Interleukin-1, interleukin-1 receptors and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

International Reviews of Immunology

Volumn 16, Issue 5-6, 1998, Pages 457-499

  Dinarello, Charles A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Host defense; IL 1 converting enzyme; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031831906     PISSN: 08830185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08830189809043005     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Colotta, F., Dower, S.K., Sims, J.E. and Mantovani, A. The type II "decoy" receptor: a novel regulatory pathway for interleukin-1. Immunol. Today 15 (1994) 562-566.
2. Greenfeder, S.A., Nunes, P., Kwee, L., Labow, M., Chizzonite, R.A. and Ju, G. Molecular cloning and characterization of a second subunit of the interleukin-1 receptor complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 13757-13765.
3. Polan, M.L., Loukides, J.A. and Honig, J. Interleukin-1 in human ovarian cells and in peripheral blood monocytes increases during the luteal phase: evidence of a midcycle surge in the human. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170 (1994) 1000-1006.
4. Stevenson, F.T., Torrano, F., Locksley, R.M. and Lovett, D.H. Interleukin-1: the patterns of translation and intracellular distribution support alternative secretory mechanisms. J. Cell Physiol. 152 (1992) 223-231.
5. Mosley, B., Urdal, D.L., Prickett, K.S., Larsen, A., Cosman, D., Conlon, P.J., Gillis, S. and Dower, S.K. The interleukin-1 receptor binds the human interleukin-1α precursor but not the interleukin-1β precusor. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 2941-2944.
6. Kobayashi, Y., Oppenheim, J.J. and Matsushima, K. Human pre-interleukin-1α and b: structural features revealed by limited proteolysis. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 39 (1991) 1513-1517.
7. Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, K., Saido, T., Kawasaki, H., Oppenheim, J.J. and Matsushima, K. Identification of calcium-activated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1 alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990) 5548-5552.
8. Miller, A.C., Schattenberg, D.G., Malkinson, A.M. and Ross, D. Decreased content of the IL-1α processing enzyme calpain in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages after treatment with the bezene metabolite hydroquinone. Tox. Lett. 74 (1994) 177-184.
9. Watanabe, N. and Kobayashi, Y. Selective release of a processed form of interleukin-1α Cytokine 6 (1994) 597-601.
10. Andersson, J., Björk, L., Dinarello, C.A., Towbin, H. and Andersson, U. Lipopolysaccharide induces human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 production in the same cell. Eur. J. Immunol. 22 (1992) 2617-2623.
11. Cominelli, F., Nast, C.C., Clark, B.D., Schindler, R., Llerena, R., Eysselein, V.E., Thompson, R.C. and Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 gene expression, synthesis and effect of specific IL-1 receptor blockade in rabbit immune complex colitis. J. Clin. Invest. 86 (1990) 972-980.
12. Wakabayashi, G., Gelfand, J.A., Jung, W.K., Connolly, R.J., Burke, J.F. and Dinarello, C.A. Staphylococcus epidermidis induces complement activation, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1, a shock-like state and tissue injury in rabbits without endotoxemia. J. Clin. Invest. 87 (1991) 1925-1935.
13. Mizel, S.B., Kilian, P.L., Lewis, J.C., Paganelli, K.A. and Chizzonite, R.A. The interleukin 1 receptor. Dynamics of interleukin 1 binding and internalization in T cells and fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 138 (1997) 2906-2912.
14. Curtis, B.M., Widmer, M.B., de Roos, P. and Quarnstrom, E.E. IL-1 and its receptor are translocated to the nucleus. J. Immunol. 144 (1990) 1295-1303.
15. Heguy, A., Baldari C., Bush, K., Nagele, R., Newton, R.C., Robb, R.J., Horuk, R. and Telford, J.L., Melli, M. Internalization and nuclear localization of interleukin 1 are not sufficient for function. Cell Growth Differ. 2 (1991) 311-315.
16. Weizmann, M.N. and Savage, N. Nuclear internalization and DNA binding activities of interleukin-1, interleukin-1 receptor complexes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187 (1992) 1166-1171.
17. Hauser, C., Saurat, J.-H., Schmitt, A., Jaunin, F. and Dayer, J.-M. Interleukin-1 is present in normal epidermis. J. Immunol. 136 (1986) 3317-3222.
18. Hammerberg, C., Arend, W.P., Fisher, G.J., Chan, L.S., Berger, A.E., Haskill, J.S., Voorhees, J.J. and Cooper, K.D. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in normal and psoriatic epidermis. J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 571-583.
19. Kaplanski, G., Farnarier, C., Kaplanski, S., Porat, R., Shapiro, L., Bongrand, P. and Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 induces interleukin-8 from endothelial cells by a juxacrine mechanism. Blood 84 (1994) 4242-4248.
20. Beuscher, H.U. and Colten, H.R. Structure and function of membrane IL-1. Mol. Immunol. 25 (1988) 1189-1195.
21. Maier, J.A.M., Statuto, M. and Ragnotti, G. Endogenous interleukin-1 alpha must be transported to the nucleus to exert its activity in human endothelial cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 14 (1994) 1845-1851.
22. Wessendorf, J.H.M., Garfinkel, S., Zhan, X., Brown, S. and Maciag, T. Identification of a nuclear localization sequence within the structure of the human interleukin-1α precursor. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 22100-22104.
23. Beuscher, H.U., Nickells, M.W. and Colten, H.R. The precursor of interleukin-1α is phosphorylated at residue serine 90. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 4023-4028.
24. Stevenson, F.T., Bursten, S.L., Fanton, C., Locksley, R.M. and Lovett, D.H. The 31-kDa precursor of interleukin-1α is myristoylated on specific lysines within the 16-kDa N-terminal propiece. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 7245-7249.
25. Maier, J.A.M., Voulalas, P., Roeder, D. and Maciag, T. Extension of the life span of human endothelial cells by an interleukin-1α antisense oligomer. Science 249 (1990) 1570-1574.
26. Falk, W. and Hofmeister, R. Intracellular IL-1 replaces signaling by the membrane IL-1 type I receptor. Cytokine 6 (1994) 558.
27. Kurt-Jones, E.A., Beller, D.I., Mizel, S.B. and Unanue, E.R. Identification of a membrane-associated interleukin-1 in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985) 1204-1208.
28. Brody, D.T. and Durum, S.K. Membrane IL-1: IL-1α precursor binds to the plasma membrane via a lectin-like interaction. J. Immunol. 143 (1989) 1183.
