Sex differences and sex steroids in lung health and disease

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-47

  Townsend, Elizabeth A ^a   Miller, Virginia M ^a,b   Prakash, Y S ^a,b  

^a MAYO GRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; AMINOREX; ANTIANDROGEN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; CIGARETTE SMOKE; CORTICOSTEROID; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; FENFLURAMINE; HORMONE RECEPTOR; LUNG SURFACTANT; PROGESTERONE; SEX HORMONE; SEX HORMONE RECEPTOR; STEROID; TESTOSTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGING; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ASTHMA; ATOPY; BRONCHODILATATION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL; ESTROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FORCED VITAL CAPACITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIFESPAN; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT; LUNG; LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA; LUNG BLOOD VESSEL; LUNG CANCER; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG DYSPLASIA; LUNG EMPHYSEMA; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG PARENCHYMA; LUNG SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG STRUCTURE; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; MENOPAUSE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PASSIVE SMOKING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL PERIOD; PREVALENCE; PRICK TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGESTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUBERTY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN PRICK TEST; SKIN TEST; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT;

AGING; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; MALE; MENOPAUSE; PREGNANCY; PUBERTY; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84857888066     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0031     Document Type: Review

References (497)

1. Pérez-Ló pez FR, Larrad-Mur L, Kallen A, Chedraui P, Taylor HS 2010 Gender differences in cardiovascular disease: hormonal and biochemical influences. Reprod Sci 17:511-531
2. Konhilas JP 2010 What we know and do not know about sex and cardiac disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010: 562051
3. Arain FA, Kuniyoshi FH, Abdalrhim AD, Miller VM 2009 Sex/gender medicine. The biological basis for personalized care in cardiovascular medicine. Circ J 73: 1774-1782
4. Miller VM 2010 Sex-based differences in vascular function. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 6:737-752
5. Leuzzi C, Sangiorgi GM, Modena MG 2010 Gender-specific aspects in the clinical presentation of cardiovascular disease. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 24:711-717
6. Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Stankevich BA, Bies RR 2009 Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antidepressants: an updated review. Gend Med 6:522-543
7. Beierle I, Meibohm B, Derendorf H 1999 Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 37:529-547
8. Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B 2011 Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:885-893
9. Greenhill C 2011 Metabolism: sex differences in fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7:313
10. McEwen BS 2010 Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling. Ann NY Acad Sci 1204(Suppl):E38-E59
11. Gillies GE, McArthur S 2010 Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: a case for sex-specific medicines. Pharmacol Rev 62:155-198
12. Manson JE 2008 Prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones and behavioral/cognitive outcomes. Metabolism 57(Suppl 2):S16-S21
13. Hines M 2010 Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain. Trends Cogn Sci 14:448-456
14. Reddy DS 2010 Neurosteroids: endogenous role in the human brain and therapeutic potentials. In: Ivanka S, ed. Progress in brain research. New York: Elsevier; 113-137
15. Janicki SC, Schupf N 2010 Hormonal influences on cognition and risk for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 10:359-366
16. Fry DL, Hyatt RE 1960 Pulmonary mechanics. A unified analysis of the relationship between pressure, volume and gasflow in the lungs of normal and diseased human subjects. Am J Med 29:672-689
17. Milic-Emili J, Koulouris NG, D'Angelo E 1999 Spirometry and flow-volume loops. Eur Respir Mon 12:20-32
18. Hayes Jr D, Kraman SS 2009 The physiologic basis of spirometry. Respir Care 54:1717-1726
19. Lomask M 2006 Further exploration of the Penh parameter. Exp Toxicol Pathol 57(Suppl 2):13-20
20. Hoymann HG 2007 Invasive and noninvasive lung function measurements in rodents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 55:16-26
21. Hsia CC, Hyde DM, Ochs M, Weibel ER 2010 An official research policy statement of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society: standards for quantitative assessment of lung structure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:394-418
22. Seaborn T, Khan PA, Cloutier M, Maltais F, Piedboeuf B 2007 Short-term response to tracheal occlusion during perinatal lung development in mice. Exp Lung Res 33:441-457
23. Espina V, Heiby M, Pierobon M, Liotta LA 2007 Laser capture microdissection technology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7:647-657
24. Espina V, Wulfkuhle JD, Calvert VS, VanMeter A, Zhou W, Coukos G, Geho DH, Petricoin 3rd EF, Liotta LA 2006 Laser-capture microdissection. Nat Protoc 1:586-603
25. Hutchinson J 1846Onthe capacity of the lungs, and on the respiratory functions, with a view of establishing a precise and easy method of detecting disease by the spirometer. Med Chir Trans 29:137-252
26. EllisH1894Manand woman: a study ofhumansecondary sexual characters. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
