015.
70. Islami F., Fedirko V., Tramacere I., Bagnardi V., Jenab M., Scotti L., et al. Alcohol drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with focus on light-drinkers and never-smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 2011, 129November 10:2473-2484. 10.1002/ijc.25885.
71. Jeon Y.J., Myung S.K., Lee E.H., Kim Y., Chang Y.J., Ju W., et al. Effects of beta-carotene suplements on cancer prevention: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr. Cancer 2011, 63November 8:1196-1207. 10.1080/01635581.2011.607541.
72. Jiang L., Yang K.H., Tian J.H., Guan Q.L., Yao N., Cao N., et al. Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr. Cancer 2010, 626:719-727. 10.1080/01635581.2010.494335.
73. Jung S., Spiegelman D., Baglietto L., Bernstein L., Boggs D.A., van den Brandt P.A., et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of breast cancer by hormone receptor status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2013, 105February 3:219-236. 10.1093/jnci/djs635.
74. Kaczmarczyk M.M., Miller M.J., Freund G.G. The health benefits of dietary fiber: beyond the usual suspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Metabolism 2012, 61August 8:1058-1066. 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.017.
75. Kelemen L.E., Bandera E.V., Terry K.L., Rossing M.A., Brinton L.A., Doherty J.A., et al. Recent alcohol consumption and risk of incident ovarian carcinoma: a pooled analysis of 5342 cases and 10,358 controls from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. BMC Cancer 2013, 13:28. 10.1186/1471-2407-13-28.
76. Kelley N.S., Hubbard N.E., Erickson K.L. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J. Nutr. 2007, 137December 12:2599-2607.
77. Kim H.J., Lim S.Y., Lee J.S., Park S., Shin A., Choi B.Y., et al. Fresh and pickled vegetable consumption and gastric cancer in Japanese and Korean populations: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Sci. 2010, 101February 2:508-516. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01374.x.
78. Kitahara C.M., Linet M.S., Beane Freeman L.E., Check D.P., Church T.R., Park Y., et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 2012, 23October 10:1615-1624. 10.1007/s10552-012-0039-2.
79. Koushik A., Spiegelman D., Albanes D., Anderson K.E., Bernstein L., van den Brandt P.A., et al. Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of pancreatic cancer in a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 176September 5:373-386. 10.1093/aje/kws027.
80. Lamprecht S.A., Lipkin M. Cellular mechanisms of calcium and vitamin D in the inhibition of colorectal carcinogenesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2001, 952December:73-87. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02729.x.
81. Langevin S.M., Lin D., Matsuo K., Gao C.M., Takezaki T., Stolzenberg-Solomon R.Z., et al. Review and pooled analysis of studies on MTHFR C677T polymorphism and esophageal cancer. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 184January 2:73-80. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.09.003.
82. Larsson S.C., Wolk A. Overweight and obesity and incidence of leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 122March 6:1418-1421. 10.1002/ijc.23176.
83. Larsson S.C., Wolk A. Body mass index and risk of non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Cancer 2011, 47November 16:2422-2430. 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.029.
84. Larsson S.C., Wolk A. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br. J. Cancer 2012, 106January 3:603-607. 10.1038/bjc.2011.585.
85. Lee J.E., Hunter D.J., Spiegelman D., Adami H.O., Albanes D., Bernstein L., et al. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2007, 99May 10:801-810. 10.1093/jnci/djk181.
86. Lee J.E., Hunter D.J., Spiegelman D., Adami H.O., Bernstein L., van den Brandt P.A., et al. Intakes of coffee, tea, milk, soda and juice and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 121November 10:2246-2253. 10.1002/ijc.22909.
87. Lee J.E., Spiegelman D., Hunter D.J., Albanes D., Bernstein L., van den Brandt P.A., et al. Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008, 100December 23:1695-1706. 10.1093/jnci/djn386.