29. Minnich-Carruth, L.L., Suttles, J., Mizel, S.B. Evidence against the existence of a membrane form of murine IL-1α. J. Immunol. 142 (1989) 526.
30. Bailly, S., Ferrua, B., Fay, M. and Gougerot-Pocidalo, M.-A. Paraformaldehyde fixation of LPS-stimulated human monocytes: technical parameters permitting the study of membrane IL-1 activity. Eur. Cytokine Net 1 (1990) 47-51.
31. Fenton, M.J., Vermeulen, M.W., Clark, B.D., Webb, A.C. and Auron, P.E. Human pro-IL-1 beta gene expression in monocytic cells is regulated by two distinct pathways. J. Immunol. 140 (1988) 2267-2273.
32. Jarrous, N. and Kaempfer, R. Induction of human interleukin-1 gene expression by retinoic acid and its regulation at processing of precursor transcripts. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 23141-23149.
33. Serkkola, E. and Hurme, M. Synergism between protein-kinase C and cAMP-dependent pathways in the expression of the interleukin-1β gene is mediated via the activator-protein-1 (AP-1) enhancer activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 213 (1993) 243-249.
34. Schindler, R., Ghezzi, P. and Dinarello, C.A. IL-1 induces IL-1. IV. IFN-γ suppresses IL-1 but not lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of IL-1. J. Immunol. 144 (1990) 2216-2222.
35. Vannier, E. and Dinarello, C.A. Histamine enhances interleukin (IL)-1-induced IL-1 gene expression and protein synthesis via H2 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: comparison with IL-1 receptor antagonist. J. Clin. Invest. 92 (1993) 281-287.
36. Schindler, R., Gelfand, J.A. and Dinarello, C.A. Recombinant C5a stimulates transcription rather than translation of IL-1 and TNF; cytokine synthesis induced by LPS, IL-1 or PMA. Blood 76 (1990) 1631-1638.
37. Ghezzi, P., Dinarello, C.A., Bianchi, M., Rosandich, M.E., Repine, J.E. and White, C.W. Hypoxia increases production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by human mononuclear cells. Cytokine 3 (1991) 189-194.
38. Schindler, R., Clark, B.D. and Dinarello, C.A. Dissociation between interleukin-1β mRNA and protein synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 10232-10237.
39. Mileno, M.D., Margolis, N.H., Clark, B.D., Dinarello, C.A., Burke, J.F. and Gelfand, J.A. Coagulation of whole blood stimulates interleukin-1β gene expression: absence of gene transcripts in anticoagulated blood. J. Inf. Dis. 172 (1995) 308-311.
40. Schindler, R., Linnenweber, S., Schulze, M., Oppermann, M., Dinarello, C.A., Shaldon, S. and Koch, K.-M. Gene expression of interleukin-1β during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 43 (1993) 712-721.
41. Kaspar, R.L. and Gehrke, L. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with C5a or lipopolysaccharide to synthesize equivalent levels of IL-1β mRNA show unequal IL-1β protein accumulation but similar polyribosome profiles. J. Immunol. 153 (1994) 277-286.
42. Miller, L.C., Isa, S., Vannier, E., Georgilis, K., Steere, A.C. and Dinarello, C.A. Live Borrelia burgdorferi preferentially activate IL-1β gene expression and protein synthesis over the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 906-912.
43. Stoeckle, M.Y. and Guan, L. High-resolution analysis of gro-α mRNA poly (A) shortening: regulation by interleukin-1β. Nucl. Acid. Res. 21 (1993) 1613-1617.
44. Shapiro, L., Panayotatos, N., Meydani, S.N., Wu, D. and Dinarello, C.A. Ciliary neurotrophic factor combined with soluble receptor inhibits synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin-E2 in vitro. Exp. Cell. Res. 215 (1994) 51-56.
45. Jobling, S.A., Auron, P.E., Gurka, G., Webb, A.C., McDonald, B., Rosenwasser, L.J. and Gehrke, L. Biological activity and receptor binding of human prointerleukin-1β and subpeptides. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 16372.
46. Bakouche, O., Brown, D.C. and Lachman, L.B. Subcellular localization of human monocyte interleukin 1: evidence for an inactive precursor molecule and a possible mechanism for IL 1 release. J. Immunol. 138 (1987) 4249-4255.
47. Rubartelli, A., Cozzolino, F., Talio, M. and Sitia, R. A novel secretory pathway for interleukin-1 beta, a protein lacking a signal sequence. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 1503-1510.
48. Auron, P.E., Warner, S.J., Webb, A.C., Cannon, J.G., Bernheim, H.A., McAdam, K.J., Rosenwasser, L.J., LoPreste, G., Mucci, S.F. and Dinarello, C.A. Studies on the molecular nature of human interleukin 1. J. Immunol. 138 (1987) 1447-1456.
49. Beuscher, H.U., Guenther, C., Roellinghoff, M. IL-1β is secreted by activated murine macrophages as biologically inactive precursor. J. Immunol. 144 (1990) 2179-2183.
50. Black, R.A., Kronheim, S.R., Cantrell, M., Deeley, M.C., March, C.J., Prickett, K.S., Wignall, J., Conlon, P.J., Cosman, D. and Hopp, T.P. Generation of biologically active interleukin-1 beta by proteolytic cleavage of the inactive precursor. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 9437-9442.
51. Dinarello, C.A., Cannon, J.G., Mier, J.W., Bernheim, H.A., LoPreste, G., Lynn, D.L., Love, R.N., Webb, A.C., Auron, P.E., Reuben, R.C., Rich, A., Wolff, S.M. and Putney, S.D. Multiple biological activities of human recombinant interleukin 1. J. Clin. Invest. 77 (1986) 1734-1739.
52. Mizutani, H., Black, R.A. and Kupper, T.S. Human keratinocytes produce but do not process pro-interleukin-1β. J. Clin. Invest. 87 (1991) 1066-1071.
53. Mizutani, H., Schecter, N., Zazarus, G., Black, R.A. and Kupper, T.S. Rapid and specific conversion of precursor interleukin-1β to an active IL-1 species by human mast cell chymase. J. Exp. Med. 174 (1991) 821-825.
54. Hazuda, D.J., Strickler, J., Kueppers, F., Simon, P.L. and Young, P.R. Processing of precursor interleukin-1 beta and inflammatory disease. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 6318-6322.
55. Hazuda, D.J., Strickler, J., Simon, P. and Young, P.R. Structure - function mapping of interleukin 1 precursors. Cleavage leads to a conformational change in the mature protein. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 7081-7086.
