A review: Inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease, role of cytokines

The Scientific World Journal

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Rubio Perez, Jose Miguel ^a   Morillas Ruiz, Juana Maria ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; CELECOXIB; CHEMOKINE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1 INHIBITOR; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYTOKINE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FLAVONOID; FLURBIPROFEN; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDOMETACIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PREDNISONE; SULINDAC; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; AUTACOID; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; STEROID;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ASTROCYTE; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN CORTEX; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEMENTIA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; MICROGLIA; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEUROIMMUNOLOGY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK REDUCTION; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; ENCEPHALITIS; IMMUNOLOGY; NERVE CELL; PATHOLOGY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ASTROCYTES; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; CYTOKINES; ENCEPHALITIS; FLAVONOIDS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MICROGLIA; NEURONS; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-1; STEROIDS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84861078831     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1537744X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1100/2012/756357     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Alzheimer A, Uber eine eigenartige Erkangkung der Hirnrinde (An unusual illness of the cerebral cortex) Allgemeine Zeitschr Psychisch-Gerichtliche Medizin 1907 64 146 148
2. Hebert L. E., Scherr P. A., Bienias J. L., Bennett D. A., Evans D. A., Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census Archives of Neurology 2003 60 8 1119 1122
3. Wimo A., Jonsson L., Winblad B., An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and direct costs of dementia in 2003 Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2006 21 3 175 181
4. Joachim C. L., Selkoe D. J., The seminal role of -amyloid in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 1992 6 1 7 34
5. Lffler J., Huber G., -Amyloid precursor protein isoforms in various rat brain regions and during brain development Journal of Neurochemistry 1992 59 4 1316 1324
6. Selkoe D. J., Podlisny M. B., Joachim C. L., Vickers E. A., Lee G., Fritz L. C., Oltersdorf T., -Amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer disease occurs as 110- to 135-kilodalton membrane-associated proteins in neural and nonneural tissues Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1988 85 19 7341 7345
7. Graham D. I., Gentleman S. M., Nicoll J. A. R., Baethmann A., Kempski O., Plesnila N., Staub F., Altered beta-APP metabolism after head injury and its relationship to the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage in Cerebral Ischemia and Trauma 1996 Vienna, Austria Springer 96 102
8. Gentleman S. M., Nash M. J., Sweeting C. J., Graham D. I., Roberts G. W., -Amyloid precursor protein ( APP) as a marker for axonal injury after head injury Neuroscience Letters 1993 160 2 139 144
9. Sheng J. G., Boop F. A., Mrak R. E., Griffin W. S. T., Increased neuronal -amyloid precursor protein expression in human temporal lobe epilepsy: association with interleukin-1 immunoreactivity Journal of Neurochemistry 1994 63 5 1872 1879
10. Braak H., Braak E., Strothjohann M., Abnormally phosphorylated tau protein related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in the cerebral cortex of sheep and goat Neuroscience Letters 1994 171 1-2 1 4
11. Griffin W. S. T., Stanley L. C., Ling C., White L., MacLeod V., Perrot L. J., White C. L., Araoz C., Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989 86 19 7611 7615
12. McGeer P. L., Itagaki S., Tago H., McGeer E. G., Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR Neuroscience Letters 1987 79 1-2 195 200
13. Tuppo E. E., Arias H. R., The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 2005 37 2 289 305
14. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., Bradt B., Bauer J., Cole G. M., Cooper N. R., Eikelenboom P., Emmerling M., Fiebich B. L., Finch C. E., Frautschy S., Griffin W. S. T., Hampel H., Hull M., Landreth G., Lue L. F., Mrak R., MacKenzie I. R., McGeer P. L., O'Banion M. K., Pachter J., Pasinetti G., Plata-Salaman C., Rogers J., Rydel R., Shen Y., Streit W., Strohmeyer R., Tooyoma I., Van Muiswinkel F. L., Veerhuis R., Walker D., Webster S., Wegrzyniak B., Wenk G., Wyss-Coray T., Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease Neurobiology of Aging 2000 21 3 383 421
15. Rogers J., Luber-Narod J., Styren S. D., Civin W. H., Expression of immune system-associated antigens by cells of the human central nervous system: relationship to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease Neurobiology of Aging 1988 9 4 339 349
16. Heneka M. T., O'Banion M. K., Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease Journal of Neuroimmunology 2007 184 1-2 69 91
17. Wyss-Coray T., Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response? Nature Medicine 2006 12 9 1005 1015
18. Griffin W. S. T., Sheng J. G., Royston M. C., Gentleman S. M., McKenzie J. E., Graham D. I., Roberts G. W., Mrak R. E., Glial-neuronal interactions in Alzheimer's disease: the potential role of a cytokine cycle in disease progression Brain Pathology 1998 8 1 65 72
19. Mitchell R., Cotran R., Kumar V., Cotran R., Robbins S., Acute and chronic inflammation Robbins Basic Pathology 2003 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Saunders