88. Lee J.E., Mannisto S., Spiegelman D., Hunter D.J., Bernstein L., van den Brandt P.A., et al. Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18June 6:1730-1739. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0045.
89. Leitzmann M., Powers H., Anderson A.S., Scoccianti C., Berrino F., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: physical activity and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 10.1016/j.canep.2015.03.009.
90. Lerro C.C., McGlynn K.A., Cook M.B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between body size and testicular cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2010, 1039:1467-1474. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605934.
91. Li Y., Yang H., Cao J. Association between alcohol consumption and cancers in the Chinese population-a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011, 64:e18776. 10.1371/journal.pone.0018776.
92. Li F., An S.L., Zhou Y., Liang Z.K., Jiao Z.J., Jing Y.M., et al. Milk and dairy consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Urology 2011, 78December 6:1298-1305. 10.1016/j.urology.2011.09.002.
93. Li Q., Chuang S.C., Eluf-Neto J., Menezes A., Matos E., Koifman S., et al. Vitamin or mineral supplement intake and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the INHANCE consortium. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 131October 7:1686-1699. 10.1002/ijc.27405.
94. Lin J., Cook N.R., Albert C., Zaharris E., Gaziano J.M., Van Denburgh M., et al. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2009, 101January 1:14-23. 10.1093/jnci/djn438.
95. Liu X., Lv K. Cruciferous vegetables intake is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast 2013, 22June 3:309-313. 10.1016/j.breast.2012.07.013.
96. Liu Y.X., Wang B., Wan M.H., Tang W.F., Huang F.K., Li C. Meta-analysis of the relationship between the Metholenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genetic polymorphism, folate intake and esophageal cancer. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2011, 121:247-252.
97. Liu Y., Hu F., Li D., Wang F., Zhu L., Chen W., et al. Does physical activity reduce the risk of prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 2011, 60November 5:1029-1044. 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.007.
98. Liu C., Wang H., Pan C., Shen J., Liang Y. CYP2E1 PstI/RsaI polymorphism and interaction with alcohol consumption in hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility: evidence from 1661 cases and 2317 controls. Tumour Biol. 2012, 33August 4:979-984. 10.1007/s13277-012-0326-2.
99. Liu B., Mao Q., Cao M., Xie L. Cruciferous vegetables intake and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Urol. 2012, 19February 2:134-141. 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02906.x.
100. Liu J., Wang J., Leng Y., Lv C. Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Cancer 2013, 133July 2:473-485. 10.1002/ijc.28024.
101. Liu B., Mao Q., Lin Y., Zhou F., Xie L. The association of cruciferous vegetables intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. World J. Urol. 2013, 31February 1:127-133. 10.1007/s00345-012-0850-0.
102. Liu B., Mao Q., Wang X., Zhou F., Luo J., Wang C., et al. Cruciferous vegetables consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Nutr. Cancer 2013, 655:668-676. 10.1080/01635581.2013.795980.
103. Liu R.H. Dietary bioactive compounds and their health implications. J. Food Sci. 2013, 78Suppl. 1:A18-A25. 10.1111/1750-3841.12101.
104. Liu R.H. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv. Nutr. 2013, 43:384S-392S. 10.3945/an.112.003517.
105. Longcope C., Feldman H.A., McKinlay J.B., Araujo A.B. Diet and sex hormone-binding globulin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85January 1:293-296. 10.1210/jcem.85.1.6291.
106. Luan N.N., Wu Q.J., Gong T.T., Vogtmann E., Wang Y.L., Lin B. Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98October 4:1020-1031. 10.3945/ajcn.113.062794.
107. Lubin J.H., Cook M.B., Pandeya N., Vaughan T.L., Abnet C.C., Giffen C., et al. The importance of exposure rate on odds ratios by cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012, 36June 3:306-316. 10.1016/j.canep.2012.03.001.
