Probiotics and Health Claims: Challenges for Tailoring their Efficacy

Probiotics and Health Claims

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 49-74

  Chassard, Christophe ^a   Grattepanche, Franck ^a   Lacroix, Christophe ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Good evidence, specific strains of probiotics safe for human use, conferring health benefits on the host; Health effects associated with probiotics consumption; Improving probiotic strain discovery; Probiotic bacteria, increasingly important in context of human nutrition; Probiotic microorganisms, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., in functional foods especially fermented dairy products; Probiotics and health claims challenges, tailoring their efficacy; Probiotics selection with targeted efficacy current criteria and perspectives; Probiotics, efficient alternative therapies for most prevalent human diseases; Safety assessment, first requirement good functional and technological properties and beneficial effects on human health; Significant technological challenges for probiotics of intestinal origin, sensitive to environmental stresses, as acidity, oxygen and heat

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862982376     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444329384.ch4     Document Type: Chapter

References (162)

1. Abe F, Muto M, Yaeshima T et al. (2010) Safety evaluation of probiotic bifidobacteria by analysis of mucin degradation activity and translocation ability. Anaerobe 16:131-6.
2. Alander M, De Smet I, Nollet L, Verstraete W, von Wright A, Mattila-Sandholm T (1999) The effect of probiotic strains on the microbiota of the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME). Int J Food Microbiol 46:71-79.
3. Ambur OH, Davidsen T, Frye SA et al. (2009) Genome dynamics in major bacterial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33:453-470.
4. Anderson MH (1992) Changing paradigms in caries management. Curr Opin Dent 2:157-162.
5. Andersson H, Asp N-G, Bruce A, Roos S, Wedstrom T, Wold AE (2001) Health effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a literature review on human studies. Scand J Nutr 45:58-75.
6. Berg RD (1980) Inhibition of Escherichia coli translocation from the gastrointestinal tract by normal cecal flora in gnotobiotic or antibiotic-decontaminated mice. Infect Immun 29:1073-1081.
7. Berg RD, Garlington AW (1979) Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model. Infect Immun 23:403-411.
8. Bergmaier D, Champagne CP, Lacroix C (2005) Growth and exopolysaccharide production during free and immobilized cell chemostat culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595M. J Appl Microbiol 98:272-284.
9. Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Cortes-Perez NG, Le Loir Y et al. (2004) An inducible surface presentation system improves cellular immunity against human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antigen in mice after nasal administration with recombinant lactococci. J Med
10. Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Cortes-Perez NG, Lefèvre F et al. (2005) A novel mucosal vaccine based on live Lactococci expressing E7 antigen and IL-12 induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and protects mice against human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors. J Immunol 175:7297-7302.
11. Bernalier A, Willems A, Leclerc M, Rochet V, Collins MD (1996) Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus sp. nov., a new H2/CO2-utilizing acetogenic bacterium isolated from human feces. Arch Microbiol 166:176-183.
12. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E et al. (2008) Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. Lancet 371:651-659.
13. Blanquet S, Meunier JP, Minekus M, Marol-Bonnin S, Alric M (2003) Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing P450 in artificial digestive systems: a model for biodetoxication in the human digestive environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2884-2892.
14. Bornstein J (2009) The HPV vaccines: which to prefer? Obstet Gynecol Surv 64:345-350.
15. Bowen JM, Stringer AM, Gibson RJ, Yeoh ASJ, Hannam S, Keefe DMK (2007) VSL#3 probiotic treatment reduces chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and weight loss. Cancer Biol Ther 6:1449-1454.
16. Braat H, Rottiers P, Hommes DW et al. (2006) A phase I trial with transgenic bacteria expressing interleukin-10 in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:754-759.
17. Bruno-Barcena JM, Andrus JM, Libby SL, Klaenhammer TR, Hassan HM (2004). Expression of a heterologous manganese superoxide dismutase gene in intestinal lactobacilli provides protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4702-4710.
18. Cai Y, Benno Y, Ogawa M, Kumai S (1999) Effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage. J Dairy Sci 82:520-526.
