Structure, function and clinical relevance of the cardiac conduction system, including the atrioventricular ring and outflow tract tissues

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 139, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 260-288

  Dobrzynski, Halina ^a   Anderson, Robert H ^a   Atkinson, Andrew ^a   Borbas, Zoltan ^a   D'Souza, Alicia ^a   Fraser, John F ^b,c   Inada, Shin ^d   Logantha, Sunil J R J ^a   Monfredi, Oliver ^a   Morris, Gwilym M ^a   Moorman, Anton F M ^e   Nikolaidou, Thodora ^a   Schneider, Heiko ^a   Szuts, Viktoria ^f   Temple, Ian P ^a   Yanni, Joseph ^a   Boyett, Mark R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c THE PRINCE CHARLES HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d NATIONAL CEREBRAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER   (Japan)

^e UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Arrhythmias; Atrioventricular ring tissue; Biopacemaking; Cardiac conduction system; Channelopathies; Right ventricular outflow tract

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANKYRIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CALSEQUESTRIN; DOFETILIDE; FLECAINIDE; INWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KIR2.1; IVABRADINE; LIDOCAINE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROPAFENONE; RYANODINE RECEPTOR 2; RYANODINE RECEPTOR 3; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; SODIUM CHANNEL; SODIUM CHANNEL NAV1.5; SOTALOL; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL M4; VERAPAMIL;

ANATOMY; ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION; BRADYCARDIA; BRUGADA SYNDROME; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CATECHOLAMINERGIC POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; CATHETER ABLATION; COMPLETE HEART BLOCK; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ENDOCARDIUM; FALLOT TETRALOGY; FIRST DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; GAP JUNCTION; GENE MUTATION; HEART ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART BLOCK; HEART BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART DEPOLARIZATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HEART MUSCLE FIBER MEMBRANE STEADY POTENTIAL; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE POTENTIAL; HEART RATE; HEART RIGHT ATRIUM; HEART RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT; HIS BUNDLE; HUMAN; LONG QT SYNDROME; LOSS OF FUNCTION MUTATION; NONHUMAN; P WAVE; PACEMAKER; PR INTERVAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PURKINJE FIBER; QRS COMPLEX; REVIEW; SINUS NODE; TORSADE DES POINTES; TRAINING;

ANIMALS; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS; MUTATION;

EID: 84879459687     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (338)

1. + primary myocardium of the atrioventricular canal forms the atrioventricular node and the base of the left ventricle Circ Res 104 2009 1267 1274
2. D.R. Abernethy, and J.B. Schwartz Calcium-antagonist drugs N Engl J Med 341 1999 1447 1457
3. N. Abi-Gerges, B.G. Small, C.L. Lawrence, T.G. Hammond, J.P. Valentin, and C.E. Pollard Evidence for gender differences in electrophysiological properties of canine Purkinje fibres Br J Pharmacol 142 2004 1255 1264
4. Ks, beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, pacing rate and gender Br J Pharmacol 147 2006 653 660
5. V. Adan, and L.A. Crown Diagnosis and treatment of sick sinus syndrome Am Fam Physician 67 2003 1725 1732
6. A.M. Ailings, R.F. Abbas, and L.N. Bouman Age-related changes in structure and relative collagen content of the human and feline sinoatrial node. A comparative study Eur Heart J 16 1995 1655 1667
7. S. Amerini, A. Giotti, and A. Mugelli Effect of verapamil and diltiazem on calcium-dependent electrical activity in cardiac Purkinje fibres Br J Pharmacol 85 1985 89 96
8. G. Andelfinger, A.R. Tapper, R.C. Welch, C.G. Vanoye, A.L. George Jr., and D.W. Benson KCNJ2 mutation results in Andersen syndrome with sex-specific cardiac and skeletal muscle phenotypes Am J Hum Genet 71 2002 663 668
9. R.H. Anderson, A.E. Becker, and L.H. Van Mierop What should we call the 'crista'? Br Heart J 39 1977 856 859
10. R.H. Anderson, M.J. Davies, and A.E. Becker Atrioventricular ring specialized tissue in the normal heart Eur J Cardiol 2 1974 219 230
11. R.H. Anderson, M.J. Janse, F.J. van Capelle, J. Billette, A.E. Becker, and D. Durrer A combined morphological and electrophysiological study of the atrioventricular node of the rabbit heart Circ Res 35 1974 909 922
12. R.H. Anderson, and S.Y. Ho The morphology of the cardiac conduction system Novartis Found Symp 250 2003 6 17
13. R.H. Anderson, S.Y. Ho, and A.E. Becker Anatomy of the human atrioventricular junctions revisited Anat Rec 260 2000 81 91
14. R.H. Anderson, S.Y. Ho, P.C. Gillette, and A.E. Becker Mahaim, Kent and abnormal atrioventricular conduction Cardiovasc Res 31 1996 480 491
15. R.H. Anderson, and P.M. Weinberg The clinical anatomy of tetralogy of fallot Cardiol Young 1 2005 38 47 (Supplement)
16. R.H. Anderson, J. Yanni, M.R. Boyett, N.J. Chandler, and H. Dobrzynski The anatomy of the cardiac conduction system Clin Anat 22 2009 99 113
17. A. Ansari, S.Y. Ho, and R.H. Anderson Distribution of the Purkinje fibres in the sheep heart Anat Rec (Hoboken) 254 1999 92 97
18. C. Antzelevitch Brugada syndrome Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 9 2006 1130 1159
19. J.M. Anumonwo, M. Delmar, and J. Jalife Electrophysiology of single heart cells from the rabbit tricuspid valve J Physiol 425 1990 145 167
20. J.M. Anumonwo, Y.N. Tallini, F.J. Vetter, and J. Jalife Action potential characteristics and arrhythmogenic properties of the cardiac conduction system of the murine heart Circ Res 89 2001 329 335
21. D.O. Arnar, J.R. Bullinga, and J.B. Martins Role of the Purkinje system in spontaneous ventricular tachycardia during acute ischemia in a canine model Circulation 96 1997 2421 2429
22. A. Arya, C. Piorkowski, P. Sommer, J.-H. Gerds-Li, H. Kottkamp, and G. Hindricks Idiopathic outflow tract tachycardias: Current perspectives Herz 32 2007 218 225
23. O.V. Aslanidi, M.A. Colman, J. Stott, H. Dobrzynski, M.R. Boyett, and A.V. Holden 3D virtual human atria: A computational platform for studying clinical atrial fibrillation Prog Biophys Mol Biol 107 2011 156 168
24. O.V. Aslanidi, R.N. Sleiman, M.R. Boyett, J.C. Hancox, and H. Zhang Ionic mechanisms for electrical heterogeneity between rabbit Purkinje fiber and ventricular cells Biophys J 98 2010 2420 2431
25. A. Atkinson, S. Inada, J. Li, J.O. Tellez, J. Yanni, and R. Sleiman Anatomical and molecular mapping of the left and right ventricular His-Purkinje conduction networks J Mol Cell Cardiol 51 2011 689 701
26. R. Balasundaram, H.B. Rao, S. Kalavakolanu, and C. Narasimhan Catheter ablation of bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia Hear Rhythm 5 2008 S68 S72
27. B. Baláti, N. Lost, J. Simon, A. Varró, and J.G. Papp Analysis of the electrophysiological effects of ambasilide, a new antiarrhythmic agent, in canine isolated ventricular muscle and purkinje fibers Gen Pharmacol 34 2000 85 93
28. S. Baldesberger, U. Bauersfeld, R. Candinas, B. Seifert, M. Zuber, and M. Ritter Sinus node disease and arrhythmias in the long-term follow-up of former professional cyclists Eur Heart J 29 2008 71 78
29. L. Barbosky, D.K. Lawrence, G. Karunamuni, J.C. Wikenheiser, Y.Q. Doughman, and R.P. Visconti Apoptosis in the developing mouse heart Dev Dyn 235 2006 2592 2602
30. M. Baruscotti, A. Bucchi, C. Viscomi, G. Mandelli, G. Consalez, and T. Gnecchi-Rusconi Deep bradycardia and heart block caused by inducible cardiac-specific knockout of the pacemaker channel gene Hcn4 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 2011 1705 1710
31. A.L. Basset, J.J. Fenoglio Jr., A.L. Wit, R.J. Myerburg, and H. Gelband Eelctrophysiologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the canine tricuspid valve Am J Physiol 230 1976 1366 1373
32. A. Bauer, A.D. McDonald, K. Nasir, L. Peller, J.J. Rade, and J.M. Miller Inhibitory G protein overexpression provides physiologically relevant heart rate control in persistent atrial fibrillation Circulation 110 2004 3115 3120