108. Lucenteforte E., La Vecchia C., Silverman D., Petersen G.M., Bracci P.M., Ji B.T., et al. Alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium PanC4. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23February 2:374-382. 10.1093/annonc/mdr120.
109. Ma Y., Yang Y., Wang F., Zhang P., Shi C., Zou Y., et al. Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS One 2013, 81:e53916. 10.1371/journal.pone.0053916.
110. Mao Q., Lin Y., Zheng X., Qin J., Yang K., Xie L. A meta-analysis of alcohol intake and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2010, 21November 1:1843-1850. 10.1007/s10552-010-9611-9.
111. Mao Q.Q., Dai Y., Lin Y.W., Qin J., Xie L.P., Zheng X.Y. Milk consumption and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of published epidemiological studies. Nutr. Cancer 2011, 63November 8:1263-1271. 10.1080/01635581.2011.614716.
112. Mathew A., George P.S., Ildaphonse G. Obesity and kidney cancer risk in women: a meta-analysis 1992-2008. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2009, 10July-September 3:471-478.
113. McTiernan A. Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2008, 8March 3:205-211. 10.1038/nrc2325.
114. Meijer K., de Vries M., Al-Lahham S., Bruinenberg M., Weening D., Dijkstra M., et al. Human primary adipocytes exhibit immune cell function: adipocytes prime inflammation independent of macrophages. PLoS One 2011, 63:e17154. 10.1371/journal.pone.0017154.
115. Moore M.A., Park C.B., Tsuda H. Soluble and insoluble fiber influences on cancer development. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 1998, 27April 3:229-242. 10.1016/S1040-84289800006-7.
116. Neuhouser M.L., Barnett M.J., Kristal A.R., Ambrosone C.B., King I.B., Thornquist M., et al. Dietary supplement use and prostate cancer risk in the carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18August 8:2202-2206. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0013.
117. Nicolotti N., Chuang S.C., Cadoni G., Arzani D., Petrelli L., Bosetti C., et al. Recreational physical activity and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis within the international head and neck cancer epidemiology INHANCE Consortium. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 26August 8:619-628. 10.1007/s10654-011-9612-3.
118. Norat T., Riboli E. Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 57January 1:1-17. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601522.
119. Norat T., Scoccianti C., Boutron-Ruault M.C., Anderson A., Berrino F., Cecchini M., et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: diet and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 10.1016/j.canep.2014.12.016.
120. Norton K., Norton L., Sadgrove D. Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2010, 13September 5:496-502. 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.008.
121. Olsen C.M., Green A.C., Zens M.S., Stukel T.A., Bataille V., Berwick M., et al. Anthropometric factors and risk of melanoma in women: a pooled analysis. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 122March 5:1100-1108. 10.1002/ijc.23214.
122. Paluszkiewicz P., Smolinska K., Debinska I., Turski W.A. Main dietary compounds and pancreatic cancer risk. The quantitative analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012, 36February 1:60-67. 10.1016/j.canep.2011.05.004.
123. Paolini M., Abdel-Rahman S.Z., Sapone A., Pedulli G.F., Perocco P., Cantelli-Forti G., et al. Beta-carotene: a cancer chemopreventive agent or a co-carcinogen?. Mutat. Res. 2003, 543June 3:195-200. 10.1016/S1383-57420300002-4.
124. Papaioannou D., Cooper K.L., Carroll C., Hind D., Squires H., Tappenden P., et al. Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2011, 13October 10:1085-1099. 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02289.x.
125. Parodi P.W. Cows' milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. J. Nutr. 1997, 127June 6:1055-1060.
126. Pelucchi C., Galeone C., Tramacere I., Bagnardi V., Negri E., Islami F., et al. Alcohol drinking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23June 6:1586-1593. 10.1093/annonc/mdr460.
127. Petti S., Masood M., Messano G.A., Scully C. Alcohol is not a risk factor for oral cancer in nonsmoking, betel quid non-chewing individuals. A meta-analysis update. Ann. Ig. 2013, 25January-February 1:3-14. 10.7416/ai.2013.1901.