19. Camilleri M (2006) Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome: rationale, putative mechanisms, and evidence of clinical efficacy. J Clin Gastroenterol 40:264-269.
20. Champagne CP, Fustier P (2007) Microencapsulation for the improved delivery of bioactive compounds into foods. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:184-190.
21. Champagne CP, Gardner NG, Roy R (2005) Challenges in the addition of probiotic cultures to foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 45:61-84.
22. Chan L, Slater J, Hasbargen J, Herndon DN, Veech RI, Wolf S (1994) Neurocardiac toxicity of racemic D, L-lactate fluids. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 29:383-394.
23. Chao SH, Tomii Y, Sasamoto M, Fujimoto J, Tsai YC, Watanabe K (2008) Lactobacillus capillatus sp. nov., a motile bacterium isolated from stinky tofu brine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2555-2559.
24. Claesson MJ, van Sinderen D, O'Toole PW (2007) The genus Lactobacillus: a genomic basis for understanding its diversity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 269:22-28.
25. Cleusix V, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Duboux M, Le Blay G (2007) Inhibitory activity spectrum of reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri against intestinal bacteria. BMC Microbiol 12:97-101.
26. Cleusix V, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Le Blay G (2008) Glycerol induces reuterin production and decreases Escherichia coli population in an in vitro model of colonic fermentation with immobilized human feces. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63:56-64.
27. Collado MC, Gueimonde M, Hernández M, Sanz Y, Salminen S (2005) Adhesion of selected Bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion. J Food Prot 68:2672-2678.
28. Collado MC, Meriluoto J, Salminen S (2007) Measurement of aggregation properties between probiotics and pathogens: in vitro evaluation of different methods. J Microbiol Methods 71:71-74.
29. Corcoran BM, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Dockery P, Stanton C (2006) Enhanced survival of GroESLoverproducing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 under stressful conditions induced by drying. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5104-5107.
30. Corcoran BM, Stanton C, Fitzgerald G, Ross RP (2008) Life under stress: the probiotic stress response and how it may be manipulated. Curr Pharm Des 14:1382-1399.
31. Cortes-Perez NG, Lefèvre F, Corthier G, Adel-Patient K, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG (2007) Influence of the route of immunization and the nature of the bacterial vector on immunogenicity of mucosal vaccines based on lactic acid bacteria. Vaccine 25:6581-6588.
32. De Angelis M, Gobbetti M (2004) Environmental stress responses in Lactobacillus: a review. Proteomics 4:106-122.
33. De Bruyn J, Soetaert K, Buyssens P et al. (2000) Evidence for specific and non-covalent binding of lipids to natural and recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG hsp60 proteins, and to the Escherichia coli homologue GroEL. Microbiology 146:1513-1524.
34. De Bruyne K, Camu N, De Vuyst L, Vandamme P (2009) Lactobacillus fabifermentans sp. nov. and Lactobacillus cacaonum sp. nov., isolated from Ghanaian cocoa fermentations. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:7-12.
35. Del Re B, Sgorbati B, Miglioli M, Palenzona D (2000) Adhesion, autoaggregation and hydrophobicity of 13 strains of Bifidobacterium longum. Lett Appl Microbiol 31:438-442.
36. Desmond C, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Collins K, Ross RP (2002) Environmental adaptation of probiotic lactobacilli towards improvement of performance during spray drying. Int Dairy J 12:183-190.
37. Desmond C, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C, Ross RP (2004) Improved stress tolerance of GroESL-overproducing Lactococcus lactis and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5929-5936.
38. de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J (2004) Engineering metabolic highways in Lactococci and other lactic acid bacteria. Trends Biotechnol 22:72-79.
39. de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J (2008) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 111:1-66.
40. Díaz-Ropero MP, Martín R, Sierra S et al. (2007) Two Lactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, differently modulate the immune response. J Appl Microbiol 102:337-343.
41. Di Giacinto C, Marinaro MM, SanchezM, Strober W, Boirivant M (2005) Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-bearing regulatory cells. J Immunol 174:3237-3246.
