Sphingolipids as cell fate regulators in lung development and disease

Apoptosis

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 740-757

  Lee, Joyce ^a,b   Yeganeh, Behzad ^a   Ermini, Leonardo ^a   Post, Martin ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Autophagy; Caspase; Ceramide; Lung development; Lung diseases; Necroptosis; Sphingosine

Indexed keywords

SPHINGOLIPID;

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CELL SURVIVAL; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LUNG; LUNG DISEASE; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CELL SURVIVAL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPHINGOLIPIDS;

EID: 84939934897     PISSN: 13608185     EISSN: 1573675X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1112-6     Document Type: Article

References (190)

1. Spiegel S, Foster D, Kolesnick R (1996) Signal transduction through lipid second messengers. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8:159-167
2. Yang Y, Uhlig S (2011) The role of sphingolipids in respiratory disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 5:325-344. doi: 10.1177/1753465811406772
3. Spiegel S, Milstien S (2003) Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:397-407. doi: 10.1038/nrm1103
4. Liu H, Chakravarty D, Maceyka M et al (2002) Sphingosine kinases: a novel family of lipid kinases. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 71:493-511
5. Kolesnick RN, Krönke M (1998) Regulation of ceramide production and apoptosis. Annu Rev Physiol 60:643-665. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.643
6. Teichgräber V, Ulrich M, Endlich N et al (2008) Ceramide accumulation mediates inflammation, cell death and infection susceptibility in cystic fibrosis. Nat Med 14:382-391. doi: 10.1038/nm1748
7. Young MM, Kester M, Wang H-G (2013) Sphingolipids: regulators of crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. J Lipid Res 54:5-19. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R031278
8. Huwiler A, Kolter T, Pfeilschifter J, Sandhoff K (2000) Physiology and pathophysiology of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1485:63-99. doi: 10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00042-1
9. Pyne S, Pyne NJ (2000) Sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling in mammalian cells. Biochem J 349:385-402
10. Olivera A, Spiegel S (1993) Sphingosine-1-phosphate as second messenger in cell proliferation induced by PDGF and FCS mitogens. Nature 365:557-560
11. Hannun YA, Obeid LM (1995) Ceramide: an intracellular signal for apoptosis. Trends Biochem Sci 20:73-77
12. Dawkins JL, Hulme DJ, Brahmbhatt SB et al (2001) Mutations in SPTLC1, encoding serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit-1, cause hereditary sensory neuropathy type I. Nat Genet 27:309-312
13. Levade T, Jaffrézou J-P (1999) Signalling sphingomyelinases: which, where, how and why? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1438:1-17. doi: 10.1016/S1388-1981(99)00038-4
14. Okino N, He X, Gatt S et al (2003) The reverse activity of human acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem 278:29948-29953. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M303310200
15. Engedal N, Saatcioglu F (2001) Ceramide-induced cell death in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP has both necrotic and apoptotic features. Prostate 46:289-297. doi: 10.1002/1097-0045(20010301)46:4
16. Todaro M, Catalano M, Di Liberto D et al (2002) High levels of exogenous C2-ceramide promote morphological and biochemical evidences of necrotic features in thyroid follicular cells. J Cell Biochem 86:162-173. doi: 10.1002/jcb.10203
17. Verheij M, Bose R, Lin XH et al (1996) Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis. Nature 380:75-79
18. Hannun YA, Luberto C (2000) Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response. Trends Cell Biol 10:73-80
19. Petrache I, Natarajan V, Zhen L et al (2005) Ceramide upregulation causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema-like disease in mice. Nat Med 11:491-498. doi: 10.1038/nm1238
20. Hannun YA (1996) Functions of ceramide in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Science 274:1855-1859
21. Kroon AA, DelRiccio V, Tseu I et al (2013) Mechanical ventilation-induced apoptosis in newborn rat lung is mediated via FasL/Fas pathway. Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305:L795-L804. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00048.2013
22. Siskind LJ, Kolesnick RN, Colombini M (2002) Ceramide channels increase the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to small proteins. J Biol Chem 277:26796-26803. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M200754200