27. Ott O 1890 Les lois de la periodicite de la fonction physiologique dans l'organisme feminin. Nouvelles archives d'obstetrique et de gynecologie 502-506
28. Becklake MR, Kauffmann F 1999 Gender differences in airway behaviour over the human life span. Thorax 54: 1119-1138
29. Dezateux C, Stocks J 1997 Lung development and early origins of childhood respiratory illness. Br Med Bull 53: 40-57
30. Thurlbeck WM 1975 Postnatal growth and development of the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:803-844
31. Thurlbeck WM, Angus GE 1975 Growth and aging of the normal human lung. Chest 67:3S-6S
32. Hepper PG, Shannon EA, Dornan JC 1997 Sex differences in fetal mouth movements. Lancet 350:1820
33. Boddy K, Dawes GS 1975 Fetal breathing. Br Med Bull 31:3-7
34. Thurlbeck WM 1982 The pathology of small airways in chronic airflow limitation. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 121: 9-18
35. Fleisher B, Kulovich MV, Hallman M, Gluck L 1985 Lung profile: sex differences in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 66:327-330
36. Torday JS, Nielsen HC 1987 The sex difference in fetal lung surfactant production. Exp Lung Res 12:1-19
37. Doershuk CF, Fisher BJ, Matthews LW 1974 Specific airway resistance from the perinatal period into adulthood. Alterations in childhood pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 109:452-457
38. Langston C, Kida K, Reed M, Thurlbeck WM 1984 Human lung growth in late gestation and in the neonate. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:607-613
39. Seaborn T, Simard M, Provost PR, Piedboeuf B, Tremblay Y 2010 Sex hormone metabolism in lung development and maturation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 21:729-738
40. Schwartz J, Katz SA, Fegley RW, Tockman MS 1988 Sex and race differences in the development of lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1415-1421
41. Merkus PJ, ten Have-Opbroek AA, Quanjer PH 1996 Human lung growth: a review. Pediatr Pulmonol 21: 383-397
42. Hibbert M, Lannigan A, Raven J, Landau L, Phelan P 1995 Gender differences in lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 19: 129-134
43. Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW, Arbes Jr SJ, Germolec DR, Korach KS, ZeldinDC2007 It's all about sex: gender, lung development and lung disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 18:308-313
44. Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW, Germolec DR, Korach KS, ZeldinDC2007 The impact of sex and sex hormones on lung physiology and disease: lessons from animal studies. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293:L272-L278
45. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Kirmeyer S 2006 Births: final data for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep 55:1-101
46. Stocks J, Quanjer PH 1995 Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. ATS workshop on lung volume measurements. Official Statement of The European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 8:492-506
47. Thurlbeck WM 1982 Postnatal human lung growth. Thorax 37:564-571
48. Pagtakhan RD, Bjelland JC, Landau LI, Loughlin G, Kaltenborn W, Seeley G, TaussigLM 1984 Sex differences in growth patterns of the airways and lung parenchyma in children. J Appl Physiol 56:1204-1210
49. Hoffstein V 1986 Relationship between lung volume, maximal expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in one second, and tracheal area in normal men and women.AmRev Respir Dis 134:956-961
50. Mead J 1980 Dysanapsis in normal lungs assessed by the relationship between maximal flow, static recoil, and vital capacity. Am Rev Respir Dis 121:339-342
51. Taussig LM, Cota K, Kaltenborn W 1981 Different mechanical properties of the lung in boys and girls. Am Rev Respir Dis 123:640-643
52. Schrader PC, Quanjer PH, Olievier IC 1988 Respiratory muscle force and ventilatory function in adolescents. Eur Respir J 1:368-375
53. García-Río F, Pino-García JM, Serrano S, Racionero MA, Terreros-Caro JG, Alvarez-Sala R, Villasante C, Villamor J 1997 Comparison of helium dilution and plethysmographic lung volumes in pregnant women. Eur Respir J 10:2371-2375
54. Gee JB, Packer BS, Millen JE, Robin ED 1967 Pulmonary mechanics during pregnancy. J Clin Invest 46:945-952
55. Turner JM, Mead J, Wohl ME 1968 Elasticity of human lungs in relation to age. J Appl Physiol 25:664-671
56. Gibson GJ, Pride NB, O'cain C, QuagliatoR1976 Sex and age differences in pulmonary mechanics in normal nonsmoking subjects. J Appl Physiol 41:20-25
57. Pelzer AM, Thomson ML 1966 Effect of age, sex, stature, and smoking habits on human airway conductance. J Appl Physiol 21:469-476
58. Brody JS 1985 Cell-to-cell interactions in lung development. Pediatr Pulmonol 1:S42-S48
59. James A 2005 Remodelling of airway smooth muscle in asthma: what sort do you have? Clin Exp Allergy 35:703-707
60. Hirota S, Helli PB, Catalli A, Chew A, Janssen LJ 2005 Airway smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling and airway hyperresponsiveness. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 83:725-732
61. Joubert P, HamidQ2005 Role of airway smooth muscle in airway remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:713-716
62. Lazaar AL, Panettieri Jr RA 2005 Airway smooth muscle: a modulator of airway remodeling in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:488-495; quiz 496
63. Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL 2005 Chemo-kines and their receptors in chronic pulmonary disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4:313-317
64. Frieri M 2005 New concepts in asthma pathophysiology. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5:339-340
65. Frieri M 2005 Inflammatory issues in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 26:163-169