42. Doleyres Y, Lacroix C (2005) Technologies with free and immobilised cells for probiotic bifidobacteria production and protection. Int Dairy J 15:973-988.
43. Donohue DC, Salminen S (1996) Safety of probiotic bacteria. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 5:25-28.
44. Drouault S, Corthier G, Ehrlich SD, Renault P (2000) Expression of the Staphylococcus hyicus lipase in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:588-598.
45. Drouault S, Juste C, Marteau P, Renault P, Corthier G (2002) Oral treatment with Lactococcus lactis expressing Staphylococcus hyicus lipase enhances lipid digestion in pigs with induced pancreatic insufficiency. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3166-3168.
46. Duncan SH, Louis P, Flint HJ (2004) Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human feces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5810-5917.
47. Dunne C, O'Mahony L, Murphy L et al. (2001) In vitro selection criteria for probiotic bacteria of human origin: correlation with in vivo findings. Am J Clin Nutr 73:386S-392S.
48. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN et al. (2005) Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308:1635-1638.
49. Endo A, Roos S, Satoh E, Morita H, Okada S (2008) Lactobacillus equigenerosi sp. nov., a coccoid specie isolated from faeces of thoroughbred racehorses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:914-918.
50. Eutamene H, Lamine F, Chabo C et al. (2007) Synergy between Lactobacillus paracasei and its bacterial products to counteract stress-induced gut permeability and sensitivity increase in rats. J Nutr 137:1901-1907.
51. Ewaschuk JB, Diaz H, Meddings L et al. (2008) Secreted bioactive factors from Bifidobacterium infantis enhance epithelial cell barrier function. Am J Physiol 295:G1025-G1034.
52. Fiocco D, Capozzi V, Goffin P, Hols P, Spano G (2007) Improved adaptation to heat, cold, and solvent tolerance in Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77:909-915.
53. Flinterman AE, Knol EF, van Ieperen-van Dijk AG et al. (2007) Probiotics have a different immunomodulatory potential in vitro versus ex vivo upon oral administration in children with food allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 143:237-244.
54. Foligne S, Nutten S, Grangette C et al. (2007) Correlation between in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria. World J Gastroenterol 13:236-243.
55. Fooks LJ, Gibson GR (2002) Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora. Br J Nutr 88:S39-S49.
56. Frece J, Kos B, Svetec IK et al. (2009) Synbiotic effect of Lactobacillus helveticus M92 and prebiotics on the intestinal microflora and immune system of mice. J Dairy Res 76:98-104.
57. Garrait G, Jarrige JF, Blanquet S, Beyssac E, Alric M (2007) Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing a model cytochrome P450 in the rat digestive environment: viability and bioconversion activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:3566-2574.
58. Georgellis D, Sohlberg B, Hartl FU, von Gabain A (1995) Identification of GroEL as a constituent of an mRNA-protection complex in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 16:1259-1268.
59. Ghadimi D, Fölster-Holst R, de Vrese M, Winkler P, Heller KJ, Schrezenmeir J (2008) Effects of probiotic bacteria and their genomic DNA on TH1/TH2-cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy and allergic subjects. Immunobiology 213:677-692.
60. Gouesbet G, Jan G, Boyaval P (2002) Two-dimensional electrophoresis study of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus thermotolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1055-1063.
61. Grattepanche F, Lacroix C (2009) Production of high quality probiotics using novel fermentation and stabilization technologies. In: Bagchi D, Lau FC, Gosh D (eds) Biotechnology in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, pp. 361-387.
62. Grootaert C, Van den Abbeele P, Marzorati M et al. (2009) Comparison of prebiotic effects of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and inulin in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 69:231-242.
63. Gueimonde M, Lahtinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E (2007) Breast milk: a source of bifidobacteria for infant gut development and maturation? Neonatology 92:64-66.
64. Gueimonde M, Garrigues C, van Sinderen D, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Margolles A (2009) Bile-inducible efflux transporter from Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705, conferring bile resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:3153-3160.
65. Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost FJ, Brummer RJ (2008) Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27:104-119.