33. Caref E. Ben, M. Boutjdir, H.D. Himel, and N. El-Sherif Role of subendocardial Purkinje network in triggering torsade de pointes arrhythmia in experimental long QT syndrome Europace 10 2008 1218 1223
34. D.G. Benditt, S. Sakaguchi, M.A. Goldstein, K.G. Lurie, C.C. Gornick, and S.W. Adler Sinus node dysfunction: pathophysiology, clinical features, evaluation, and treatment D.P. Zipes, J. Jalife, Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside 1995 WB Saunders Company Philadelphia, Pa 1215 1247
35. D.W. Benson, D.W. Wang, M. Dyment, T.K. Knilans, F.A. Fish, and M.J. Strieper Congenital sick sinus syndrome caused by recessive mutations in the cardiac sodium channel gene (SCN5A) J Clin Invest 112 2003 1019 1028
36. O. Berenfeld, and J. Jalife Purkinje-muscle reentry as a mechanism of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias in a 3-dimensional model of the ventricles Circ Res 82 1988 1063 1077
37. C.R. Bezzina, M.B. Rook, W.A. Groenewegen, L.J. Herfst, A.C. van der Wal, and J. Lam Compound heterozygosity for mutations (W156X and R225W) in SCN5A associated with severe cardiac conduction disturbances and degenerative changes in the conduction system Circ Res 92 2003 159 168
38. Z.A. Bhuiyan, M.P. van den Berg, J.P. van Tintelen, M.T. Bink-Boelkens, A.C. Wiesfeld, and M. Alders Expanding spectrum of human RYR2-related disease: new electrocardiographic, structural, and genetic features Circulation 116 2007 1569 1576
39. J. Billette Atrioventricular nodal activation during periodic premature stimulation of the atrium Am J Physiol 252 1987 H163 H177
40. C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, M.M. Scheinman, E.M. Aliot, J.S. Alpert, H. Calkins, and A.J. Camm ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias) Circulation 108 2003 1871 1909
41. 2+ exchanger: molecular partners in pacemaker regulation Circ Res 88 2001 1254 1258
42. M. Bohm, K. Swedberg, M. Komajda, J.S. Borer, I. Ford, and A. Dubost-Brama Heart rate as a risk factor in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): the association between heart rate and outcomes in a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 376 2010 886 894
43. J.P. Boineau, T.E. Canavan, R.B. Schuessler, M.E. Cain, P.B. Corr, and J.L. Cox Demonstration of a widely distributed atrial pacemaker complex in the human heart Circulation 77 1988 1221 1237
44. G.J. Boink, M.L. Bakker, A.O. Verkerk, D. Bakker, J.M. de Bakker, and J. Seppen Inducible TBX3 overexpression as a tool for biopacemaker engineering Circulation 118 2008 S340
45. B.J. Boukens, V.M. Christoffels, R. Coronel, and A.F. Moorman Developmental basis for electrophysiological heterogeneity in the ventricular and outflow tract myocardium as a substrate for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias Circ Res 104 2009 19 31
46. M. Boutjdir, L. Chen, Z.H. Zhang, C.E. Tseng, N. El-Sherif, and J.P. Buyon Serum and antibody IgG from the mother of a child with congenital heart block induce conduction abnormalites and inhibit L-type Ca channels in a rat heart model Pediatr Res 44 1998 11 19
47. 2+ waves in arrhythmogenic Purkinje cells that survive in infarcted canine heart Hear Rhythm 1 2004 218 226
48. 2+ waves in purkinje cells: role in action potential initiation Circ Res 86 2000 448 455
49. 2+ transients in arrhythmogenic Purkinje cells that survive in the infarcted canine heart Cardiovasc Res 57 2003 681 693
50. P.A. Boyden, A. Albala, and K.P. Dresdner Jr. Electrophysiology and ultrastructure of canine subendocardial Purkinje cells isolated from control and 24-hour infarcted hearts Circ Res 65 1989 955 970
51. M.R. Boyett, H. Honjo, and I. Kodama The sinoatrial node, a heterogeneous pacemaker structure Cardiovasc Res 47 2000 658 687
52. M.R. Boyett, H. Honjo, M. Yamamoto, M.R. Nikmaram, R. Niwa, and I. Kodama Downward gradient in action potential duration along the conduction path in and around the sinoatrial node Am J Physiol 276 1999 H686 H698
53. M.R. Boyett, S. Inada, S. Yoo, J. Li, J. Liu, and J. Tellez Connexins in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes Adv Cardiol 42 2006 175 197
54. M.R. Boyett, J.O. Tellez, and H. Dobrzynski The sinoatrial node - its complex structure and unique ion channel gene programme D.P. Zipes, J. Jalife, Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside 5th ed. 2009 (pp.x-x)
55. M.R. Boyett, G. Hart, A.J. Levi, and A. Roberts Effects of repetitive activity on developed force and intracellular sodium in isolated sheep and dog Purkinje fibres J Physiol 388 1987 295 322
56. M.R. Boyett, and D. Fedida Changes in the electrical activity of dog cardiac Purkinje fibres at high heart rates J Physiol 350 1984 361 391
57. B.I. Bromberg, D.E. Hand, R.B. Schuessler, and J.P. Boineau Primary negativity does not predict dominant pacemaker location: implications for sinoatrial conduction Am J Physiol 269 1995 H877 H887
58. R. Brooks, and J.H. Burgess Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia Medicine 67 1988 71 294
59. J. Brugada, R. Brugada, C. Antzelevitch, J. Towbin, K. Nademanee, and P. Brugada Long-term follow-up of individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of right bundle-branch block and st-segment elevation in precordial leads v1 to v3 Circulation 105 2002 73 78
60. A. Bucchi, A. Tognati, R. Milanesi, M. Baruscotti, and D. DiFrancesco Properties of ivabradine-induced block of HCN1 and HCN4 pacemaker channels J Physiol 572 2006 335 346
61. T.J. Bunch, and J.D. Day Right meets left: A common mechanism underlying right and left ventricular outflow tract tachycardias J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 2006 1059 1061
62. C.L. Cai, X. Liang, Y. Shi, P.H. Chu, S.L. Pfaff, and J. Chen Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart Dev Cell 5 2003 877 889
63. G. Callewaert, E. Carmeliet, and J. Vereecke Single cardiac Purkinje cells: general electrophysiology and voltage-clamp analysis of the pace-maker current J Physiol 349 1984 643 661
64. P. Champeroux, A. Ouillé, E. Martel, J.S. Fowler, A. Maurin, and S. Richard A step towards characterisation of electrophysiological profile of torsadogenic drugs J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 63 2011 269 278
65. N. Chandler, O. Aslanidi, D. Buckley, S. Inada, S. Birchall, and A. Atkinson A new twist in the origin of the heartbeat Anat Rec (Hoboken) 294 2011 970 979
66. N.J. Chandler, I.D. Greener, J.O. Tellez, S. Inada, H. Musa, and P. Molenaar Molecular architecture of the human sinus node: insights into the function of the cardiac pacemaker Circulation 119 2009 1562 1575
67. L. Capulzini, P. Brugada, J. Brugada, and R. Brugada Arrhythmia and right heart disease: From genetic basis to clinical practice Rev Esp Cardiol 63 2010 963 983
68. C. Ceconi, L. Comini, S. Suffredini, F. Stillitano, M. Bouly, and E. Cerbai Heart rate reduction with ivabradine prevents the global phenotype of left ventricular remodeling Am J Physiol 300 2011 H366 H373
69. (2+) ATPase Cell Calcium 49 2011 56 65
70. Y.-J. Chen, Y.C. Chen, H.I. Yeh, C.I. Lin, and S.A. Chen Electrophysiology and arrhythmogenic activity of single cardiomyocytes from canine superior vena cava Circulation 105 2002 2679 2685
71. f, in ventricular myocytes isolated from hypertensive rats J Physiol 481 1994 585 591
72. f in ventricular myocytes from normotensive and hypertensive rats during aging Circulation 94 1996 1674 1681
73. f in non-pacemaker cells: Role and pharmacological implications Pharmacol Res 53 2006 416 423
74. f in human ventricular myocytes are modulated by cardiac disease J Mol Cell Cardiol 33 2001 441 448
75. P. Chevalier, C. Bellocq, G. Millat, E. Piqueras, F. Potet, and J.J. Schott Torsades de pointes complicating atrioventricular block: Evidence for a genetic predisposition Hear Rhythm 4 2007 170 174
76. N. Kapoor, E. Marbán, and H.C. Cho Tbx18-reprogrammed cardiomyocytes exhibit pacemaker phenotype with upregulated calcium and voltage-sependent clock mechanisms Circulation 124 2011 A14024
77. N. Kapoor, E. Marbán, and H.C. Cho Biological pacemaker induced in vivo by focal Tbx18 gene transfer in the guinea-pig left ventricle Circulation 124 2011 A15845 (2011)
78. P.S. Chen, B. Joung, T. Shinohara, M. Das, Z. Chen, and S.F. Lin The initiation of the heart beat Circulation 74 2010 221 225