66. Visness CM, London SJ, Daniels JL, Kaufman JS, Yeatts KB, Siega-Riz AM, Calatroni A, Zeldin DC 2010 Association of childhood obesity with atopic and nonatopic asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. J Asthma 47:822-829
67. Michelson PH, Williams LW, Benjamin DK, Barnato AE 2009 Obesity, inflammation, and asthma severity in childhood: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 103:381-385
68. Joseph SP, Borrell LN, Shapiro A 2010 Self-reported lifetime asthma and nativity status in U.S. children and adolescents: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21:125-139
69. McHugh MK, Symanski E, Pompeii LA, Delclos GL 2009 Prevalence of asthma among adult females and males in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2001-2004. J Asthma 46:759-766
70. McHugh MK, Symanski E, Pompeii LA, Delclos GL 2010 Prevalence of asthma by industry and occupation in the U.S. working population. Am J Ind Med 53:463-475
71. Kwinta P, Pietrzyk JJ 2010 Preterm birth and respiratory disease in later life. Expert Rev Respir Med 4:593-604
72. Greenough A 2008 Long-term pulmonary outcome in the preterm infant. Neonatology 93:324-327
73. Nickerson BG 1985 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Chronic pulmonary disease following neonatal respiratory failure. Chest 87:528-535
74. Doyle LW, Anderson PJ 2009 Long-term outcomes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 14:391-395
75. Bhandari A, Panitch HB 2006 Pulmonary outcomes in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 30:219-226
76. Bhutani VK, Abbasi S 1992 Long-term pulmonary consequences in survivors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 19:649-671
77. Maritz GS, Morley CJ, Harding R 2005 Early developmental origins of impaired lung structure and function. Early Hum Dev 81:763-771
78. Kirkby J, Welsh L, Lum S, Fawke J, Rowell V, Thomas S, Marlow N, Stocks J 2008 The EPICure study: comparison of pediatric spirometry in community and laboratory settings. Pediatr Pulmonol 43:1233-1241
79. Fawke J, Lum S, Kirkby J, Hennessy E, Marlow N, Rowell V, Thomas S, Stocks J 2010 Lung function and respiratory symptoms at 11 years in children born extremely preterm: the EPICure study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:237-245
80. Sly PD 2011 The early origins of asthma: who is really at risk? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 11:24-28
81. Brown MA, Halonen M 1999 Perinatal events in the development of asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 5:4-9
82. Pole JD, Mustard CA, To T, Beyene J, Allen AC 2009 Antenatal steroid therapy for fetal lung maturation: is there an association with childhood asthma? J Asthma 46:47-52
83. Kumar R 2008 Prenatal factors and the development of asthma. Curr Opin Pediatr 20:682-687
84. Prescott SL, Clifton V 2009 Asthma and pregnancy: emerging evidence of epigenetic interactions in utero. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 9:417-426
85. Saglani S, Bush A 2007 The early-life origins of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7:83-90
86. Le Souëf PN 2005 Can asthma be predicted from an early age? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:71-75
87. Boezen HM, Jansen DF, Postma DS 2004 Sex and gender differences in lung development and their clinical significance. Clin Chest Med 25:237-245
88. Sennhauser FH, Kühni CE 1995 Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in Swiss children: is bronchial asthma really more prevalent in boys? Pediatr Pulmonol 19: 161-166
89. Siersted HC, Boldsen J, Hansen HS, Mostgaard G, Hyldebrandt N 1998 Population based study of risk factors for underdiagnosis of asthma in adolescence: Odense Schoolchild Study. BMJ 316:651-655; discussion 655-656
90. Kühni CE, Sennhauser FH 1995 The Yentl syndrome in childhood asthma: risk factors for undertreatment in Swiss children. Pediatr Pulmonol 19:156-160
91. Orth-Gomer K 2000 Newlight on the Yentl syndrome. Eur Heart J 21:874-875
92. Myers TR 2000 Pediatric asthma epidemiology: incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Respir Care Clin N Am 6:1-14
93. Melgert BN, Ray A, Hylkema MN, Timens W, Postma DS 2007 Are there reasons why adult asthma is more common in females? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 7:143-150
94. Caracta CF 2003 Gender differences in pulmonary disease. Mt Sinai J Med 70:215-224
95. Bjornson CL, Mitchell I 2000 Gender differences in asthma in childhood and adolescence. J Gend Specif Med 3:57-61
96. Vink NM, Postma DS, Schouten JP, Rosmalen JG, Boezen HM 2010 Gender differences in asthma development and remission during transition through puberty: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126:498-504.e1-e6
97. Redline S, Gold D 1994 Challenges in interpreting gender differences in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150: 1219-1221
98. Schatz M, Camargo Jr CA 2003 The relationship of sex to asthma prevalence, health care utilization, and medications in a large managed care organization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 91:553-558
99. Salam MT, Wenten M, Gilliland FD 2006 Endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones and asthma and wheeze in young women. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:1001-1007
100. Postma DS 2007 Gender differences in asthma development and progression. Gend Med 4(Suppl B):S133-S146
101. Vrieze A, Postma DS, Kerstjens HA 2003 Perimenstrual asthma: a syndrome without known cause or cure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:271-282
102. Chhabra SK 2005 Premenstrual asthma. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 47:109-116
103. Farha S, Asosingh K, Laskowski D, Hammel J, Dweik RA, WiedemannHP, Erzurum SC 2009 Effects of the menstrual cycle on lung function variables in women with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:304-310 104.