66. Hartl FU, Hayer-Hartl M (2009) Converging concepts of protein folding in vitro and in vivo. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:574-581.
67. Hazebrouck S, Oozeer R, Adel-Patient K et al. (2006) Constitutive delivery of bovine beta-lactoglobulin to the digestive tracts of gnotobiotic mice by engineered Lactobacillus casei. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7460-7467.
68. Hillman JD, Duncan MJ, Stashenko KP (1990) Cloning and expression of the gene encoding the fructose-1,6-diphosphate-dependent L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase of Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 58:1290-1295.
69. Hiraga K, Ueno Y, Sukontasing S, Tanasupawat S, Oda K (2008) Lactobacillus senmaizukei sp. nov., isolated from Japanese pickle. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1625-1629.
70. Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Geisen R, Bjorkroth J, Schillinger U (2001) Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 73:S365-S373.
71. Hoveyda N, Heneghan C, Mahtani KR, Perera R, Roberts N, Glasziou P (2009) A systematic review and meta-analysis: probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 16:9-15.
72. Huang Y, Kotula L, Adams MC (2003) The in vivo assessment of safety and gastrointestinal survival of an orally administered novel probiotic, Propionibacterium jensenii 702, in a male Wistar rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 41:1781-1787.
73. Ishibashi N, Yamazaki S (2001) Probiotics and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 73:465S-470S.
74. Kailasapathy K (2002) Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: technology and potential applications. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 3:39-48.
75. Kashiwagi T, Suzuki T, Kamakura T (2009) Lactobacillus nodensis sp. nov., isolated from rice bran. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:83-86.
76. Kassinen A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Mäkivuokko H et al. (2007) The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 133:24-33.
77. Killer J, Kopecny J, Mrázek J et al. (2009) Bifidobacterium bombi sp. nov., from the bumblebee digestive tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:2020-2024.
78. King TS, Elia M, Hunter JO (1998) Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 352:1187-1189.
79. Kitahara M, Sakamoto M, Benno Y (2010) Lactobacillus similis sp. nov., isolated from fermented cane molasses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:187-190.
80. Kolars JC, Levitt MD, Aouji M, Savaiano DA (1984) Yogurt: an autodigesting source of lactose. N Engl J Med 310:1-3.
81. Kos B, Suskovic J, Vukovic S, Simpraga M, Frece J, Matosic S (2003) Adhesion and aggregation ability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92. J Appl Microbiol 94:981-987.
82. Lacroix C, Yildirim S (2007) Fermentation technologies for the production of probiotics with high viability and functionality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:176-183.
83. Lacroix C, Grattepanche F, Doleyres Y, Bergmaier D (2005) Immobilised cell technologies for the dairy industry. In: Nedovic V, Willaert R (eds) Applications of Cell Immobilisation Biotechnology. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 295-319.
84. Lan A, Bruneau A, Philippe C et al. (2007) Survival and metabolic activity of selected strains of Propionibacterium freudenreichii in the gastrointestinal tract of human microbiota-associated rats. Br J Nutr 97:714-724.
85. Lara-Villoslada F, Sierra S, Martín R et al. (2007) Safety assessment of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711 and Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714. J Appl Microbiol 103:175-184.
86. LeBlanc JG, Rutten G, Bruinenberg P, Sesma F, de Giori GS, Smid EJ (2006) A novel dairy product fermented with Propionibacterium freudenreichii improves the riboflavin status of deficient rats. Nutrition 22:645-651.
87. Le Blay G, Lacroix C, Zihler A, Fliss I (2007) In vitro inhibition activity of nisin A, nisin Z, pediocin PA-1 and antibiotics against common intestinal bacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:252-257.
88. Le Blay G, Rytka J, Zihler A, Lacroix C (2009) New in vitro colonic fermentation model for Salmonella infection in the child gut. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 67:198-207.
89. Lewanika TR, Reid SJ, Abratt VR, Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S (2007) Lactobacillus gasseri Gasser AM63(T) degrades oxalate in a multistage continuous culture simulator of the human colonic microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 61:110-120.