79. S.R. Coppen, I. Kodama, M.R. Boyett, H. Dobrzynski, Y. Takagishi, and H. Honjo Connexin45, a major connexin of the rabbit sinoatrial node, is co-expressed with connexin43 in a restricted zone at the nodal-crista terminalis border J Histochem Cytochem 47 1999 907 918
80. S.R. Coppen, N.J. Severs, and R.G. Gourdie Connexin45 (alpha 6) expression delineates an extended conduction system in the embryonic and mature rodent heart J Gene Dev 24 1999 82 90
81. S.R. Coppen, and N.J. Severs Diversity of connexin expression patterns in the atrioventricular node: vestigial consequence or functional specialization? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 2002 625 626
82. J.M. Cordeiro, J.H. Bridge, and K.W. Spitzer Early and delayed afterdepolarizations in rabbit heart Purkinje cells viewed by confocal microscopy Cell Calcium 29 2001 289 297
83. + currents in rabbit heart Purkinje cells J Physiol 508 1998 811 823
84. J.M. Cordeiro, K.W. Spitzer, W.R. Giles, P.E. Ershler, M.B. Cannell, and J.H. Bridge Location of the initiation site of calcium transients and sparks in rabbit heart Purkinje cells J Physiol 531 2001 301 314
85. F.G. Cosio, R.H. Anderson, A. Becker, M. Borggrefe, R.W. Campbell, and F. Gaita Living anatomy of the atrioventricular junctions. A guide to electrophysiological mapping. A Consensus Statement from the Cardiac Nomenclature Study Group, Working Group of Arrythmias, European Society of Cardiology, and the Task Force on Cardiac Nomenclature from NASPE. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur Heart J 20 1999 1068 1075
86. M. Courtemanche, R.J. Ramirez, and S. Nattel Ionic mechanisms underlying human atrial action potential properties: insights from a mathematical model Am J Physiol 275 1998 H301 H321
87. H.J. Crijns, J.L. Smeets, L.M. Rodriguez, A. Meijer, and H.J. Wellens Cure of interfascicular reentrant ventricular tachycardia by ablation of the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 6 1995 486 492
88. V.M. Christoffels, J.B. Burch, and A.F. Moorman Architectural plan for the heart: Early patterning and delineation of the chambers and the nodes Trends Cardiovasc Med 14 2004 301 307
89. V.M. Christoffels, G.J. Smits, A. Kispert, and A.F.M. Moorman Development of the pacemaker tissues of the heart Circ Res 106 2010 240 254
90. R.K. Crisel, R. Farazneh-Far, B. Na, and M.A. Whooley First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with heart failure and death in persons with stable coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study Eur Heart J 32 2011 1875 1880
91. K.H. Dangman, and D.S. Miura Does if control normal automatic rate in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers? Studies on the negative chronotropic effects of lidoflazine J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 1987 332 340
92. D.L. Davis, A.V. Edwards, A.L. Juraszek, A. Phelps, A. Wessels, and J.B. Burch A gata-6 gene heart-region-specific enhancer provides a novel means to mark and probe a discrete component of the mouse cardiac conduction system Mech Dev 108 2001 105 119
93. L.D. Davis, and J.V. Temte Electrophysiological actions of lidocaine on canine ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers Circ Res 24 1969 639 655
94. A.P. deCarvalho, W.C. De Mello, and B.F. Hoffman Electrophysiological evidence for specialized fiber types in rabbit atrium Am J Physiol 196 1959 483 488
95. 2+-activated nonselective cation channel in mouse sino-atrial node cells Cardiovasc Res 73 2007 531 538
96. S.R. DeMelo, R.R. DeSouza, and C.A. Mandarim-de-Lacerda Stereologic study of the sinoatrial node of rats - age related changes Biogerontology 3 2002 383 390
97. D. Den Haan, A.O. Verkerk, and H.L. Tan Creation of a biopacemaker: lessons from the sinoatrial node M.K. Das, Modern pacemakers-present and future 2011 Intech 495 524
98. G.H. Dersham, and J. Han Effects of verapamil on action potentials of Purkinje fibers J Electrocardiol 13 1980 67 72
99. T. Desplantez, E. Dupont, N.J. Severs, and R. Weingart Gap junction channels and cardiac impulse propagation J Membr Biol 18 2007 13 28
100. D. DiFrancesco A new interpretation of the pace-maker current in calf Purkinje fibres J Physiol 314 1981 359 376
101. D. DiFrancesco A study of the ionic nature of the pace-maker current in calf Purkinje fibres J Physiol 314 1981 377 393
102. D. DiFrancesco, and D. Noble Rebuttal: "The funny current in the context of the coupled clock pacemaker cell system" Hear Rhythm 9 2012 457 458
103. H. Dobrzynski, M.R. Boyett, and R.H. Anderson New insights into pacemaker activity: promoting understanding of sick sinus syndrome Circulation 115 2007 1921 1932
104. H. Dobrzynski, J. Li, J. Tellez, I.D. Greener, V.P. Nikolski, and S.E. Wright Computer three-dimensional reconstruction of the sinoatrial node Circulation 111 2005 846 854
105. H. Dobrzynski, V.P. Nikolski, A.T. Sambelashvili, I.D. Greener, M. Yamamoto, and M.R. Boyett Site of origin and molecular substrate of atrioventricular junctional rhythm in the rabbit heart Circ Res 93 2003 1102 1110
106. W. Dun, and P.A. Boyden The Purkinje cell; 2008 style J Mol Cell Cardiol 45 2008 617 624
107. J.M. Edelberg, W.C. Aird, and R.D. Rosenberg Enhancement of murine cardiac chronotropy by the molecular transfer of the human beta2 adrenergic receptor cDNA J Clin Invest 101 1998 337 343
108. M.V. Elizari, R. Levi, R.S. Acunzo, P.A. Chiale, M.M. Civetta, and M. Ferreiro Abnormal expression of cardiac neural crest cells in heart development: A different hypothesis for the etiopathogenesis of brugada syndrome Hear Rhythm 4 2007 359 365
109. A. Elvan, K. Wylie, and D.P. Zipes Pacing-induced chronic atrial fibrillation impairs sinus node function in dogs. Electrophysiological remodeling Circulation 94 1996 2953 2960
110. P. Eriksson, P.O. Hansson, H. Eriksson, and M. Dellborg Bundle-branch block in a general male population: the study of men born 1913 Circulation 98 1998 2494 2500
111. P. Faggiano, A. d'Aloia, A. Gualeni, A. Gardini, and A. Giordano Mechanisms and immediate outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with advanced heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Am J Cardiol 87 2001 655 657
112. V.V. Fedorov, A.V. Glukhov, R. Chang, G. Kostecki, H.A. Aferol, and W.J. Hucker Optical mapping of the isolated coronary-perfused human sinus node J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 1386 1394
113. V.V. Fedorov, A.V. Glukhov, and R. Chang Conduction barriers and pathways of the sino-atrial pacemaker complex: their role in normal rhythm and atrial arrhythmias Am J Physiol 302 2012 H1773 H1783
114. V.V. Fedorov, R.B. Schuessler, M. Hemphill, C.M. Ambrosi, R. Chang, and A.S. Voloshina Structural and functional evidence for discrete exit pathways that connect the canine sinoatrial node and atria Circ Res 104 2009 915 923
115. G.R. Ferrier, J.H. Saunders, and C. Mendez A cellular mechanism for the generation of ventricular arrhythmias by acetylstrophanthidin Circ Res 32 1973 600 609
116. K. Fox, I. Ford, P.G. Steg, M. Tendera, and R. Ferrari Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 372 2008 807 816
117. A. Froese, S.S. Breher, C. Waldeyer, R.F. Schindler, V.O. Nikolaev, and S. Rinné Popeye domain containing proteins are essential for stress-mediated modulation of cardiac pacemaking in mice J Clin Invest 122 2012 1119 1130
118. N. Gaborit, S. Le Bouter, V. Szuts, A. Varro, D. Escande, and S. Nattel Regional and tissue specific transcript signatures of ion channel genes in the non-diseased human heart J Physiol 582 2007 675 693
119. D.C. Gadsby, and P.F. Cranefield Two levels of resting potential in cardiac Purkinje fibers J Gen Physiol 70 1977 725 746
120. R. Gervais, C. Leclercq, A. Shankar, S. Jacobs, H. Eiskjaer, and A. Johannessen Surface electrocardiogram to predict outcome in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a sub-analysis of the CARE-HF trial Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 699 705
121. R.F. Gilmour Jr., and M. Watanabe Dynamics of circus movement re-entry across canine Purkinje fibre-muscle junctions J Physiol 476 1994 473 485
122. R.G. Gourdie, N.J. Severs, C.R. Green, S. Rothery, P. Germroth, and R.P. Thompson The spatial distribution and relative abundance of gap-junctional connexin40 and connexin43 correlate to functional properties of components of the cardiac atrioventricular conduction system J Cell Sci 105 1993 985 991