128. Probst-Hensch N.M., Wang H., Goh V.H., Seow A., Lee H.P., Yu M.C. Determinants of circulating insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations in a cohort of Singapore men and women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2003, 12August 8:739-746.
129. Purdue M.P., Hashibe M., Berthiller J., La Vecchia C., Dal Maso L., Herrero R., et al. Type of alcoholic beverage and risk of head and neck cancer-a pooled analysis within the INHANCE Consortium. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 169January 2:132-142. 10.1093/aje/kwn306.
130. Qin L.Q., Xu J.Y., Wang P.Y., Tong J., Hoshi K. Milk consumption is a risk factor for prostate cancer in Western countries: evidence from cohort studies. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 163:467-476.
131. Rota M., Scotti L., Turati F., Tramacere I., Islami F., Bellocco R., et al. Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the dose-risk relation. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 21July 4:350-359. 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834dbc11.
132. Rui R., Lou J., Zou L., Zhong R., Wang J., Xia D., et al. Excess body mass index and risk of liver cancer: a nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 2012, 79:e44522. 10.1371/journal.pone.0044522.
133. Salehi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Salehi M.H., Nojomi M., Kolahdooz F. Meat, fish, and esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 2013, 71May 5:257-267. 10.1111/nure.12028.
134. Schmid D., Behrens G., Jochem C., Keimling M., Leitzmann M. Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 2812:945-958. 10.1007/s10654-013-9865-0.
135. Schuz J., Espina C., Villain P., Herrero R., Leon M.E., Minozzi S., et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 10.1016/j.canep.2015.05.009.
136. Scoccianti C., Cecchini M., Anderson A.S., Berrino F., Boutron-Ruault M.C., Espina C., et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: alcohol drinking and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 10.1016/j.canep.2015.01.007.
137. Scoccianti C., Key T.J., Anderson A.S., Armaroli P., Berrino F., Cecchini M., et al. European code against cancer 4th edition: breastfeeding and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 10.1016/j.canep.2014.12.007.
138. Seitz H.K., Pelucchi C., Bagnardi V., La Vecchia C. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: update 2012. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012, 47May-June 3:204-212. 10.1093/alcalc/ags011.
139. Sergentanis T.N., Antoniadis A.G., Gogas H.J., Antonopoulos C.N., Adami H.O., Ekbom A., et al. Obesity and risk of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Eur. J. Cancer 2013, 49February 3:642-657. 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.028.
140. Shimazu T., Sasazuki S., Wakai K., Tamakoshi A., Tsuji I., Sugawara Y., et al. Alcohol drinking and primary liver cancer: a pooled analysis of four Japanese cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 130June 11:2645-2653. 10.1002/ijc.26255.
141. Soerjomataram I., Oomen D., Lemmens V., Oenema A., Benetou V., Trichopoulou A., et al. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables and future cancer incidence in selected European countries. Eur. J. Cancer 2010, 46September 14:2563-2580. 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.026.
142. Song D.Y., Song S., Song Y., Lee J.E. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 2012, 106May 1:1881-1890. 10.1038/bjc.2012.136.
143. Stein C.J., Colditz G.A. Modifiable risk factors for cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2004, 90January 2:299-303. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601509.
144. Stratton J., Godwin M. The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam. Pract. 2011, 28June 3:243-252. 10.1093/fampra/cmq115.
145. Sun J.Y., Shi L., Gao X.D., Xu S.F. Physical activity and risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 137:3143-3147.
146. Tanvetyanon T., Bepler G. Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands. Cancer 2008, 113July 1:150-157. 10.1002/cncr.23527.
147. Tardon A., Lee W.J., Delgado-Rodriguez M., Dosemeci M., Albanes D., Hoover R., et al. Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16May 4:389-397. 10.1007/s10552-004-5026-9.