56. Cerretti, D.P., Kozlosky, C.J., Mosley, B., Nelson, N., Van Ness, K., Greenstreet, T.A., March, C.J., Kronheim, S.R., Druck, T., Cannizzaro, L.A., Huebner, K. and Black, R.A. Molecular cloning of the IL-1β processing enzyme. Science 256 (1992) 97-100.
57. Thornberry, N.A., Bull, H.G., Calaycay, J.R., Chapman, K.T., Howard, A.D., Kostura, M.J., Miller, D.K., Molineaux, S.M., Weidner, J.R., Aunins, J., Schmidt, J.A. and Tocci, M. A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356 (1992) 768-774.
58. Wilson, K.P., Black, J.A., Thomson, J.A., Kim, E.E., Griffith, J.P., Navia, M.A., Murcko, M.A., Chambers, S.P., Aldape, R.A., Raybuck, S.A. and Livingston, D.J. Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Nature 370 (1994) 270-275.
59. Gu, Y., Wu, J., Faucheu, C., Lalanne, J.-L., Diu, A., Livingston, D.L. and Su, M.S.-S. Interleukin-1β converting enzyme requires oligomerization for activity of processed forms in vivo. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 1923-1931.
60. Alnermri, E.S., Livingston, D.J., Nicholson, D.W., Salvesen, G., Thonberry, N.A., Wong, W.W. and Yuan, J. Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87 (1996) 171.
61. Walker, N.P., Talanian, R.V., Brady, K.D., Dang, L.C., Bump, N.J., Ferenz, C.R., Franklin, S., Ghayur, T., Hackett, M.C. and Hammill, L.D. Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme: a (p20/p10)2 homodimer. Cell 78 (1994) 343-352.
62. Irmler, M., Hertig, S., MacDonald, H.R., Sadoul, R., Becherer, J.D., Proudfoot, A., Solari, R. and Tschopp, J. Granzyme A is an interleukin-1βconverting enzyme. J. Exp. Med. 181 (1995) 1917-1922.
63. Higgins, G.C., Foster, J.L. and Postlethwaite, A.E. Interleukin-1 beta propeptide is detected intracellularly and extracellularly when human monocytes are stimulated with LPS in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 180 (1994) 607-614.
64. Higgins, G.C., Foster, J.L. and Postlethwaite, A.E. Synthesis and biological activity of human interleukin-1β propiece in vitro. Arthrit. Rheumat. 39 (1993) S153.
65. Rubartelli, A., Bajetto, A., Allavena, G., Wollman, E. and Sitia, R. Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 24161-24164.
66. Mignatti, P. and Rifkin, D.B. Release of basic fibroblast growth factor, an angiogenic factor devoid of secretory signal sequence: a trivial phenomenon or a novel secretion mechanism? J. Cell Biochem. 47 (1991) 201-217.
67. Singer, I.I., Scott, S., Chin, J., Kostura, M.J., Miller, D.K., Chapman, K. and Bayne, E. K. Interleukin-1β converting enzyme is localized on the external cell-surface membranes and in the cytoplasmic ground substance- of activated human monocytes by immuno-electronmicroscopy. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 12 (1993) 340 (abs).
68. Li, P., Allen, H., Banerjee, S., Franklin, S., Herzog, L., Johnston, C., McDowell, J., Paskind, M., Rodman, L., Salfeld, J., Towne, E., Tracey, D., Wardwell, S., Wei, F.-Y., Wong, W., Kamen, R. and Seshadri, T. Mice deficient in interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE) are defective in production of mature interleukin-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80 (1995) 401-411.
69. Kuida, K., Lippke, J.A., Ku, G., Harding, M.W., Livingston, D.J., Su, M.S.-S. and Flavell, R.A. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Science 267 (1995) 2000-2003.
70. Dinarello, C.A., Ikejima, T., Warner, S.J., Orencole, S.F., Lonnemann, G., Cannon, J.G. and Libby, P. Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 139 (1987) 1902-1910.
71. Nakamura, K., Okamura, H., Wada, M., Nagata, K. and Tamura, T. Endotoxin-induced serum factor that stimulates gamma inteferon production. Inf. Immun. 57 (1989) 590-595.
72. Nakamura, K., Okamura, H., Nagata, K., Komatsu, T. and Tamura, T. Purification of a factor which provides a costimulatory signal for gamma Interferon production. Inf. Immun. 61 (1993) 64-70.
73. Okamura, H., Nagata, K., Komatsu, T., Tanimoto, T., Nukata, Y., Tanabe, F., Akita, K., Torigoe, K., Okura, T., Fukuda, S. and Kurimoto, M. A novel costimulatory factor for gamma interferon induction found in the livers of mice causes endotoxic shock. Infect. Immun. 63 (1995) 3966-3972.
74. Okamura, H., Tsutsui, H., Komatsu, T., Yutsudo, M., Hakura, A., Tanimoto, T., Torigoe, K., Okura, T., Nukada, Y., Hattori, K., Akita, K., Namba, M., Tanabe, F., Konishi, K., Fukuda, S., Kurimoto, M. Cloning of a new cytokine that induces interferon-γ. Nature 378 (1995) 88-91.
75. Heremans, H., van Damme, J., Dillen, C., Dikman, R. and Billiau, A. Interferon-γ, a mediator of lethal lipopolysaccharide-induced Shwartzman-like shick in mice. J. Exp. Med. 171 (1990) 1853-1861.
76. Car, B.D., Eng, V.M., Schnyder, B., Ozmen, L., Huang, S., Gallay, P., Heumann, D., Aguet, M. and Ryffel, B. Interferon γ receptor deficient mice are resistant to endotoxic shock. J. Exp. Med. 179 (1994) 1437-1444.
77. Ushio, S., Namba, M., Okura, T., Hattori, K., Nukada, Y., Akita, K., Tanabe, F., Konishi, K., Mcallef, M., Fujii, M., Torigoe, K., Tanimoto, T., Fukuda, S., Ikeda, M., Okamura, H. and Kurimoto, M. Cloning of the cDNA for human IFN-γ-inducing factor, expression in Escherichia coli, and studies on the biologic activities of the protein. J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 4274-4279.
78. Kohno, K., Kataoka, J., Ohtsuki, T., Suemoto, Y., Okamoto, I., Usui, M., Ikeda, M., Kurimoto, M. IFN-γ-inducing factor (IGIF) is a co-stimulatory factor on the activation of Th1 but not Th2 cells and exerts its effect independently of IL-12. J. Immunol. 158 (1997) 1541-1550.