104. Gibbs CJ, Coutts II, Lock R, Finnegan OC, White RJ 1984 Premenstrual exacerbation of asthma. Thorax 39:833-836
105. Dratva J, Schindler C, Curjuric I, Stolz D, Macsali F, Gomez FR, Zemp E 2010 Perimenstrual increase in bronchial hyperreactivity in premenopausal women: results from the population-based SAPALDIA 2 cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:823-829
106. Forbes L, Jarvis D, Burney P 1999 Do hormonal contraceptives influence asthma severity? Eur Respir J 14:1028-1033
107. Tan KS, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ 1997 Loss of normal cyclicalβ2 adrenoceptor regulation and increased premenstrual responsiveness to adenosine monophosphate in stable female asthmatic patients. Thorax 52:608-611
108. Kharitonov SA, Logan-Sinclair RB, Busset CM, ShinebourneEA1994 Peak expiratory nitric oxide differences in men and women: relation to the menstrual cycle. Br Heart J 72:243-245
109. Oguzulgen IK, Turktas H, Erbas D 2002 Airway inflammation in premenstrual asthma. J Asthma 39:517-522
110. Mandhane PJ, Hanna SE, Inman MD, Duncan JM, Greene JM, Wang HY, Sears MR 2009 Changes in exhaled nitric oxide related to estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Chest 136:1301-1307
111. Schatz M, Dombrowski MP 2009 Clinical practice. Asthma in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 360:1862-1869
112. Kwon HL, Triche EW, Belanger K, Bracken MB 2006 The epidemiology of asthma during pregnancy: prevalence, diagnosis, and symptoms. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 26:29-62
113. Pereira A, Krieger BP 2004 Pulmonary complications of pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 25:299-310
114. Schatz M, Dombrowski MP, Wise R, Thom EA, Landon M, Mabie W, Newman RB, Hauth JC, Lindheimer M, Caritis SN, Leveno KJ, Meis P, Miodovnik M, Wapner RJ, Paul RH, Varner MW, O'sullivan MJ, Thurnau GR, Conway D, McNellis D 2003 Asthma morbidity during pregnancy can be predicted by severity classification. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:283-288
115. Juniper EF, Daniel EE, Roberts RS, Kline PA, Hargreave FE, Newhouse MT 1989 Improvement in airway responsiveness and asthma severity during pregnancy.Aprospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:924-931
116. Schatz M, Harden K, Forsythe A, Chilingar L, Hoffman C, Sperling W, Zeiger RS 1988 The course of asthma during pregnancy, post partum, and with successive pregnancies: a prospective analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81:509-517
117. Hermosa JL, Sánchez CB, Rubio MC, Mínguez MM, Walther JL 2010 Factors associated with the control of severe asthma. J Asthma 47:124-130
118. Wenzel SE 2005 Severe asthma in adults. Exp Lung Res 31(Suppl 1):22
119. Louis R 2009 Severe asthma: how can we differentiate phenotypes? Swiss Med Wkly 139:274-277
120. Firoozi F, Ducharme FM, LemièreC, Beauchesne MF, Perreault S, Forget A, Blais L 2009 Effect of fetal gender on maternal asthma exacerbations in pregnant asthmatic women. Respir Med 103:144-151
121. Slatkovska L, Jensen D, Davies GA, Wolfe LA 2006 Phasic menstrual cycle effects on the control of breathing in healthy women. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 154:379-388
122. Foster PS, Goldie RG, Paterson JW 1983 Effect of steroids on β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of pig bronchus. Br J Pharmacol 78:441-445
123. Kohler PC, Trump DL 1986 Ectopic hormone syndromes. Cancer Invest 4:543-554
124. Balzano G, Fuschillo S, Melillo G, Bonini S 2001 Asthma and sex hormones. Allergy 56:13-20
125. Skobeloff EM, Spivey WH, St Clair SS, Schoffstall JM 1992 The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions. JAMA 268:3437-3440
126. Bonner JR 1984 The epidemiology and natural history of asthma. Clin Chest Med 5:557-565
127. Troisi RJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B 1995 Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma. A prospective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:1183-1188
128. Balzano G, Fuschillo S, De Angelis E, Gaudiosi C, Mancini A, Caputi M 2007 Persistent airway inflammation and high exacerbation rate in asthma that starts at menopause. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 67:135-141
129. Bellia V, Augugliaro G 2007 Asthma and menopause. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 67:125-127
130. Della Torre F, Cassani L, Segale M 1988 Asma ed orticaria nell'anziano: ruolo degli ormoni ipofiso-gonadici in menopausa. Rassegna Geriatrica 24:165-171
131. Farina F, Colombi S, Cantone R, Pastore M, Centanni S, Galimberti M 1986 [Study of hypophyseal and gonadal hormones and cases of postmenopausal occurrence of bronchial asthma]. Minerva Med 77:243-247
132. Ballard K 2002 Women's use of hormone replacement therapy for disease prevention; results of a community survey. Br J Gen Pract 52:835-837
133. Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Morris MJ 2001 The effects of estrogen replacement therapy on airway function in postmenopausal, asthmatic women. Arch Intern Med 161: 2717-2720
134. Romieu I, Fabre A, Fournier A, Kauffmann F, Varraso R, Mesrine S, Leynaert B, Clavel-Chapelon F 2010 Postmenopausal hormone therapy and asthma onset in the E3N cohort. Thorax 65:292-297
135. Barr RG, Camargo Jr CA 2004 Hormone replacement therapy and obstructive airway diseases. Treat Respir Med 3:1-7
136. Canguven O, Albayrak S 2011 Do low testosterone levels contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma? Med Hypotheses 76:585-588
137. Zannolli R, Morgese G 1997 Does puberty interfere with asthma? Med Hypotheses 48:27-32
