Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 64-92

  Oberacher, ^a   Pitterl, Florian ^a   Erb, Robert ^a   Plattner, Sabine ^a  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry; Electrochemistry; Electron ionization; Electrospray ionization; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry

Indexed keywords

BYPRODUCTS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRUG PRODUCTS; ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRODES; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; IONIZATION; IONIZATION OF GASES; IONIZATION OF LIQUIDS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUIDS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; REACTION INTERMEDIATES; REDOX REACTIONS; SPECTROMETRY;

CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATIONS; DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY; ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS; ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS; ELECTRON IONIZATION; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION (ESI); SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE;

ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES;

DRUG; PROTEIN;

CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRODE; ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLISM; METABOLOMICS; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PROCEDURES;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRODES; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLOMICS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PROTEINS; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION;

EID: 84922756860     PISSN: 02777037     EISSN: 10982787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21409     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. Abonnenc M, Qiao L, Liu B, Girault HH. 2010. Electrochemical aspects of electrospray and laser desorption/ionization for mass spectrometry. Annu Rev Anal Chem 3:231-254.
2. Andrade FV, Deiner LJ, Varela H, de Castro JFR, Rodrigues IA, Nart FC. 2007. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate over palladium nanoparticle catalysts: A temperature-dependent study. J Electrochem Soc 154:F159-F164.
3. Angelucci CA, Deiner LJ, Nart FC. 2008. On-line mass spectrometry of the electro-oxidation of methanol in acidic media on tungsten carbide. J Solid State Electrochem 12:1599-1603.
4. Arakawa R, Yamaguchi M, Hotta H, Osakai T, Kimoto T. 2004. Product analysis of caffeic acid oxidation by on-line electrochemistry/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1228-1236.
5. Baltruschat H. 2004. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1693-1706.
6. Barile CJ, Gewirth AA. 2013. Investigating the Li-O2 battery in an ether-based electrolyte using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. J Electrochem Soc 160:A549-A552.
7. Basile F, Hauser N. 2011. Rapid online nonenzymatic protein digestion combining microwave heating acid hydrolysis and electrochemical oxidation. Anal Chem 83:359-367.
8. Baumann A, Karst U. 2010. Online electrochemistry/mass spectrometry in drug metabolism studies: Principles and applications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 6:715-731.
9. Baumann A, Lohmann W, Schubert B, Oberacher H, Karst U. 2009. Metabolic studies of tetrazepam based on electrochemical simulation in comparison to in vivo and in vitro methods. J Chromatogr A 1216:3192-3198.
10. Baumann A, Lohmann W, Karst U. 2010a. On-line electrochemistry/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EC/ESI-MS) for the generation and identification of nucleotide oxidation products. Electroanalysis 22:286-292.
11. Baumann A, Lohmann W, Rose T, Ahn KC, Hammock BD, Karst U, Schebb NH. 2010b. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry unveils the formation of reactive triclocarban metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 38:2130-2138.
12. Baumann A, Faust A, Law MP, Kuhlmann MT, Kopka K, Schafers M, Karst U. 2011. Metabolite identification of a radiotracer by electrochemistry coupled to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and radioactivity detection. Anal Chem 83:5415-5421.
13. Beltowska-Brzezinska M, Wesierski T. 2013. On electrocatalysis in alkene - Molybdenum(VI) system at Pt/acidic solution interface. J Sold State Electrochem 17:1815-1822.
14. Beltowska-Brzezinska M, Łuczak T, Ma¸czka M, Baltruschat H, Müller U. 2002. Ethyne oxidation and hydrogenation on porous Pt electrode in acidic solution. J Electroanal Chem 519:101-110.
15. Benassi M, Wu C, Nefliu M, Ifa DR, Volny M, Cooks RG. 2009. Redox transformations in desorption electrospray ionization. Int J Mass Spectrom 280:235-240.
16. Blades AT, Ikonomou MG, Kebarle P. 1991. Mechanism of electrospray mass spectrometry. Electrospray as an electrolysis cell. Anal Chem 63:2109-2114.
17. Bogdanoff P, Friebe P, Alonso-Vante N. 1998. A new inlet system for differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy applied to the photocorrosion of p-lnP(111) single crystals. J Electrochem Soc 145:576-582.
18. Bökman CF, Zettersten C, Sjöberg PJ, Nyholm L. 2004. A setup for the coupling of a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell to electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 76:2017-2024.
19. Bond AM, Colton R, D'Agostino A, Downard AJ, Traeger JC. 1995. A role for electrospray mass spectrometry in electrochemical studies. Anal Chem 67:1691-1695.
20. Boys BL, Kuprowski MC, Noël JJ, Konermann L. 2009. Protein oxidative modifications during electrospray ionization: Solution phase electrochemistry or corona discharge-induced radical attack? Anal Chem 81:4027-4034.
21. Brisard GM, Camargo APM, Nart FC, Iwasita T. 2001. On-line mass spectrometry investigation of the reduction of carbon dioxide in acidic media on polycrystalline Pt. Electrochem Commun 3:603-607.
22. Bruckenstein S, Gadde RR. 1971. Use of a porous electrode for in situ mass spectrometric determination of volatile electrode reaction products. J Am Chem Soc 93:793-794.
23. Bussy U, Delaforge M, El-Bekkali C, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Krempf M, Tea I, Galland N, Jacquemin D, Boujtita M. 2013a. Acebutolol and alprenolol metabolism predictions: Comparative study of electrochemical and cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:6077-6085.
24. Bussy U, Tea I, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Krempf M, Silvestre V, Galland N, Jacquemin D, Andresen-Bergström M, Jurva U, Boujtita M. 2013b. Voltammetry coupled to mass spectrometry in the presence of isotope 18O labeled water for the prediction of oxidative transformation pathways of activated aromatic ethers: Acebutolol. Anal Chim Acta 762:39-46.
25. Camara GA, Gomes JF, Bergamaski K, Teixeira-Neto E, Nart FC. 2008. CO electrooxidation on Pt nanoparticles in acidic solution: A FTIRS and DEMS study. J Electroanal Chem 617:171-178.