20. Griffin W. S. T., Mrak R. E., Interleukin-1 in the genesis and progression of and risk for development of neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2002 72 2 233 238
21. Cacquevel M., Lebeurrier N., Chéenne S., Vivien D., Cytokines in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease Current Drug Targets 2004 5 6 529 534
22. Mrak R. E., Griffin W. S. T., Glia and their cytokines in progression of neurodegeneration Neurobiology of Aging 2005 26 3 349 354
23. Finch C. E., Morgan T. E., Systemic inflammation, infection, ApoE alleles, and Alzheimer disease: a position paper Current Alzheimer Research 2007 4 2 185 189
24. Mrak R. E., Sheng J. G., Griffin W. S. T., Glial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: review and pathogenic implications Human Pathology 1995 26 8 816 823
25. Town T., Nikolic V., Tan J., The microglial activation continuum: from innate to adaptive responses Journal of Neuroinflammation 2005 2, article 24
26. Dickson D. W., Farlo J., Davies P., Crystal H., Fuld P., Yen S. H. C., Alzheimer's disease. A double-labeling immunohistochemical study of senile plaques American Journal of Pathology 1988 132 1 86 101
27. Nussbaum R. L., Ellis C. E., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease The New England Journal of Medicine 2003 348 14 1356 1364
28. Findeis M. A., The role of amyloid peptide 42 in Alzheimer's disease Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2007 116 2 266 286
29. Halliday G., Robinson S. R., Shepherd C., Kril J., Alzheimer's disease and inflammation: a review of cellular and therapeutic mechanisms Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2000 27 1-2 1 8
30. Bo R. D., Angeretti N., Lucca E., De Simoni M. G., Forloni G., Reciprocal control of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 and IL-6, -amyloid production in cultures Neuroscience Letters 1995 188 1 70 74
31. Ringheim G. E., Szczepanik A. M., Petko W., Burgher K. L., Zhu S. Z., Chao C. C., Enhancement of beta-amyloid precursor protein transcription and expression by the soluble interleukin-6 receptor/interleukin-6 complex Molecular Brain Research 1998 55 1 35 44
32. Fassbender K., Masters C., Beyreuther K., Alzheimer's disease: an inflammatory disease? Neurobiology of Aging 2000 21 3 433 436
33. Misonou H., Morishima-Kawashima M., Ihara Y., Oxidative stress induces intracellular accumulation of amyloid -protein (A ) in human neuroblastoma cells Biochemistry 2000 39 23 6951 6959
34. Friedlander R. M., Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases The New England Journal of Medicine 2003 348 14 1365 1375
35. Atwood C. S., Obrenovich M. E., Liu T., Chan H., Perry G., Smith M. A., Martins R. N., Amyloid- : a chameleon walking in two worlds: a review of the trophic and toxic properties of amyloid- Brain Research Reviews 2003 43 1 1 16
36. Lindberg C., Hjorth E., Post C., Winblad B., Schultzberg M., Cytokine production by a human microglial cell line: effects of amyloid and -melanocyte-stimulating hormone Neurotoxicity Research 2005 8 3-4 267 276
37. Aisen P. S., Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies Gerontology 1997 43 1-2 143 149
38. Perlmutter L. S., Barron E., Chui H. C., Morphologic association between microglia and senile plaque amyloid in Alzheimer's disease Neuroscience Letters 1990 119 1 32 36
39. McGeer P. L., Kawamata T., Walker D. G., Akiyama H., Tooyama I., McGeer E. G., Microglia in degenerative neurological disease Glia 1993 7 1 84 92
40. Abbas N., Bednar I., Mix E., Marie S., Paterson D., Ljungberg A., Morris C., Winblad B., Nordberg A., Zhu J., Up-regulation of the inflammatory cytokines IFN- and IL-12 and down-regulation of IL-4 in cerebral cortex regions of APPSWE transgenic mice Journal of Neuroimmunology 2002 126 1-2 50 57
41. Bezzi P., Domercq M., Brambilla L., Galli R., Schols D., De Clercq E., Vescovi A., Bagetta G., Kollias G., Meldolesi J., Volterra A., CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFa: amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity Nature Neuroscience 2001 4 7 702 710
42. Brown G. C., Bal-Price A., Inflammatory Neurodegeneration Mediated by Nitric Oxide, Glutamate, and Mitochondria Molecular Neurobiology 2003 27 3 325 355
43. Fetler L., Amigorena S., Brain under surveillance: the microglia patrol Science 2005 309 5733 392 393
44. D'Andrea M. R., Cole G. M., Ard M. D., The microglial phagocytic role with specific plaque types in the Alzheimer disease brain Neurobiology of Aging 2004 25 5 675 683
45. Dickson D. W., Lee S. C., Mattiace L. A., Yen S. H., Brosnan C., Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease Glia 1993 7 1 75 83
46. Barger S. W., Harmon A. D., Microglial activation by alzhelmer amyloid precursor protein and modulation by apolipoprotein E Nature 1997 388 6645 878 881
47. DeGiorgio L. A., Shimizu Y., Chun H. S., Kim Y. S., Sugama S., Son J. H., Joh T. H., Volpe B. T., Amyloid precursor protein gene disruption attenuates degeneration of substantia nigra compacta neurons following axotomy Brain Research 2002 938 1-2 38 44
48. Permanne B., Adessi C., Saborio G. P., Fraga S., Frossard M. J., Van Dorpe J., Dewachter I., Banks W. A., Van Leuven F., Soto C., Reduction of amyloid load and cerebral damage in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by treatment with a beta-sheet breaker peptide The FASEB Journal 2002 16 8 860 862
49. Combs C. K., Colleen Karlo J., Kao S. C., Landreth G. E., -amyloid stimulation of microglia anti monocytes results in TNF -dependent expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal apoptosis Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 4 1179 1188
50. Ho G. J., Drego R., Hakimian E., Masliah E., Mechanisms of cell signaling and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease Current Drug Targets: Inflammation and Allergy 2005 4 2 247 256