138. Guay A, Seftel AD, Traish A 2010 Hypogonadism in men with erectile dysfunctionmaybe related to a host of chronic illnesses. Int J Impot Res 22:9-19
139. Wulfsohn NL, Politzer WM, Henrico JS 1964 Testosterone therapy in bronchial asthma. S Afr Med J 38:170-172
140. Sears MR, Burrows B, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD 1993 Atopy in childhood. I. Gender and allergen related risks for development of hay fever and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 23:941-948
141. Vellutini M, Viegi G, Parrini D, Pedreschi M, Baldacci S, Modena P, Biavati P, Simoni M, Carrozzi L, Giuntini C 1997 Serum immunoglobulins E are related to menstrual cycle. Eur J Epidemiol 13:931-935
142. Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG 1989 Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. N Engl J Med 320:271-277
143. Liu AH, Jaramillo R, Sicherer SH, Wood RA, Bock SA, Burks AW, Massing M, Cohn RD, Zeldin DC 2010 National prevalence and risk factors for food allergy and relationship to asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126:798-806.e13
144. Bertelsen RJ, Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Granum B, Doekes G, Håland G, Mowinckel P, Løvik M 2010 Childhood asthma and early life exposure to indoor allergens, endotoxin and β(1,3)-glucans. Clin Exp Allergy 40:307-316
145. Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P, Durham SR, Bachert C, Akdis CA, Canonica GW, Dahlen SE, Zuberbier T, Bieber T, Bonini S, Bousquet PJ, Brozek JL, Cardell LO, Crameri R, Custovic A, Demoly P, van Wijk RG, Gjomarkaj M, Holland C, Howarth P, Humbert M, Johnston SL, Kauffmann F, Kowalski ML, Lambrecht B, LehmannS, Leynaert B, Lodrup-Carlsen K, Mullol J, Niggemann B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Papadopoulos N, Passalacqua G, Schünemann HJ, Simon HU, Todo-Bom A, Toskala E, Valenta R, Wickman M, Zock JP 2008 Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper. Allergy 63:842-853
146. Senthilselvan A, Rennie D, Chénard L, Burch LH, Babiuk L, Schwartz DA, Dosman JA 2008 Association of polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 4 with a reduced prevalence of hay fever and atopy.AnnAllergy Asthma Immunol 100:463-468
147. PausJenssen ES, Cockcroft DW 2003 Sex differences in asthma, atopy, and airway hyperresponsiveness in a university population. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 91: 34-37
148. Fagan JK, Scheff PA, Hryhorczuk D, Ramakrishnan V, Ross M, Persky V 2001 Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in an adolescent population: association with gender and race. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 86: 177-184
149. Siroux V, Curt F, Oryszczyn MP, Maccario J, Kauffmann F 2004 Role of gender and hormone-related events on IgE, atopy, and eosinophils in the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:491-498
150. Bottema RW, Reijmerink NE, Koppelman GH, Kerkhof M, Postma DS 2005 Phenotype definition, age, and gender in the genetics of asthma and atopy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 25:621-639
151. Barbee RA, Halonen M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B 1981 Distribution of IgE in a community population sample: correlations with age, sex, and allergen skin test reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 68:106-111
152. Harrop J, Chinn S, Verlato G, Olivieri M,Norbäck D, Wjst M, Janson C, Zock JP, Leynaert B, Gislason D, Ponzio M, Villani S, Carosso A, Svanes C, Heinrich J, Jarvis D 2007 Eczema, atopy and allergen exposure in adults: a population-based study. Clin Exp Allergy 37:526-535
153. Anderson HR, Pottier AC, Strachan DP 1992 Asthma from birth to age 23: incidence and relation to prior and concurrent atopic disease. Thorax 47:537-542
154. Jatakanon A, Lim S, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ 1998 Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax 53:91-95
155. Taylor DR, Mandhane P, Greene JM, Hancox RJ, Filsell S, McLachlan CR, Williamson AJ, Cowan JO, Smith AD, Sears MR 2007 Factors affecting exhaled nitric oxide measurements: the effect of sex. Respir Res 8:82
156. Barrenäs F, Andersson B, Cardell LO, Langston M, Mobini R, Perkins A, Soini J, Ståhl A, Benson M 2008 Gender differences in inflammatory proteins and pathways in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cytokine 42:325-329
157. Hamano N, Terada N, Maesako K, Numata T, Konno A 1998 Effect of sex hormones on eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa. Allergy Asthma Proc 19:263-269
158. Sekigawa I, Naito T, Hira K, Mitsuishi K, Ogasawara H, Hashimoto H, Ogawa H 2004 Possible mechanisms of gender bias in SLE: a new hypothesis involving a comparison of SLE with atopy. Lupus 13:217-222
159. TalalN1992 Sjogren's syndrome: historical overview and clinical spectrum of disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 18:507-515
160. Piccinni MP, Giudizi MG, Biagiotti R, Beloni L, Giannarini L, Sampognaro S, Parronchi P, Manetti R, Annunziato F, Livi C 1995 Progesterone favors the development of human T helper cells producing Th2-type cytokines and promotes both IL-4 production and membrane CD30 expression in established Th1 cell clones. J Immunol 155: 128-133
161. Hamano N, Terada N, Maesako K, Hohki G, Ito T, Yamashita T, Konno A 1998 Effect of female hormones on the production of IL-4 and IL-13 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 537:27-31
162. Araneo BA, Dowell T, Diegel M, Daynes RA 1991 Dihydrotestosterone exerts a depressive influence on the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and γ-interferon, but not IL-2 by activated murine T cells. Blood 78:688-699