26. Cantane DA, Ambrosio WF, Chatenet M, Lima FHB. 2012. Electrooxidation of ethanol on Pt/C, Rh/C, and Pt/Rh/C-based electrocatalysts investigated by on-line DEMS. J Electroanal Chem 681:56-65.
27. Castagnoli N, Bissel P, Jurva U, Ashraf-Khorasani M. 2008. Electrochemical mass spectrometric studies on 1-cyclopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:2089-2096.
28. Chen H, Zhang Y, Mutlib AE, Zhong M. 2006. Application of on-line electrochemical derivatization coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for detection and quantitation of (p-chlorophenyl)aniline in biological samples. Anal Chem 78:2413-2421.
29. Chen L, Hofmann D, Klumpp E, Xiang X, Chen Y, Küppers S. 2012. Bottom-up approach for the reaction of xenobiotics and their metabolites with model substances for natural organic matter by electrochemistry-mass spectrometry (EC-MS). Chemosphere 89:1376-1383.
30. Chojak Halseid M, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. 2010. Electrooxidation of ethylene glycol on a carbon-supported Pt catalyst at elevated temperatures and pressure: A high-temperature/high-pressure DEMS study: electrochemistry and the energy landscape. J Electroanal Chem 644:103-109.
31. Cole RB. 1997. Electrospray mass spectrometry: Fundamentals, instrumentation & applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 577p.
32. Dayon L, Josserand J, Girault HH. 2005. Electrochemical multi-tagging of cysteinyl peptides during microspray mass spectrometry: numerical simulation of consecutive reactions in a microchannel. Chem Phys Chem 7:4054-4060.
33. Dayon L, Roussel C, Girault HH. 2006. Probing cysteine reactivity in proteins by mass spectrometric EC-tagging. J Proteome Res 5:793-800.
34. de Groot MT, Koper MTM. 2004. The influence of nitrate concentration and acidity on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate on platinum. J Electroanal Chem 562:81-94.
35. de Lima RG, Bonato PS, da Silva RS. 2003. Analysis of albendazole metabolites by electrospray LC-MS/MS as a probe to elucidate electrooxidation mechanism of albendazole. J Pharm Biomed Anal 32:337-343.
36. Deng H, Van Berkel GJ. 1999a. A thin-layer electrochemical flow cell coupled on-line with electrospray-mass spectrometry for the study of biological redox reactions. Electroanalysis 11:857-865.
37. Deng H, Van Berkel GJ. 1999b. Electrochemical polymerization of aniline investigated using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 71:4284-4293.
38. Diehl G, Karst U. 2002a. On-line electrochemistry-MS and related techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 373:390-398.
39. Diehl G, Karst U. 2002b. Fast liquid chromatography-electrochemistry-mass spectrometry of ferrocenecarboxylic acid esters. J Chromatogr A 974:103-109.
40. Diehl G, Liesener A, Karst U. 2001. Liquid chromatography with post-column electrochemical treatment and mass spectrometric detection of non-polar compounds. Analyst 126:288-290.
41. Diehl G, Wasinski FAH, Roberz B, Luftmann H, Schmidt TC, Andersson JT, Karst U. 2004. Liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as screening technique for alcohols and phenols in fuels. Microchim Acta 146:137-147.
42. Dima GE, de Vooys ACA, Koper MTM. 2003. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate at low concentration on coinage and transition-metal electrodes in acid solutions. J Electroanal Chem 554-555:15-23.
43. 2electroreduction: An electrochemical mass spectrometry study. J Electroanal Chem 582:230-240.
44. Dupont A, Gisselbrecht J-P, Leize E, Wagner L, Van Dorsselaer A. 1994. Electrospray mass spectrometry of electrochemically ionized molecules: Application to the study of fullerenes. Tetrahedron Lett 35:6083-6086.
45. Eilers G, Zettersten C, Nyholm L, Hammarström L, Lomoth R. 2005. Ligand exchange upon oxidation of a dinuclear Mn complex - Detection of structural changes by FT-IR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. Dalton Trans 2005:1033-1041.
46. Erb R, Plattner S, Pitterl F, Brouwer HJ, Oberacher H. 2012. An optimized electrochemistry-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for studying guanosine oxidation. Electrophoresis 33:614-621.
47. Faber H, Jahn S, Künnemeyer J, Simon H, Melles D, Vogel M, Karst U. 2011. Electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry as a tool in metabolism studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50:A52-A58.
48. Faber H, Melles D, Brauckmann C, Wehe CA, Wentker K, Karst U. 2012. Simulation of the oxidative metabolism of diclofenac by electrochemistry/(liquid chromatography/)mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:345-354.
49. Falck D, de Vlieger JS, Giera M, Honing M, Irth H, Niessen WM, Kool J. 2012. On-line electrochemistry-bioaffinity screening with parallel HR-LC-MS for the generation and characterization of modified p38alpha kinase inhibitors. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:367-375.
50. Farias MJS, Camara GA, Tanaka AA. 2007. Electrooxidation of isotope-labeled ethanol: a FTIRS study. J Sold State Electrochem 11:1465-1469.
51. Fujihira M, Noguchi T. 1993. A novel differential electrochemical mass spectrometer (DEMS) with a stationary gas-permeable electrode in a rotational flow produced by a rotating rod. J Electroanal Chem 347:457-463.
52. Gamache PH, Meyer DF, Granger MC, Acworth IN. 2004. Metabolomic applications of electrochemistry/mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1717-1726.
53. Gao Y, Tsuji H, Hattori H, Kita H. 1994. New on-line mass spectrometer system designed for platinum-single crystal electrode and electroreduction of acetylene. J Electroanal Chem 372:195-200.
54. Garcia-Araez N, Novák P. 2013. Critical aspects in the development of lithium - Air batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 17:1793-1807.
55. Getek TA, Korfmacher WA, McRae TA, Hinson JA. 1989. Utility of solution electrochemistry mass spectrometry for investigating the formation and detection of biologically important conjugates of acetaminophen. J Chromatogr 474:245-256.
56. Gianelli L, Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Pallavicini P, Mellerio GG. 2001. Investigation of reduction of Cu(II) complexes in positive-ion mode electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:2347-2353.
57. Girault H, Liu B, Qiao L, Bi H, Prudent M, Lion N, Abonnenc M. 2010. Electrochemical reactions and ionization processes. Eur J Mass Spectrom 16:341-349.
