메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 516-524

Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF): A phylogenetically old, caspase-independent effector of cell death

Author keywords

Cytochrome c; Mitochondria

Indexed keywords

ANTIPORTER; APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR; CASPASE; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; CYTOCHROME C; DNA FRAGMENT; FLAVINE ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 0033010612     PISSN: 13509047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400527     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (433)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 0032959345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and mammals
    • Jabs T (1999) Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and mammals. Biochem. Pharmacol. 57: 231-245
    • (1999) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.57 , pp. 231-245
    • Jabs, T.1
  • 2
    • 0029893702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of programmed cell death
    • Ameisen JC (1996) The origin of programmed cell death. Science 272: 1278-1279
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1278-1279
    • Ameisen, J.C.1
  • 3
    • 0032959345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and animals
    • Jobs T (1999) Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and animals. Biochem. Pharmacol. 57: 231-245
    • (1999) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.57 , pp. 231-245
    • Jobs, T.1
  • 4
    • 0008824942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The domains of death: Evolution of the apoptosis machinery
    • Aravind L, Dixit VM and Koonin EV (1999) The domains of death: evolution of the apoptosis machinery. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 47-53
    • (1999) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 47-53
    • Aravind, L.1    Dixit, V.M.2    Koonin, E.V.3
  • 5
    • 14044251695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial implication in apoptosis. Towards an endosymbiotic hypothesis of apoptosis evolution
    • Kroemer G (1997) Mitochondrial implication in apoptosis. Towards an endosymbiotic hypothesis of apoptosis evolution. Cell Death Differ. 4: 443-456
    • (1997) Cell Death Differ. , vol.4 , pp. 443-456
    • Kroemer, G.1
  • 6
    • 0031239745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of eukaryotic programmed cell death: A consequence of aerobic metabolism?
    • Frade JM and Michaelidis TM (1997) Origin of eukaryotic programmed cell death: a consequence of aerobic metabolism? Bioessays 19: 827-832
    • (1997) Bioessays , vol.19 , pp. 827-832
    • Frade, J.M.1    Michaelidis, T.M.2
  • 7
    • 0032575752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria and apoptosis
    • Green DR and Reed JC (1998) Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 281: 1309-1312
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 1309-1312
    • Green, D.R.1    Reed, J.C.2
  • 8
    • 0033045528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of a mechanism of cell suicide
    • Blackstone NW and Green DR (1999) The evolution of a mechanism of cell suicide. Bioessays 21: 84-88
    • (1999) Bioessays , vol.21 , pp. 84-88
    • Blackstone, N.W.1    Green, D.R.2
  • 10
    • 0031127578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CED-4 induces chromatin condensation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and is inhibited by direct physical association with CED-9
    • James C, Gschmeissner S, Fraser A and Evan GI (1997) CED-4 induces chromatin condensation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and is inhibited by direct physical association with CED-9. Current Biol. 7: 246-252
    • (1997) Current Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 246-252
    • James, C.1    Gschmeissner, S.2    Fraser, A.3    Evan, G.I.4
  • 12
    • 0030446993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of programmed cell death in tobacco plants during a pathogen-induced hypersensitive response at low oxygen pressure
    • Mittler R, Shulaev V, Seskar M and Lam E (1996) Inhibition of programmed cell death in tobacco plants during a pathogen-induced hypersensitive response at low oxygen pressure. Plant Cell 8: 1991-2001
    • (1996) Plant Cell , vol.8 , pp. 1991-2001
    • Mittler, R.1    Shulaev, V.2    Seskar, M.3    Lam, E.4
  • 14
    • 0032497567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caspases and programmed cell death in the hypersensitive response of planiste pathogens
    • del Pozo O and Lam E (1998) Caspases and programmed cell death in the hypersensitive response of planiste pathogens. Curr. Biol. 8: 1129-1132