79. Tsutsui, H., Nakanishi, K., Matsui, K., Higashino, K., Okamura, H., Miyazawa, Y. and Kaneda, K. IFN-γ-inducing factor up-regulates Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxic activity of murine natural killer cell clones. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 3967-3973.
80. Bazan, J.F., Timans, J.C. and Kaselein, R.A. A newly defined interleukin-1? Nature 379 (1996) 591.
81. Gu, Y., Kuida, K., Tsutsui, H., Ku, G., Hsiao, K., Fleming, M.A., Hayashi, N., Higashino, K., Okamura, H., Nakanishi, K., Kurimoto, M., Tanimoto, T., Flavell, R.A., Sato, V., Harding, M.W., Livingston, D.L. and Su, M.S.-S. Activation of interferon-γ inducing factor mediated by interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Science 275 (1997) 206-209.
82. Yuan, J., Shaam, S., Ledoux, S., Ellis, H.M. and Horvitz, H.R. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. Cell 75 (1993) 641-652.
83. Kumar, S., Kinoshita, M., Noda, M., Copeland, N.G. and Jenkins, N.A. Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd 2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and mammalian IL-1β converting enzyme. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 1613-1626.
84. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G. and Alnemri, E.S. CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1β converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 30761-30764.
85. Miura, M., Zhu, H., Rotello, R., Hartwieg, E.A. and Yuan, J. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3. Cell 75 (1993) 653-660.
86. Faucheu, C., Diu, A., Chan, A.W.E., Blanchet, A.-M., Miossec, C., Hervé, F., Collard-Dutilleul, V., Gu, Y., Aldape, R.A., Lippke, J.A., Rocher, C., Su, M.S.-S., Livingston, D.L., Hercend, T. and Lalanne, J.-L. A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1β converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 1914-1922.
87. Ray, C.A., Black, R.A., Kronheim, S.R., Greenstreet, T.A., Sleath, P.R., Salvesen, G.S. and Pickup, D.J. Viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Cell 69 (1992) 597-604.
88. Gagliardini, V., Fernandez, P.-A., Lee, R.K.K., Drexler, H.C.A., Rotello, R.J., Fishman, M.C. and Yuan, J. Prevention of vertibrate death by the crmA gene. Science 263 (1994) 826-828.
89. Enari, M., Hug, H. and Nagata, S. Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fasmediated apoptosis. Nature 375 (1995) 78-81.
90. Smith, D.J., McGuire, M.J., Tocci, M.J. and Thiele, D.L. IL-1β convertase (ICE) does not play a requisite role in apoptosis induced in T lymphoblasts by Fasdependent or Fas-independent CTL effector mechanisms. J. Immunol. 158 (1997) 163-170.
91. Gu, Y., Sarnecki, C., Aldape, R.A., Livingston, D.L. and Su, M.S. Cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme and its homologs TX and Nedd-2. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 18715-18718.
92. Margolis, N.H. and Dinarello, C.A. Incorporation of 3-H-thymidine by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects and acute myelogenous leukemia patients is independent of interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Cytokine 6 (1994) 566 (abs).
93. Estrov, Z., Black, R.A., Kurzrock, R., Wetzler, M., Sleath, P.R., Estey, E.H., Harris, D., Van, Q. and Talpaz, M. IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor suppresses AML blast proliferation. Blood 84 (1994) 380A.
94. Stosic-Grujicic, S., Basara, N., Milenkovic, P. and Dinarello, C.A. Modulation of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cell proliferation and blast colony formation by antisense oligomer of IL-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). J. Chemother. 7 (1995) 67-70.
95. Cozzolino, F., Rubartelli, A., Aldinucci, D., Sitia, R., Torcia, M., Shaw, A. and Di Guglielmo, R. Interleukin 1 as an autocrine growth factor for acute myeloid leukemia cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 2369-2373.
96. Arend, W.P. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Adv. Immunol. 54 (1993) 167-227.
97. Haskill, S., Martin, M., VanLe, L., Morris, J., Peace, A., Bigler, C.F., Jaffe, G.J., Sporn, S.A., Fong, S., Arend, W.P. and Ralph, P. cDNA cloning of a novel form of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist associated with epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 3681-3685.
98. Vigers, G.P., Caffes, P., Evans, R.J., Thompson, R.C., Eisenberg, S.P. and Brandhuber, B.J. X-ray structure of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist at 2.0-Å resolution. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 12874-12879.
99. Preistle, J.P., Schar, H.P. and Grutter, M.G. Crystallographic refinement of interleukin 1 beta at 2.0 Å resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 9667-9671.
100. Graves, B.J., Hatada, M.H., Hendrickson, W.A., Miller, J.K., Madison, V.S. and Satow, Y. Structure of interleukin-1α at 2.7 Å resolution. Biochem. 29 (1990) 2679-2684.
101. Murzin, A.G., Lesk, A.M. and Chothia, C. β-trefoil fold. Patterns of structure and sequence in the Kunitz inhibitors interleukins-1β and 1α and fibroblast growth factors. J. Mol. Biol. 223 (1992) 531-543.
102. Schreuder, H. Crystal structure of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist complex. Cytokine 7 (1995) 599 (abs).
103. Gruetter, M.G., van Oostrum, J., Priestle, J.P., Edelmann, E., Joss, U., Feige, U., Vosbeck, K. and Schmitz, A. A mutational analysis of receptor binding sites of interleukin-1β: differences in binding of human interleukin-1β muteins to human and mouse receptors. Protein Eng. 7 (1994) 663-671.
104. Lambriola-Tomkins, E., Chandran, C., Varnell, T.A., Madison, V.S. and Ju, G. Structure-function analysis of human IL-1α: identification of residues required for binding to the human type I IL-1 receptor. Protein Eng. 6 (1993) 535-539.
105. Evans, R.J., Bray, J., Childs, J.D., Vigers, G.P.A., Brandhuber, B.J., Skalicky, J.J., Thompson, R.C. and Eisenberg, S.P. Mapping receptor binding sites in the IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1β by site-directed mutagenesis: identification of a single site in IL-1ra and two sites in IL-1β. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1994) 11477-11483.
106. Dripps, D.J., Brandhuber, B.J., Thompson, R.C. and Eisenberg, S.P. Effect of IL-1ra on IL-1 signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 10331-10336.
107. Bird, T.A., Saklatvala, J. IL-1 and TNF transmodulate epidermal growth factor receptors by a protein kinase C-independent mechanism. J. Immunol. 142 (1989) 126-133.