51. Frautschy S. A., Yang F., Irrizarry M., Hyman B., Saido T. C., Hsiao K., Cole G. M., Microglial response to amyloid plaques in APPsw transgenic mice American Journal of Pathology 1998 152 1 307 317
52. Qiu W. Q., Walsh D. M., Ye Z., Vekrellis K., Zhang J., Podlisny M. B., Rosner M. R., Safavi A., Hersh L. B., Selkoe D. J., Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates extracellular levels of amyloid -protein by degradation The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998 273 49 32730 32738
53. Liu B., Hong J. S., Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and strategies for therapeutic intervention Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003 304 1 1 7
54. Gelinas D. S., DaSilva K., Fenili D., George P. St., McLaurin J., Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 2 14657 14662
55. Holmes C., Boche D., Wilkinson D., Yadegarfar G., Hopkins V., Bayer A., Jones R. W., Bullock R., Love S., Neal J. W., Zotova E., Nicoll J. A., Long-term effects of A 42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial The Lancet 2008 372 9634 216 223
56. Frenkel D., Maron R., Burt D. S., Weiner H. L., Nasal vaccination with a proteosome-based adjuvant and glatiramer acetate clears -amyloid in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 9 2423 2433
57. Roner S., Lange-Dohna C., Zeitschel U., Perez-Polo J. R., Alzheimer's disease -secretase BACE1 is not a neuron-specific enzyme Journal of Neurochemistry 2005 92 2 226 234
58. McGeer P. L., McGeer E. G., The possible role of complement activation in Alzheimer disease Trends in Molecular Medicine 2002 8 11 519 523
59. Shen Y., Meri S., Yin and Yang: complement activation and regulation in Alzheimer's disease Progress in Neurobiology 2003 70 6 463 472
60. Bohlson S. S., Fraser D. A., Tenner A. J., Complement proteins C1q and MBL are pattern recognition molecules that signal immediate and long-term protective immune functions Molecular Immunology 2007 44 13 33 43
61. Kohl J., The role of complement in danger sensing and transmission Immunologic Research 2006 34 2 157 176
62. Gasque P., Complement: a unique innate immune sensor for danger signals Molecular Immunology 2004 41 11 1089 1098
63. Barnum S. R., Complement biosynthesis in the central nervous system Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 1995 6 2 132 146
64. Gasque P., Fontaine M., Morgan B. P., Complement expression in human brain: biosynthesis of terminal pathway components and regulators in human glial cells and cell lines Journal of Immunology 1995 154 9 4726 4733
65. Morgan B. P., Gasque P., Expression of complement in the brain: role in health and disease Immunology Today 1996 17 10 461 466
66. Nataf S., Stahel P. F., Davoust N., Barnum S. R., Complement anaphylatoxin receptors on neurons: new tricks for old receptors? Trends in Neurosciences 1999 22 9 397 402
67. Bonifati D. M., Kishore U., Role of complement in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation Molecular Immunology 2007 44 5 999 1010
68. O'Barr S. A., Caguioa J., Gruol D., Perkins G., Ember J. A., Hugli T., Cooper N. R., Neuronal expression of a functional receptor for the C5a complement activation fragment Journal of Immunology 2001 166 6 4154 4162
69. Bénard M., Raoult E., Vaudry D., Leprince J., Falluel-Morel A., Gonzalez B. J., Galas L., Vaudry H., Fontaine M., Role of complement anaphylatoxin receptors (C3aR, C5aR) in the development of the rat cerebellum Molecular Immunology 2008 45 14 3767 3774
70. Emmerling M. R., Watson M. D., Raby C. A., Spiegel K., The role of complement in Alzheimer's disease pathology Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2000 1502 1 158 171
71. Tenner A. J., Complement in Alzheimer's disease: opportunities for modulating protective and pathogenic events Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 6 849 861
72. Rogers J., Cooper N. R., Webster S., Schultz J., McGeer P. L., Styren S. D., Civin W. H., Brachova L., Bradt B., Ward P., Lieberburg I., Complement activation by -amyloid in Alzheimer disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992 89 21 10016 10020
73. Afagh A., Cummings B. J., Cribbs D. H., Cotman C. W., Tenner A. J., Localization and cell association of C1q in Alzheimer's disease brain Experimental Neurology 1996 138 1 22 32
74. Mukherjee P., Pasinetti G. M., The role of complement anaphylatoxin C5a in neurodegeneration: implications in Alzheimer's disease Journal of Neuroimmunology 2000 105 2 124 130
75. Maier M., Peng Y., Jiang L., Seabrook T. J., Carroll M. C., Lemere C. A., Complement C3 deficiency leads to accelerated amyloid plaque deposition and neurodegeneration and modulation of the microglia/macrophage phenotype in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice Journal of Neuroscience 2008 28 25 6333 6341
76. Wyss-Coray T., Yan F., Lin A. H. T., Lambris J. D., Alexander J. J., Quigg R. J., Masliah E., Prominent neurodegeneration and increased plaque formation in complement-inhibited Alzheimer's mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002 99 16 10837 10842
77. Luster A. D., Mechanisms of disease: ChemokinesChemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation The New England Journal of Medicine 1998 338 7 436 445
78. Owens T., Babcock A. A., Millward J. M., Toft-Hansen H., Cytokine and chemokine inter-regulation in the inflamed or injured CNS Brain Research Reviews 2005 48 2 178 184
79. Hesselgesser J., Horuk R., Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system Journal of NeuroVirology 1999 5 1 13 26
80. Glabinski A. R., Ransohoff R. M., Chemokines and chemokine receptors in CNS pathology Journal of NeuroVirology 1999 5 1 3 12
81. Xia M., Hyman B. T., Chemokines/chemokine receptors in the central nervous system and Alzheimer's disease Journal of NeuroVirology 1999 5 1 32 41
82. Davis S., Laroche S., What can rodent models tell us about cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease? Molecular Neurobiology 2003 27 3 249 276