123. A.O. Grant, M.P. Carboni, V. Neplioueva, C.F. Starmer, M. Memmi, and C. Napolitano Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and conduction system disease linked to a single sodium channel mutation J Clin Invest 110 2002 1201 1209
124. I.D. Greener, O. Monfredi, S. Inada, N.J. Chandler, J.O. Tellez, and A. Atkinson Molecular architecture of the human specialised atrioventricular conduction axis J Mol Cell Cardiol 50 2011 642 651
125. I.D. Greener, J.O. Tellez, H. Dobrzynski, M. Yamamoto, G.M. Graham, and R. Billeter Ion channel transcript expression at the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2 2009 305 315
126. C.L. Grines, T.M. Bashore, H. Boudoulas, S. Olson, P. Shafer, and C.F. Wooley Functional abnormalities in isolated left bundle branch block. The effect of interventricular asynchrony Circulation 79 1989 845 853
127. A. Gupta, A.T. Lawrence, K. Krishnan, C.J. Kavinsky, and R.G. Trohman Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes Am Heart J 153 2007 891 899
128. M. Haïssaguerre, D.C. Shah, P. Jaïs, M. Shoda, J. Kautzner, and T. Arentz Role of Purkinje conducting system in triggering of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation Lancet 359 2002 677 688
129. J.C. Hancox, and A.J. Levi L-type calcium current in rod- and spindle-shaped myocytes isolated from rabbit atrioventricular node Am J Physiol 267 1994 H1670 H1680
130. J.C. Hancox, K.H. Yuill, J.S. Mitcheson, and M.K. Convery Progress and gaps in understanding the electrophysiological properties of morphologically normal cells from the cardiac atrioventricular node Int J Bifurcation Chaos 13 2003 3675 3691
131. X.Z.Y. Hao, X. Zhang, M. Nirmalan, L. Davies, H. Dobrzynski, and X. Wang TGF-β1 mediated fibrosis and ion channel remodeling are key mechanisms producing sinus node dysfunction associated with SCN5A deficiency and aging Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011 4 2011 397 406
132. G. Hart, and I.D. Dukes An analysis of the rate-dependent action of lidoflazine in mammalian sino-atrial node and Purkinje fibres J Mol Cell Cardiol 16 1984 33 42
133. Y. Himeno, F. Toyoda, H. Satoh, A. Amano, C.Y. Cha, and H. Matsuura Minor contribution of cytosolic Ca2+ transients to the pacemaker rhythm in guinea pig sinoatrial node cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300 2011 H251 H261
134. Y. Hirata, I. Kodama, N. Iwamura, T. Shimizu, J. Toyama, and K. Yamada Effects of verapamil on canine Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle fibres with particular reference to the alternation of action potential duration after a sudden increase in driving rate Cardiovasc Res 13 1979 1 8
135. P.I. Hoff, A. Tronstad, B. Oie, and O.J. Ohm Electrophysiologic and clinical effects of flecainide for recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Am J Cardiol 62 1988 585 589
136. H. Honjo, M.R. Boyett, I. Kodama, and J. Toyama Correlation between electrical activity and the size of rabbit sinoatrial node cells J Physiol 496 1996 795 808
137. W.M. Hoogaars, A. Engel, J.F. Brons, A.O. Verkerk, F.J. de Lange, and L.Y. Wong Tbx3 Controls the Sinoatrial Node Gene Program and Imposes Pacemaker Function on the Atria Genes Dev 21 2007 1098 1112
138. W.M. Hoogaars, A. Tessari, A.F. Moorman, P.A. de Boer, J. Hagoort, and A.T. Soufan The Transcriptional Repressor Tbx3 Delineates the Developing Central Conduction System of the Heart Cardiovasc Res 62 2004 489 499
139. T. Hoorntje, M. Alders, P. van Tintelen, K. van der Lip, N. Sreeram, and A. van der Wal Homozygous premature truncation of the HERG protein: the human HERG knockout Circulation 100 1999 1264 1267
140. H. Horibe Studies on the spread of the right atrial activation by means of intracellular microelectrode Jpn Circ J 25 1961 583 593
141. F.C. Howarth, M. Jacobson, M. Shafiullah, and E. Adeghate Long-term effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the electrocardiogram, physical activity and body temperature in rats Exp Physiol 90 2005 827 835
142. F.C. Howarth, M. Jacobson, M. Shafiullah, and E. Adeghate Effects of insulin treatment on heart rhythm, body temperature and physical activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33 2006 327 331
143. D. Hu, H. Barajas-Martinez, V.V. Nesterenko, R. Pfeiffer, A. Guerchicoff, and M.J. Cordeiro Dual variation in SCN5A and CACNB2b underlies the development of cardiac conduction disease without Brugada syndrome PACE 33 2010 274 285
144. K. Hu, Y. Qu, and M. Boutjdir Functional basis of sinus bradycardia in congenital heart block Circ Res 94 2004 32 38
145. Z.M. Huang, C. Prasad, F.C. Britton, L.L. Ye, W.J. Hatton, and D. Duan Functional role of CLC-2 chloride inward rectifier channels in cardiac sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells J Mol Cell Cardiol 47 2009 121 132
146. W.J. Hucker, M.L. McCain, J.I. Laughner, P.A. Iaizzo, and I.R. Efimov Connexin 43 expression delineates two discrete pathways in the human atrioventricular junction Anat Rec (Hoboken) 291 2008 204 215
147. T.J. Hund, and P.J. Mohler Ankyrin-based targeting pathway regulates human sinoatrial node automaticity Channels (Austin) 2 2008 404 406
148. 2+ release contributes to automaticity in cat atrial pacemaker cells J Physiol 524 2000 415 422
149. S. Imaizumi, T. Mazgalev, L.S. Dreifus, E.L. Michelson, A. Miyagawa, and S. Bharati Morphological and electrophysiological correlates of atrioventricular nodal response to increased vagal activity Circulation 82 1990 951 964
150. S. Inada, M.R. Boyett, and H. Dobrzynski Mathematical models of human sinus and atrioventricular node action potential Comput Cardiol 36 2009 77 80
151. S. Inada, J.C. Hancox, H. Zhang, and M.R. Boyett One-dimensional mathematical model of the atrioventricular node including atrio-nodal, nodal, and nodal-his cells Biophys J 97 2009 2117 2127
152. S. Inoue, and A.E. Becker Posterior extensions of the human compact atrioventricular node: a neglected anatomic feature of potential clinical significance Circulation 97 1998 188 193
153. H. Irisawa, H.F. Brown, and W. Giles Cardiac pacemaking in the sino-atrial node Physiol Rev 73 1993 197 227
154. W.H. Johnson Jr., P. Yang, T. Yang, Y.R. Lau, B.A. Mostella, and D.J. Wolff Clinical, genetic, and biophysical characterization of a homozygous HERG mutation causing severe neonatal long QT syndrome Pediatr Res 53 2003 744 748
155. S.A. Jones, M.R. Boyett, and M.K. Lancaster Declining into failure: the age-dependent loss of the L-type calcium channel within the sinoatrial node Circulation 115 2007 1183 1190
156. S.A. Jones, M.K. Lancaster, and M.R. Boyett Ageing-related changes of connexins and conduction within the sinoatrial node J Physiol 560 2004 429 437
157. S. Joshi, and D.J. Wilber Ablation of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: Current perspectives J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 S52 S58
158. B. Joung, S.F. Lin, Z. Chen, P.S. Antoun, M. Maruyama, and S. Han Mechanisms of sinoatrial node dysfunction in a canine model of pacing-induced atrial fibrillation Hear Rhythm 7 2010 88 95
159. B. Joung, M. Ogawa, S.F. Lin, and P.S. Chen The calcium and voltage clocks in sinoatrial node automaticity Korean Circ J 39 2009 217 222
160. R.W. Joyner, and F.J.L. Van Capelle Propagation through electrically coupled cells: how a small SA node drives a large atrium Biophys J 50 1986 1157 1164
161. J.M. Kalman, J.E. Olgin, and M.R. Karch "Cristal tachycardias": origin of right atrial tachycardias from the crista terminalis identified by intracardiac echocardiography J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1998 451 459
162. S. Kamakura, W. Shimizu, K. Matsuo, A. Taguchi, K. Suyama, and T. Kurita Localization of optimal ablation site of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia from right and left ventricular outflow tract by body surface ecg Circulation 98 1988 1525 1533
163. G. Kang, S.F. Giovannone, N. Liu, F.Y. Liu, J. Zhang, and S.G. Priori Purkinje cells from RyR2 mutant mice are highly arrhythmogenic but responsive to targeted therapy Circ Res 107 2010 512 519
164. S. Kaseda, R.F. Gilmour Jr., and D.P. Zipes Depressant effect of magnesium on early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced by cesium, quinidine, and 4-aminopyridine in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers Am Heart J 118 1989 458 466