108. Crown, J., Jakubowski, A., Kemeny, N., Gordon, M., Gasparetto, C., Wong, G., Toner, G., Meisenberg, B., Botet, J., Applewhite, J., Sinha, S., Moore, M., Kelsen, D., Buhles, W. and Gabrilove, J. A phase I trial of recombinant human interleukin-1β alone and in combination with myelosuppressive doses of 5-fluoruracil in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Blood 78 (1991) 1420-1427.
109. Smith, J.W., Urba, W.J., Curti, B.D., Elwood, L.J., Steis, R.G., Janik, J.E., Sharfman, W.H., Miller, L.L., Fenton, R.G., Conlon, K.C., Rossio, J., Kopp, W., Shimuzut, M., Oppenheim, J.J. and Longo, D. Phase II trial of interleukin-1 alpha in combination with indomethacin in melanoma patients. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 10 (1991) 293 (abs).
110. Granowitz, E.V., Porat, R., Mier, J.W., Pribble, J.P., Stiles, D.M., Bloedow, D.C., Catalano, M.A., Wolff, S.M. and Dinarello, C.A. Pharmacokinetics, saftey, and immunomodulatory effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in healthy humans. Cytokine 4 (1992) 353-360.
111. Greenfeder, S.A., Varnell, T., Powers, G., Lombard-Gillooly, K., Shuster, D., McIntyre, K.W., Ryan, D.E., Leven, W., Madison, V. and Ju, G. Insertion of a structural domain of interleukin-1β confers agonist activity to the IL-1 receptor antagonist. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 22460-22465.
112. Gehrke, L., Jobling, S.A., Paik, L.S., McDonald, B., Rosenwasser, L.J. and Auron, P.E. A point mutation uncouples human interleukin-1β biological activity and receptor binding. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 5922-5925.
113. Simoncsits, A., Bristulf, J., Tjornhammar, M.L., Cserzo, M., Pongor, S., Rybakina, E., Gatti, S. and Bartfai, T. Deletion mutants of human IL-1β with significantly reduced agonist properties: search for the agonist/antgonist switch in ligands to the interleukin-1 receptors. Cytokine 6 (1994) 206-214.
114. Tewari, A., Buhles, W.C.Jr., Starnes, H.F. Jr. Preliminary report: effects of interleukin-1 on platelet counts. Lancet 336 (1990) 712-714.
115. Sims, J.E., March, C.J., Cosman, D., Widmer, M.B., MacDonald, H.R., McMahan, C.J., Grubin, C.E., Wignall and J.M., Jackson, J.L. and Call, S.M. et al. cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 241 (1988) 585-589.
116. McMahon, C.J., Slack, J.L., Mosley, B., Cosman, D., Lupton, S.D., Brunton, L.L., Grubin, C.E., Wignall, J.M., Jenkins, N.A., Brannan, C.I., Copeland, N.G., Huebner, K., Croce, C.M., Cannizzaro, L.A., Benjamin, D., Dower, S., Spriggs, M.K. and Sims, J.E. A novel IL-1 receptor cloned form B cells by mammalian expression is exprressed in many cell types. EMBO J. 10 (1991) 2821-2832.
117. Kroggel, R., Martin, M., Pingoud, V., Dayer, J.-M. and Resch, K. Two-chain structure of the interleukin-1 receptor. FEBS Lett. 229 (1988) 59-62.
118. Bird, T.A., Gearing, A.J. and Saklatvala, J. Mutine interleukin-1 receptor: differences in binding properties between fibroblastic and thymoma cells and evidence for a two-chain receptor model. FEBS Lett. 225 (1987) 21-26.
119. Savage, N., Puren, A.J., Orencole, S.F., Ikejima, T., Clark, B.D. and Dinarello, C.A. Studies on IL-1 receptors on D10S T-helper cells: demonstration of two molecularly and antigenically distinct IL-1 binding proteins. Cytokine 1 (1989) 23-25.
120. Sims, J.E., Painter, S.L. and Gow, I.R. Genomic organization of the type I and type II IL-1 receptors. Cytokine 7 (1995) 483-490.
121. Bergers, G., Reikerstorfer, A., Braselmann, S., Graninger, P. and Busslinger, M. Alternative promoter usage of the Fos-responsive gene Fit-1 generates mRNA isoforms coding for either secreted or membrane-bound proteins related to the IL-1 receptor. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 1176-1188.
122. Reikerstorfer, A., Holtz, H., Stuynnenberg, H.G. and Busslinger, M. Low affinity binding of interleukin-1 beta and intracellular signaling via NFκB identify Fit-1 as a distant member of the interleukin-1 receptor family. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 17645-17648.
123. Hopp, T.P. Evidence from sequence information that the interleukin-1 receptor is a transmembrane GTPase. Protein Sci. 4 (1995) 1851-1859.
124. Mancilla, J., Ikejima, I. and Dinarello, C.A. Glycosylation of the interleukin-1 receptor type I is required for optimal binding of interleukin-1. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 11 (1992) 197-205.
125. Rosoff, P.M., Savage, N. and Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 stimulates diacylglycerol production in T lymphocytes by a novel mechanism. Cell 54 (1988) 73-81.
126. Shirakawa, F., Tanaka, Y., Ota, T., Suzuki, H., Eto, S. and Yamashita, U. Expression of interleukin-1 receptors on human peripheral T-cells. J. Immunol. 138 (1987) 4243-4248.
127. Stylianou, E., O'Neill, L.A.J., Rawlinson, L., Edbrooke, M.R., Woo, P. and Saklatvala, J. Interleukin-1 induces NFkB through its type I but not type II receptor in lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 15836-15841.
128. Dower, S.K., Fanslow, W., Jacobs, C., Waugh, S., Sims, J.E. and Widmer, M.B. Interleukin-1 antagonists. Therapeutic Immunol. 1 (1994) 113-122.
129. Sims, J.E., Gayle, M.A., Slack, J.L., Alderson, M.R., Bird, T.A., Giri, J.G., Colotta, F., Re, F., Mantovani, A., Shanebeck, K., Grabstein, K.H. and Dower, S. K. Interleukin-1 signaling occurs exclusively via the type I receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 6155-6159.
130. Sims, J.E., Giri, J.G. and Dower, S.K. The two interleukin-1 receptors play different roles in IL-1 activities. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72 (1994) 9-14.
131. Burch, R.M. and Mahan, L.C. Oligonucleotides antisense to the interleukin-1 receptor mRNA block the effects of interleukin-1 in cultured murine and human fibroblasts and in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 88 (1991) 1190-1196.
132. Gallis, B., Prickett, K.S., Jackson, J., Slack, J., Schooley, K., Sims, J.E. and Dower, S.K. IL-1 induces rapid phosphorylation of the IL-1 receptor. J. Immunol. 143 (1989) 3235-3240.