58. Guaratini T, Vessecchi RL, Lavarda FC, Maia Campos PM, Naal Z, Gates PJ, Lopes NP. 2004. New chemical evidence for the ability to generate radical molecular ions of polyenes from ESI and HR-MALDI mass spectrometry. Analyst 129:1223-1226.
59. Guaratini T, Vessecchi RL, Pinto E, Colepicolo P, Lopes NP. 2005. Balance of xanthophylls molecular and protonated molecular ions in electrospray ionization. J Mass Spectrom 40:963-968.
60. Guaratini T, Gates PJ, Cardozo KH, Campos PM, Colepicolo P, Lopes NP. 2006. Radical ion and protonated molecule formation with retinal in electrospray and nanospray. Eur J Mass Spectrom 12:71-74.
61. 4] in methanol/water/trifluoroacetate solutions investigated by combined on-line electrochemistry/electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003:2264-2272.
62. 5] in methanol/water/acetate solutions by on-line electrochemical flowcell and electrospray mass spectrometry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003:482-492.
63. Gun J, Bharathi S, Gutkin V, Rizkov D, Voloshenko A, Shelkov R, Sladkevich S, Kyi N, Rona M, Wolanov Y, Rizkov D, Koch M, Mizrahi S, Pridkhochenko PV, Modestov A, Lev O. 2010. Highlights in coupled electrochemical flow cell-mass spectrometry, EC/MS. Isr J Chem 50:360-373.
64. Gutkin V, Gun J, Prikhodchenko PV, Lev O, Gonsalvi L, Peruzzini M, Romerosa A, Malpartida TC, Lidrissi C. 2007. Electro-oxidation of ruthenium cyclopentadienyl PTA complexes in DMF: ESI-MS, cyclic voltammetry, and online electrochemistry/ESI-MS Studies. J Electrochem Soc 154:F7-F15.
65. Gutkin V, Gun J, Lev O. 2009. Electrochemical deposition-stripping analysis of molecules and proteins by online electrochemical flow cell/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 81:8396-8404.
66. Hartung T, Baltruschat H. 1990. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry using smooth electrodes: Adsorption and hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of benzene on platinum. Langmuir 6:953-957.
67. Hartung T, Schmiemann U, Kamphausen I, Baltruschat H. 1991. Electrodesorption from single-crystal electrodes: analysis by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 63:44-48.
68. Hayen H, Karst U. 2003. Analysis of phenothiazine and its derivatives using LC/electrochemistry/MS and LC/electrochemistry/fluorescence. Anal Chem 75:4833-4840.
69. Heinen M, Chen YX, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. 2007. In situ ATR-FTIRS coupled with on-line DEMS under controlled mass transport conditions - A novel tool for electrocatalytic reaction studies. Electrochim Acta 52:5634-5643.
70. Hoffmann T, Hofmann D, Klumpp E, Küppers S. 2011. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry for mechanistic studies and simulation of oxidation processes in the environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 399:1859-1868.
71. Housmans TH, Wonders AH, Koper MT. 2006. Structure sensitivity of methanol electrooxidation pathways on platinum: An on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry study. J Phys Chem B 110:10021-10031.
72. Huang G, Li G, Cooks RG. 2011. Induced nanoelectrospray ionization for matrix-tolerant and high-throughput mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50:9907-9910.
73. x thin films electrodeposited on Au. J Electrochem Soc 158:B1019-B1028.
74. Ianniello R, Schmidt VM. 1995. A simplified DEMS set up for electrocatalytic studies of porous PtRu alloys. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 99:83-86.
75. Iwahashi H. 1999. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid-derived compounds formed through electrochemical oxidation. J Chromatogr B 736:237-245.
76. Iwahashi H, Ishii T. 1997. Detection of the oxidative products of 3-hydroxykynurenine using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection-ultraviolet absorption detection-electron spin resonance spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection-ultraviolet absorption detection-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 773:23-31.
77. Jackson GS, Enke CG. 1999. Electrical equivalence of electrospray ionization with conducting and nonconducting needles. Anal Chem 71:3777-3784.
78. Jahn S, Karst U. 2012. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry-Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 1259:16-49.
79. Jahn S, Baumann A, Roscher J, Hense K, Zazzeroni R, Karst U. 2011. Investigation of the biotransformation pathway of verapamil using electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry - A comparative study with liver cell microsomes. J Chromatogr A 1218:9210-9220.
80. Jahn S, Faber H, Zazzeroni R, Karst U. 2012a. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as a tool in the investigation of the potent skin sensitizer p-phenylenediamine and its reactivity toward nucleophiles. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:1453-1464.
81. Jahn S, Faber H, Zazzeroni R, Karst U. 2012b. Electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to demonstrate irreversible binding of the skin allergen p-phenylenediamine to proteins. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:1415-1425.
82. Jahn S, Lohmann W, Bomke S, Baumann A, Karst U. 2012c. A ferrocene-based reagent for the conjugation and quantification of reactive metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 402:461-471.
83. Jambunathan K, Hillier AC. 2003. Measuring electrocatalytic activity on a local scale with scanning differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. J Electrochem Soc 150:E312-E320.
84. Jambunathan K, Jayaraman S, Hillier AC. 2004. A multielectrode electrochemical and scanning differential electrochemical mass spectrometry study of methanol oxidation on electrodeposited PtxRuy. Langmuir 20:1856-1863.
85. James DD, Bennett DV, Li G, Ghumman A, Helleur RJ, Pickup PG. 2009. Online analysis of products from a direct ethanol fuel cell. Electrochem Commun 11:1877-1880.
86. Johansson T, Weidolf L, Jurva U. 2007. Mimicry of phase I drug metabolism - Novel methods for metabolite characterization and synthesis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21:2323-2331.
87. Johansson T, Jurva U, Grönberg G, Weidolf L, Masimirembwa C. 2009. Novel metabolites of amodiaquine formed by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1: Structure elucidation using electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, and NMR. Drug Metab Dispos 37:571-579.
88. Johnson KA, Shira BA, Anderson JL, Amster IJ. 2001. Chemical and on-line electrochemical reduction of metalloproteins with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection. Anal Chem 73:803-808.