165. Y. Kashiwakura, H.C. Cho, A.S. Barth, E. Azene, and E. Marbán Gene transfer of a synthetic pacemaker channel into the heart: a novel strategy for
166. I. Kehat, L. Khimovich, O. Caspi, A. Gepstein, R. Shofti, and G. Arbel Electromechanical integration of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells Nat Biotechnol 22 2004 1282 1289
167. A. Keith, and M. Flack The form and nature of the muscular connections between the primary divisions of the vertebrate heart J Anat Physiol 41 1907 172 189
168. R.G. Kelly, and M.E. Buckingham The anterior heart-forming field: Voyage to the arterial pole of the heart Trends Genet 18 2002 210 216
169. A.F.S. Kent The structure of the cardiac tissues at the auricular-ventricular junction J Physiol 47 1913 xvii xviii
170. P.M. Kistler, P. Sanders, A. Hussin, J.B. Morton, J.K. Vohra, and P.B. Sparks Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the mitral annulus: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 2212 2219
171. P.M. Kistler, K.C. Roberts-Thomson, H.M. Haqqani, S.P. Fynn, S. Suresh Singarayar, and K. Jitendra P-Wave morphology in focal atrial tachycardia development of an algorithm to predict the anatomic site of origin J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 1010 1017
172. Y.S. Ko, H.I. Yeh, Y.L. Ko, Y.C. Hsu, C.F. Chen, and S. Wu Three-dimensional reconstruction of the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis by combining histological, desmin, and connexin mapping data Circulation 109 2004 1172 1179
173. I. Kodama, M.R. Boyett, M.R. Nikmaram, M. Yamamoto, H. Honjo, and R. Niwa Regional differences in the effects of E-4031 within the sinoatrial node Am J Physiol 276 1999 H793 H802
174. I. Kodama, K. Kamiya, and J. Toyama Cellular electropharmacology of amiodarone Cardiovasc Res 35 1997 13 29
175. + currents in pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial node Am J Physiol 272 1997 H2793 H2806
176. I. Koncz, T. Szél, M. Bitay, E. Cerbai, K. Jaeger, and F. Fülöp Electrophysiological effects of ivabradine in dog and human cardiac preparations: potential antiarrhythmic actions Eur J Pharmacol 668 2011 419 426
177. M.M. Kreuzberg, K. Willecke, and F.F. Bukauskas Connexin-mediated cardiac impulse propagation: connexin 30.2 slows atrioventricular conduction in mouse heart Trends Cardiovasc Med 16 2006 266 272
178. M. Kruse, E. Schulze-Bahr, V. Corfield, A. Beckmann, B. Stallmeyer, and G. Kurtbay Impaired endocytosis of the ion channel TRPM4 is associated with human progressive familial heart block type I J Clin Invest 119 2009 2737 2744
179. C.S. Kuo, and C.P. Reddy Effect of lidocaine on escape rate in patients with complete atrioventricular block: B. Proximal His bundle block Am J Cardiol 47 1981 1315 1320
180. T. Kurian, C. Ambrosi, W. Hucker, V.V. Fedorov, and I.R. Efimov Anatomy and electrophysiology of the human AV node Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 33 2010 754 762
181. T. Kus, and B.I. Sasyniuk Electrophysiological actions of disopyramide phosphate on canine ventricular muscle and purkinje fibers Circ Res 37 1975 844 854
182. F. Kyndt, V. Probst, F. Potet, S. Demolombe, J.C. Chevallier, and I. Baro Novel SCN5A mutation leading either to isolated cardiac conduction defect or Brugada syndrome in a large French family Circulation 104 2001 3081 3086
183. E.G. Lakatta, and D. DiFrancesco What keeps us ticking: a funny current, a calcium clock, or both? J Mol Cell Cardiol 47 2009 157 170
184. E.G. Lakatta, and V. Maltsev A new functional pacemaker for the heart's paradigm: Mutual entrainment of intracellular calcium clocks and surface membrane ion channel Clocks D.P. Zipes, J. Jalife, Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to bedside 5th ed. 2009 WB Saunders Company Philadelphia, Pa 235 245
185. E.G. Lakatta, V.A. Maltsev, and T.M. Vinogradova A coupled SYSTEM of intracellular calcium clocks and surface membrane voltage clocks controls the timekeepsing mechanism of the heart's pacemaker Circ Res 106 2010 659 673
186. N. Lalevee, B. Monier, S. Senatore, L. Perrin, and M. Semeriva Control of cardiac rhythm by ORK1, a Drosophila two-pore domain potassium channel Curr Biol 16 2006 1502 1508
187. D.H. Lau, K.C. Roberts-Thomson, and P. Sanders Sinus node revisited Curr Opin Cardiol 26 2011 55 59
188. S. Le Scouarnec, S. Le Scouarnec, N. Bhasin, C. Vieyres, T.J. Hund, and S.R. Cunha Dysfunction in ankyrin-B-dependent ion channel and transporter targeting causes human sinus node disease Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 2008 15617 15622
189. W.J. Lederer, and R.W. Tsien Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres J Physiol 263 1976 73 100
190. M. Lei, C. Goddard, J. Liu, A.L. Léoni, A. Royer, and S.S. Fung Sinus node dysfunction following targeted disruption of the murine cardiac sodium channel gene Scn5a J Physiol 567 2005 387 400
191. M. Lei, S.A. Jones, J. Liu, M.K. Lancaster, S.S. Fung, and H. Dobrzynski Requirement of neuronal- and cardiac-type sodium channels for murine sinoatrial node pacemaking J Physiol 559 2004 835 848
192. B.B. Lerman, K.M. Stein, S.M. Markowitz, and D.J. Slotwiner Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: an update Card Electrophysiol Rev 6 2002 68 71
193. J. Li, I.D. Greener, S. Inada, V.P. Nikolski, M. Yamamoto, and J.C. Hancox Computer three-dimensional reconstruction of the atrioventricular node Circ Res 102 2008 975 985
194. Z.Y. Li, Y.H. Wang, C. Maldonado, and J. Kupersmith Role of junctional zone cells between Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle in arrhythmogenesis Cardiovasc Res 28 1994 1277 1284
195. J. Liu, H. Dobrzynski, J. Yanni, M.R. Boyett, and M. Lei Organisation of the mouse sinoatrial node: structure and expression of HCN channels Cardiovasc Res 73 2007 729 738
196. H. El Liu, L. Zein, M. Kruse, R. Guinamard, A. Beckmann, and A. Bozio Gain-of-function mutations in TRPM4 cause autosomal dominant isolated cardiac conduction disease Circ Cardiovasc Gene 3 2010 374 385
197. J.M. Lupoglazoff, I. Denjoy, E. Villain, V. Fressart, F. Simon, and A. Bozio Long QT syndrome in neonates: conduction disorders associated with HERG mutations and sinus bradycardia with KCNQ1 mutations J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 826 830
198. M. Maddali Cardiac pacing in left bundle/bifasciculr block patients Ann Card Anaesth 13 2010 7 15
199. A. Maguy, S. Le Bouter, P. Comtois, D. Chartier, L. Villeneuve, and R. Wakili Ion channel subunit expression changes in cardiac Purkinje fibers: a potential role in conduction abnormalities associated with congestive heart failure Circ Res 104 2009 1113 1122
200. T. Makiyama, M. Akao, K. Tsuji, T. Doi, S. Ohno, and K. Takenaka High risk for brayarrhythmic complications in patients with Brugada syndrome caused by SCN5A gene mutations J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2005 2100 2106
201. R.R. Makkar, B.S. Fromm, R.T. Steinman, M.D. Meissner, and M.H. Lehmann Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs J Am Med Assoc 270 1993 2590 2597
202. 2+ clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model Am J Physiol 296 2009 H594 H615
203. V.A. Maltsev, and E.G. Lakatta A novel quantitative explanation for the autonomic modulation of cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity via a dynamic system of sarcolemmal and intracellular proteins Am J Physiol 298 2010 H2010 H2023
204. 2+ channels in cardiac pacemaker activity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 5543 5548
205. M.E. Mangoni, and J. Nargeot Genesis and regulation of the heart automaticity Physiol Rev 88 2008 919 982
206. M.E. Mangoni, A. Traboulsie, A.L. Leoni, B. Couette, L. Marger, and K. Le Quang Bradycardia and slowing of the atrioventricular conduction in mice lacking Cav 3.1 check T-type calcium channels Circ Res 98 2006 1422 1430
207. B.J. Maron, and A. Pelliccia The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death Circulation 114 2006 633 1644
208. G.K. Massing, and T.N. James Anatomical configuration of the His bundle and bundle branches in the human heart Circulation 53 1976 609 621