133. Gay, N.J. and Keith, F.J. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature 351 (1991) 355-356.
134. Guida, S., Heguy, A. and Melli, M. The chicken IL-1 receptor: differential evolution of the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains. Gene 111 (1992) 239-243.
135. Heguy, A., Baldari, C.T., Macchia, -G., Telford, J.L. and Melli, M. Amino acids conserved in interleukin-1 receptors and the Drosophila Toll protein are essential for IL-1R signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 2605-2609.
136. Slack, J., McMahan, C.J., Waugh, S., Schooley, K., Spriggs, M.K., Sims, J.E. and Dower, S.K. Independent binding of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta to type I and type II interleukin-1 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 2513-2524.
137. Colotta, F., Re, F., Muzio, M., Bertini, R., Polentarutti, N., Sironi, M., Giri, J., Dower, S.K., Sims, J.E. and Mantovani, A. Interleukin-1 type II receptor: a decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4. Science 261 (1993) 472-475.
138. Heguy, A., Baldari, C.T., Censini, S., Ghiara, P. and Telford, J.L. A chimeric type II/I interleukin-1 receptor can mediate interleukin-1 induction of gene expression in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 10490-10494.
139. Giri, J., Newton, R.C. and Horuk, R. Identification of soluble interleukin-1 binding protein in cell-free supernatants. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 17416-17419.
140. Arend, W.P., Malyak, M., Smith, M.F., Whisenand, T.D., Slack, J.L., Sims, J.E., Giri, J.G. and Dower, S.K. Binding of IL-1α:, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist by soluble IL-1 receptors and levels of soluble IL-1 receptors in synovial fluids. J. Immunol. 153 (1994) 4766-4774.
141. Orencole, S.F., Vannier, E. and Dinarello, C.A. Detection of soluble IL-1 receptor type II (IL-1sRII) in sera and plasma from healthy volunteers. Cytokine 6 (1994) 554 (abs).
142. Symons, J.A., Young, P.A. and Duff, G.W. The soluble interleukin-1 receptor: ligand binding properties and mechanisms of release. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 12 (1993) 381.
143. Symons, J.A., Eastgate, J.A. and Duff, G.W. Purification and characterization of a novel soluble receptor for interleukin-1. J. Exp. Med. 174 (1991) 1251-1254.
144. Giri, J.G., Wells, J., Dower, S.K., McCall, C.E., Guzman, R.N., Slack, J., Bird, T.A., Shanebeck, K., Grabstein, K.H., Sims, J.E. and Alderson, M.R. Elevated levels of shed type II IL-1 receptor in sepsis. J. Immunol. 153 (1994) 5802-5813.
145. Orencole, S.F., Fantuzzi, G., Vannier, E. and Dinarello, C.A. Circulating levels of IL-1 soluble receptors in health and after endotoxin or IL-2. Cytokine 7 (1995) 642.
146. Leitman, D.C., Andersen, J.W., Kuno, T., Kamisaki, Y., Chang, J. and Murad, F. Identification of multiple binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor by affinity cross-linking in cultured endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261 (1986) 11650-11656.
147. Alcami, A. and Smith, G.L. A soluble receptor for interleukin-1β encoded by vaccinia virus: a novel mechanism of virus modulation of the host response to infection. Cell 71 (1992) 153-167.
148. Spriggs, M.K., Hruby, D.E., Maliszewski, C.R., Pickup, D.J., Sims, J.E., Buller, R.M. and VanSlyke, J. Vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode a novel secreted interleukin-1 binding protein. Cell 71 (1992) 145-152.
149. Laughlin, M.J., Kirkpatrick, G., Sabiston, N., Peters, W. and Kurtzberg, J. Hematopoietic recovery following high-dose combined alkylating-agent chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow support in patients in phase I clinical trials of colony stimulating factors: G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2 and M-CSF. Ann. Hematol. 67 (1993) 267-276.
150. Kitamura, T. and Takaku, F. A preclinical and Phase I clinical trial of IL-1. Exp. Med. 7 (1989) 170-177.
151. Nemunaitis, J., Appelbaum, F.R., Lilleby, K., Buhles, W.C., Rosenfeld, C., Zeigler, Z.R., Shadduck, R.K., Singer, J.W., Meyer, W. and Buckner, C.D. Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-1β in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 83 (1994) 3473-3479.
152. Smith, J.W., Urba, W.J., Curti, B.D., Elwood, L.J., Steis, R.G., Janik, J.E., Sharfman, W.H., Miller, L.L., Fenton, R.G., Conlon, K.C., Rossio, J., Kopp, W., Shimuzut, M., Oppenheim, J.J. and Longo, D. The toxic and hematologic effects of interleukin-1 alpha administered in a phase I trial to patients with advanced malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 10 (1992) 1141-1152.
153. Iizumi, T., Sato, S., Iiyama, T., Hata, R., Amemiya, H., Tomomasa, H. and Yazaki, T., Umeda, T. Recombinant human interleukin-1 beta analogue as a regulator of hematopoiesis in patients receiving chemotherapy for urogenital cancers. Cancer 68 (1991) 1520-1523.
154. Smith, J.W., Longo, D., Alford, W.G., Janik, J.E., Sharfman, W.H., Gause, B.L., Curti, B.D., Creekmore, S.P., Holmhmd, J.T., Fenton, R.G., Sznol, M., Miller, L.L., Shimzu, M., Oppenheim, J.J., Fiem, S.J., Hursey, J.C., Powers, G.C. and Urba, W.J. The effects of treatment with interleukin-1α on platelet recovery after high-dose carboplatin. N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (1993) 756-761.
155. Starnes, H.F. Biological effects and possible clinical applications of interleukin-1. Semin. Hematol. 28 (1991) 43-41.
156. van der Poll, T., Bueller, H.R., ten Cate, H., Wortel, C.H., Bauer, K.A., van Deventer, S.J.H., Hack, C.E., Sauerwein, H.P., Rosenberg, R.D. and ten Cate, J.W. Activation of coagulation after administration of tumor necrosis factor to normal subjects. N. Engl. J. Med. 322 (1990) 1622-1627.
157. Tilg, H., Trehu, E., Atkins, M.B., Dinarello, C.A. and Mier, J.W. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: Induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55. Blood 83 (1994) 113-118.
158. Tilg, H., Trehu, E., Shapiro, L., Pape, D., Atkins, M.B., Dinarello, C.A. and Mier, J.W. Induction of circulating soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist following interleukin-1α infusion in humans. Cytokine 6 (1994) 215-219.