89. Jurva U, Wikström HV, Bruins AP. 2000. In vitro mimicry of metabolic oxidation reactions by electrochemistry/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14:529-533.
90. Jurva U, Wikström HV, Bruins AP. 2002. Electrochemically assisted Fenton reaction: Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with xenobiotics followed by on-line analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16:1934-1940.
91. Jurva U, Wikström HV, Weidolf L, Bruins AP. 2003. Comparison between electrochemistry/mass spectrometry and cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation reactions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:800-810.
92. Jurva U, Bissel P, Isin EM, Igarashi K, Kuttab S, Castagnoli N, Jr. 2005. Model electrochemical-mass spectrometric studies of the cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidations of cyclic tertiary allylamines. J Am Chem Soc 127:12368-12377.
93. Jurva U, Holmé n A, Grönberg G, Masimirembwa C, Weidolf L. 2008. Electrochemical generation of electrophilic drug metabolites: Characterization of amodiaquine quinoneimine and cysteinyl conjugates by MS, IR, and NMR. Chem Res Toxicol 21:928-935.
94. Jusys Z, Massong H, Baltruschat H. 1999. A new approach for simultaneous DEMS and EQCM: Electro-oxidation of adsorbed CO on Pt and Pt - Ru. J Electrochem Soc 146:1093-1098.
95. 2/CO mixtures on a carbon-supported Pt catalyst - A kinetic and mechanistic study by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 3:4650-4660.
96. Karady M, Novák O, Horna A, Strnad M, Doležal K. 2011. High performance liquid chromatography-electrochemistry-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/EC/ESI-MS) for detection and characterization of roscovitine oxidation products. Electroanalysis 23:2898-2905.
97. Karst U. 2004. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) - A new tool to study drug metabolism and reaction mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43:2476-2478.
98. Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ. 2001. Electropolymerization of methylene blue investigated using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry. Electroanalysis 13:1425-1430.
99. Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ. 2005. Monitoring ionic adducts to elucidate reaction mechanisms: Reduction of tetracyanoquinodimethane and oxidation of triphenylamine investigated using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry. J Solid State Electrochem 9:390-397.
100. Kertesz V, Deng H, Asano KG, Hettich RL, Van Berkel GJ. 2002. N-Phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and benzidine oxidation products identified using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray fourier transform mass spectrometry. Electroanalysis 14:1027-1030.
101. Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ, Granger MC. 2005. Study and application of a controlled-potential electrochemistry-electrospray emitter for electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 77:4366-4373.
102. Konermann L, Silva EA, Sogbein OF. 2001. Electrochemically induced pH changes resulting in protein unfolding in the ion source of an electrospray mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 73:4836-4844.
103. Kotiaho T, Lauritsen FR, Choudhury TK, Cooks RG, Tsao GT. 1991. Membrane introduction mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 63:875A-883A.
104. 2 at high potentials. J Appl Electrochem 38:893-896.
105. Li KM, Byun J, Gross ML, Zamzow D, Jankowiak R, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL. 1999. Synthesis and structure determination of the adducts formed by electrochemical oxidation of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in the presence of adenine. Chem Res Toxicol 12:749-757.
106. Li J, Dewald HD, Chen H. 2009. Online coupling of electrochemical reactions with liquid sample desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 81:9716-9722.
107. Liljegren G, Dahlin A, Zettersten C, Bergquist J, Nyholm L. 2005. On-line coupling of a microelectrode array equipped poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip with an integrated graphite electrospray emitter for electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Lab Chip 5:1008-1016.
108. Lima FB, Profeti D, Chatenet M, Riello D, Ticianelli EA, Gonzalez ER. 2010. Electro-oxidation of ethanol on Rh/Pt and Ru/Rh/Pt sub-monolayers deposited on Au/C nanoparticles. Electrocatalysis 1:72-82.
109. Lindström RW, Seidel YE, Jusys Z, Gustavsson M, Wickman B, Kasemo B, Behm RJ. 2010. Electrocatalysis and transport effects on nanostructured Pt/GC electrodes: Electrochemistry and the energy landscape. J Electroanal Chem 644:90-102.
110. Liu T-Y, Shiu L-L, Luh T-Y, Her G-R. 1995. Direct analysis of C60 and related compounds with electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 9:93-96.
111. Liu P, Lanekoff IT, Laskin J, Dewald HD, Chen H. 2012. Study of electrochemical reactions using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 84:5737-5743.
112. Löffler TH, Bussar R, Xiao X, Ernst S, Baltruschat H. 2009. The adsorption of ethene on vicinally stepped electrode surfaces and the effect of temperature. J Electroanal Chem 629:1-14.
113. Lohmann W, Karst U. 2006. Simulation of the detoxification of paracetamol using on-line electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:1701-1708.
114. Lohmann W, Karst U. 2007. Generation and identification of reactive metabolites by electrochemistry and immobilized enzymes coupled on-line to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79:6831-6839.
115. Lohmann W, Karst U. 2008. Biomimetic modeling of oxidative drug metabolism: Strategies, advantages and limitations. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:79-96.
116. Lohmann W, Karst U. 2009. Electrochemistry meets enzymes: Instrumental on-line simulation of oxidative and conjugative metabolism reactions of toremifene. Anal Bioanal Chem 394:1341-1348.
117. Lohmann W, Hayen H, Karst U. 2008. Covalent protein modification by reactive drug metabolites using online electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 80:9714-9719.
118. Lohmann W, Dötzer R, Gütter G, Van Leeuwen SM, Karst U. 2009. On-line electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the simulation of pesticide metabolism. JAm Soc Mass Spectrom 20:138-145.
119. Looi DW, Eyler JR, Brajter-Toth A. 2011. Electrochemistry-electrospray ionization FT ICR mass spectrometry (EC ESI MS) of guanine-tyrosine and guanine-glutathione crosslinks formed on-line. Electrochimica Acta 56:2633-2640.
120. Lu W, Xu X, Cole RB. 1997. On-line linear sweep voltammetry-electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 69:2478-2484.
121. Lu Y, Prudent M, Qiao L, Mendez MA, Girault HH. 2010. Copper(I) and copper(II) binding to β-amyloid 16 (Aβ16) studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2:474-479.