    • (1998) Curr. Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 1129-1132
    • Del Pozo, O.1    Lam, E.2
  • 16
    • 0031888955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD
    • Enari M, Sakahira H, Yokoyoma H, Okawa K, Iwamtsu A and Nagata S (1998) A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature 391: 43-50
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 43-50
    • Enari, M.1    Sakahira, H.2    Yokoyoma, H.3    Okawa, K.4    Iwamtsu, A.5    Nagata, S.6
  • 18
    • 0031034997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of CED-4 with CED-3 and CED-9: A molecular frame for cell death
    • Chinnaiyan AM, O'Rourke K, Lane BR and Dixit VM (1997) Interaction of CED-4 with CED-3 and CED-9: a molecular frame for cell death. Science 275: 1122-1126
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1122-1126
    • Chinnaiyan, A.M.1    O'Rourke, K.2    Lane, B.R.3    Dixit, V.M.4
  • 19
    • 0031582671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis - CED-4 is a stranger no more
    • Hengartner MO (1997) Apoptosis - CED-4 is a stranger no more. Nature 388: 714-715
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 714-715
    • Hengartner, M.O.1
  • 20
    • 0030745646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apaf-1, a human protein homologue to C. elegans Ced-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3
    • Zhou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X, Lutschg A and Wang XD (1997) Apaf-1, a human protein homologue to C. elegans Ced-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell 90: 405-413
    • (1997) Cell , vol.90 , pp. 405-413
    • Zhou, H.1    Henzel, W.J.2    Liu, X.3    Lutschg, A.4    Wang, X.D.5
  • 21
    • 0030715323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade
    • Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Alnemri ES and Wang X (1997) Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91: 479-489
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , pp. 479-489
    • Li, P.1    Nijhawan, D.2    Budihardjo, I.3    Srinivasula, S.M.4    Ahmad, M.5    Alnemri, E.S.6    Wang, X.7
  • 22
    • 0032509354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WD-40 repeat region regulates Apaf-1 self-association and procaspase-9 activation
    • Hu YW, Ding LY, Spencer DM and Nunez G (1998) WD-40 repeat region regulates Apaf-1 self-association and procaspase-9 activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 33489-33494
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 33489-33494
    • Hu, Y.W.1    Ding, L.Y.2    Spencer, D.M.3    Nunez, G.4
  • 28
    • 0029906828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bax-induced cell death may not require interleukin 1β-converting enzyme-like proteases
    • Xiang J, Chao DT and Korsmeyer SJ (1996) Bax-induced cell death may not require interleukin 1β-converting enzyme-like proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14559-14563
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 14559-14563
    • Xiang, J.1    Chao, D.T.2    Korsmeyer, S.J.3
  • 29
    • 0032571294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The overexpression of Bax produces cell death upon induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition
    • Pastorino JG, Chen S-T, Tafani M, Snyder JW and Farber JL (1998) The overexpression of Bax produces cell death upon induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 7770-7777
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 7770-7777
    • Pastorino, J.G.1    Chen, S.-T.2    Tafani, M.3    Snyder, J.W.4    Farber, J.L.5
  • 31
    • 0031033274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Ced-3/ ICE-related proteases does not prevent cell death induced by oncogenes, DNA damage, or the Bcl-2 homologue Bak
    • McCarthy NJ, Whyte MKB, Gilbert CS and Evan GI (1997) Inhibition of Ced-3/ ICE-related proteases does not prevent cell death induced by oncogenes, DNA damage, or the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. J. Cell. Biol. 136: 215-227
    • (1997) J. Cell. Biol. , vol.136 , pp. 215-227
    • McCarthy, N.J.1    Whyte, M.K.B.2    Gilbert, C.S.3    Evan, G.I.4
  • 32
    • 0030698810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death
    • Hirsch T, Marchetti P, Susin SA, Dallaporta B, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Geuskens M and Kroemer G (1997) The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death. Oncogene 15: 1573-1582
    • (1997) Oncogene , vol.15 , pp. 1573-1582
    • Hirsch, T.1    Marchetti, P.2    Susin, S.A.3    Dallaporta, B.4    Zamzami, N.5    Marzo, I.6    Geuskens, M.7    Kroemer, G.8