83. Pavlov V. A., Tracey K. J., The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2005 19 6 493 499
84. Natarajan C., Bright J. J., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist inhibit experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by blocking IL-12 production, IL-12 signaling and Th1 differentiation Genes and Immunity 2002 3 2 59 70
85. Botchkina G. I., Meistrell M. E., Botchkina I. L., Tracey K. J., Expression of TNF and TNF receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia Molecular Medicine 1997 3 11 765 781
86. Breder C. D., Tsujimoto M., Terano Y., Scott D. W., Saper C. B., Distribution and characterization of tumor necrosis factor- -like immunoreactivity in the murine central nervous system Journal of Comparative Neurology 1993 337 4 543 567
87. Gong C., Qin Z., Betz A. L., Liu X. H., Yang G. Y., Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor alpha following focal cerebral ischemia in mice Brain Research 1998 801 1-2 1 8
88. Murphy P. G., Borthwick L. S., Johnston R. S., Kuchel G., Richardson P. M., Nature of the retrograde signal from injured nerves that induces interleukin-6 mRNA in neurons Journal of Neuroscience 1999 19 10 3791 3800
89. Orzyowska O., Oderfeld-Nowak B., Zaremba M., Januszewski S., Mossakowski M., Prolonged and concomitant induction of astroglial immunoreactivity of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in the rat hippocampus after transient global ischemia Neuroscience Letters 1999 263 1 72 76
90. Suzuki S., Tanaka K., Nagata E., Ito D., Dembo T., Fukuuchi Y., Cerebral neurons express interleukin-6 after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils Neuroscience Letters 1999 262 2 117 120
91. Tchelingerian J. L., Vignais L., Jacque C., TNF gene expression is induced in neurones after a hippocampal lesion NeuroReport 1994 5 5 585 588
92. Yan S. D., Yan S. F., Chen X., Fu J., Chen M., Kuppusamy P., Smith M. A., Perry G., Godman G. C., Nawroth P., Zweier J. L., Stern D., Non-enzymatically glycated tau in Alzheimer's disease induces neuronal oxidant stress resulting in cytokine gene expression and release of amyloid -peptide Nature Medicine 1995 1 7 693 699
93. Yermakova A., O'Banion M. K., Cyclooxygenases in the central nervous system: implications for treatment of neurological disorders Current Pharmaceutical Design 2000 6 17 1755 1776
94. Yan S. D., Zhu H., Fu J., Yan S. F., Roher A., Tourtellotte W. W., Rajavashisth T., Chen X., Godman G. C., Stern D., Schmidt A. M., Amyloid- peptide-receptor for advanced glycation endproduct interaction elicits neuronal expression of macrophage-colony stimulating factor: a proinflammatory pathway in Alzheimer disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997 94 10 5296 5301
95. Heneka M. T., Wiesinger H., Dumitrescu-Ozimek L., Riederer P., Feinstein D. L., Klockgether T., Neuronal and glial coexpression of argininosuccinate synthetase and inducible nitric oxide synthase in Alzheimer disease Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2001 60 9 906 916
96. Vodovotz Y., Lucia M. S., Flanders K. C., Chesler L., Xie Q. W., Smith T. W., Weidner J., Mumford R., Webber R., Nathan C., Roberts A. B., Lippa C. F., Sporn M. B., Inducible nitric oxide synthase in tangle-bearing neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease Journal of Experimental Medicine 1996 184 4 1425 1433
97. Lee S. C., Zhao M. L., Hirano A., Dickson D. W., Inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the Alzheimer disease hippocampus: association with Hirano bodies, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1999 58 11 1163 1169
98. Smith M. A., Richey Harris P. L., Sayre L. M., Beckman J. S., Perry G., Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage in Alzheimer's disease Journal of Neuroscience 1997 17 8 2653 2657
99. Boje K. M., Arora P. K., Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death Brain Research 1992 587 2 250 256
100. Heneka M. T., Lschmann P. A., Gleichmann M., Weller M., Schulz J. B., Wllner U., Klockgether T., Induction of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis in neuronal PC12 cells after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor- /lipopolysaccharide Journal of Neurochemistry 1998 71 1 88 94
101. Steinman L., A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the T H1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage Nature Medicine 2007 13 2 139 145
102. Meager A., Meyers R., Cytokines: interleukins Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine 2004 Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH 115 151
103. Meager A., Meyers R., Viral inhibitors and immune response mediators: the interferons Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine 2005 Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH 387 421
104. Walker D., McGeer E., McGeer P., Antel J., Birnbaum G., Hrtung H., Involvement of inflammation and complement in Alzheimer's disease Clinical Neuroimmunology 1997 Oxford, UK Blackwell Scientific 172 188
105. McGeer E., McGeer P., Inflammatory cytokines in the CNS CNS Drugs 1997 7 214 287
106. Forloni G., Mangiarotti F., Angeretti N., Lucca E., De Simoni M. G., -amyloid fragment potentiates IL-6 and TNF- secretion by LPS in astrocytes but not in microglia Cytokine 1997 9 10 759 762
107. Boraschi D., Bossu P., Ruggiero P., Tagliabue A., Bertini R., Macchia G., Gasbarro C., Pellegrini L., Melillo G., Ulisse E., Visconti U., Bizzarri C., Del Grosso E., Mackay A. R., Frascotti G., Frigerio F., Grifantini R., Grandi G., Mapping of receptor binding sites on IL-1 by reconstruction of IL-1ra- like domains Journal of Immunology 1995 155 10 4719 4725
108. Winter C. D., Iannotti F., Pringle A. K., Trikkas C., Clough G. F., Church M. K., A microdialysis method for the recovery of IL-1, IL-6 and nerve growth factor from human brain in vivo Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2002 119 1 45 50