209. A. Mazur, J. Kusniec, and B. Strasberg Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 5 2005 86 95
210. M.A. McGuire, J.P. Bourke, M.C. Robotin, D.C. Johnson, W. Meldrum-Hanna, and G.R. Nunn High resolution mapping of Koch's triangle using sixty electrodes in humans with atrioventricular junctional (AV nodal) reentrant tachycardia Circulation 88 1993 2315 2328
211. M.A. McGuire, J.M. de Bakker, J.T. Vermeulen, A.F. Moorman, P. Loh, and B. Thibault Atrioventricular junctional tissue. Discrepancy between histological and electrophysiological characteristics Circulation 94 1996 571 577
212. M.A. McGuire, J.M. de Bakker, J.T. Vermeulen, T. Opthof, A.E. Becker, and M.J. Janse Origin and significance of double potentials near the atrioventricular node. Correlation of extracellular potentials, intracellular potentials, and histology Circulation 89 1994 2351 2360
213. F.L. Meijler, and M.J. Janse Morphology and electrophysiology of the mammalian atrioventricular node Physiol Rev 68 1988 608 647
214. P.G. Meregalli, A.A. Wilde, and H.L. Tan Pathophysiological mechanisms of brugada syndrome: Depolarization disorder, repolarization disorder, or more? Cardiovasc Res 67 2005 367 378
215. J. Miake, E. Maraban, and B.H. Nuss Gene therapy: Biological pacemaker created by gene transfer Nature 419 2002 132 133
216. R. Milanesi, M. Baruscotti, T. Gnecchi-Ruscone, and D. DiFrancesco Familial sinus bradycardia associated with a mutation in the cardiac pacemaker channel N Engl J Med 354 2006 151 157
217. J.M. Miller, N.G. Pezeshkian, and A.V. Yadav Catheter mapping and ablation of right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 2006 800 802
218. W.M. Miles Idiopathic ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: Where does it originate? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2 2001 536 537
219. L. Miquerol, S. Meysen, M. Mangoni, P. Bois, H.V. van Rijen, and P. Abran Architectural and functional asymmetry of the His-Purkinje system of the murine heart Cardiovasc Res 63 2004 77 86
220. G.K. Moe, J.B. Preston, and H. Burlington Physiologic evidence for a dual A-V transmission system Circ Res 4 1956 357 375
221. H.G. Mond, and A. Proclemer The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009-a World Society of Arrhythmia's project PACE 34 2011 1013 1027
222. O. Monfredi, H. Dobrzynski, T. Mondal, M.R. Boyett, and G.M. Morris The anatomy and physiology of the sinoatrial node - a contemporary review Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 33 2010 1392 1406
223. 2+ clock pacemaker mechanism in the sinoatrial node? Eur Heart J 32 2011 99
224. O.J. Monfredi, R.H. Anderson, M.R. Boyett, and H. Dobrzynski Nodal-like cells exist in the right ventricular outflow tract Eur Heart J 311 2010 696
225. P.A. Molyvdas, and N. Sperelakis Comparison of the effects of several calcium antagonistic drugs on the electrical activity of guinea pig Purkinje fibers Eur J Pharmacol 88 1983 205 214
226. A.F. Moorman, and V.M. Christoffels Cardiac chamber formation: Development, genes, and evolution Physiol Rev 83 2003 1223 1267
227. J.B. Morton, P. Sanders, A. Das, J.K. Vohra, P.B. Sparks, and J.M. Kalman Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the tricuspid annulus: electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic characteristics J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12 2001 653 659
228. A.A. Munk, R.A. Adjemian, J. Zhao, A. Ogbaghebriel, and A. Shrier Electrophysiological properties of morphologically distinct cells isolated from the rabbit atrioventricular node J Physiol 493 1996 801 813
229. S. Nattel, and M.A. Quantz Pharmacological response of quinidine induced early afterdepolarisations in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres: insights into underlying ionic mechanisms Cardiovasc Res 22 1988 808 817
230. A. Neu, M. Eiselt, M. Paul, K. Sauter, B. Stallmeyer, and D. Isbrandt A homozigous SCN5A mutation in a severe, recessive type in a cardiac conduction disease Hum Mutat 31 2010 E1609 E1621
231. M.R. Nikmaram, J. Liu, M. Abdelrahman, H. Dobrzynski, M.R. Boyett, and M. Lei Characterization of the effects of ryanodine, TTX, E-4031 and 4-AP on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes Prog Biophys Mol Biol 96 2008 452 464
232. V.P. Nikolski, S.A. Jones, M.K. Lancaster, M.R. Boyett, and I.R. Efimov Cx43 and dual-pathway electrophysiology of the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular nodal reentry Circ Res 92 2003 469 475
233. A. Nogami Purkinje-Related Arrhythmias Part I: Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardias Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 34 2011 624 650
234. E. Nof, D. Luria, D. Brass, D. Marek, H. Lahat, and H. Reznik-Wolf Point mutation in the HCN4 cardiac ion channel pore affecting synthesis, trafficking, and functional expression is associated with familial asymptomatic sinus bradycardia Circulation 116 2007 463 470
235. A. Noma, H. Irisawa, S. Kokobun, H. Kotake, M. Nishimura, and Y. Watanabe Slow current systems in the A-V node of the rabbit heart Nature 285 1980 228 229
236. A. Noma, H. Kotake, and H. Irisawa Slow inward current and its role mediating the chronotropic effect of epinephrine in the rabbit sinoatrial node Pflugers Arch 388 1980 1 9
237. D. O'Donnell, D. Cox, J. Bourke, L. Mitchell, and S. Furniss Clinical and electrophysiological differences between patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia Eur Heart J 24 2003 801 810
238. Y. Oka, H. Itoh, W.G. Ding, W. Shimizu, T. Makiyama, and S. Ohno Atrioventricular block-induced Torsades de Pointes with clinical and molecular backgrounds similar to congenital long QT syndrome Circulation 74 2010 2562 2571
239. T. Opthof, R. Coronel, H.M. Rademaker, J.T. Vermeulen, F.J. Wilms-Schopman, and M.J. Janse Changes in sinus node function in a rabbit model of heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death Circulation 101 2000 2975 2980
240. L. Padeletti, A. Valleggi, G. Vergaro, F. Lucà, C.M. Rao, and L. Perrotta Concordant versus discordant left bundle branch block in heart failure patients: novel clinical value of an old electrocardiographic diagnosis J Card Fail 16 2010 320 326
241. G.A. Papadatos, P.M. Wallerstein, C.E. Head, R. Ratcliff, P.A. Brady, and K. Benndorf Slowed conduction and ventricular tachycardia after targeted disruption of the cardiac sodium channel gene Scn5a Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 6210 6215
242. D.S. Park, and G.I. Fishman The cardiac conduction system Circulation 123 2011 904 915
243. F. Persson, B. Andersson, G. Duker, I. Jacobson, and L. Carlsson Functional effects of the late sodium current inhibition by AZD7009 and lidocaine in rabbit isolated atrial and ventricular tissue and Purkinje fibre Eur J Pharmacol 558 2007 133 143
244. J.P. Piccini, and H. Calkins Arrhythmia management in the elderly Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly 2005 Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey 261 300
245. K. Piipo, P. Laitinen, H. Swan, L. Toivonen, M. Viitasalo, and M. Pasternack Homozygosity for a HERG potassium channel mutation causes a severe form of long QT syndrome: identification of an apparent founder mutation in the Finns J Am Coll Cardiol 35 2000 1919 1925
246. J.M. Pinto, E.A. Sosunov, R.Z. Gainullin, M.R. Rosen, and P.A. Boyden Effects of mibefradil, a T-type calcium current antagonist, on electrophysiology of Purkinje fibers that survived in the infarcted canine heart J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 10 1999 1224 1235
247. A.N. Plotnikov, I. Shlapakova, M.J. Szabolcs, P. Danilo Jr., B.H. Lorell, and I.A. Potapova Xenografted Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Provide a Platform for Sustained Biological Pacemaker Function in Canine Heart Circulation 116 2007 706 713
248. G.H. Pollack Intercellular coupling in the atrioventricular node and other tissues of the rabbit heart J Physiol 255 1976 275 298
249. A.V. Postma, I. Denjoy, T.M. Hoorntje, J.M. Lupoglazoff, A. Da Costa, and P. Sebillon Absence of calsequestrin 2 causes severe forms of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Circ Res 91 2002 e21 e26
250. A.V. Postma, I. Denjoy, J. Kamblock, M. Alders, J.M. Lupoglazoff, and G. Vaksmann Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: RYR2 mutations, bradycardia, and follow up of the patients J Med Genet 42 2005 863 887