163. Girón-González JA, Moral FJ, Elvira J, García-Gil D, Guerrero F, Gavilán I, Escobar L 2000 Consistent production of a higher TH1:TH2 cytokine ratio by stimulated T cells in men compared with women. Eur J Endocrinol 143: 31-36
164. Allen JE, Bischof RJ, Sucie Chang HY, Hirota JA, Hirst SJ, Inman MD, Mitzner W, Sutherland TE 2009 Animal models of airway inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodelling in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 22:455-465
165. Chang HY, Mitzner W 2007 Sex differences in mouse models of asthma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 85:1226-1235
166. Corteling R, Trifilieff A 2004 Gender comparison in a murine model of allergen-driven airway inflammation and the response to budesonide treatment. BMC Pharmacol 4:4
167. Card JW, Carey MA, Bradbury JA, DeGraff LM, Morgan DL, Moorman MP, Flake GP, Zeldin DC 2006 Gender differences in murine airway responsiveness and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. J Immunol 177:621-630
168. Carey MA, Card JW, Bradbury JA, Moorman MP, Haykal-Coates N, Gavett SH, Graves JP, Walker VR, Flake GP, Voltz JW, Zhu D, Jacobs ER, Dakhama A, Larsen GL, Loader JE, GelfandEW,Germolec DR, Korach KS, Zeldin DC 2007 Spontaneous airway hyperresponsiveness in estrogen receptor-α-deficient mice.AmJ Respir Crit Care Med 175:126-135
169. Melgert BN, Postma DS, Kuipers I, Geerlings M, Luinge MA, van der Strate BW, Kerstjens HA, Timens W, Hylkema MN 2005 Female mice are more susceptible to the development of allergic airway inflammation than male mice. Clin Exp Allergy 35:1496-1503
170. Seymour BW, Friebertshauser KE, Peake JL, Pinkerton KE, Coffman RL, Gershwin LJ 2002 Gender differences in the allergic response of mice neonatally exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Dev Immunol 9:47-54
171. Hayashi T, Adachi Y, Hasegawa K, Morimoto M 2003 Less sensitivity for late airway inflammation in males than females in BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol 57:562-567
172. Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Oliveira-Filho RM, da Silva ZL, Borelli P, Tavares de Lima W 2004 Regulation of allergic lung inflammation in rats: interaction between estradiol and corticosterone. Neuroimmunomodulation 11:20-27
173. Hellings PW, Vandekerckhove P, Claeys R, Billen J, Kasran A, Ceuppens JL 2003 Progesterone increases airway eosinophilia and hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1457-1463
174. Dimitropoulou C, White RE, Ownby DR, Catravas JD 2005 Estrogen reduces carbachol-induced constriction of asthmatic airways by stimulating large-conductance voltage and calcium-dependent potassium channels. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 32:239-247
175. Matsubara S, Swasey CH, Loader JE, Dakhama A, Joetham A, Ohnishi H, Balhorn A, Miyahara N, Takeda K, Gelfand EW 2008 Estrogen determines sex differences in airway responsiveness after allergen exposure.AmJ Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:501-508
176. Degano B, Prévost MC, Berger P, Molimard M, Pontier S, Rami J, Escamilla R 2001 Estradiol decreases the acetylcholine-elicited airway reactivity in ovariectomized rats through an increase in epithelial acetylcholinesterase activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1849-1854
177. Card JW, Voltz JW, Ferguson CD, Carey MA, DeGraff LM, Peddada SD, Morgan DL, Zeldin DC 2007 Male sex hormones promote vagally mediated reflex airway responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation.AmJ Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292:L908-L914
178. Moshammer H, Neuberger M 2006 Smoking in pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 114:A150
179. Moshammer H, Hoek G, Luttmann-Gibson H, Neuberger MA, Antova T, Gehring U, Hruba F, Pattenden S, Rudnai P, Slachtova H, Zlotkowska R, Fletcher T 2006 Parental smoking and lung function in children: an international study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1255-1263
180. Young S, Sherrill DL, Arnott J, Diepeveen D, LeSouëf PN, Landau LI 2000 Parental factors affecting respiratory function during the first year of life. Pediatr Pulmonol 29: 331-340
181. Gilliland FD, Li YF, Peters JM 2001 Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:429-436
182. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ 1995 Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med 332:133-138
183. Li YF, Gilliland FD, Berhane K, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Rappaport EB, Peters JM 2000 Effects of in utero and environmental tobacco smoke exposure on lung function in boys and girls with and without asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2097-2104
184. CelliBR1995 Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest Surg Clin N Am 5:623-634
185. Chapman KR 2004 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are women more susceptible than men? Clin Chest Med 25:331-341
186. Pauwels R 2001 Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung diseases (GOLD): time to act. Eur Respir J 18:901-902
187. Davis RM, Novotny TE 1989 The epidemiology of cigarette smoking and its impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:S82-S84
188. Varkey AB 2004 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women: exploring gender differences. Curr Opin Pulm Med 10:98-103
189. Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC 2002 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance-United States, 1971-2000. MMWR Surveill Summ 51:1-16