159. Bargetzi, M.J., Lantz, M., Smith, C.G., Torti, F.M., Olsson, I., Eisenberg, S.P. and Starnes, H.F. Interleukin-1 beta induces interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor binding proteins. Cancer Res. 53 (1993) 4010-4013.
160. Shapiro, L., Clark, B.D., Orencole, S.F., Poutsiaka, D.D., Granowitz, E.V. and Dinarello, C.A. Detection of tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor p55 in blood samples from healthy and endotoxemic humans. J. Infect. Dis. 167 (1993) 1344-1350.
161. Granowitz, E.V., Santos, A., Poutsiaka, D.D., Cannon, J.G., Wilmore, D.A., Wolff, S.M. and Dinarello, C.A. Circulating interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels during experimental endotoxemia in humans. Lancet 338 (1991) 1423-1424.
162. Wolff, S.M. Biological effects of bacterial endotoxins in man. J. Infect. Dis. 128(suppl) (1973) 733-758.
163. Porat, R., Poutsiaka, D.D., Miller, L.C., Granowitz, E.V. and Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor blockade reduces endotoxin and Borrelia burgdorferi-stimulated IL-8 synthesis in human mononuclear cells. FASEB J. 6 (1992) 2482-2486.
164. Norman, J.G., Franz, M.G., Messina, J., Riker, A., Fabri, P.J., Rosemurgy, A.S. and Gower, W.R. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases severity of experimental acute pancreatitis. Surgery 117 (1995) 648-655.
165. Norman, J.G., Franz, M.G., Fink, G.S., Messina, J., Fabri, P.J., Gower, W.R. and Carey, L.C. Decreased mortality of severe acute pancreatitis after proximal cytokine blockade. Ann. Surg. 221 (1995) 625-634.
166. Vidal-Vanaclocha, F., Amézaga, C., Asumendi, A., Kaplanski, G. and Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 receptor blockade reduces the number and size of murine B16 melanoma hepatic metastases. Cancer Res. 54 (1994) 2667-2672.
167. Kaplanski, G., Porat, R., Aiura, K., Erban, J.K., Gelfand, J.A. and Dinarello, C.A. Activated platelets induce endothelial secretion of interleukin-8 in vitro via an interleukin-1-mediated event. Blood 81 (1993) 2492-2495.
168. Aiura, K., Gelfand, J.A., Wakabayashi, G., Burke, J.F., Thompson, R.C. and Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist prevents Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced hypotension and reduces circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β in rabbits. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 3342-3350.
169. Arend, W.P., Welgus, H.G., Thompson, R.C. and Eisenberg, S.P. Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J. Clin. Invest. 85 (1990) 1694-1697.
170. Granowitz, E.V., Clark, B.D., Vannier, E., Callahan, M.V. and Dinarello, C.A. Effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade on cytokine synthesis: I. IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibits IL-1-induced cytokine synthesis and blocks the binding of IL-1 to its type II receptor on human monocytes. Blood 79 (1992) 2356-2363.
171. Estrov, Z., Kurzrock, R., Wetzler, M., Kantarjian, H., Blake, M., Harris, D., Gutterman, J. U. and Talpaz, M. Suppression of chronic myelogenous leukemia colony growth by IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble IL-1 receptors: a novel application for inhibitors of IL-1 activity. Blood 78 (1991) 1476-1484.
172. Schirò, R., Longoni, D., Rossi, V., Maglia, O., Doni, A., Arsura, M., Carrara, G., Masera, G., Vannier, E., Dinarello, C.A., Rambaldi, A. and Biondi, A. Supression of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia colony growth by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Blood 83 (1993) 460-465.
173. Rambaldi, A., Torcia, M., Bettoni, S., Barbui, T., Vannier, E., Dinarello, C.A. and Cozzolino, F. Modulation of cell proliferation and cytokine production in acute myeloblastic leukemia by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and lack of its expression by leukemic cells. Blood 78 (1991) 3248-3253.
174. Wetzler, M., Kurrzock, R., Estrov, Z., Kantarjian, H., Gisslinger, H., Underbrink, M.P. and Talpaz, M. Altered levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic myelogenous leukemia: clinical and prognostic correlates. Blood 84 (1994) 3142-3147.
175. Holmberg, L.A., Seidel, K., Leisenring, W. and Torok-Storb, B. Aplastic anemia analysis of stromal cell-function in long-term marrow cultures. Blood 84 (1994) 3685-3690.
176. Barak, V., Nisman, B., Dann, E.J., Kalickman, I., Ruchlemer, R., Bennett, M.A. and Pollack, A. Serum interleukin-1β levels as a marker in hairy cell leukemia: correlation with disease status and sIL-2R levels. Leuk. Lymphom. 14 (1994) 33-39.
177. Miller, L.C., Lynch, E.A., Isa, S., Logan, J.W., Dinarello, C.A. and Steere, A.C. Balance of synovial fluid IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist and recovery from Lyme arthritis. Lancet 341 (1993) 146-148.
178. Firestein, G.S., Boyle, D.L., Yu, C., Paine, M.M., Whisenand, T.D., Zvaifler, N.J. and Arend, W.P. Synovial IL-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 balance in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. Rheumat. 37 (1994) 644-652.
179. Roux-Lombard, P., Modoux, C., Vischer, T., Grassi, J. and Dayer, J.-M. Inhibitors of interleukin 1 activity in synovial fluids and in cultured synovial fluid mononuclear cells. J. Rheumatol. 19 (1992) 517-523.
180. Firestein, G.S., Berger, A.E., Tracey, D.E., Chosay, J.G., Chapman, D.L., Paine, M.M., Yu, C. and Zvaifler, N.J. IL-1 receptor antagonist protein production and gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovium. J. Immunol. 149 (1992) 1054-1062.
181. Kristensen, M., Deleuran, B., Eedy, D.J., Feldmann, M., Breathnach, S.M. and Brennan, F.M. Distribution of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP), interleukin-1 receptor, and interleukin-1 alpha in normal and psoriatic skin. Brit. J. Dermatol. 127 (1992) 305-311.
182. Corradi, A., Franzi, A.T. and Rubartelli, A. Interleukin-1α and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cultured keratinocytes: intra and extracellular localization, changes in IL-1ra/IL-1α ratio during differentiation. J. Invest. Derm., in press (1994).