23. Siskind LJ, Colombini M (2000) The lipids C2- and C16-ceramide form large stable channels. Implications for apoptosis. J Biol Chem 275:38640-38644. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C000587200
24. Schenck M, Carpinteiro A, Grassme H et al (2007) Ceramide: Physiological and pathophysiological aspects. Arch Biochem Biophys 462:171-175. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.031
25. Guenther GG, Peralta ER, Rosales KR et al (2008) Ceramide starves cells to death by downregulating nutrient transporter proteins. PNAS 105:17402-17407
26. Ponnusamy S, Meyers-Needham M, Senkal CE et al (2010) Sphingolipids and cancer: ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the regulation of cell death and drug resistance. Future Oncol 6:1603-1624. doi: 10.2217/fon.10.116
27. Daido S, Kanzawa T, Yamamoto A et al (2004) Pivotal role of the cell death factor BNIP3 in ceramide-induced autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells. Cancer Res 64:4286-4293. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3084
28. Sentelle RD, Senkal CE, Jiang W et al (2012) Ceramide targets autophagosomes to mitochondria and induces lethal mitophagy. Nat Chem Biol 8:831-838. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1059
29. Spassieva SD, Mullen TD, Townsend DM, Obeid LM (2009) Disruption of ceramide synthesis by CerS2 down-regulation leads to autophagy and the unfolded protein response. Biochem J 424:273-283. doi: 10.1042/BJ20090699
30. Taniguchi M, Kitatani K, Kondo T et al (2012) Regulation of autophagy and its associated cell death by "sphingolipid rheostat": reciprocal role of ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate in the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. J Biol Chem 287:39898-39910. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.416552
31. Olivera A, Spiegel S (1993) Sphingosine-1-phosphate as second messenger in cell proliferation induced by PDGF and FCS mitogens. Nature 365:557-560. doi: 10.1038/365557a0
32. Zhang H, Desai NN, Olivera A et al (1991) Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a novel lipid, involved in cellular proliferation. J Cell Biol 114:155-167
33. Cuvillier O, Pirianov G, Kleuser B et al (1996) Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature 381:800-803. doi: 10.1038/381800a0
34. Kihara Y, Maceyka M, Spiegel S, Chun J (2014) Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature review: IUPHAR Review 8. Br J Pharmacol 171:3575-3594. doi: 10.1111/bph.12678
35. Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Thangada S et al (1998) Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EDG-1. Science 279:1552-1555
36. Xia P, Wang L, Gamble JR, Vadas MA (1999) Activation of sphingosine kinase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits apoptosis in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 274:34499-34505
37. Taha TA, Mullen TD, Obeid LM (2006) A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death. BBA 1758:2027-2036
38. Le Stunff H, Galve-Roperh I, Peterson C et al (2002) Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase in regulation of sphingolipid metabolism and apoptosis. J Cell Biol 158:1039-1049. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200203123
39. van Echten-Deckert G, Zschoche A, Bär T et al (1997) cis-4-Methylsphingosine decreases sphingolipid biosynthesis by specifically interfering with serine palmitoyltransferase activity in primary cultured neurons. J Biol Chem 272:15825-15833
40. Lanterman MM, Saba JD (1998) Characterization of sphingosine kinase (SK) activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolation of SK-deficient mutants. Biochem J 332:525-531
41. Lavieu G, Scarlatti F, Sala G et al (2006) Regulation of autophagy by sphingosine kinase 1 and its role in cell survival during nutrient starvation. J Biol Chem 281:8518-8527. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M506182200
42. Ameisen JC (2002) On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell death: a timeline of four billion years. Cell Death Differ 9:367-393. doi: 10.1038/sj/cdd/4400950
43. Fuchs Y, Steller H (2011) Programmed cell death in animal development and disease. Cell 147:742-758. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.033
44. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26:239-257
45. Savill J, Fadok V (2000) Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death. Nature 407:784-788. doi: 10.1038/35037722
46. Elmore S (2007) Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Path 35:495-516. doi: 10.1080/01926230701320337
47. Stennicke HR, Salvesen GS (1998) Properties of the caspases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1387:17-31. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00133-2
48. Creagh EM, Conroy H, Martin SJ (2003) Caspase-activation pathways in apoptosis and immunity. Immunol Rev 193:10-21