251. I. Potapova, A. Plotnikov, Z. Lu, P. Danilo Jr., V. Valiunas, and J. Qu Human mesenchymal stem cells as a gene delivery system to create cardiac pacemakers Circ Res 94 2004 952 959
252. V. Probst, M. Allouis, F. Sacher, S. Pattier, D. Babuty, and P. Mabo Progressive cardiac conduction defect is the prevailing phenotype in carriers of a Brugada syndrome SCN5A mutation5 J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 2006 270 275
253. J. Qu, A.N. Plotnikov, P. Danilo Jr., I. Shlapakova, I.S. Cohen, and R.B. Robinson Expression and function of a biological pacemaker in canine heart Circulation 107 2003 1106 1109
254. Y. Qu, G.-Q. Xiao, L. Chen, and M. Boutjdir Autoantibodies from mothers from children with congenital heart block down-regulate inhibit L-type Ca channels J Mol Cell Cardiol 33 2001 1153 1163
255. M.S. Rana, N.C. Horsten, S. Tesink-Taekema, W.H. Lamers, A.F. Moorman, and M.J. van den Hoff Trabeculated right ventricular free wall in the chicken heart forms by ventricularization of the myocardium initially forming the outflow tract Circ Res 100 2007 1000 1007
256. F.X. Ren, X.L. Niu, Y. Ou, Z.H. Han, F.D. Ling, and S.S. Zhou Morphological and electrophysiological properties of single myocardial cells from Koch triangle of rabbit heart Chin Med J (Engl) 119 2006 2075 2084
257. S. Rentschler, D.M. Vaidya, H. Tamaddon, K. Degenhardt, D. Sassoon, and G.E. Morley Visualization and functional characterization of the developing murine cardiac conduction system Development 128 2001 1785 1792
258. R.B. Robinson, P.A. Boyden, B.F. Hoffman, and K.W. Hewett Electrical restitution process in dispersed canine cardiac Purkinje and ventricular cells Am J Physiol 253 1987 H1018 H1025
259. D.M. Roden, and B.F. Hoffman Action potential prolongation and induction of abnormal automaticity by low quinidine concentrations in canine Purkinje fibers. Relationship to potassium and cycle length Circ Res 56 1985 857 867
260. M.R. Rosen, P.R. Brink, I.S. Cohen, and R.B. Robinson Biologic pacing D.P. Zipes, J. Jalife, Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside 5th ed. 2009 WB Saunders Company Philadelphia, Pa 223 234
261. M. Rota, and M. Vassalle Patch-clamp analysis in canine cardiac Purkinje cells of a novel sodium component in the pacemaker range J Physiol 548 2003 147 165
262. G.J. Rozanski, and J. Jalife Automaticity in atrioventricular valve leaflets of rabbit heart Am J Physiol 19 1986 H397 H406
263. G.J. Rozanski Electrophysiological properties of automatic fibers in rabbit atrioventricular valves Am J Physiol 253 1987 H720 H727
264. G.J. Rozanski, and S.L. Lipsius Electrophysiology of functional subsidiary pacemakers in canine right atrium Am J Physiol 249 1985 H594 H603
265. J. Rubenstein, C. Schulman, P.M. Yurchak, and R.W. DeSanctis Clinical Spectrum of the Sick Sinus Syndrome Circulation 46 1972 5 13
266. D.S. Rubenstein, L.M. Fox, J.A. McNulty, and S.L. Lipsius Electrophysiology and ultrastructure of Eustachian ridge from cat right atrium: a comparison with SA node J Mol Cell Cardiol 19 1987 965 976
267. S. Ryu, S. Yamamoto, C.R. Andersen, K. Nakazawa, F. Miyake, and T.N. James Intramural Purkinje cell network of sheep ventricles as the terminal pathway of conduction system Anat Rec (Hoboken) 292 2009 12 22
268. T. Sano, and S. Yamagishi Spread of excitation from the sinus node Circ Res 16 1965 423 430
269. D. Sanchez-Quintana, J.A. Cabera, J. Farre, V. Climent, R.H. Anderson, and S.Y. Ho Sinus node revisited in the era of electroanatomical mapping and catheter ablation Heart 91 2005 189 194
270. P. Sanders, P.M. Kistler, J.B. Morton, S.J. Spence, and J.M. Kalman Remodeling of sinus node function in patients with congestive heart failure: reduction in sinus node reserve Circulation 110 2004 897 903
271. G. Schram, M. Pourrier, P. Melnyk, and S. Nattel Differential distribution of cardiac ion channel expression as a basis for regional specialization in electrical function Circ Res 90 2002 939 950
272. M.M. Scheinman Role of the His.-Purkinje system in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmia Hear Rhythm 6 2009 1050 1058
273. E. Schulze-Bahr, A. Neu, P. Friederich, U.B. Kaupp, G. Breithardt, and O. Pongs Pacemaker channel dysfunction in a patient with sinus node disease J Clin Invest 111 2003 1537 1545
274. N.J. Severs The cardiac muscle cell Bioessays 22 2000 188 199
275. N.J. Severs, E. Dupont, S.R. Coppen, D. Halliday, E. Inett, and D. Baylis Remodelling of gap junctions and connexin expression in heart disease Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 1662 2004 138 148
276. N.J. Severs, S. Rothery, E. Dupont, S.R. Coppen, H.I. Yeh, and Y.S. Ko Immunocytochemical analysis of connexin expression in the healthy and diseased cardiovascular system Microsc Res Tech 52 2001 301 322
277. L.L. Shang, S. Sanyal, A.E. Pfahnl, Z. Jiao, J. Allen, and H. Liu NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional regulation of the cardiac scn5a sodium channel by angiotensin II Am J Physiol 294 2008 C372 C379
278. W. Shi, R. Wymore, H. Yu, J. Wu, R.T. Wymore, and Z. Pan Distribution and prevalence of hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (HCN) mRNA expression in cardiac tissues Circ Res 85 1999 1 6
279. T. Song, J. Yang, Y. Yao, H. Li, Y. Chen, and J. Zhang Spironolactone diminishes spontaneous ventricular premature beats by reducing HCN4 protein expression in rats with myocardial infarction Mol Med Rep 4 2011 569 573
280. M.S. Spach, R.C. Barr, G.S. Serwer, E.A. Johnson, and J.M. Kootsey Collision of excitation waves in the dog Purkinje system. Extracellular identification Circ Res 29 1971 499 511
281. 2+-activated cation channel gene TRPM4 in patients with cardiac conductance disturbances Hum Mutat 33 2012 109 117
282. W.G. Stevenson, L.W. Stevenson, H.R. Middlekauff, and L.A. Saxon Sudden death prevention in patients with advanced ventricular dysfunction Circulation 88 1993 2953 2961
283. F. Stillitano, G. Lonardo, S. Zicha, A. Varro, E. Cerbai, and A. Mugelli Molecular basis of funny current (If) in normal and failing human heart J Cell Mol Cardiol 45 2008 289 299
284. P.D. Swaminathan, A. Purohit, S. Soni, N. Voigt, M.V. Singh, and A.V. Glukhov Oxidized CaMKII causes cardiac sinus node dysfunction in mice J Clin Invest 121 2011 3277 3288
285. K. Swedberg, M. Komajda, M. Bohm, J.S. Borer, I. Ford, and A. Dubost-Brama Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study Lancet 376 2010 875 885
286. H. Tada, K. Tadokoro, S. Ito, S. Naito, T. Hashimoto, and K. Kaseno Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the tricuspid annulus: Prevalence, electrocardiographic characteristics, and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation Hear Rhythm 4 2007 7 16
287. J.C. Tardif, E. O'Meara, M. Komajda, M. Böhm, J.S. Borer, and I. Ford Effects of selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine on left ventricular remodelling and function: results from the SHIFT echocardiography substudy Eur Heart J 32 2011 2507 2515
288. S. Tawara The conduction system of the mammalian heart 2000 Imperial College Press London
289. J.O. Tellez, H. Dobrzynski, I.D. Greener, G.M. Graham, E. Laing, and H. Honjo Differential expression of ion channel transcripts in atrial muscle and sinoatrial node in rabbit Circ Res 99 2006 1384 1393
290. 2+ clock genes underlying sino-atrial node pacemaking Exp Physiol 96 2011 1163 1178
291. I.P. Temple, S. Inada, H. Dobrzynski, and M.R. Boyett Connexins and the atrioventricular node Hear Rhythm 10 2013 297 304
292. H.F. Tse, T. Xue, C.P. Lau, C.W. Siu, K. Wang, and Q.Y. Zhang Bioartificial sinus node constructed via in vivo gene transfer of an engineered pacemaker HCN channel reduces the dependence on electronic pacemaker in a sick sinus syndrome model Circulation 114 2006 1682 1686
293. R.W. Tsien, R.S. Kass, and R. Weingart Cellular and subcellular mechanisms of cardiac pacemaker oscillations J Exp Biol 81 1979 205 215
294. J. Tranum-Jensen, A.A. Wilde, J.T. Vermeulen, and M.J. Janse Morphology of electrophysiologically identified junctions between Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle in rabbit and pig hearts Circ Res 69 1991 429 437