148. Taylor V.H., Misra M., Mukherjee S.D. Is red meat intake a risk factor for breast cancer among premenopausal women?. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2009, 117September 1:1-8. 10.1007/s10549-009-0441-y.
149. Tramacere I., Negri E., Bagnardi V., Garavello W., Rota M., Scotti L., et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 1: overall results and dose-risk relation. Oral Oncol. 2010, 46July 7:497-503. 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.024.
150. Tramacere I., Pelucchi C., Bagnardi V., Rota M., Scotti L., Islami F., et al. A meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma risk. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23February 2:287-297. 10.1093/annonc/mdr136.
151. Tramacere I., Negri E., Pelucchi C., Bagnardi V., Rota M., Scotti L., et al. A meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23January 1:28-36. 10.1093/annonc/mdr135.
152. Tramacere I., Pelucchi C., Bonifazi M., Bagnardi V., Rota M., Bellocco R., et al. A meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 21May 3:268-273. 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328350b11b.
153. Tramacere I., Pelucchi C., Bonifazi M., Bagnardi V., Rota M., Bellocco R., et al. Alcohol drinking and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23November 1:2791-2798. 10.1093/annonc/mds013.
154. Tsuda H., Kozu T., Iinuma G., Ohashi Y., Saito Y., Saito D., et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial. Biometals 2010, 23June 3:399-409. 10.1007/s10534-010-9331-3.
155. Turati F., Garavello W., Tramacere I., Bagnardi V., Rota M., Scotti L., et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 2: results by subsites. Oral Oncol. 2010, 46October 10:720-726. 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.07.010.
156. Turati F., Garavello W., Tramacere I., Pelucchi C., Galeone C., Bagnardi V., et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers: results from subgroup analyses. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013, 48January-February 1:107-118. 10.1093/alcalc/ags100.
157. Turati F., Tramacere I., La Vecchia C., Negri E. A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 2013, 24March 3:609-617. 10.1093/annonc/mds244.
158. Vermaete N.V., Wolter P., Verhoef G.E., Kollen B.J., Kwakkel G., Schepers L., et al. Physical activity and risk of lymphoma: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2013, 22July 7:1173-1184. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0182.
159. WCRF, Cancer preventability estimates for diet, nutrition, body fatness, and physical activity. 2015. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/preventability-estimates/cancer-preventability-estimates-diet-nutrition.
160. WCRF/AICR Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective 2007, AICR, Washington DC. http://wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Second-Expert-Report.pdf.
161. WCRF/AICR Policy and action for cancer prevention. Food, nutrition and physical activity: a global perspective 2009, AICR, Washington DC. http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Policy_Report.pdf.
162. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Breast Cancer. 2010. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Breast-Cancer-2010-Report.pdf.
163. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. 2011. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Colorectal-Cancer-2011-Report.pdf.
164. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Pancreatic Cancer. 2012. Available from: . http://wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Pancreatic-Cancer-2012-Report.pdf.
165. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Endometrial Cancer. 2013. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Endometrial-Cancer-2013-Report.pdf.
166. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Ovarian Cancer. 2014a. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Ovarian-Cancer-2014-Report.pdf.
167. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Prostate Cancer. 2014b. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Prostate-Cancer-2014-Report.pdf.
168. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Liver Cancer. 2015a. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Liver-Cancer-2015-Report.pdf.
169. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Gallbladder Cancer. 2015b. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Gallbladder-Cancer-2015-Report.pdf.
170. WCRF/AICR, Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Kidney Cancer. 2015c. Available from: . http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Kidney-Cancer-2015-Report.pdf.
171. WHO Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health 2010, WHO, Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44399/1/9789241599979_eng.pdf.
172. Wallin A., Larsson S.C. Body mass index and risk of multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Cancer 2011, 47July 11:1606-1615. 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.01.020.
173. Wang C., Jiang H. Meat intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Med. Oncol. 2012, 29June 2:848-855. 10.1007/s12032-011-9985-x.