49. Fischer U, Jänicke RU, Schulze-Osthoff K (2003) Many cuts to ruin: a comprehensive update of caspase substrates. Cell Death Differ 10:76-100. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401160
50. Yi CH, Sogah DK, Boyce M et al (2007) A genome-wide RNAi screen reveals multiple regulators of caspase activation. J Cell Biol 179:619-626. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200708090
51. Igney FH, Krammer PH (2002) Death and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 2:277-288. doi: 10.1038/nrc776
52. Ghavami S, Hashemi M, Ande SR et al (2009) Apoptosis and cancer: mutations within caspase genes. J Med Genet 46:497-510. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.066944
53. Lakhani SA, Masud A, Kuida K et al (2006) Caspases 3 and 7: key mediators of mitochondrial events of apoptosis. Science 311:847-851. doi: 10.1126/science.1115035
54. Bourbon NA, Yun J, Kester M (2000) Ceramide directly activates protein kinase C zeta to regulate a stress-activated protein kinase signaling complex. J Biol Chem 275:35617-35623. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M007346200
55. Bourbon NA, Sandirasegarane L, Kester M (2002) Ceramide-induced inhibition of Akt is mediated through protein kinase Czeta: implications for growth arrest. J Biol Chem 277:3286-3292. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110541200
56. Fox TE, Houck KL, O'Neill SM et al (2007) Ceramide recruits and activates protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) within structured membrane microdomains. J Biol Chem 282:12450-12457. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M700082200
57. Wang YM, Seibenhener ML, Vandenplas ML, Wooten MW (1999) Atypical PKC zeta is activated by ceramide, resulting in coactivation of NF-kappaB/JNK kinase and cell survival. J Neurosci Res 55:293-302. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990201)55:3
58. Heinrich M, Neumeyer J, Jakob M et al (2004) Cathepsin D links TNF-induced acid sphingomyelinase to Bid-mediated caspase-9 and -3 activation. Cell Death Differ 11:550-563. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401382
59. Dumitru CA, Sandalcioglu IE, Wagner M et al (2009) Lysosomal ceramide mediates gemcitabine-induced death of glioma cells. J Mol Med 87:1123-1132. doi: 10.1007/s00109-009-0514-8
60. Jarvis WD, Fornari FA, Auer KL et al (1997) Coordinate regulation of stress- and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the apoptotic actions of ceramide and sphingosine. Mol Pharmacol 52:935-947
61. Soengas MS, Alarcón RM, Yoshida H et al (1999) Apaf-1 and caspase-9 in p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor inhibition. Science 284:156-159
62. Runyan C, Schaible K, Molyneaux K et al (2006) Steel factor controls midline cell death of primordial germ cells and is essential for their normal proliferation and migration. Development 133:4861-4869. doi: 10.1242/dev.02688
63. Kulik LM, Carr BI, Mulcahy MF et al (2008) Safety and efficacy of 90Y radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with and without portal vein thrombosis. Hepatology 47:71-81. doi: 10.1002/hep.21980
64. Ahn HJ, Kim KI, Kim G et al (2011) Atmospheric-pressure plasma jet induces apoptosis involving mitochondria via generation of free radicals. PLoS ONE 6:e28154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028154
65. Lorenzo HK, Susin SA, Penninger J, Kroemer G (1999) Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF): a phylogenetically old, caspase-independent effector of cell death. Cell Death Differ 6:516-524. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400527
66. Newmeyer DD, Bossy-Wetzel E, Kluck RM et al (2000) Bcl-xL does not inhibit the function of Apaf-1. Cell Death Differ 7:402-407. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400665
67. Assuncao Guimaraes C, Linden R (2004) Programmed cell deaths. Apoptosis and alternative deathstyles. Eur J Biochem 271:1638-1650. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04084.x
68. Nagata S (2000) Apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Exp Cell Res 256:12-18. doi: 10.1006/excr.2000.4834
69. Stiban J, Fistere D, Colombini M (2006) Dihydroceramide hinders ceramide channel formation: implications on apoptosis. Apoptosis 11:773-780. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-5882-8
70. Gudz TI, Tserng KY, Hoppel CL (1997) Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III by cell-permeable ceramide. J Biol Chem 272:24154-24158
71. García-Ruiz C, Colell A, Marí M et al (1997) Direct effect of ceramide on the mitochondrial electron transport chain leads to generation of reactive oxygen species. Role of mitochondrial glutathione. J Biol Chem 272:11369-11377