190. Gritz ER 1984 Cigarette smoking by adolescent females: implications for health and behavior. Women Health 9:103-115
191. Gold DR, Wang X, Wypij D, Speizer FE, Ware JH, DockeryDW1996 Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls. N Engl J Med 335:931-937
192. ChapmanKR, Tashkin DP, Pye DJ 2001 Gender bias in the diagnosis of COPD. Chest 119:1691-1695
193. Prescott E, Osler M, Andersen PK, Hein HO, Borch-Johnsen K, Lange P, Schnohr P, Vestbo J 1998 Mortality in women and men in relation to smoking. Int J Epidemiol 27:27-32
194. Carter R, Nicotra B, Huber G 1994 Differing effects of airway obstruction on physical work capacity and ventilation in men and women with COPD. Chest 106:1730-1739
195. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist AS, Conway Jr WA, Enright PL, Kanner RE, O'Hara P 1994 Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 272: 1497-1505
196. Gan WQ, Man SF, Postma DS, Camp P, Sin DD 2006 Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res 7:52
197. Silverman EK, Weiss ST, Drazen JM, Chapman HA, Carey V, Campbell EJ, Denish P, Silverman RA, Celedon JC, Reilly JJ, Ginns LC, Speizer FE 2000 Gender-related differences in severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2152-2158
198. Birring SS, Brightling CE, Bradding P, Entwisle JJ, Vara DD, Grigg J, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID 2002 Clinical, radiologic, and induced sputum features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers: a descriptive study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1078-1083
199. Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J 1997 Effect of gender on hospital admissions for asthma and prevalence of self-reported asthma: a prospective study based on a sample of the general population. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Thorax 52:287-289
200. Miyamoto K, Aida A, Nishimura M, Aiba M, Kira S, Kawakami Y 1995 Gender effect on prognosis of patients receiving long-term home oxygen therapy. The Respiratory Failure Research Group in Japan. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:972-976
201. Connett JE, Murray RP, Buist AS, Wise RA, Bailey WC, Lindgren PG, Owens GR 2003 Changes in smoking status affect women more than men: results of the Lung Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 157:973-979
202. Camp PG, Coxson HO, Levy RD, Pillai SG, Anderson W, Vestbo J, Kennedy SM, Silverman EK, Lomas DA, Paré PD 2009 Sex differences in emphysema and airway disease in smokers. Chest 136:1480-1488
203. Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Sciurba F, Mumford J, Giardino ND, Weinmann G, Kazerooni E, Murray S, Criner GJ, Sin DD, Hogg J, Ries AL, Han M, Fishman AP, Make B, Hoffman EA, Mohsenifar Z, Wise R 2007 Sex differences in severe pulmonary emphysema.AmJ Respir Crit Care Med 176:243-252
204. Carlson CL, Cushman M, Enright PL, Cauley JA, Newman AB 2001 Hormone replacement therapy is associated with higher FEV1 in elderly women.AmJ Respir Crit Care Med 163:423-428
205. Shafer D, AlbainK2009 Lung cancer outcomes in women. Semin Oncol 36:532-541
206. Egleston BL, Meireles SI, Flieder DB, Clapper ML 2009 Population-based trends in lung cancer incidence in women. Semin Oncol 36:506-515
207. Ramchandran K, Patel JD 2009 Sex differences in susceptibility to carcinogens. Semin Oncol 36:516-523
208. Siegfried JM, Hershberger PA, Stabile LP 2009 Estrogen receptor signaling in lung cancer. Semin Oncol 36:524-531
209. Chlebowski RT 2009 Menopausal hormone therapy, hormone receptor status, and lung cancer in women. Semin Oncol 36:566-571
210. Harichand-Herdt S, Ramalingam SS 2009 Gender-associated differences in lung cancer: clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in women. Semin Oncol 36:572-580
211. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ 2003 Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53: 5-26
212. Rivera MP, Stover DE 2004 Gender and lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 25:391-400
213. Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Pierce JP, Hatziandreu EJ, Patel KM, Davis RM 1989 Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. The changing influence of gender and race. JAMA 261:49-55
214. Henschke CI, Yip R, Miettinen OS 2006 Women's susceptibility to tobacco carcinogens and survival after diagnosis of lung cancer. JAMA 296:180-184
215. Risch HA, Howe GR, Jain M, Burch JD, Holowaty EJ, Miller AB 1993 Are female smokers at higher risk for lung cancer than male smokers? A case-control analysis by histologic type. Am J Epidemiol 138:281-293
216. Kabat GC 1996 Aspects of the epidemiology of lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers in the United States. Lung Cancer 15:1-20
217. Belani CP, Marts S, Schiller J, Socinski MA 2007 Women and lung cancer: epidemiology, tumor biology, and emerging trends in clinical research. Lung Cancer 55:15-23
218. Ferguson MK, Wang J, Hoffman PC, Haraf DJ, Olak J, Masters GA, Vokes EE 2000 Sex-associated differences in survival of patients undergoing resection for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 69:245-249; discussion 249-250
219. Siegfried JM 2001 Womenand lung cancer: does oestrogen play a role? Lancet Oncol 2:506-513
220. Weiss JM, Lacey Jr JV, Shu XO, Ji BT, Hou L, Yang G, Li H, Rothman N, Blair A, Gao YT, Chow WH, Zheng W 2008 Menstrual and reproductive factors in association with lung cancer in female lifetime nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol 168:1319-1325
221. Taioli E, Wynder EL 1994 Re: Endocrine factors and adenocarcinoma of the lung in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:869-870