174. Wang Y., Wang B., Shen F., Fan J., Cao H. Body mass index and risk of primary liver cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Oncologist 2012, 1711:1461-1468. 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0066.
175. Willett E.V., Morton L.M., Hartge P., Becker N., Bernstein L., Boffetta P., et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and obesity: a pooled analysis from the InterLymph Consortium. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 122May 9:2062-2070. 10.1002/ijc.23344.
176. Wright M.E., Virtamo J., Hartman A.M., Pietinen P., Edwards B.K., Taylor P.R., et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on upper aerodigestive tract cancers in a large, randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2007, 109March 5:891-898. 10.1002/cncr.22482.
177. Wright M.E., Bowen P., Virtamo J., Albanes D., Gann P.H. Estimated phytanic acid intake and prostate cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 131September 6:1396-1406. 10.1002/ijc.27372.
178. Wu Y., Zhang D., Kang S. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2013, 137February 3:869-882. 10.1007/s10549-012-2396-7.
179. Wu Q.J., Yang Y., Vogtmann E., Wang J., Han L.H., Li H.L., et al. Cruciferous vegetables intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann. Oncol. 2013, 24April 4:1079-1087. 10.1093/annonc/mds601.
180. Wu Q.J., Xie L., Zheng W., Vogtmann E., Li H.L., Yang G., et al. Cruciferous vegetables consumption and the risk of female lung cancer: a prospective study and a meta-analysis. Ann. Oncol. 2013, 24July 7:1918-1924. 10.1093/annonc/mdt119.
181. Wu Q.J., Yang Y., Wang J., Han L.H., Xiang Y.B. Cruciferous vegetable consumption and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Sci. 2013, 104August 8:1067-1073. 10.1111/cas.12195.
182. Yang P., Zhou Y., Chen B., Wan H.W., Jia G.Q., Bai H.L., et al. Overweight, obesity and gastric cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur. J. Cancer 2009, 45November 16:2867-2873. 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.019.
183. Yang S.J., Yokoyama A., Yokoyama T., Huang Y.C., Wu S.Y., Shao Y., et al. Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of ALDH2 and ADH1B and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16September 33:4210-4220. 10.3748/wjg.v16.i33.4210.
184. Yang W.S., Wong M.Y., Vogtmann E., Tang R.Q., Xie L., Yang Y.S., et al. Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer: evidence from observational studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23December 12:3163-3170. 10.1093/annonc/mds207.
185. Yang Y., Dong J., Sun K., Zhao L., Zhao F., Wang L., et al. Obesity and incidence of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 2013, 132March 5:1162-1169. 10.1002/ijc.27719.
186. Yang T., Yang X., Wang X., Wang Y., Song Z. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Med. Hypotheses. 2013, 80April 4:383-388. 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.01.005.
187. Zhang G., Mai R., Huang B. ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism is associated with esophageal cancer risk in high-incidence Asian population: evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2010, 510:e13679. 10.1371/journal.pone.0013679.
188. Zhang Z., Xu G., Ma M., Yang J., Liu X. Dietary fiber intake reduces risk for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2013, 1451:113e3-120e3. 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.001.
189. Zhao Z.G., Guo X.G., Ba C.X., Wang W., Yang Y.Y., Wang J., et al. Overweight, obesity and thyroid cancer risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J. Int. Med. Res. 2012, 406:2041-2050. 10.1177/030006051204000601.
190. Zhou Y., Zhuang W., Hu W., Liu G.J., Wu T.X., Wu X.T. Consumption of large amounts of Allium vegetables reduces risk for gastric cancer in a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2011, 141July 1:80-89. 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.057.
191. Zhuo X., Ling J., Zhou Y., Zhao H., Song Y., Tan Y. Polymorphisms of MTHFR C677T and A1298C association with oral carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Invest. 2012, 30July 6:447-452. 10.3109/07357907.2012.681820.