72. von Haefen C, Wieder T, Gillissen B et al (2002) Ceramide induces mitochondrial activation and apoptosis via a Bax-dependent pathway in human carcinoma cells. Oncogene 21:4009-4019. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205497
73. Kim HP, Wang X, Chen Z-H et al (2008) Autophagic proteins regulate cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis. Autophagy 4:887-895
74. Stiban J, Caputo L, Colombini M (2008) Ceramide synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum can permeabilize mitochondria to proapoptotic proteins. J Lipid Res 49:625-634. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M700480-JLR200
75. Basu S, Bayoumy S, Zhang Y et al (1998) BAD enables ceramide to signal apoptosis via Ras and Raf-1. J Biol Chem 273:30419-30426
76. Stoica BA, Movsesyan VA, Lea PM, Faden AI (2003) Ceramide-induced neuronal apoptosis is associated with dephosphorylation of Akt, BAD, FKHR, GSK-3beta, and induction of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic caspase pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 22:365-382
77. Betito S, Cuvillier O (2006) Regulation by sphingosine 1-phosphate of Bax and Bad activities during apoptosis in a MEK-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 340:1273-1277. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.138
78. Sakakura C, Sweeney EA, Shirahama T et al (1996) Suppression of bcl-2 gene expression by sphingosine in the apoptosis of human leukemic HL-60 cells during phorbol ester-induced terminal differentiation. FEBS Lett 379:177-180
79. Shirahama T, Sakakura C, Sweeney EA et al (1997) Sphingosine induces apoptosis in androgen-independent human prostatic carcinoma DU-145 cells by suppression of bcl-X(L) gene expression. FEBS Lett 407:97-100
80. Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M et al (2005) Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 1:112-119. doi: 10.1038/nchembio711
81. Chan FK-M, Shisler J, Bixby JG et al (2003) A role for tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 and receptor-interacting protein in programmed necrosis and antiviral responses. J Biol Chem 278:51613-51621. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M305633200
82. Kawahara A, Ohsawa Y, Matsumura H et al (1998) Caspase-independent cell killing by Fas-associated protein with death domain. The Journal of Cell Biology 143:1353-1360
83. Declercq W, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P (2009) RIP kinases at the crossroads of cell death and survival. Cell 138:229-232. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.07.006
84. Lin Y, Devin A, Rodriguez Y, Liu ZG (1999) Cleavage of the death domain kinase RIP by caspase-8 prompts TNF-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev 13:2514-2526
85. Feng S, Yang Y, Mei Y et al (2007) Cleavage of RIP3 inactivates its caspase-independent apoptosis pathway by removal of kinase domain. Cell Signal 19:2056-2067. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.016
86. Zhang D-W, Shao J, Lin J et al (2009) RIP3, an energy metabolism regulator that switches TNF-induced cell death from apoptosis to necrosis. Science 325:332-336. doi: 10.1126/science.1172308
87. Ardestani S, Deskins DL, Young PP (2013) Membrane TNF-alpha-activated programmed necrosis is mediated by Ceramide-induced reactive oxygen species. J Mol Signal 8:12. doi: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-12
88. Pacheco FJ, Almaguel FG, Evans W et al (2014) Docosahexanoic acid antagonizes TNF-α-induced necroptosis by attenuating oxidative stress, ceramide production, lysosomal dysfunction, and autophagic features. Inflamm Res 63:859-871. doi: 10.1007/s00011-014-0760-2
89. Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M et al (2005) Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 1:112-119. doi: 10.1038/nchembio711
90. He S, Wang L, Miao L et al (2009) Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha. Cell 137:1100-1111. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.021
91. Mizushima N (2007) Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev 21:2861-2873. doi: 10.1101/gad.1599207
92. Shimizu S, Kanaseki T, Mizushima N et al (2004) Role of Bcl-2 family proteins in a non-apoptotic programmed cell death dependent on autophagy genes. Nat Cell Biol 6:1221-1228. doi: 10.1038/ncb1192
93. Kroemer G, Levine B (2008) Autophagic cell death: the story of a misnomer. Nat Publ Group 9:1004-1010. doi: 10.1038/nrm2529
94. Shen H-M, Codogno P (2011) Autophagic cell death: Loch Ness monster or endangered species? Autophagy 7:457-465
95. Jain MV, Paczulla AM, Klonisch T et al (2013) Interconnections between apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic pathways: implications for cancer therapy development. J Cell Mol Med 17:12-29. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12001