183. Janson, R.W., King, J.T.E., Hance, K.R. and Arend, W.P. Enhanced production of IL-1 receptor antagonist by alveolar macrophages from patients with interstitial lung disease. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 148 (1993) 495-503.
184. Santos, A.A., Scheltinga, M.R., Lynch, E., Brown, E.F., Lawton, P., Chambers, E., Browning, J., Dinarello, C.A., Wolff, S.M. and Wilmore, D.W. Elaboration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is not attenuated by glucocorticoids after endotoxemia. Arch. Surg. 128 (1993) 138-144.
185. Pereira, B.J.G., Poutsiaka, D.D., King, A.J., Strom, J.A., Narayan, G., Levey, A.S. and Dinarello, C.A. In vitro production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic renal failure, continuous peritoneal disalysis and hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 42 (1992) 1419-1424.
186. Chomarat, P., Vannier, E., Dechanet, J., Rissoan, M.C., Banchereau, J., Dinarello, C.A. and Miossec, P. The balance of IL-1 receptor antagonist/ IL-1β in rheumatoid synovium and its regulation by IL-4 and IL-10. J. Immunol. 154 (1995) 1432-1439.
187. Thea, D.M., Porat, R., Nagimbi, K., Baangi, M., St. Louis, M.E., Kaplan, G., Dinarello, C.A. and Keusch, G.T. Relationship of cytokine and cytokine antagonist plasma levels to disease progression in African women infected with HIV-1. Ann. Int. Med., in press (1996) revised MS# 94-3738.
188. Chensue, S.W., Bienkowski, M., Eessalu, T.E., Warmington, K.S., Hershey, S.D., Lukas, N.W. and Kunkel, S.L. Endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) regulates schistosome egg granuloma formation and the regional lymphoid response. J. Immunol. 151 (1993) 3654-3662.
189. Ferretti, M., Casini-Raggi, V., Pizzarro, T.T., Eisenberg, S.P., Nast, C.C. and Cominelli, F. Neutralization of endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist exacerbates and prolongs inflammation in rabbit immune colitis. J. Clin. Invest. 94 (1994) 449-453.
190. LeMay, L.G., Otterness, I.G., Vander, A.J. and Kluger, M.J. In vivo evidence that the rise in plasma IL-6 following injection of a fever-inducing dose of LPS is mediated by IL-1 beta. Cytokine 2 (1990) 199-204.
191. Dinarello, C.A., Zhang, X.X., Wen, H.D., Wolff, S.M. and Ikejima, T. (1992). The effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on IL-1, LPS, Staphylococcus epidermidis and tumor necrosis factor fever. In The effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on IL-1, LPS, Staphylococcus epidermidis and tumor necrosis factor fever. Bartfai, T. and D. Ottoson, Eds. Book Oxford: Pergamon Press, 11-18.
192. Granowitz, E.V., Porat, R., Mier, J.W., Orencole, S.F., Callahan, M.V., Cannon, J.G., Lynch, E.A., Ye, K., Poutsiaka D.D., Vannier, E., Shapiro, L., Pribble, J.P., Stiles, D.M., Catalano, M.A., Wolff, S.M. and Dinarello, C.A. Hematological and immunomodulatory effects of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist coinfusion during low-dose endotoxemia in healthy humans. Blood 82 (1993) 2985-2990.
193. Markewitz, A., Faist, E., Lang, S., Endres, S., Fuchs, B. and Reichart, B. Successful restoration of cell-mediated immune response after cardiopulmonary bypass by immunomodulation. J. Thoras. Card. Surg. 105 (1993) 15-24.
194. Fisher, C.J.J., Slotman, G.J., Opal, S.M., Pribble, J., Bone, R.C., Emmanuel, G., Ng, D., Bloedow, D.C. and Catalano, M.A. Initial evaluation of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of sepsis syndrome: a randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Crit. Care Med. 22 (1994) 12-21.
195. Fischer, E., Marano, M.A., Barber, A.E., Hudson, A.A., Lee, K., Rock, C.S., Hawes, A.S., Thompson, R.C., Hayes, T.V., Anderson, T.D., Benjamin, W.R., Lowry, S.F. and Moldawer, L.L. A comparison between the effects of interleukin-1α administration and sublethal endotoxemia in primates. Am. J. Physiol. 261 (1991) R442-R449.
196. Gershenwald, J.E., Fong, Y.M., Fahey, T.J., Calvano, S.E., Chizzonite, R., Kilian, P.L., Lowry, S.F. and Moldawer, L.L. Interleukin 1 receptor blockade attenuates the host inflammatory response, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990) 4966-4970.
197. Casey, L.C., Balk, R.A. and Bone, R.C. Plasma cytokines and endotoxin levels correlate with survival in patients with the sepsis syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 119 (1993) 771-778.
198. Fisher, C.J.J., Dhainaut, J.F., Opal, S.M., Pribble, J.P., Balk, R.A., Slotman, G.J., Iberti, T.J., Rackow, E.C., Shapiro, M.J. and Greenman, R.L. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 271 (1994) 1836-1843.
199. Knaus, W.A., Harrell, F.E., Fisher, C.J., Wagner, D.P., Opal, S.M., Sadoff, J.C., Draper, E.A., Walawander, C.A., Conboy, K. and Grasela, T.H. The clinical evaluation of new drugs for sepsis. JAMA 270 (1993) 1233-1241.
200. Lebsack, M.E., Paul, C.C., Bloedow, D.C., Burch, F.X., Sack, M.A., Chase, W. and Catalano, M.A. Subcutaneous IL-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheumatol. 34(suppl) (1991) S67.
201. Lebsack, M.E., Paul, C.C., Martindale, J.J. and Catalano, M.A. A dose- and regimen-ranging study of IL-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheumat. 36 (1993) S39.
202. Bresnihan, B., Lookabaugh, J., Witt, K. and Musikic, P. Treatment with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Arthrit. Rheumat. 39 (1996) S73 (abs).
203. Watt, I. and Cobby, M. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces the rate of joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. Rheumat. 39 (1996) S123.
204. Antin, J.H., Weinstein, H.J., Guinan, E.C., McCarthy, P., Bierer, B.E., Gilliland, D.G., Parsons, S.K., Ballen, K.K., Rimm, I.J., Falzarano, G. and Ferrara, J.L. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease. Blood 84 (1994) 1342-1348.
205. McCarthy, P.L., Abhyankar, S., Neben, S., Sieff, C., Thompson, R.C., Burakoff, S. and Ferrara, J.L.M. Inhibition of interleukin-1 by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist prevents graft versus host disease. Blood 78 (1991) 1915-1918.