  • 33
    • 0031872523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commitment to cell death measured by loss of clonogenicity is separable from the appearance of apoptotic markers
    • Brunet CL, Gunby RH, Benson RSP, Hickman JA, Watson AJM and Brady G (1998) Commitment to cell death measured by loss of clonogenicity is separable from the appearance of apoptotic markers. Cell Death Differ. 5: 107-115
    • (1998) Cell Death Differ. , vol.5 , pp. 107-115
    • Brunet, C.L.1    Gunby, R.H.2    Benson, R.S.P.3    Hickman, J.A.4    Watson, A.J.M.5    Brady, G.6
  • 37
    • 0032472329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial cytochrome c release in apoptosis occurs upstream of DEVD-specific caspase activation and independently of mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization
    • Bossy-Wetzel E, Newmeyer DD and Green DR (1998) Mitochondrial cytochrome c release in apoptosis occurs upstream of DEVD-specific caspase activation and independently of mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization. EMBO J. 17: 37-49
    • (1998) EMBO J. , vol.17 , pp. 37-49
    • Bossy-Wetzel, E.1    Newmeyer, D.D.2    Green, D.R.3
  • 39
    • 0033582526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct caspase cascades are initiated in receptor-mediated and chemical-induced apoptosis
    • Sun X-M, MacFarlane M, Zhuang J, Wolf BB, Green DR and Cohen GM (1999) Distinct caspase cascades are initiated in receptor-mediated and chemical-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 5053-5060
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 5053-5060
    • Sun, X.-M.1    MacFarlane, M.2    Zhuang, J.3    Wolf, B.B.4    Green, D.R.5    Cohen, G.M.6
  • 43
    • 0030900980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: A switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis
    • Leist M, Single B, Castoldi AF, Kühnle S and Nicotera P (1997) Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis. J. Exp. Med. 185: 1481-1486
    • (1997) J. Exp. Med. , vol.185 , pp. 1481-1486
    • Leist, M.1    Single, B.2    Castoldi, A.F.3    Kühnle, S.4    Nicotera, P.5
  • 44
    • 0030915587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular ATP levels determine cell late by apoptosis or necrosis
    • Eguchi Y, Shimizu S and Tsujimoto Y (1997) Intracellular ATP levels determine cell late by apoptosis or necrosis. Cancer Res. 57: 1835-1840
    • (1997) Cancer Res. , vol.57 , pp. 1835-1840
    • Eguchi, Y.1    Shimizu, S.2    Tsujimoto, Y.3
  • 45
    • 0031772126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial permeability transition is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis and cytochrome c release
    • Bradham CA, Quian T, Streetz K. Trautwein C, Brenner DA and Lemasters JJ (1998) The mitochondrial permeability transition is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis and cytochrome c release. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 6353-6364
    • (1998) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 6353-6364
    • Bradham, C.A.1    Quian, T.2    Streetz, K.3    Trautwein, C.4    Brenner, D.A.5    Lemasters, J.J.6
  • 46
    • 0031595110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular Ca2+ thresholds that determine survival or death of energy deprived cells
    • Dong Z, Saikumar P, Griess GA, Weinberg JM and Venkatachalam MA (1998) Intracellular Ca2+ thresholds that determine survival or death of energy deprived cells. Am. J. Pathol. 152: 231-240
    • (1998) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.152 , pp. 231-240
    • Dong, Z.1    Saikumar, P.2    Griess, G.A.3    Weinberg, J.M.4    Venkatachalam, M.A.5
  • 48
    • 0031573142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD4+CD8+ thymocytes are preferentially induced to die following CD45 crosslinking, through a novel apoptotic pathway
    • Lesage S, Steff A-M, Philippoussis F, Pagé M, Trop S, Mateo V and Hugo P (1997) CD4+CD8+ thymocytes are preferentially induced to die following CD45 crosslinking, through a novel apoptotic pathway. J. Immunol. 159: 4762-4771
    • (1997) J. Immunol. , vol.159 , pp. 4762-4771
    • Lesage, S.1    Steff, A.-M.2    Philippoussis, F.3    Pagé, M.4    Trop, S.5    Mateo, V.6    Hugo, P.7
  • 50
    • 0032498630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E4orf4, a novel adenovirus death factor that induces p53-independent apoptosis by a pathway that is not inhibited by Z-VAD.fmk
    • Lavoie JN, Nguyen M, Marcellus RC, Branton PE and Shore GC (1998) E4orf4, a novel adenovirus death factor that induces p53-independent apoptosis by a pathway that is not inhibited by Z-VAD.fmk. J. Cell. Biol. 140: 637-645