90. McCarthy J, O'Mahony L, O'Callaghan L et al. (2003) Double blind, placebo controlled trial of two probiotic strains in interleukin 10 knockout mice and mechanistic link with cytokine balance. Gut 52:975-980.
91. Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S (2007) Models for intestinal fermentation: association between food components, delivery systems, bioavailability and functional interactions in the gut. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:156-162.
92. Marteau P, Shanahan F (2003) Basic aspects and pharmacology of probiotics: an overview of pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side-effects. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17:725-740.
93. Martín R, Jiménez E, Olivares M et al. (2006) Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 5713, a potential probiotic strain isolated from infant feces and breast milk of a mother-child pair. Int J Food Microbiol 112:35-43.
94. Martín R, Olivares M, Pérez M et al. (2010) Identification and evaluation of the probiotic potential of lactobacilli isolated from canine milk. Vet J 185:193-198.
95. Mattila-Sandholm T, Myllarinen P, Crittenden R, Mogensen G, Fonden R, Saarela M (2002) Technological challenges for future probiotic foods. Int Dairy J 12:173-182.
96. Mättö J, Maunuksela L, Kajander K et al. (2005) Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43:213-222.
97. Maus JE, Ingham SC (2003) Employment of stressful conditions during culture production to enhance subsequent cold-and acid-tolerance of bifidobacteria. J Appl Microbio 95:146-154.
98. Ménard O, Butel MJ, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Waligora-Dupriet AJ (2008) Gnotobiotic mouse immune response induced by Bifidobacterium sp. strains isolated from infants. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:660-666.
99. Mennigen R, Nolte K, Rijcken E et al. (2009) Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis. Am J Physiol 296:G1140-G1149.
100. Miyoshi A, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Ribeiro LA et al. (2006) Heterologous expression of Brucella abortus GroEL heat-shock protein in Lactococcus lactis. Microb Cell Fact 23:5-14.
101. Molin G, Jeppsson B, Johansson ML et al. (1993) Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines. J Appl Bacteriol 74:314-323.
102. Morita H, Shimazu M, Shiono H et al. (2010) Lactobacillus equicursoris sp. nov. isolated from the faeces of a thoroughbred racehorse. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:109-112.
103. Narberhaus F (2002) Alpha-crystallin-type heat shock proteins: socializing minichaperones in the context of a multichaperone network. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:64-93.
104. Nobaek S, Johansson ML, Molin G, Ahrné S, Jeppson B (2000) Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1231-1238.
105. Noonpakdee W, Sitthimonchai S, Panyim S, Lertsiri S (2004) Expression of the catalase gene katA in starter culture Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR850 tolerates oxidative stress and reduces lipid oxidation in fermented meat product. Int J Food Microbiol 95:127-135.
106. Noriega L, Gueimonde M, Sánchez B, Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG (2004) Effect of the adaptation to high bile salts concentrations on glycosidic activity, survival at low pH and cross-resistance to bile salts in Bifidobacterium. Int J Food Microbiol 94:79-86.
107. O'Mahony L, O'Callaghan L, McCarthy J et al. (2006) Differential cytokine response from dendritic cells to commensal and pathogenic bacteria in different lymphoid compartments in humans. Am J Physiol 290:G839-G845.
108. Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ (1998) The health effects of cultured milk products with viable and non-viable bacteria. Int Dairy J 8:749-758.
109. Pajak B, Orzechowski A, Gajkowska B (2007) Molecular basis for sodium butyrate-dependent proapoptotic activity in cancer cells. Adv Med Sci 52:83-88.
110. Panigrahi P, Braileanu GT, Chen H, Stine OC (2007) Probiotic bacteria change Escherichia coli-induced gene expression in cultured colonocytes: implications in intestinal pathophysiology. World J Gastroenterol 13:6370-6378.
111. Park HK, So JS, Heo TR (1995) Acid adaptation promotes survival of Bifidobacterium breve against environmental stresses. Foods Biotechnol 4:226-230.
112. Perez PF, Doré J, Leclerc M et al. (2007) Bacterial imprinting of the neonatal immune system: lessons from maternal cells? Pediatrics 119:724-732.