96. Araki Y, Ku W-C, Akioka M et al (2013) Atg38 is required for autophagy-specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex integrity. J Cell Biol 203:299-313. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201304123
97. Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H et al (2012) Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 8:445-544
98. Kaushik S, Cuervo AM (2012) Chaperone-mediated autophagy: a unique way to enter the lysosome world. Trends Cell Biol 22:407-417. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.05.006
99. Uttenweiler A, Mayer A (2008) Microautophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Mol Biol 445:245-259. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-157-4-16
100. Chen H-Y, White E (2011) Role of autophagy in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4:973-983. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0387
101. Xie Z, Klionsky DJ (2007) Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations. Nat Cell Biol 9:1102-1109. doi: 10.1038/ncb1007-1102
102. Glick D, Barth S, Macleod KF (2010) Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Pathol 221:3-12. doi: 10.1002/path.2697
103. Codogno P, Meijer AJ (2005) Autophagy and signaling: their role in cell survival and cell death. Cell Death Differ 12:1509-1518. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401751
104. Mehrpour M, Esclatine A, Beau I, Codogno P (2010) Autophagy in health and disease. 1. Regulation and significance of autophagy: an overview. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298:C776-C785. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00507.2009
105. Ganley IG, Lam DH, Wang J et al (2009) ULK1.ATG13.FIP200 complex mediates mTOR signaling and is essential for autophagy. J Biol Chem 284:12297-12305. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M900573200
106. Hosokawa N, Hara T, Kaizuka T et al (2009) Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 20:1981-1991. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E08-12-1248
107. Jung CH, Jun CB, Ro S-H et al (2009) ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery. Mol Biol Cell 20:1992-2003. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E08-12-1249
108. Chan EYW, Kir S, Tooze SA (2007) siRNA screening of the kinome identifies ULK1 as a multidomain modulator of autophagy. J Biol Chem 282:25464-25474. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M703663200
109. Zhong Y, Wang QJ, Yue Z (2009) Atg14L and Rubicon: yin and yang of Beclin 1-mediated autophagy control. Autophagy 5:890-891
110. Zhong Y, Wang QJ, Li X et al (2009) Distinct regulation of autophagic activity by Atg14L and Rubicon associated with Beclin 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex. Nat Cell Biol 11:468-476. doi: 10.1038/ncb1854
111. Pattingre S, Espert L, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Codogno P (2008) Regulation of macroautophagy by mTOR and Beclin 1 complexes. Biochimie 90:313-323. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.08.014
112. Yang Z, Klionsky DJ (2010) Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-131. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
113. Kroemer G, Mariño G, Levine B (2010) Autophagy and the Integrated Stress Response. Mol Cell 40:280-293. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.023
114. Hanada T, Noda NN, Satomi Y et al (2007) The Atg12-Atg5 conjugate has a novel E3-like activity for protein lipidation in autophagy. J Biol Chem 282:37298-37302. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C700195200
115. Orsi A, Razi M, Dooley HC et al (2012) Dynamic and transient interactions of Atg9 with autophagosomes, but not membrane integration, are required for autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 23:1860-1873. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E11-09-0746
116. Kabeya Y, Mizushima N, Ueno T et al (2000) LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing. EMBO J 19:5720-5728
117. Cervia D, Perrotta C, Moscheni C et al (2013) Nitric oxide and sphingolipids control apoptosis and autophagy with a significant impact on Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 27:11-22
118. Tibboel J, Joza S, Reiss I et al (2013) Amelioration of hyperoxia-induced lung injury using a sphingolipid-based intervention. Eur Respir J 42:776-784. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00092212
119. Tibboel J, Reiss I, de Jongste JC, Post M (2014) Sphingolipids in lung growth and repair. Chest 145:120. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-0967
120. Pullmannová P, Stańková K, Pospíšilová M et al (2014) Effects of sphingomyelin/ceramide ratio on the permeability and microstructure of model stratum corneum lipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1838:2115-2126. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.001
