Models for intestinal fermentation: association between food components, delivery systems, bioavailability and functional interactions in the gut

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 156-162

  Macfarlane, George T ^a   Macfarlane, Sandra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL ORGANS; FOOD PRODUCTS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY;

BIOAVAILABILITY; COLONIC MICROBIOTA; FUNCTIONAL INTERACTIONS; GUT;

FERMENTATION;

XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BIOAVAILABILITY; BIOFILM; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; COLON FLORA; FECES MICROFLORA; FERMENTATION; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD PROCESSING; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE FUNCTION; LARGE INTESTINE; MICROBIAL COLONIZATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; COLON; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY PROTEINS; FERMENTATION; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 34247159880     PISSN: 09581669     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.01.011     Document Type: Review

References (38)

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15. Van de Wiele T.V., Boon N., Possemiers S., Jacobs H., and Verstraete W. Prebiotic effects of chicory inulin in the simulator of the human intestinal ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 51 (2004) 143-153
16. Tzortzis G., Goulas A.K., Gee J.M., and Gibson G.R. A novel galactooligosacccharide mixture increases the bifidobacterial population numbers in a continuous in vitro fermentation system and in the proximal colonic contents of pigs in vivo. J Nutr 135 (2005) 1726-1731. In vitro and in vivo trials were performed on the microbiological effects of a novel mixture of GOS, manufactured enzymically using Bifidobacterium bifidum, using a three-stage gut simulator and pigs, respectively. Selected bacterial communities were studied using FISH technology. Bifidobacterial numbers were stimulated by 1% GOS in the in vitro model, in vessels corresponding to the proximal and transverse colons, while no effects were seen with lactobacilli. In the pig feeding study, inclusion of 1.6% GOS in the diet had no significant effects on bifidobacterial or lactobacillus numbers in colonic contents compared with controls. However, in animals fed 4% GOS, bifidobacterial numbers were significantly higher than in the control animals and those fed 1.6% GOS, showing that, in vivo, higher substrate concentrations were needed to exert bifidogenic effects than in the in vitro model. Fermentation product measurements were only made in the pig studies, so comparisons could not be made with the in vitro fermentation of GOS.
17. Wichienchot S., Prasertsan P., Hongpattarakere T., Gibson G.R., and Rastall R.A. In vitro three-stage continuous fermentation of gluco-oligosaccharides produced by Gluconobacter oxydans NCIMB 4943 by the human colonic microflora. Curr Iss Intest Microbiol 7 (2006) 13-18
18. Macfarlane S., Macfarlane G.T., and Cummings J.H. Prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 24 (2006) 701-714
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20. Belenguer A., Duncan S.H., Calder A., Holtrop G., Louis P., Lobley G.E., and Flint H.J. Two routes of metabolic cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate-producing anaerobes from the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 (2006) 3593-3599. A very important study based on a series of pure and co-culture experiments that show how metabolic cross-feeding can occur between non-butyrate-forming bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing Roseburia sp., Anaerostipes caccae and Eubacterium hallii. Two distinct mechanisms of cross-feeding were identified involving the utilization of bifidobacterium fermentation products, such as lactate and acetate by A. caccae and E. hallii, and the sequestration of hydrolysis products formed by bifidobacteria growing on FOS by the roseburia and E. hallii. These data could explain how high levels can be produced from FOS and inulins in the large gut.
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23. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based studies of the metabolism of food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-3-methyimidazo[4,5- f]quinoline by human intestinal microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005) 5116-5123
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27. Steer T.E., Johnson E.T., Gee J.M., and Gibson G.R. Metabolism of the soyabean isoflavone glycoside genistein in vitro by human gut bacteria and the effect of prebiotics. BJN 90 (2003) 635-642. This paper demonstrates the benefits of regulating the metabolism of the gut microbiota using prebiotics. FOS significantly reduced breakdown of the isoflavone genistein in batch culture experiments and in a three-stage model system. Genistein degradation decreased sequentially in each of the multistage fermentation vessels. Levels of degradation with FOS were 22% (vessel 1), 24% (vessel 2) and 26% (vessel 3), compared with 87%, 95% and 93% with no additions. Increased numbers of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were also found with FOS, concomitant with reduced counts of bacteroides and clostridia.
28. Hopkins M.J., Englyst H., Macfarlane S., Furrie E., Macfarlane G.T., and McBain A.J. Degradation of cross-linked and non-cross-linked arabinoxylans by the intestinal microbiota in children. Appl Environ Microbiol 6 (2003) 6354-6360
29. O'May G.A., Reynolds N., Smith A.R., Kennedy A., and Macfarlane G.T. Effect of pH and antibiotics on microbial overgrowth in the stomach and duodenum of patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding. J Clin Microbiol 43 (2005) 3059-3065
30. O'May G., Reynolds N., and Macfarlane G.T. Effect of pH on an in vitro model of the gastric microbiota in enteral nutrition patients. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005) 4777-4783
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32. Baines S.D., Freeman J., and Wilcox M.H. Effect of piperacillin/tazobactam on Clostridium difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model. J Antimicrob Chemother 55 (2005) 974-982
33. Freeman J., O'Neill F.J., and Wilcox M.H. The effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon Clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage model of the human gut. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 (2003) 96-102
34. Macfarlane S., and Macfarlane G.T. Composition and metabolic activities of bacterial biofilms colonizing food residues in the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 (2006) 6204-6211
35. Probert H.M., and Gibson G.R. Development of a fermentation system to model sessile bacterial populations in the human colon. Biofilms 1 (2004) 13-19
36. Macfarlane S., Woodmansey E.J., and Macfarlane G.T. Colonization of mucin by human intestinal bacteria and establishment of biofilm communities in a two-stage continuous culture system. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005) 7483-7492. A combination of culture and scanning electron confocal microscopy were used to study colonisation of artificial mucin gels in a two-stage fermentation system. Mucin gels immersed in the model system were found to be rapidly colonised by bacteria and phylogenetically and metabolically distinct from their non-adherent counterparts. FISH demonstrated the presence of bacteroides growing in microcolonies, while bifidobacteria were more dispersed on the gels. Mucin was found to be extensively degraded by the luminal bacteria, and the majority of glycoprotein oligosaccharides in the mucin gels were utilized by the adherent bacteria.
37. Cinquin C., Le Blay G., Fliss I., and Lacroix C. New three-stage in vitro model for infant colonic fermentation with immobilized fecal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 (2006) 324-336
38. -1, was shown to increase numbers of lactobacilli and decrease coliforms in both gel beads and in the non-adherent fraction in all three vessels. Reduced ammonia production and increased organic acid formation were also found with FOS. The exopolysaccharide from L. rhamnosus was shown to have no prebiotic effect, and was not metabolised by the infant microbiota.