109. Woodroofe M. N., Sarna G. S., Wadhwa M., Hayes G. M., Loughlin A. J., Tinker A., Cuzner M. L., Detection of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in adult rat brain, following mechanical injury, by in vivo microdialysis: evidence of a role for microglia in cytokine production Journal of Neuroimmunology 1991 33 3 227 236
110. Rossi F., Bianchini E., Synergistic induction of nitric oxide by beta-amyloid and cytokines in astrocytes Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1996 225 474 478
111. Mrak R. E., Griffin W. S. T., Interleukin-1, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 6 903 908
112. Hammacher A., Ward L. D., Weinstock J., Treutlein H., Yasukawa K., Simpson R. J., Structure-function analysis of human IL-6: identification of two distinct regions that are important for receptor binding Protein Science 1994 3 12 2280 2293
113. Raivich G., Bohatschek M., Kloss C. U. A., Werner A., Jones L. L., Kreutzberg G. W., Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function Brain Research Reviews 1999 30 1 77 105
114. Hopkins S. J., Rothwell N. J., Cytokines and the nervous system I: expression and recognition Trends in Neurosciences 1995 18 2 83 88
115. Benveniste E. N., Cytokine actions in the central nervous system Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 1998 9 3-4 259 275
116. Selmaj K. W., Farooq M., Norton W. T., Raine C. S., Brosnan C. F., Proliferation of astrocytes in vitro in response to cytokines. A primary role for tumor necrosis factor Journal of Immunology 1990 144 1 129 135
117. Heyser C. J., Masliah E., Samimi A., Campbell I. L., Gold L. H., Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997 94 4 1500 1505
118. Castell J. V., Andus T., Kunz D., Heinrich P. C., Interleukin-6: the major regulator of acute-phase protein synthesis in man and rat Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1989 557 87 99. discussion pp. 100-101
119. Perry R. T., Collins J. S., Wiener H., Acton R., Go R. C. P., The role of TNF and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 6 873 883
120. Blasko I., Marx F., Steiner E., Hartmann T., Grubeck-Loebenstein B., TNF plus IFN induce the production of alzheimer -amyloid peptides and decrease the secretion of APPs FASEB Journal 1999 13 1 63 68
121. Eikelenboom P., Zhan S. S., Van Gool W. A., Allsop D., Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1994 15 12 447 450
122. McGeer P. L., McGeer E. G., The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases Brain Research Reviews 1995 21 2 195 218
123. Eikelenboom P., Van Gool W. A., Neuroinflammatory perspectives on the two faces of Al'zheimer's disease Journal of Neural Transmission 2004 111 3 281 294
124. Chong Y., Effect of a carboxy-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein on expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rat glial cells Life Sciences 1997 61 23 2323 2333
125. Plata-Salamn C. R., Ilyin S. E., Gayle D., Brain cytokine mRNAs in anorectic rats bearing prostate adenocarcinoma tumor cells American Journal of Physiology 1998 275 2 R566 R573
126. Dinarello C. A, Interleukin-1, interleukin-1 receptors and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist International Reviews of Immunology 1998 16 457 499
127. Dinarello C. A., Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease Blood 1996 87 6 2095 2147
128. Dinarello C. A., Induction of interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Seminars in Oncology 1997 24 S9-81 S9-93
129. Sims J. E., Gayle M. A., Slack J. L., Alderson M. R., Bird T. A., Giri J. G., Colotta F., Re F., Mantovani A., Shanebeck K., Grabstein K. H., Dower S. K., Interleukin 1 signaling occurs exclusively via the type I receptor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993 90 13 6155 6159
130. Carter D. B., Deibel M. R., Dunn C. J., Tomich C. S. C., Laborde A. L., Slightom J. L., Berger A. E., Bienkowski M. J., Sun F. F., McEwan R. N., Harris P. K. W., Yem A. W., Waszak G. A., Chosay J. G., Sieu L. C., Hardee M. M., Zurcher-Neely H. A., Reardon I. M., Heinrikson R. L., Purification, cloning, expression and biological characterization of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein Nature 1990 344 6267 633 638
131. Lundkvist J., Sundgren-Andersson A. K., Tingsborg S., Acute-phase responses in transgenic mice with CNS overexpression of IL-1 receptor antagonist American Journal of Physiology 1999 276 R644 R651
132. Liu J., Zhao M. L., Brosnan C. F., Lee S. C., Expression of type II nitric oxide synthase in primary human astrocytes and microglia: role of IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist Journal of Immunology 1996 157 8 3569 3576
133. Thornton P., Pinteaux E., Gibson R. M., Allan S. M., Rothwell N. J., Interleukin-1-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by glia and requires caspase activation and free radical release Journal of Neurochemistry 2006 98 1 258 266
134. Relton J. K., Rothwell N. J., Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits ischaemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat Brain Research Bulletin 1992 29 2 243 246
135. Brown M. A., Hural J., Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression Critical Reviews in Immunology 1997 17 1 1 32
136. Wang P., Wu P., Siegel M. I., Egan R. W., Billah M. M., Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits nuclear factor B (NF B) activation in human monocytes. IL-10 and IL-4 suppress cytokine synthesis by different mechanisms The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995 270 16 9558 9563
137. Hart P. H., Vitti G. F., Burgess D. R., Whitty G. A., Piccoli D. S., Hamilton J. A., Potential antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: suppression of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1, and prostagandin E2 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989 86 10 3803 3807
138. Chao C. C., Molitor T. W., Hu S., Neuroprotective role of IL-4 against activated microglia Journal of Immunology 1993 151 3 1473 1481