121. Awojoodu AO, Keegan PM, Lane AR et al (2014) Acid sphingomyelinase is activated in sickle cell erythrocytes and contributes to inflammatory microparticle generation in SCD. Blood 124:1941-1950. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-543652
122. Pattingre S, Bauvy C, Carpentier S et al (2009) Role of JNK1-dependent Bcl-2 phosphorylation in ceramide-induced macroautophagy. J Biol Chem 284:2719-2728. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M805920200
123. Young MM, Takahashi Y, Khan O et al (2012) Autophagosomal membrane serves as platform for intracellular death-inducing signaling complex (iDISC)-mediated caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 287:12455-12468. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.309104
124. Lépine S, Allegood JC, Edmonds Y et al (2011) Autophagy induced by deficiency of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase 1 is switched to apoptosis by calpain-mediated autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) cleavage. J Biol Chem 286:44380-44390. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.257519
125. Park MA, Zhang G, Martin AP et al (2008) Vorinostat and sorafenib increase ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis via ceramide-dependent CD95 and PERK activation. Cancer Biol Ther 7:1648-1662. doi: 10.4161/cbt.7.10.6623
126. Scarlatti F, Bauvy C, Ventruti A et al (2004) Ceramide-mediated macroautophagy involves inhibition of protein kinase B and up-regulation of beclin 1. J Biol Chem 279:18384-18391. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M313561200
127. Li D-D, Wang L-L, Deng R et al (2009) The pivotal role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated Beclin 1 expression during anticancer agents-induced autophagy in cancer cells. Oncogene 28:886-898. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.441
128. Hwang J, Lee S, Lee JT et al (2010) Gangliosides induce autophagic cell death in astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 159:586-603. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00563.x
129. Goñi FM, Alonso A (2006) Biophysics of sphingolipids I. Membrane properties of sphingosine, ceramides and other simple sphingolipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1758:1902-1921. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.011
130. Yamagata M, Obara K, Kihara A (2011) Sphingolipid synthesis is involved in autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 410:786-791. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.061
131. Sims K, Haynes CA, Kelly S et al (2010) Kdo2-lipid A, a TLR4-specific agonist, induces de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in RAW264.7 macrophages, which is essential for induction of autophagy. J Biol Chem 285:38568-38579. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.170621
132. Medler TR, Petrusca DN, Lee PJ et al (2008) Apoptotic Sphingolipid Signaling by Ceramides in Lung Endothelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:639-646. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0274OC
133. Petrache I, Petrusca DN, Bowler RP, Kamocki K (2011) Involvement of ceramide in cell death responses in the pulmonary circulation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 8:492-496. doi: 10.1513/pats.201104-034MW
134. Petrache I, Medler TR, Richter AT et al (2008) Superoxide dismutase protects against apoptosis and alveolar enlargement induced by ceramide. Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295:L44-L53. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00448.2007
135. Gumprecht LA, Beasley VR, Weigel RM et al (1998) Development of fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary edema in orally dosed swine: morphological and biochemical alterations. Toxicol Pathol 26:777-788
136. Hard GC, Howard PC, Kovatch RM, Bucci TJ (2001) Rat kidney pathology induced by chronic exposure to fumonisin B1 includes rare variants of renal tubule tumor. Toxicol Pathol 29:379-386
137. Xu Z, Zhou J, McCoy DM, Mallampalli RK (2005) LASS5 is the predominant ceramide synthase isoform involved in de novo sphingolipid synthesis in lung epithelia. J Lipid Res 46:1229-1238. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M500001-JLR200
138. Longo CA, Tyler D, Mallampalli RK (1997) Sphingomyelin metabolism is developmentally regulated in rat lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16:605-612. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.16.5.9160843
139. Adams FH, Fujiwara T, Latta H (1971) "Alveolar" and whole lung phospholipids of premature newborn lambs. Correlations with surface tension, respiratory distress and pathology. Biol Neonate 17:198-218
140. Perelman RH, Engle MJ, Kemnitz JW et al (1982) Biochemical and physiological development of fetal rhesus lung. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 53:230-235