295. K. Ueda, K. Nakamura, T. Hayashi, N. Inagaki, M. Takahashi, and T. Arimura Functional characterization of a trafficking-defective HCN4 mutation, D553N, associated with cardiac arrhythmia J Biol Chem 279 2004 27194 27198
296. F. Vaillant, L. Dehina, A. Mazzadi, J. Descotes, P. Chevalier, and A. Tabib Heart rate reduction with ivabradine increases ischaemia-induced ventricular fibrillation threshold: Role of myocyte structure and myocardial perfusion Resuscitation 82 2011 1092 1099
297. L.L.M. Van De Ven, H.J.G.M. Crijns, E.D. De Muinck, I.C. Van Gelder, L.M. Van Wijk, and K.I. Lie Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous bisoprolol in atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Curr Ther Res 57 1996 950 958
298. H.V. van Rijen, T.A. van Veen, M.J. van Kempen, F.J. Wilms-Schopman, M. Potse, and O. Krueger Impaired conduction in the bundle branches of mouse hearts lacking the gap junction protein connexin40 Circulation 103 2001 1591 1598
299. T.A. van Veen, M. Stein, A. Royer, K. Le Quang, F. Charpentier, and W.H. Colledge Impaired impulse propagation in Scn5a-knockout mice: combined contribution of excitability, connexin expression, and tissue architecture in relation to aging Circulation 112 2005 1927 1935
300. M. Vassalle Electrogenic suppression of automaticity in sheep and dog purkinje fibers Circ Res 27 1970 361 377
301. M. Vassalle The vicissitudes of the pacemaker current I (Kdd) of cardiac purkinje fibers J Biomed Sci 14 2007 699 716
302. M. Vassalle, H. Yu, and I.S. Cohen The pacemaker current in cardiac Purkinje myocytes J Gen Physiol 106 1995 559 578
303. M.W. Veldkamp, R. Wilders, A. Baartscheer, J.G. Zegers, C.R. Bezzina, and A.A. Wilde Contribution of sodium channel mutations to bradycardia and sinus node dysfunction in LQT3 families Circ Res 92 2003 976 983
304. A.O. Verkerk, R. Wilders, M.M. van Borren, and H.L. Tan Is sodium current present in human sinoatrial node cells? Int J Biol Sci 5 2009 201 204
305. A.O. Verkerk, R. Wilders, R. Coronel, J.H. Ravesloot, and E.E. Verheijck Ionic remodeling of sinoatrial node cells by heart failure Circulation 108 2003 760 766
306. 2+ oscillations drive sinoatrial nodal cell pacemaker function to make the heart tick Ann N Y Acad Sci 1047 2005 138 156
307. S. Viskin, R. Rosso, O. Rogowski, and B. Belhassen The "short-coupled" variant of right ventricular outflow ventricular tachycardia: A not-so-benign form of benign ventricular tachycardia? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 912 916
308. H. Watanabe, T.T. Koopmann, S. Le Scouarnec, T. Yang, C.R. Ingram, and J.J. Schott Sodium channel betal subunit mutations associated with Brugada syndrome and cardiac conduction disease in humans J Clin Invest 118 2008 2260 2268
309. C. Wiese, T. Grieskamp, R. Airik, M.T. Mommersteeg, A. Gardiwal, and V.C. de Gier-de Formation of the sinus node head and differentiation of sinus node myocardium are independently regulated by tbx18 and tbx3 Circ Res 104 2009 388 397
310. S.L. Wilbur, and F.E. Marchlinski Adenosine as an antiarrhythmic agent Am J Cardiol 79 1997 30 37
311. A.L. Wit, P.F. Cranefield, and D.C. Gadsby Electrogenic sodium extrusion can stop triggered activity in the canine coronary sinus Circ Res 49 1981 1029 1042
312. A.L. Wit, P.F. Cranefield, and B.F. Hoffman Slow conduction and reentry in the ventricular conducting system. II. Single and sustained circus movement in networks of canine and bovine Purkinje fibers Circ Res 30 1972 11 22
313. A.L. Wit, J.J. Fenoglio Jr., A.J. Hordof, and K. Reemtsma Ultrastructure and transmembrane potentials of cardiac muscle in the human anterior mitral valve leaflet Circulation 59 1979 1284 1292
314. A.L. Wit, J.J. Fenoglio Jr., and B.M. Wagner Electrophysiological properties of cardiac muscle in the anterior mitral valve leaflet and the adjacent atrium in the dog. Possible implications for the genesis of atrial dysrhythmias Circ Res 32 1973 731 745
315. A.L. Wit, and P.F. Cranefield Triggered activity in cardiac muscle fibers of the simian mitral valve Circ Res 38 1976 85 98
316. A.L. Wit, and P.F. Cranefield Triggered and automatic activity in the canine coronary sinus Circ Res 41 1977 434 445
317. J.R. Wiggins, and P.F. Cranefield Two levels of resting potential in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to sodium-free solutions Circ Res 39 1976 466 474
318. 2+ exchanger inhibitor on pulmonary vein electrical activity and ouabain-induced arrhythmogenicity Cardiovasc Res 70 2006 497 508
319. M. Wright, F. Sacher, and M. Haïssaguerre Catheter ablation for patients with ventricular fibrillation Curr Opin Cardiol 24 2009 56 60
320. X. Wu, and S.M. Burgess Integration target site selection for retroviruses and transposable elements Cell Mol Life Sci 61 2004 2588 2596
321. S. Xia, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, S.-B. Deng, J.-L. Du, and X.-C. Wang Dynamic changes in HCN2, HCN4, KCNE1, and KCNE2 expression in ventricular cells from acute myocardial infarction rat hearts Biochem Biophys Res Commun 395 2010 330 335
322. T. Xue, H.C. Cho, F.G. Akar, S.Y. Tsang, S.P. Jones, and E. Marbán Functional integration of electrically active cardiac derivatives from genetically engineered human embryonic stem cells with quiescent recipient ventricular cardiomyocytes: insights into the development of cell-based pacemakers Circulation 111 2005 11 20
323. H. Zhang, A.V. Holden, I. Kodama, H. Zhang, A.V. Holden, and I. Kodama Mathematical models of action potentials in the periphery and center of the rabbit sinoatrial node Am J Physiol 279 2000 H397 H421
324. Y. Zhang, S. Bharati, K.A. Mowrey, S. Zhuang, P. Tchou, and T.N. Mazgalev His electrogram alternans reveal dual-wavefront inputs into and longitudinal dissociation within the bundle of His Circulation 104 2001 832 838
325. H. Zhang, D.H. Lau, I.N. Shlapakova, X. Zhao, P. Danilo, and R.B. Robinson Implantation of sinoatrial node cells into canine right ventricle: biological pacing appears limited by the substrate Cell Transplant 20 2011, March 8 11 12
326. S. Zicha, M. Fernandez-Velasco, G. Lonardo, N. L'Heureux, and S. Nattel Sinus node dysfunction and hyperpolarization-activated (HCN) channel subunit remodeling in a canine heart failure model Cardiovasc Res 66 2005 472 481
327. S. Zicha, Y. Tsuji, A. Shiroshita-Takeshita, and S. Nattel Beta-blockers as antiarrhythmic agents Handb Exp Pharmacol 171-235 2006
328. M. Yamamoto, H. Dobrzynski, J. Tellez, R. Niwa, R. Billeter, and H. Honjo Extended atrial conduction system characterised by the expression of the HCN4 channel and connexin45 Cardiovasc Res 72 2006 271 281
329. T.T. Yamanushi, J. Yanni, H. Dobrzynski, H. Kabuto, and M.R. Boyett Changes in ion channel expression in right-sided congestive heart failure J Mol Cell Cardiol 48 2010 S73
330. G.X. Yan, and C. Antzelevitch Cellular basis for the brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with st-segment elevation Circulation 100 1999 1660 1666
331. J. Yanni, M.R. Boyett, R.H. Anderson, and H. Dobrzynski The extent of the specialized atrioventricular ring tissues Hear Rhythm 6 2009 672 680
332. J. Yanni, J.O. Tellez, P.V. Sutyagin, M.R. Boyett, and H. Dobrzynski Structural remodelling of the sinoatrial node in obese old rats J Mol Cell Cardiol 48 2010 653 662
333. J. Yanni, J.O. Tellez, M. Maczewski, U. Mackiewicz, A. Beresewicz, and R. Billeter Changes in ion channel gene expression underlying heart failure-induced sinoatrial node dysfunction Circ Heart Fail 4 2011 496 508
334. J. Yanni, T.T. Yamanushi, H. Dobrzynski, and M.R. Boyett Remodelling of the extracellular matrix in the rat sinoatrial node in congestive heart failure Proc Physiol Soc 15 2009 C26 C
335. J. Yanni, X. Cai, C.B. Jones, A.F. Corno, R.C. Hutcheon, and O. Monfredi Mechanisms of delayed intraventricular conduction in heart failure Hear Rhythm 8 2011 1819
336. Y.H. Yeh, B. Burstein, X.Y. Qi, M. Sakabe, D. Chartier, and P. Comtois Funny current downregulation and sinus node dysfunction associated with atrial tachyarrhythmia: a molecular basis for tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome Circulation 119 2009 1576 1585
337. + channel isoforms at the atrioventricular junction and atrioventricular node Circulation 114 2006 1360 1371
338. f in adult canine cardiac ventricular myocytes J Physiol 485 1995 469 483