113. Pineiro M, Stanton C (2007) Probiotic bacteria: legislative framework-requirements to evidence basis. J Nutr 137:850S-853S.
114. Pochard P, Gosset P, Grangette C et al. (2002) Lactic acid bacteria inhibit TH2 cytokine production by mononuclear cells from allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:617-623.
115. Prasad J, McJarrow P, Gopal P (2003) Heat and osmotic stress responses of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (DR20) in relation to viability after drying. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:917-925.
116. Prisciandaro L, Geier M, Butler R, Cummins A, Howarth G (2009) Probiotics and their derivatives as treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15:1906-1914.
117. Pronio A, Montesani C, Butteroni C et al. (2008) Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:662-668.
118. Resta-Lenert S, Barrett KE (2003) Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). Gut 52:988-997.
119. Rochat T, Gratadoux JJ, Gruss A et al. (2006) Production of a heterologous nonheme catalase by Lactobacillus casei: an efficient tool for removal of H2O2 and protection of Lactobacillus bulgaricus from oxidative stress in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5143-5149.
120. Rouse S, Canchaya C, van Sinderen D (2008) Lactobacillus hordei sp. nov., a bacteriocinogenic strain isolated from malted barley. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2013-2017.
121. Rousseaux C, Thuru X, Gelot A et al. (2007) Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med 13:35-37.
122. Saarela M, Rantala M, Hallamaa K, Nohynek L, Virkajarvi I, Matto J (2004) Stationary-phase acid and heat treatments for improvement of the viability of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 96:1205-1214.
123. Saier MH Jr, Mansour NM (2005) Probiotics and prebiotics in human health. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 10:22-25.
124. Salminen S, Ouwehand A, Benno Y, Lee YK (1999) Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends Food Sci Technol 10:107-110.
125. Sanchez B, Ruiz L, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Margolles A (2008) Proteomics of stress response in Bifidobacterium. Front Biosci 13:6905-6919.
126. Sato T, Matsumoto K, Okumura T et al. (2008) Isolation of lactate-utilising butyrate-producing bacteria from human feces and in vivo administration of Anaerostipes caccae strain L2 and galacto-oligosaccharides in a rat model. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:528-536.
127. Saulnier DM, Gibson GR, Kolida S (2008) In vitro effects of selected synbiotics on the human faecal microbiota composition. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:516-527.
128. Saulnier DM, Spinler JK, Gibson GR, Versalovic J (2009) Mechanisms of probiosis and prebiosis: considerations for enhanced functional foods. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:135-141.
129. Schachtsiek M, Hammes WP, Hertel C (2004) Characterization of Lactobacillus coryniformis DSM 20001T surface protein Cpf mediating coaggregation with and aggregation among pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:7078-7085.
130. Scheppach W, Weiler F (2004) The butyrate story: old wine in new bottles? Curr Opin Clin Nutr 7:563-567.
131. Schmidt G, Zink R (2000) Basic features of the stress response in three species of bifidobacteria: B. longum, B. adolescentis, and B. breve. Int J Food Microbiol 55:41-45.
132. Sheehan VM, Sleator RD, Fitzgerald GF, Hill C (2006) Heterologous expression of BetL, a betaine uptake system, enhances the stress tolerance of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:2170-2177.
133. Sheehan VM, Sleator RD, Hill C, Fitzgerald GF (2007) Improving gastric transit, gastrointestinal persistence and therapeutic efficacy of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Microbiology 153:3563-3571.
134. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L et al. (2008) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16731-16736.
135. Sokol H, Seksik P, Furet JP et al. (2009) Low counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in colitis microbiota. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15:1183-1189.
136. Sonnenburg JL, Chen CT, Gordon JI (2006) Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS Biol 4:2213-2226.
137. Spiller R, Garsed K (2009) Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 136:1979-1988.
138. Stecher B, Robbiani R, Walker AW et al. (2007) Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exploits inflammation to compete with the intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol 5:2177-2189.
139. Steidler L, Neirynck S, Huyghebaert N et al. (2003) Biological containment of genetically modified Lactococcus lactis for intestinal delivery of human interleukin 10. Nat Biotechnol 21:785-789.