122. Lu M, Wolff C, Cui W, Chen H. 2012. Investigation of some biologically relevant redox reactions using electrochemical mass spectrometry interfaced by desorption electrospray ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:355-365.
123. Madsen KG, Olsen J, Skonberg C, Hansen SH, Jurva U. 2007. Development and evaluation of an electrochemical method for studying reactive phase-I metabolites: Correlation to in vitro drug metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 20:821-831.
124. Madsen KG, Gronberg G, Skonberg C, Jurva U, Hansen SH, Olsen J. 2008a. Electrochemical oxidation of troglitazone: Identification and characterization of the major reactive metabolite in liver microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 21:2035-2041.
125. Madsen KG, Skonberg C, Jurva U, Cornett C, Hansen SH, Johansen TN, Olsen J. 2008b. Bioactivation of diclofenac in vitro and in vivo: Correlation to electrochemical studies. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1107-1119.
126. Malin TJ, Weidolf L, Castagnoli N, Jurva U. 2010. P450-catalyzed vs. electrochemical oxidation of haloperidol studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:1231-1240.
127. Mautjana NA, Estes J, Eyler JR, Brajter-Toth A. 2008a. Antioxidant pathways and one-electron oxidation of dopamine and cysteine in electrospray and on-line electrochemistry electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Electroanalysis 20:1959-1967.
128. Mautjana NA, Estes J, Eyler JR, Brajter-Toth A. 2008b. One-electron oxidation and sensitivity of uric acid in on-line electrochemistry and in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Electroanalysis 20:2501-2508.
129. Mautjana NA, Looi DW, Eyler JR, Brajter-Toth A. 2009. Sensitivity of positive ion mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) in the analysis of purine bases in ESI MS and on-line electrochemistry ESI MS (EC/ESI MS). Electrochim Acta 55:52-58.
130. Mautjana NA, Looi DW, Eyler JR, Brajter-Toth A. 2010. Sensitivity of positive ion mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the analysis of thiol metabolites. Electroanalysis 22:79-89.
131. McCarley TD, Lufaso MW, Curtin LS, McCarley RL. 1998. Multiply charged redox-active oligomers in the gas phase: Electrolytic electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of metallocenes. J Phys Chem B 102:10078-10086.
132. McClintock C, Kertesz V, Hettich RL. 2008. Development of an electrochemical oxidation method for probing higher order protein structure with mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 80:3304-3317.
133. McCloskey BD, Bethune DS, Shelby RM, Girishkumar G, Luntz AC. 2011. Solvents' critical role in nonaqueous lithium-oxygen battery electrochemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2:1161-1166.
134. Meng CK, Mann M, Fenn JB. 1988. Of protons or proteins. Z Phys 10:361-368.
135. Mengeaud V, Bagel O, Ferrigno R, Girault HH, Haider A. 2002. A ceramic electrochemical microreactor for the methoxylation of methyl-2-furoate with direct mass spectrometry coupling. Lab Chip 2:39-44.
136. Modestov AD, Gun J, Mudrov A, Lev O. 2004. Radial electrochemical flow cell for on-line coupling with mass spectrometry: Theory and electrooxidation of dimethylaminomethyl ferrocene. Electroanalysis 16:367-378.
137. Moini M, Cao P, Bard AJ. 1999. Hydroquinone as a buffer additive for suppression of bubbles formed by electrochemical oxidation of the CE buffer at the outlet electrode in capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 71:1658-1661.
138. Mora JF, Van Berkel GJ, Enke CG, Cole RB, Martinez-Sanchez M, Fenn JB. 2000. Electrochemical processes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 35:939-952.
139. Nouri-Nigjeh E, Permentier HP, Bischoff R, Bruins AP. 2010. Lidocaine oxidation by electrogenerated reactive oxygen species in the light of oxidative drug metabolism. Anal Chem 82:7625-7633.
140. Nouri-Nigjeh E, Bischoff R, Bruins AP, Permentier HP. 2011a. Electrochemistry in the mimicry of oxidative drug metabolism by cytochrome P450s. Curr Drug Metab 12:359-371.
141. Nouri-Nigjeh E, Bischoff R, Bruins AP, Permentier HP. 2011b. Electrochemical oxidation by square-wave potential pulses in the imitation of phenacetin to acetaminophen biotransformation. Analyst 136:5064-5067.
142. Nouri-Nigjeh E, Permentier HP, Bischoff R, Bruins AP. 2011c. Electrochemical oxidation by square-wave potential pulses in the imitation of oxidative drug metabolism. Anal Chem 83:5519-5525.
143. Nozaki K, Kitagawa H, Kimura S, Kagayama A, Arakawa R. 2006. Investigation of the electrochemical oxidation products of zotepine and their fragmentation using on-line electrochemistry/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 41:606-612.
144. Nozaki K, Osaka I, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R. 2009. Application of on-line electrochemistry/electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry to a quantification method for the antipsychotic drug zotepine in human serum. Anal Sci 25:1197-1201.
145. Ochran RA, Konermann L. 2004. Effects of ground loop currents on signal intensities in electrospray mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1748-1754.
146. Odijk M, Baumann A, Lohmann W, van den Brink FT, Olthuis W, Karst U, van den Berg A. 2009. A microfluidic chip for electrochemical conversions in drug metabolism studies. Lab Chip 9:1687-1693.
147. Odijk M, Baumann A, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Karst U. 2010. Electrochemistry-on-chip for on-line conversions in drug metabolism studies. Biosens Bioelectron 26:1521-1527.
148. Odijk M, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Qiao L, Girault H. 2012. Improved conversion rates in drug screening applications using miniaturized electrochemical cells with frit channels. Anal Chem 84:9176-9183.
149. 5)(dppf)X precursors. Polyhedron 24:1153-1159.
150. Pan P, Gunawardena HP, Xia Y, McLuckey SA. 2004. Nanoelectrospray ionization of protein mixtures: Solution pH and protein pI. Anal Chem 76:1165-1174.
151. Pastor E, Schmidt VM. 1995. Electrochemical reactions of ethene on polycrystalline Au electrodes in acid solution studied by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and isotope labelling. J Electroanal Chem 383:175-180.
152. Peintler-Krivan E, Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. 2010a. Minimizing analyte electrolysis in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a redox buffer coated emitter electrode. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:1327-1334.