139. Szczepanik A. M., Funes S., Petko W., Ringheim G. E., IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 modulate A (1-42)-induced cytokine and chemokine production in primary murine microglia and a human monocyte cell line Journal of Neuroimmunology 2001 113 1 49 62
140. Strle K., Zhou J. H., Shen W. H., Broussard S. R., Johnson R. W., Freund G. G., Dantzer R., Kelley K. W., Interleukin-10 in the brain Critical Reviews in Immunology 2001 21 5 427 449
141. Franciosi S., Choi H. B., Kim S. U., McLarnon J. G., IL-8 enhancement of amyloid-beta (Abeta 1-42)-induced expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 in cultured human microglia Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005 159 66 74
142. Ledeboer A., Brevé J. J. P., Wierinckx A., Van Der Jagt S., Bristow A. F., Leysen J. E., Tilders F. J. H., Van Dam A. M., Expression and regulation of interleukin-10 and interleukin-10 receptor in rat astroglial and microglial cells European Journal of Neuroscience 2002 16 7 1175 1185
143. Clarke C. J. P., Hales A., Hunt A., Foxwell B. M. J., IL-10-mediated suppression of TNF- production is independent of its ability to inhibit NF B activity European Journal of Immunology 1998 28 5 1719 1726
144. Gerard C., Bruyns C., Marchant A., Abramowicz D., Vandenabeele P., Delvaux A., Fiers W., Goldman M., Velu T., Interleukin 10 reduces the release of tumor necrosis factor and prevents lethality in experimental endotoxemia Journal of Experimental Medicine 1993 177 2 547 550
145. Marchant A., Bruyns C., Vandenabeele P., Ducarme M., Gerard C., Delvaux A., De Groote D., Abramowicz D., Velu T., Goldman M., Interleukin-10 controls interferon- and tumor necrosis factor production during experimental endotoxemia European Journal of Immunology 1994 24 5 1167 1171
146. Dickensheets H. L., Freeman S. L., Smith M. F., Donnelly R. P., Interleukin-10 upregulates tumor necrosis factor receptor type-II (p75) gene expression in endotoxin-stimulated human monocytes Blood 1997 90 10 4162 4171
147. Joyce D. A., Gibbons D. P., Green P., Steer J. H., Feldmann M., Brennan F. M., Two inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, interleukin-10 and interleukin-4, have contrasting effects on release of soluble p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor by cultured monocytes European Journal of Immunology 1994 24 11 2699 2705
148. Norgaard P., Hougaard S., Poulsen H. S., Spang-Thomsen M., Transforming growth factor beta and cancer Cancer Treatment Reviews 1995 21 367 403
149. Kingsley D. M., The TGF- superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms Genes and Development 1994 8 2 133 146
150. Letterio J. J., Roberts A. B., TGF- : a critical modulator of immune cell function Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1997 84 3 244 250
151. Van Der Wal E. A., Gomez-Pinilla F., Cotman C. W., Transforming growth factor- 1 is in plaques in Alzheimer and Down pathologies NeuroReport 1993 4 1 69 72
152. Chao C. C., Hu S., Frey W. H. 2nd, Ala T. A., Tourtellotte W. W., Peterson P. K., Transforming growth factor beta in Alzheimer's disease Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1994 1 1 109 110
153. Chun C. C., Ala T. A., Hu S., Crossley K. B., Sherman R. E., Peterson P. K., Frey W. H.I.I., Serum cytokine levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1994 1 4 433 436
154. Wyss-Coray T., Lin L., Von Euw D., Masliah E., Mucke L., Lacombe P., Alzheimer's disease-like cerebrovascular pathology in transforming growth factor- 1 transgenic mice and functional metabolic correlates Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2000 903 317 323
155. Lippa C. F., Fujiwara H., Mann D. M.A., Giasson B., Baba M., Schmidt M. L., Nee L. E., O'Connell B., Pollen D. A., St. George-Hyslop P., Ghetti B., Nochlin D., Bird T. D., Cairns N. J., Lee V. M.-Y., Iwatsubo T., Trojanowski J. Q., Lewy bodies contain altered -synuclein in brains of many familial Alzheimer's disease patients with mutations in presenilin and amyloid precursor protein genes American Journal of Pathology 1998 153 5 1365 1370
156. Levi-Montalcini R., The nerve growth factor: thirty-five years later Bioscience Reports 1987 7 9 681 699
157. Blasko I., Lederer W., Oberbauer H., Walch T., Kemmler G., Hinterhuber H., Marksteiner J., Humpel C., Measurement of thirteen biological markers in CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2005 21 1 9 15
158. Hock C., Heese K., Mller-Spahn F., Huber P., Riesen W., Nitsch R. M., Otten U., Increased CSF levels of nerve growth factor in patients with Alzheimer's disease Neurology 2000 54 10 2009 2011
159. Marksteiner J., Pirchl M., Ullrich C., Oberbauer H., Blasko I., Lederer W., Hinterhuber H., Humpel C., Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients: biomarkers and toxic properties Pharmacology 2008 82 3 214 220
160. Olson L., Nordberg A., Von Holst H., Backman L., Ebendal T., Alafuzoff I., Amberla K., Hartvig P., Herlitz A., Lilja A., Lundqvist H., Langstrom B., Meyerson B., Persson A., Viitanen M., Winblad B., Seiger A., Nerve growth factor effects 11C-nicotine binding, blood flow, EEG, and verbal episodic memory in an Alzheimer patient. (Case report) Journal of Neural Transmission 1992 4 1 79 95
161. Fahnestock M., Michalski B., Xu B., Coughlin M. D., The precursor pro-nerve growth factor is the predominant form of nerve growth factor in brain and is increased in Alzheimer's disease Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2001 18 2 210 220
162. Mufson E. J., Ma S. Y., Dills J., Cochran E. J., Leurgans S., Wuu J., Bennett D. A., Jaffar S., Gilmor M. L., Levey A. I., Kordower J. H., Loss of basal forebrain p75NTR immunoreactivity in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease Journal of Comparative Neurology 2002 443 2 136 153