    • (1998) J. Cell. Biol. , vol.140 , pp. 637-645
    • Lavoie, J.N.1    Nguyen, M.2    Marcellus, R.C.3    Branton, P.E.4    Shore, G.C.5
  • 51
    • 0032583164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caspase-independentcell killing by Fas-associated protein with death domain
    • Kawahara A, Ohsawa Y, Matsumara H, Uchigama Y and Nagata S (1998) Caspase-independentcell killing by Fas-associated protein with death domain. J. Cell. Biol. 143: 1353-1360
    • (1998) J. Cell. Biol. , vol.143 , pp. 1353-1360
    • Kawahara, A.1    Ohsawa, Y.2    Matsumara, H.3    Uchigama, Y.4    Nagata, S.5
  • 53
    • 0030581151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: Requirement for dATP and cytochrome C
    • Liu XS, Kim CN, Yang J, Jemmerson R and Wang X (1996) Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome C. Cell 86: 147-157
    • (1996) Cell , vol.86 , pp. 147-157
    • Liu, X.S.1    Kim, C.N.2    Yang, J.3    Jemmerson, R.4    Wang, X.5
  • 55
    • 0032415254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous release of adenylate kinase and cytochrome c in cell death
    • Single B, Leist M and Nicotera P (1998) Simultaneous release of adenylate kinase and cytochrome c in cell death. Cell Death Differ. 5: 1001-1003
    • (1998) Cell Death Differ. , vol.5 , pp. 1001-1003
    • Single, B.1    Leist, M.2    Nicotera, P.3
  • 59
    • 0029294106 scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate free radical reductase mRNA levels are induced by wounding
    • Grantz AA, Brummell DA and Bennett AB (1995) Ascorbate free radical reductase mRNA levels are induced by wounding. Plant Physiol. 108: 411-418
    • (1995) Plant Physiol. , vol.108 , pp. 411-418
    • Grantz, A.A.1    Brummell, D.A.2    Bennett, A.B.3
  • 60
    • 0029853279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal fluctuation of ascorbate related enzymes: Acute and delayed effects of late frost in spring on antioxidative systems in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L)
    • Polle A, Kroniger W and Rennenberg H (1996) Seasonal fluctuation of ascorbate related enzymes: Acute and delayed effects of late frost in spring on antioxidative systems in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L). Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 717-725
    • (1996) Plant Cell Physiol. , vol.37 , pp. 717-725
    • Polle, A.1    Kroniger, W.2    Rennenberg, H.3
  • 61
    • 0030478735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the antioxidative system of suspension-cultured soybean cells (Glycine max) induced by oxidative stress
    • Knorzer OC, Durner J and Boger P (1996) Alterations in the antioxidative system of suspension-cultured soybean cells (Glycine max) induced by oxidative stress. Physiologia Plantarum 97: 388-396
    • (1996) Physiologia Plantarum , vol.97 , pp. 388-396
    • Knorzer, O.C.1    Durner, J.2    Boger, P.3
  • 62
    • 0030452648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Fe-superoxide dismutase in chloroplasts
    • VanCamp W, Capiau K, VanMonagu M, Inze D and Slooten L (1996) Enhancement of oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Fe-superoxide dismutase in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 112: 1703-1714
    • (1996) Plant Physiol. , vol.112 , pp. 1703-1714
    • VanCamp, W.1    Capiau, K.2    VanMonagu, M.3    Inze, D.4    Slooten, L.5
  • 63
    • 14944375309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in salicylic acid and antioxidants during induced thermotolerance in mustard seedlings
    • Dat JF, Foyer CH and Scott IM (1998) Changes in salicylic acid and antioxidants during induced thermotolerance in mustard seedlings. Plant Physiol. 118: 1455-1461
    • (1998) Plant Physiol. , vol.118 , pp. 1455-1461
    • Dat, J.F.1    Foyer, C.H.2    Scott, I.M.3
  • 64
    • 0001613347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogen-induced changes in the antioxidant status of the apoplast in barley leaves
    • Vanacker H, Carver TL and Foyer CH (1998) Pathogen-induced changes in the antioxidant status of the apoplast in barley leaves. Plant Physiol. 117: 1103-1114
    • (1998) Plant Physiol. , vol.117 , pp. 1103-1114
    • Vanacker, H.1    Carver, T.L.2    Foyer, C.H.3
  • 65
    • 7944239352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle of mitochondria and peroxisomes in the senescence of pea leaves
    • Jimenez A, Hernandez JA, Pastori G, del Rio LA and Sevilla F (1998) Role of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle of mitochondria and peroxisomes in the senescence of pea leaves. Plant Physiol. 118: 1327-1335
    • (1998) Plant Physiol. , vol.118 , pp. 1327-1335