141. Rubenfeld GD (2007) Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury. Chest 131:554-562. doi: 10.1378/chest.06-1976
142. Lin W-C, Lin C-F, Chen C-L et al (2011) Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis via sphingolipid signaling in acute lung injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 339:45-53. doi: 10.1124/jpet.111.181560
143. Zemans RL, Colgan SP, Downey GP (2009) Transepithelial Migration of Neutrophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 40:519-535. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0348TR
144. Uhlig S, Yang Y (2013) Sphingolipids in Acute Lung Injury. In: Gulbins E, Petrache I (eds) Sphingolipids in Disease. Springer, Vienna, pp 227-246
145. Fox S, Leitch AE, Duffin R et al (2010) Neutrophil apoptosis: relevance to the innate immune response and inflammatory disease. J Innate Immun 2:216-227. doi: 10.1159/000284367
146. Grommes J, Soehnlein O (2011) Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury. Mol Med 17:293-307. doi: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00138
147. Taneja R, Parodo J, Jia SH et al (2004) Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity. Crit Care Med 32:1460-1469
148. Mastrandrea LD, Sessanna SM, Laychock SG (2005) Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingosine-1 phosphate production in rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 cells: response to cytokines. Diabetes 54:1429-1436. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1429
149. Chihab R, Pörn-Ares MI, Alvarado-Kristensson M, Andersson T (2003) Sphingosine 1-phosphate antagonizes human neutrophil apoptosis via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:776-785
150. Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR et al (2005) Validation of the National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 116:1353-1360
151. Baraldi E, Filippone M (2007) Chronic Lung Disease after Premature Birth. The New England Journal of Medicine 357:1946-1955
152. Jobe AH (2001) Lung development and lung injury - the new BPD. Chin J Contemp Pediatr 3:433-437
153. Hosford GE, Olson DM (2003) Effects of hyperoxia on VEGF, its receptors, and HIF-2alpha in the newborn rat lung. Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L161-L168. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00285.2002
154. Jakkula M, Le Cras TD, Gebb S et al (2000) Inhibition of angiogenesis decreases alveolarization in the developing rat lung. Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L600-L607
155. Le Cras TD, Markham NE, Tuder RM et al (2002) Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary hypertension and abnormal lung structure. Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283:L555-L562. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00408.2001
156. Yasuo M, Mizuno S, Allegood J et al (2013) Fenretinide causes emphysema, which is prevented by sphingosine 1-phoshate. PLoS One 8:e53927. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053927
157. May M, Strobel P, Preisshofen T et al (2004) Apoptosis and proliferation in lungs of ventilated and oxygen-treated preterm infants. Eur Respir J 23:113-121. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00038403
158. Dieperink HI, Blackwell TS, Prince LS (2006) Hyperoxia and apoptosis in developing mouse lung mesenchyme. Pediatr Res 59:185-190. doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000196371.85945.3a
159. Worgall TS, Veerappan A, Sung B, et al. (2013) Impaired sphingolipid synthesis in the respiratory tract induces airway hyperreactivity. Sci Trans Med 5:186ra67-186ra67. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005765
160. Maceyka M, Spiegel S (2014) Sphingolipid metabolites in inflammatory disease. Nature 510:58-67. doi: 10.1038/nature13475
161. Ammit AJ, Hastie AT, Edsall LC et al (2001) Sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates human airway smooth muscle cell functions that promote inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma. FASEB J 15:1212-1214. doi: 10.1096/fj.00-0742fje
162. Uhlig S, Gulbins E (2008) Sphingolipids in the Lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178:1100-1114. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200804-595SO
163. Ediger TL, Toews ML (2000) Synergistic stimulation of airway smooth muscle cell mitogenesis. JPET 294:1076-1082
164. Plano D, Amin S, Sharma AK (2014) Importance of sphingosine kinase (SphK) as a target in developing cancer therapeutics and recent developments in the synthesis of novel SphK inhibitors. J Med Chem 57:5509-5524. doi: 10.1021/jm4011687
165. Ono JG, Worgall TS, Worgall S (2013) 17q21 locus and ORMDL3: an increased risk for childhood asthma. Pediatr Res 75:165-170. doi: 10.1038/pr.2013.186