140. Stewart ML, Savarino V, Slavin JL (2009) Assessment of dietary fiber fermentation: effect of Lactobacillus reuteri and reproducibility of short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:S114-S120.
141. Talwalkar A, Kailasapathy K (2004) The role of oxygen in the viability of probiotic bacteria with reference to L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 5:1-8.
142. Teixeira P, Castro H, Kirby R (1994) Inducible thermotolerance in Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Lett Appl Microbiol 18:218-221
143. Tennyson CA, Friedman G (2008) Microecology, obesity, and probiotics. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 15:422-427.
144. Timmerman HM, Niersd LEM, Ridwane BU et al. (2007) Design of a multispecies probiotic mixture to prevent infectious complications in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr 26:450-459.
145. Turroni F, Marchesi JR, Foroni E et al. (2009) Microbiomic analysis of the bifidobacterial population in the human distal gut. ISME J 3:745-751.
146. Tzortzis G, Baillon ML, Gibson GR et al. (2004) Modulation of anti-pathogenic activity in canine-derived Lactobacillus species by carbohydrate growth substrate. J Appl Microbiol 96:552-559.
147. van de Guchte M, Serror P, Chervaux C, Smokvina T, Ehrlich SD, Maguin E (2002) Stress responses in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 82:187-216.
148. van Minnen LP, Timmerman HM, Lutgendorff F et al. (2007) Modification of intestinal flora with multispecies probiotics reduces bacterial translocation and improves clinical course in a rat model of acute pancreatitis. Surgery 141:470-480.
149. Vella A, Farrugia G (1998) D-lactic acidosis: pathologic consequence of saphrophytism. Mayo Clin Proc 73:451-456.
150. Venturi A, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F et al. (1999) Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13:1103-1108.
151. Vernia PR, Caprilli G, Latella G, Barbetti F, Magliocca FM, Cittadini M (1988) Fecal lactate and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 95:1564-1568.
152. von Ah U, Mozzetti V, Lacroix C, Kheadr EE, Fliss I, Meile L (2007) Classification of a moderately oxygen-tolerant isolate from baby faeces as Bifidobacterium thermophilum. BMC Microbiol 7:79.
153. Watanabe K, Makino H, Sasamoto M, Kudo Y, Fujimoto J, Demberel S (2009a) Bifidobacterium mongoliense sp. nov., from airag, a traditional fermented mare's milk product from Mongolia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:1535-1540.
154. Watanabe K, Fujimoto J, Tomii Y et al. (2009b) Lactobacillus kisonensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus otakiensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus rapi sp. nov. and Lactobacillus sunkii sp. nov., heterofermentative species isolated from sunki, a traditional Japanese pickle. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:754-760.
155. Wesche AM, Gurtler JB, Marks BP, Ryser ET (2009) Stress, sublethal injury, resuscitation, and virulence of bacterial foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot 72:1121-1138.
156. Whitehead K, Versalovic J, Roos S, Britton RA (2008) Genomic and genetic characterization of the bile stress response of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1812-1819.
157. WHO (2009) Human papillomavirus vaccines. WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 84:118-131.
158. Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR (2007) Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed rats. Nutrition 23:62-68.
159. Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR (2008) Oral administration of dahi containing probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei delayed the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Dairy Res 75:189-195.
160. Zihler A, Le Blay G, de Wouters T et al. (2009a) In vitro inhibition activity of different bacteriocinproducing Escherichia coli against Salmonella strains isolated from clinical cases. Lett Appl Microbiol 49:31-38.
161. Zihler A, Le Blay G, Braegger CP, Lacroix C (2009b) Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 inhibits S. typhimurium in a novel in vitro model of Salmonella infection in children. Environ Microbiol, submitted.
162. Zoumpopoulou G, Foligne B, Christodoulou K, Grangette C, Pot B, Tsakalidou E (2008) Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC 179 displays probiotic potential in vitro and protects against trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis and Salmonella infection in murine models. Int J Food Microbiol 121:18-26.