163. Fukumura D., Xu L., Chen Y., Gohongi T., Seed B., Jain R. K., Hypoxia and acidosis independently up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor transcription in brain tumors in vivo Cancer Research 2001 61 16 6020 6024
164. Tarkowski E., Issa R., Sjgren M., Wallin A., Blennow K., Tarkowski A., Kumar P., Increased intrathecal levels of the angiogenic factors VEGF and TGF- in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia Neurobiology of Aging 2002 23 2 237 243
165. Gianni D., Zambrano N., Bimonte M., Minopoli G., Mercken L., Talamo F., Scaloni A., Russo T., Platelet-derived growth factor induces the - -secretase-mediated cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein through a Src-Rac-dependent pathway The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003 278 11 9290 9297
166. Zambrano N., Gianni D., Bruni P., Passaro F., Telese F., Russo T., Fe65 is not involved in the platelet-derived growth factor-induced processing of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein, which activates its caspase-directed cleavage The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004 279 16 16161 16169
167. Lim J. S., Cho H., Hong H. S., Kwon H., Mook-Jung I., Kwon Y. K., Upregulation of amyloid precursor protein by platelet-derived growth factor in hippocampal precursor cells NeuroReport 2007 18 12 1225 1229
168. Carro E., Trejo J. L., Gomez-Isla T., LeRoith D., Torres-Aleman I., Serum insulin-like growth factor I regulates brain amyloid- levels Nature Medicine 2002 8 12 1390 1397
169. Aguado-Llera D., Arilla-Ferreiro E., Campos-Barros A., Puebla-Jiménez L., Barrios V., Protective effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on the somatostatinergic system in the temporal cortex of -amyloid-treated rats Journal of Neurochemistry 2005 92 3 607 615
170. Hashimoto Y., Chiba T., Yamada M., Nawa M., Kanekura K., Suzuki H., Terashita K., Aiso S., Nishimoto I., Matsuoka M., Transforming growth factor 2 is a neuronal death-inducing ligand for amyloid- precursor protein Molecular and Cellular Biology 2005 25 21 9304 9317
171. Hashimoto Y., Nawa M., Chiba T., Aiso S., Nishimoto I., Matsuoka M., Transforming growth factor 2 autocrinally mediates neuronal cell death induced by amyloid- Journal of Neuroscience Research 2006 83 6 1039 1047
172. Morita I., Distinct functions of COX-1 and COX-2 Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators 2002 68-69 165 175
173. Hoozemans J. J. M., Veerhuis R., Rozemuller A. J. M., Eikelenboom P., Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase in Alzheimer's disease Current Drug Targets 2003 4 6 461 468
174. In't Veid B. A., Launer L. J., Breteler M. M. B., Hofman A., Stricker B. H. C., Pharmacologic agents associated with a preventive effect on Alzheimer's disease: a review of the epidemiologic evidence Epidemiologic Reviews 2002 24 2 248 268
175. Etminan M., Gill S., Samii A., Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies British Medical Journal 2003 327 7407 128 131
176. Pasinetti G. M., From epidemiology to therapeutic trials with anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease: the role of NSAIDs and cyclooxygenase in -amyloidosis and clinical dementia Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2002 4 5 435 445
177. Zandi P. P., Breitner J. C. S., Do NSAIDs prevent Alzheimer's disease? And, if so, why? The epidemiological evidence Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 6 811 817
178. in 't Veld B. A., Ruitenberg A., Hofman A., Launer L. J., Van Duijn C. M., Stijnen T., Breteler M. M. B., Stricker B. H. C., Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of Alzheimer's disease The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 345 21 1515 1521
179. Mackenzie I. R. A., Postmortem studies of the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on Alzheimer-type pathology and associated inflammation Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 6 819 822
180. Ho L., Pieroni C., Winger D., Purohit D. P., Aisen P. S., Pasinetti G. M., Regional distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease Journal of Neuroscience Research 1999 57 3 295 303
181. Yasojima K., Schwab C., McGeer E. G., McGeer P. L., Distribution of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs and proteins in human brain and peripheral organs Brain Research 1999 830 2 226 236
182. Nogawa S., Takao M., Suzuki S., Tanaka K., Koto A., Fukuuchi Y., COX-2 expression in brains of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease International Congress Series 2003 1252 363 372
183. Weggen S., Eriksen J. L., Das P., Sagi S. A., Wang R., Pietrzik C. U., Findlay K. A., Smith T. E., Murphy M. P., Bulter T., Kang D. E., Marquez-Sterling N., Golde T. E., Koo E. H., A subset of NSAIDs lower amyloidogenic A 42 independently of cyclooxygenase activity Nature 2001 414 6860 212 216
184. Yan Q., Zhang J., Liu H., Babu-Khan S., Vassar R., Biere A. L., Citron M., Landreth G., Anti-inflammatory drug therapy alters -amyloid processing and deposition in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease Journal of Neuroscience 2003 23 20 7504 7509
185. Eriksen J. L., Sagi S. A., Smith T. E., Weggen S., Das P., McLendon D. C., Ozols V. V., Jessing K. W., Zavitz K. H., Koo E. H., Golde T. E., NSAIDs and enantiomers of flurbiprofen target -secretase and lower A 42 in vivo Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003 112 3 440 449
186. Blasko I., Apochal A., Boeck G., Hartmann T., Grubeck-Loebenstein B., Ransmayr G., Ibuprofen decreases cytokine-induced amyloid beta production in neuronal cells Neurobiology of Disease 2001 8 6 1094 1101
187. Bate C., Veerhuis R., Eikelenboom P., Williams A., Neurones treated with cyclo-oxygenase-1 inhibitors are resistant to amyloid-beta1-42 Neuroreport 2003 14 16 2099 2103
188. Combs C. K., Bates P., Karlo J. C., Landreth G. E., Regulation of -amyloid stimulated proinflammatory responses by peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor Neurochemistry International 2001 39 5-6 449 457