166. Galanter J, Choudhry S, Eng C et al (2008) ORMDL3 gene is associated with asthma in three ethnically diverse populations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:1194-1200. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200711-1644OC
167. Moffatt MF, Kabesch M, Liang L et al (2007) Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma. Nature 448:470-473. doi: 10.1038/nature06014
168. Breslow DK, Collins SR, Bodenmiller B et al (2010) Orm family proteins mediate sphingolipid homeostasis. Nature 463:1048-1053. doi: 10.1038/nature08787
169. Siow DL, Wattenberg BW (2012) Mammalian ORMDL proteins mediate the feedback response in ceramide biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 287:40198-40204. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C112.404012
170. Md DDMM, Md ASB (2007) ReviewGlobal burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet 370:765-773. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61380-4
171. Yoshida T, Tuder RM (2007) Pathobiology of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev 87:1047-1082. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2006
172. Gulbins E, Petrache I (2013) Sphingolipids Dis 216:1-473
173. Segura-Valdez L, Pardo A, Gaxiola M et al (2000) Upregulation of gelatinases A and B, collagenases 1 and 2, and increased parenchymal cell death in COPD. Chest 117:684-694
174. Yokohori N, Aoshiba K, Nagai A, Respiratory Failure Research Group in Japan (2004) Increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Chest 125:626-632
175. Calabrese F, Giacometti C, Beghe B et al (2005) Marked alveolar apoptosis/proliferation imbalance in end-stage emphysema. Respir Res 6:14. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-14
176. Imai K, Mercer BA, Schulman LL et al (2005) Correlation of lung surface area to apoptosis and proliferation in human emphysema. Eur Respir J 25:250-258. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00023704
177. Tibboel J, Reiss I, de Jongste JC, Post M (2013) Ceramides: a potential therapeutic target in pulmonary emphysema. Respir Res 14(1):96. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-96
178. Ravid T, Tsaba A, Gee P et al (2003) Ceramide accumulation precedes caspase-3 activation during apoptosis of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284:L1082-L1092. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00172.2002
179. Chung S, Vu S, Filosto S, Goldkorn T (2014) Src regulates cigarette smoke-induced ceramide generation via nsmase2 in the airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0122OC
180. Scarpa MC, Baraldo S, Marian E et al (2013) Ceramide expression and cell homeostasis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 85:342-349. doi: 10.1159/000341185
181. Chen Z-H, Kim HP, Sciurba FC et al (2008) Egr-1 regulates autophagy in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 3:e3316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003316
182. Chen Z-H, Lam HC, Jin Y et al (2010) Autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain-3B (LC3B) activates extrinsic apoptosis during cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:18880-18885. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005574107
183. Ryter SW, Chen Z-H, Kim HP, Choi AMK (2009) Autophagy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: homeostatic or pathogenic mechanism? Autophagy 5:235-237. doi: 10.4161/auto.5.2.7495
184. Fujii S, Hara H, Araya J et al (2012) Insufficient autophagy promotes bronchial epithelial cell senescence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oncoimmunology 1:630-641. doi: 10.4161/onci.20297
185. Welsh MJ, Smith AE (1993) Molecular mechanisms of CFTR chloride channel dysfunction in cystic fibrosis. Cell 73:1251-1254
186. Rommens JM, Iannuzzi MC, Kerem B-S et al (1989) Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science 245:1059-1065
187. Stephenson AL, Tom M, Berthiaume Y et al (2014) A contemporary survival analysis of individuals with cystic fibrosis: a cohort study. Eur Respir J. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00119714
188. Hamai H, Keyserman F, Quittell LM, Worgall TS (2009) Defective CFTR increases synthesis and mass of sphingolipids that modulate membrane composition and lipid signaling. J Lipid Res 50:1101-1108. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M800427-JLR200
189. Bodas M, Min T, Mazur S, Vij N (2011) Critical modifier role of membrane-cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-dependent ceramide signaling in lung injury and emphysema. J Immunol 186:602-613. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002850
190. Ryter SW, Lee S-J, Choi AM (2010) Autophagy in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 4:573-584. doi: 10.1586/ers.10.61