153. Peintler-Krivan E, Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. 2010b. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole)-modified emitter electrode for substitution of homogeneous redox buffer agent hydroquinone in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:3368-3371.
154. Permentier HP, Bruins AP. 2004. Electrochemical oxidation and cleavage of proteins with on-line mass spectrometric detection: Development of an instrumental alternative to enzymatic protein digestion. JAm Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1707-1716.
155. Permentier HP, Jurva U, Barroso B, Bruins AP. 2003. Electrochemical oxidation and cleavage of peptides analyzed with on-line mass spectrometric detection. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:1585-1592.
156. Permentier HP, Bruins AP, Bischoff R. 2008. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry in drug metabolism and protein research. Mini Rev Med Chem 8:46-56.
157. Pitterl F, Chervet JP, Oberacher H. 2010. Electrochemical simulation of oxidation processes involving nucleic acids monitored with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:1203-1215.
158. Planes GA, Garciá G, Pastor E. 2007. High performance mesoporous Pt electrode for methanol electrooxidation. A DEMS study. Electrochem Commun 9:839-844.
159. Plattner S, Erb R, Chervet JP, Oberacher H. 2012a. Ascorbic acid for homogenous redox buffering in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:1571-1579.
160. Plattner S, Erb R, Pitterl F, Brouwer HJ, Oberacher H. 2012b. Formation and characterization of covalent guanosine adducts with electrochemistry-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 883-884:198-204.
161. Pramanik H, Wragg AA, Basu S. 2008. Studies of some operating parameters and cyclic voltammetry for a direct ethanol fuel cell. J Appl Electrochem 38:1321-1328.
162. Pretty JR, Deng H, Goeringer DE, Van Berkel GJ. 2000. Electrochemically modulated preconcentration and matrix elimination for organic analytes coupled on-line with electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:2066-2074.
163. Prudent M, Girault HH. 2008. On-line electrogeneration of copper-peptide complexes in microspray mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19:560-568.
164. Prudent M, Girault HH. 2009. The role of copper in cysteine oxidation: Study of intra- and inter-molecular reactions in mass spectrometry. Metallomics 1:157-165.
165. Prudent M, Roussel C, Girault HH. 2007. Electrochemical generation of Cu (I) complexes in aqueous solutions studied by on-line mass spectrometry. Electrochem Commun 9:2067-2074.
166. Qiao L, Sartor R, Gasilova N, Lu Y, Tobolkina E, Liu B, Girault HH. 2012. Electrostatic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 84:7422-7430.
167. Raji M, Amad M, Emwas A. 2013. Dehydrodimerization of pterostilbene during electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 27:1260-1266.
168. Rao V, Cremers C, Stimming U, Cao L, Sun S, Yan S, Sun G, Xin Q. 2007. Electro-oxidation of ethanol at gas diffusion electrodes. A DEMS study. J Electrochem Soc 154:B1138-B1147.
169. Roeser J, Bischoff R, Bruins AP, Permentier HP. 2010a. Oxidative protein labeling in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:3441-3455.
170. Roeser J, Permentier HP, Bruins AP, Bischoff R. 2010b. Electrochemical oxidation and cleavage of tyrosine- and tryptophan-containing tripeptides. Anal Chem 82:7556-7565.
171. Rohner TC, Girault HH. 2005. Study of peptide on-line complexation with transition-metal ions generated from sacrificial electrodes in thin-chip polymer microsprays. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:1183-1190.
172. Rohner TC, Rossier JS, Girault HH. 2002. On-line electrochemical tagging of cysteines in proteins during nanospray. Electrochem Commun 4:695-700.
173. Rondeau D, Kreher D, Cariou M, Hudhomme P, Gorgues A, Richomme P. 2001. Electrolytic electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of C60-TTF-C60 derivatives: high-resolution mass measurement and molecular ion gas-phase reactivity. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:1708-1712.
174. Rondeau D, Rogalewicz F, Ohanessian G, Levillain E, Odobel F, Richomme P. 2005. Electrolytic electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of quaterthiophene-bridged bisporphyrins: beyond the identification tool. J Mass Spectrom 40:628-635.
175. Roos M, Kielbassa S, Schirling C, Häring T, Bansmann J, Behm RJ. 2007. Scanning mass spectrometer for quantitative reaction studies on catalytically active microstructures. Rev Sci Instrum 78:084104.
176. Roos M, Bansmann J, Zhang D, Deutschmann O, Behm RJ. 2010. Product gas evolution above planar microstructured model catalysts - A combined scanning mass spectrometry, Monte Carlo, and computational fluid dynamics study. J Chem Phys 133:094504.
177. Roussel C, Rohner TC, Jensen H, Girault HH. 2003. Mechanistic aspects of on-line electrochemical tagging of free L-cysteine residues during electrospray ionisation for mass spectrometry in protein analysis. Chemphyschem 4:200-206.
178. Roussel C, Dayon L, Lion N, Rohner TC, Josserand J, Rossier JS, Jensen H, Girault HH. 2004. Generation of mass tags by the inherent electrochemistry of electrospray for protein mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1767-1779.
179. Rus ED, Wang H, Legard AE, Ritzert NL, Van Dover RB, Abruña HD. 2013. An exchangeable-tip scanning probe instrument for the analysis of combinatorial libraries of electrocatalysts. Rev Sci Instrum 84:024101.
180. Sanabria-Chinchilla J, Soriaga MP, Bussar R, Baltruschat H. 2006. A DEMS study of the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and oxidation of p-dihydroxybenzene at polycristalline and monocrystalline platinum electrodes. J Appl Electrochem 36:1253-1260.
181. n and reaction mechanism studies by detection of transient radical cations. Eur J Org Chem 2007:5162-5174.
182. Schmidt VM, Pastor E. 1994. On the adsorption of acetylene on gold in acid media studied by DEMS. J Electroanal Chem 369:271-274.
183. Schmiemann U, Baltruschat H. 1992. The adsorption of ethene at Pt single crystal electrodes. Desorption products and observation of multiple adsorption states by DEMS. J Electroanal Chem 340:357-363.
184. Schwechten H, Heinen M, Seidel YE, Jusys Z, Wickman B, Kasemo B, Behm RJ. 2011. Mass transport effects in CO adsorption and continuous CO electrooxidation over regular arrays of Pt nanostructures on planar glassy carbon supports. J Electroanal Chem 662:157-168.