189. Landreth G. E., Heneka M. T., Anti-inflammatory actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists in Alzheimer's disease Neurobiology of Aging 2001 22 6 937 944
190. Aisen P. S., The potential of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease The Lancet Neurology 2002 1 5 279 284
191. Aisen P. S., Schafer K. A., Grundman M., Pfeiffer E., Sano M., Davis K. L., Farlow M. R., Jin S., Thomas R. G., Thal L. J.,. Effects of rofecoxib or naproxen vs placebo on Alzheimer disease progression: a randomized controlled trial Journal of the American Medical Association 2003 289 21 2819 2826
192. Reines S. A., Block G. A., Morris J. C., Liu G., Nessly M. L., Lines C. R., Norman B. A., Baranak C. C., No effect on Alzheimer's disease in a 1-year, randomized, blinded, controlled study Neurology 2004 62 1 66 71
193. Hll M., Lieb K., Fiebich B. L., Pathways of inflammatory activation in Alzheimer's disease: potential targets for disease modifying drugs Current Medicinal Chemistry 2002 9 1 83 88
194. Harris-White M. E., Chu T., Miller S. A., Simmons M., Teter B., Nash D., Cole G. M., Frautschy S. A., Estrogen (E2) and glucocorticoid (Gc) effects on microglia and A clearance in vitro and in vivo Neurochemistry International 2001 39 5-6 435 448
195. Szczepanik A. M., Ringheim G. E., IL-10 and glucocorticoids inhibit A (1-42) and lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine induction in the central nervous system Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2003 5 2 105 117
196. Aisen P. S., Davis K. L., Berg J. D., Schafer K., Campbell K., Thomas R. G., Weiner M. F., Farlow M. R., Sano M., Grundman M., Thal L. J., A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in Alzheimer's disease Neurology 2000 54 3 588 593
197. Ferrari E., Arcaini A., Gornati R., Pelanconi L., Cravello L., Fioravanti M., Solerte S. B., Magri F., Pineal and pituitary-adrenocortical function in physiological aging and in senile dementia Experimental Gerontology 2000 35 9-10 1239 1250
198. Peskind E. R., Wilkinson C. W., Petrie E. C., Schellenberg G. D., Raskind M. A., Increased CSF cortisol in AD is a function of APOE genotype Neurology 2001 56 8 1094 1098
199. Beecher G. R., Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake Journal of Nutrition 2003 133 10 3248S 3254S
200. Hashimoto F., Ono M., Masuoka C., Ito Y., Sakata Y., Shimizu K., Nonaka G. I., Nishioka I., Nohara T., Evaluation of the anti-oxidative effect (in vitro) of tea polyphenols Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2003 67 2 396 401
201. Bors W., Saran M., Radical scavenging by flavonoid antioxidants Free Radical Research Communications 1987 2 46 289 294
202. Zheng L. T., Ock J., Kwon B. M., Suk K., Suppressive effects of flavonoid fisetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity International Immunopharmacology 2008 8 3 484 494
203. Kim J. S., Jobin C., The flavonoid luteolin prevents lipopolysaccharide- induced NF- B signalling and gene expression by blocking I B kinase activity in intestinal epithelial cells and bone-marrow derived dendritic cells Immunology 2005 115 3 375 387
204. Kim J. Y., Kina T., Iwanaga Y., Noguchi H., Matsumura K., Hyon S. H., Tea polyphenol inhibits allostimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture Cell Transplantation 2007 16 1 75 83
205. Tae H. K., Jin H. L., Chung K. S., Hee D. H., Byung C. S., Pai S. I., Hung C. F., Trimble C., Lim J. S., Tae W. K., Wu T. C., Epigallocatechin-3- gallate enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity induced by DNA vaccination Cancer Research 2007 67 2 802 811
206. Min K., Yoon W. K., Kim S. K., Kim B. H., Immunosuppressive effect of silibinin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Archives of Pharmacal Research 2007 30 10 1265 1272
207. Ahn H. Y., Xu Y., Davidge S. T., Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate inhibits TNF -induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production from vascular endothelial cells Life Sciences 2008 82 17-18 964 968
208. Xu Z., Chen S., Li X., Luo G., Li L., Le W., Neuroprotective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurochemical Research 2006 31 10 1263 1269
209. Goyarzu P., Malin D. H., Lau F. C., Taglialatela G., Moon W. D., Jennings R., Moy E., Moy D., Lippold S., Shukitt-Hale B., Joseph J. A., Blueberry supplemented diet: effects on object recognition memory and nuclear factor-kappa B levels in aged rats Nutritional Neuroscience 2004 7 2 75 83
210. Joseph J. A., Denisova N. A., Arendash G., Gordon M., Diamond D., Shukitt-Hale B., Morgan D., Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model Nutritional Neuroscience 2003 6 3 153 162
211. Obregon D. F., Rezai-Zadeh K., Bai Y., Sun N., Hou H., Ehrhart J., Zeng J., Mori T., Arendash G. W., Shytle D., Town T., Tan J., ADAM10 activation is required for green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate- induced -secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006 281 24 16419 16427
212. Laurin D., Masaki K. H., Foley D. J., White L. R., Launer L. J., Midlife dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of late-life incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study American Journal of Epidemiology 2004 159 10 959 967
213. White L. R., Petrovitch H., Ross G. W., Masaki K., Hardman J., Nelson J., Davis D., Markesbery W., Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2000 19 2 242 255
214. Engelhart M. J., Geerlings M. I., Ruitenberg A., Van Swieten J. C., Hofman A., Witteman J. C. M., Breteler M. M. B., Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease Journal of the American Medical Association 2002 287 24 3223 3229
215. Commenges D., Scotet V., Renaud S., Jacqmin-Gadda H., Barberger-Gateau P., Dartigues J. F., Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia European Journal of Epidemiology 2000 16 4 357 363