    • Jimenez, A.1    Hernandez, J.A.2    Pastori, G.3    Del Rio, L.A.4    Sevilla, F.5
  • 66
    • 0030045289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enzymatic responses of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to drought in sorghum and sunflower plants
    • Zhang JX and Kirkham MB (1996) Enzymatic responses of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to drought in sorghum and sunflower plants. Plant Sci. 113: 139-147
    • (1996) Plant Sci. , vol.113 , pp. 139-147
    • Zhang, J.X.1    Kirkham, M.B.2
  • 67
    • 0028919340 scopus 로고
    • Isoalloxazine ring of FAD is required for the formation of the core in the hsp60-assisted folding of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase subunit into the assembly competent conformation in mitochondria
    • Saijo T and Tanaka K (1995) Isoalloxazine ring of FAD is required for the formation of the core in the hsp60-assisted folding of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase subunit into the assembly competent conformation in mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 1899-1907
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 1899-1907
    • Saijo, T.1    Tanaka, K.2
  • 68
    • 0029911751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A requirement for matrix processing peptidase but not for mitochondrial chaperonin in the covalent attachment of FAD to yeast succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein
    • Robinson KM and Lemire BD (1996) A requirement for matrix processing peptidase but not for mitochondrial chaperonin in the covalent attachment of FAD to yeast succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4061-4067
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 4061-4067
    • Robinson, K.M.1    Lemire, B.D.2
  • 69
    • 1542563485 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and structural relationships among dehydrogenases
    • Boyer, PD (ed), Ch 2, Academic Press, New York
    • Rossmann MG, Liljas A, Branden CI and Benaszak LJ (1975) Evolutionary and structural relationships among dehydrogenases. In: Boyer, PD (ed), The Enzymes Vol 11, Oxidation-Reduction, Ch 2, pp 61-102, Academic Press, New York
    • (1975) The Enzymes Vol 11, Oxidation-reduction , vol.11 , pp. 61-102
    • Rossmann, M.G.1    Liljas, A.2    Branden, C.I.3    Benaszak, L.J.4
  • 70
    • 0031980222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and cellular mechanisms of T lymphocyte apoptosis
    • Penninger JM and Kroemer G (1998) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of T lymphocyte apoptosis. Adv. Immunol. 68: 51-144
    • (1998) Adv. Immunol. , vol.68 , pp. 51-144
    • Penninger, J.M.1    Kroemer, G.2
  • 71
    • 0344122695 scopus 로고
    • Social control of cell survival and cell death
    • Raff M (1994) Social control of cell survival and cell death. Nature 365: 397-400
    • (1994) Nature , vol.365 , pp. 397-400
    • Raff, M.1
  • 72
    • 0030741528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome c activation of CPP32-like proteolysis plays a critical role in a Xenopus cell-free apoptosis system
    • Kluck RM, Martin SJ, Hoffman BM, Zhou JS, Green DR and Newmeyer DD (1997) Cytochrome c activation of CPP32-like proteolysis plays a critical role in a Xenopus cell-free apoptosis system. EMBO J. 16: 4639-4649
    • (1997) EMBO J. , vol.16 , pp. 4639-4649
    • Kluck, R.M.1    Martin, S.J.2    Hoffman, B.M.3    Zhou, J.S.4    Green, D.R.5    Newmeyer, D.D.6
  • 75
    • 0030784438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An artificial intelligence approach to motif discovery in protein sequences application to steroid dehydrogenase
    • Bailey TL, Baker ME and Elkan CP (1997) An artificial intelligence approach to motif discovery in protein sequences application to steroid dehydrogenase. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 62: 29-44
    • (1997) J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , vol.62 , pp. 29-44
    • Bailey, T.L.1    Baker, M.E.2    Elkan, C.P.3
  • 76
    • 0014211361 scopus 로고
    • Construction of phylogenetic trees
    • Fitch WM and Margoliash E (1967) Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155: 279-284
    • (1967) Science , vol.155 , pp. 279-284
    • Fitch, W.M.1    Margoliash, E.2
  • 77
    • 0024152983 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenes from molecular sequences: Inference and reliability
    • Felsenstein J (1988) Phylogenes from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annu. Rev. Genetics 22: 521-565
    • (1988) Annu. Rev. Genetics , vol.22 , pp. 521-565
    • Felsenstein, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.