185. Seiler T, Savinova ER, Friedrich KA, Stimming U. 2004. Poisoning of PtRu/C catalysts in the anode of a direct methanol fuel cell: A DEMS study. Electrochim Acta 49:3927-3936.
186. Seiwert B, Karst U. 2007. Analysis of cysteine-containing proteins using precolumn derivatization with N-(2-ferroceneethyl)maleimide and liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1633-1642.
187. Seiwert B, Karst U. 2008. Ferrocene-based derivatization in analytical chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 390:181-200.
188. Seiwert B, Henneken H, Karst U. 2007. Ferrocenoyl piperazide as derivatizing agent for the analysis of isocyanats and related compounds using liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (LC/EC/MS). JAm Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1727-1736.
189. Silva-Chong JA, Guillén-Villafuerte O, Rodríguez JL, Pastor E. 2008. DEMS study on the nature of acetaldehyde adsorbates at Pt and Pd by isotopic labelling. J Appl Electrochem 12:517-522.
190. Skou E, Munk J. 1994. A simplified set-up for electrochemical mass spectrometry and the use of a gold substrate for the investigation of porous electrode materials. J Electroanal Chem 367:93-98.
191. Smith SPE, Casado-Rivera E, Abruna HD. 2003. Application of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry to the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid at a modified Bi/Pt electrode surface. J Solid State Electrochem 7:582-587.
192. Stark A, Schilling M, Janasek D, Franzke J. 2010. Characterization of dielectric barrier electrospray ionization for mass spectrometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:1767-1772.
193. - on graphite-supported copper oxide electrodes in aqueous media. J Electroanal Chem 353:297-301.
194. Tahara K, Yano Y, Kanagawa K, Abe Y, Yamada J, Iijima S, Mochizuki M, Nishikawa T. 2007. Successful preparation of metabolite of troglitazone by in-flow electrochemical reaction on coulometric electrode. Chem Pharm Bull 55:1207-1212.
195. Tahara K, Makii E, Iijima S, Abe Y, Mochizuki M. 2008. On-line liquid chromatography and circular dichroism detection of stereo-isomers of alpha-tocopherol derivatives generated by an electrochemical reaction. Anal Sci 24:935-938.
196. Tahara K, Nishikawa T, Hattori Y, Iijima S, Kouno Y, Abe Y. 2009. Production of a reactive metabolite of troglitazone by electrochemical oxidation performed in nonaqueous medium. J Pharm Biomed Anal 50:1030-1036.
197. Tegtmeyer D, Heitbaum J, Heindrichs A. 1989. Electrochemical on line mass spectrometry on a rotating electrode inlet system. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 93:201-206.
198. Telgmann L, Faber H, Jahn S, Melles D, Simon H, Sperling M, Karst U. 2012. Identification and quantification of potential metabolites of Gd-based contrast agents by electrochemistry/separations/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1240:147-155.
199. Thevis M, Lohmann W, Schrader Y, Kohler M, Bornatsch W, Karst U, Schänzer W. 2008. Use of an electrochemically synthesised metabolite of a selective androgen receptor modulator for mass spectrometry-based sports drug testing. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng) 14:163-170.
200. Tong W, Chowdhury SK, Su AD, Alton KB. 2010. Quantitation of parent drug and its unstable metabolites by in situ coulometric oxidation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 82:10251-10257.
201. Tsiouvaras N, Meini S, Buchberger I, Gasteiger HA. 2013. A novel on-line mass spectrometer design for the study of multiple charging cycles of a Li-O2 battery. J Electrochem Soc 160:A471-A477.
202. Van Berkel GJ. 1998. Electrolytic corrosion of a stainless-steel electrospray emitter monitored using an electrospray-photodiode array system. J Anal At Spectrom 13:603-607.
203. Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. 2001. Redox buffering in an electrospray ion source using a copper capillary emitter. J Mass Spectrom 36:1125-1132.
204. Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. 2005. Expanded electrochemical capabilities of the electrospray ion source using porous flow-through electrodes as the upstream ground and emitter high-voltage contact. Anal Chem 77:8041-8049.
205. Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. 2007. Using the electrochemistry of the electrospray ion source. Anal Chem 79:5510-5520.
206. Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. 2012. Utilizing the inherent electrolysis in a chip-based nanoelectrospray emitter system to facilitate selective ionization and mass spectrometric analysis of metallo alkylporphyrins. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:335-343.
207. Van Berkel GJ, Zhou F. 1995a. Characterization of an electrospray ion source as a controlled-current electrolytic cell. Anal Chem 67:2916-2923.
208. Van Berkel GJ, Zhou F. 1995b. Electrospray as a controlled-current electrolytic cell: Electrochemical ionization of neutral analytes for detection by electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 67:3958-3964.
209. Van Berkel GJ, McLuckey SA, Glish GL. 1991. Electrospray ionization of porphyrins using a quadrupole ion trap for mass analysis. Anal Chem 63:1098-1109.
210. Van Berkel GJ, McLuckey SA, Glish GL. 1992. Electrochemical origin of radical cations observed in electrospray ionization mass spectra. Anal Chem 64:1586-1593.
211. Van Berkel GJ, Zhou F, Aronson JT. 1997. Changes in bulk solution pH caused by the inherent controlled-current electrolytic process of an electrospray ion source. Int J Mass Spectrom 162:55-67.
212. Van Berkel GJ, Quirke JM, Tigani RA, Dilley AS, Covey TR. 1998. Derivatization for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 3. Electrochemically ionizable derivatives. Anal Chem 70:1544-1554.
213. Van Berkel GJ, Asano KG, Schnier PD. 2001. Electrochemical processes in a wire-in-a-capillary bulk-loaded, nano-electrospray emitter. JAm Soc Mass Spectrom 12:853-862.
214. Van Berkel GJ, Asano KG, Kertesz V. 2002. Enhanced study and control of analyte oxidation in electrospray using a thin-channel, planar electrode emitter. Anal Chem 74:5047-5056.
215. Van Berkel GJ, Asano KG, Granger MC. 2004a. Controlling analyte electrochemistry in an electrospray ion source with a three-electrode emitter cell. Anal Chem 76:1493-1499.
216. Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V, Ford MJ, Granger MC. 2004b. Efficient analyte oxidation in an electrospray ion source using a porous flow-through electrode emitter. JAm Soc Mass Spectrom 15:1755-1766.
217. van Leeuwen SM, Hayen H, Karst U. 2004. Liquid chromatography-electrochemistry-mass spectrometry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:917-925.
218. van Leeuwen SM, Blankert B, Kauffmann JM, Karst U. 2005. Prediction of clozapine metabolism by on-line electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 382:742-750.
219. Vessecchi R, Crotti AEM, Guaratini T, Colepicolo P, Galembeck SE, Lopes NP. 2007. Radical ion generation processes of organic compounds in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Mini-Rev Organ Chem 4:75-87.
220. Vessecchi R, Naal Z, Lopes JNC, Galembeck SE, Lopes NP. 2011. Generation of naphthoquinone radical anions by electrospray ionization: Solution, gas-phase, and computational chemistry studies. J Phy Chem A 115:5453-5460.
221. Vidakovic T, Christov M, Sundmacher K. 2009. A method for rough estimation of the catalyst surface area in a fuel cell. J Appl Electrochem 39:213-225.
222. Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Solla-Gullon J, Herrero E, Aldaz A, Feliu JM. 2006. Formic acid oxidation on Pd-modified Pt(100) and Pt(111) electrodes: A DEMS study. J Appl Electrochem 36:1207-1214.
223. Volk KJ, Lee MS, Yost RA, Brajter-Toth A. 1988. Electrochemistry/thermospray/tandem mass spectrometry in the study of biooxidation of purines. Anal Chem 60:720-722.
224. Volk KJ, Yost RA, Brajter-Toth A. 1989. On-line electrochemistry/thermospray/tandem mass spectrometry as a new approach to the study of redox reactions: the oxidation of uric acid. Anal Chem 61:1709-1717.
225. Volk KJ, Yost RA, Brajter-Toth A. 1992. Electrochemistry online with mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 64:21A-33A.
226. Wang H, Wingender C, Baltruschat H, Lopez M, Reetz MT. 2001. Methanol oxidation on Pt, PtRu, and colloidal Pt electrocatalysts: a DEMS study of product formation. J Electroanal Chem 509:163-169.
227. 0.2catalysts: A quantitative DEMS study. J Appl Electrochem 36:1187-1198.
228. Wang H, Rus E, Abruna HD. 2010. New double-band-electrode channel flow differential electrochemical mass spectrometry cell: Application for detecting product formation during methanol electrooxidation. Anal Chem 82:4319-4324.
229. Wasmus S, Cattaneo E, Vielstich W. 1990. Reduction of carbon dioxide to methane and ethene an on-line MS study with rotating electrodes. Electrochim Acta 35:771-775.
230. Wasmus S, Wang J-T, Savinell RF. 1995. Real-time mass spectrometric investigation of the methanol oxidation in a direct methanol fuel cell. J Electrochem Soc 142:3825-3833.
231. Weber G, Von Wiren N, Hayen H. 2006. Analysis of Iron (II)/Iron(III) phytosiderophore complexes by nano-electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20:973-980.
232. Whitehouse CM, Dreyer RN, Yamashita M, Fenn JB. 1985. Electrospray interface for liquid chromatographs and mass spectrometers. Anal Chem 57:675-679.
233. Wolter O, Heitbaum J. 1984. Differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS) - A new method for the study of electrode processes. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 88:2-6.
234. Wolter O, Willsau J, Heitbaum J. 1985. Reaction pathways of the anodic oxidation of formic acid on Pt evidenced by 18O labeling - A DEMS study. J Electrochem Soc 132:1635-1638.
235. Wonders AH, Housmans THM, Rosca V, Koper MTM. 2006. On-line mass spectrometry system for measurements at single-crystal electrodes in hanging meniscus configuration. J Appl Electrochem 36:1215-1221.
236. Wu LEMN, Corilo YE, Liu DQ, Yin HAO. 2009. Dimerization of ionized 4-(methyl mercapto)-phenol during ESI, APCI and APPI mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 44:1389-1394.
237. Xu X, Nolan SP, Cole RB. 1994. Electrochemical oxidation and nucleophilic addition reactions of metallocenes in electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 66:119-125.
238. Xu X, Lu W, Cole RB. 1996. On-line probe for fast electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry. Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 4244-4253.
239. Yamashita M, Fenn JB. 1984. Electrospray ion source. Another variation on the free jet theme. J Chem Phys 88:4451-4459.
240. Zettersten C, Lomoth R, Hammarstrom L, Sjöberg PJR, Nyholm L. 2006. The influence of the thin-layer flow cell design on the mass spectra when coupling electrochemistry to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem 90:90-99.
241. Zettersten C, Co M, Wende S, Turner C, Nyholm L, Sjöberg PJ. 2009a. Identification and characterization of polyphenolic antioxidants using on-line liquid chromatography, electrochemistry, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 81:8968-8977.
242. Zettersten C, Sjöberg PJ, Nyholm L. 2009b. Oxidation of 4-chloroaniline studied by on-line electrochemistry electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 81:5180-5187.
243. Zhang T, Palii SP, Eyler JR, Brajter-Toth A. 2002. Enhancement of ionization efficiency by electrochemical reaction products in on-line electrochemistry/electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 74:1097-1103.
244. Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. 2011a. Online mass spectrometric analysis of proteins/peptides following electrolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds. J Proteome Res 10:1293-1304.
245. Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Dewald HD, Chen H. 2011b. Coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). Chem Commun 47:4171-4173.
246. - versus [M + e]. J Mass Spectrom 47:581-585.
247. Zhang Y, Cui W, Zhang H, Dewald HD, Chen H. 2012b. Electrochemistry-assisted top-down characterization of disulfide-containing proteins. Anal Chem 84:3838-3842.
248. Zhao W, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. 2010. Quantitative online analysis of liquid-phase products of methanol oxidation in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 82:2472-2479.
249. Zhao W, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. 2012. Complete quantitative online analysis of methanol electrooxidation products via electron impact and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 84:5479-5483.
250. Zhou F, Van Berkel GJ. 1995. Electrochemistry combined on-line with electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 67:3643-3649.