222. Liu Y, Inoue M, Sobue T, Tsugane S 2005 Reproductive factors, hormone use and the risk of lung cancer among middle-aged never-smoking Japanese women: a large-scale population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 117:662-666
223. Schabath MB, Wu X, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Vaporciyan AA, Spitz MR 2004 Hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk: a case-control analysis. Clin Cancer Res 10:113-123
224. Baik CS, Strauss GM, Speizer FE, Feskanich D 2010 Reproductive factors, hormone use, and risk for lung cancer in postmenopausal women, the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:2525-2533
225. Ramnath N, Menezes RJ, Loewen G, Dua P, Eid F, Alkhaddo J, Paganelli G, Natarajan N, Reid ME 2007 Hormone replacement therapy as a risk factor for nonsmall cell lung cancer: results of a case-control study. Oncology 73:305-310
226. Ganti AK, Sahmoun AE, Panwalkar AW, Tendulkar KK, Potti A 2006 Hormone replacement therapy is associated with decreased survival in women with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 24:59-63
227. Albain KS, Crowley JJ, LeBlanc M, Livingston RB 1991 Survival determinants in extensive-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: the Southwest Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol 9:1618-1626
228. Albain KS, Belani CP, Bonomi P, O'Byrne KJ, Schiller JH, Socinski M 2006 PIONEER: a phase III randomized trial of paclitaxel poliglumex versus paclitaxel in chemotherapynaivewomenwith advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer and performance status of 2. Clin Lung Cancer 7:417-419
229. Sun HB, Zheng Y, Ou W, Fang Q, Li P, Ye X, Zhang BB, Yang H, Wang SY 2011 Association between hormone receptor expression and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in patients operated on for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 91:1562-1567
230. Mah V, Marquez D, Alavi M, Maresh EL, Zhang L, Yoon N, Horvath S, Bagryanova L, Fishbein MC, Chia D, Pietras R, GoodglickL19 April 2011 Expression levels of estrogen receptor β in conjunction with aromatase predict survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.03.009
231. Meltzer EB, Noble PW 2008 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 3:8
232. Gribbin J, Hubbard RB, Le Jeune I, Smith CJ, West J, Tata LJ 2006 Incidence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax 61:980-985
233. Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Lezotte DC, Norris JM, Wilson CG, Brown KK 2007 Mortality from pulmonary fibrosis increased in the United States from 1992 to 2003. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:277-284
234. March TH, Wilder JA, Esparza DC, Cossey PY, Blair LF, Herrera LK, McDonald JD, Campen MJ, Mauderly JL, Seagrave J 2006 Modulators of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in A/J mice. Toxicol Sci 92:545-559
235. Gharaee-Kermani M, Hatano K, Nozaki Y, Phan SH 2005 Gender-based differences in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 166:1593-1606 236.
236. Lekgabe ED, Royce SG, Hewitson TD, Tang ML, Zhao C, Moore XL, Tregear GW, Bathgate RA, Du XJ, Samuel CS 2006 The effects of relaxin and estrogen deficiency on collagen deposition and hypertrophy of nonreproductive organs. Endocrinology 147:5575-5583
237. Runo JR, Loyd JE 2003 Primary pulmonary hypertension. Lancet 361:1533-1544
238. Robles AM, Shure D 2004 Gender issues in pulmonary vascular disease. Clin Chest Med 25:373-377
239. Pugh ME, Hemnes AR 2010 Development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in women: interplay of sex hormones and pulmonary vascular disease. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 6:285-296
240. Sakao S, Tanabe N, Tatsumi K 2010 The estrogen paradox in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 299:L435-L438
241. Badesch DB, Raskob GE, Elliott CG, Krichman AM, Farber HW, Frost AE, Barst RJ, Benza RL, Liou TG, Turner M, Giles S, Feldkircher K, Miller DP, McGoon MD 2010 Pulmonary arterial hypertension: baseline characteristics from the REVEAL Registry. Chest 137:376-387
242. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Chaouat A, Bertocchi M, Habib G, Gressin V, Yaici A, Weitzenblum E, Cordier JF, Chabot F, Dromer C, Pison C, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Haloun A, LaurentM, Hachulla E, SimonneauG2006Pulmonary arterial hypertension in France: results from a national registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1023-1030
243. Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM, Fishman AP, Goldring RM, Groves BM, Koerner SK, Levy PC, Reid LM, Vreim CE, Williams GW 1987 Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. Ann Intern Med 107:216-223
244. Taraseviciute A, Voelkel NF 2006 Severe pulmonary hypertension in postmenopausal obese women. Eur J Med Res 11:198-202
245. Kay JM, Smith P, Heath D 1971 Aminorex and the pulmonary circulation. Thorax 26:262-270
246. Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, Rich S, Benichou J, Kurz X, Higenbottam T, Oakley C, Wouters E, Aubier M, Simonneau G, Bégaud B 1996 Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl J Med 335:609-616
247. MasiAT1976 Editorial: pulmonary hypertension and oral contraceptive usage. Chest 69:451-453
248. Beretta L, Caronni M, Origgi L, Ponti A, Santaniello A, ScorzaR2006 Hormone replacement therapymayprevent the development of isolated pulmonary hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis and limited cutaneous involvement. Scand J Rheumatol 35:468-471
249. Opravil M, Pechére M, Speich R, Joller-Jemelka HI, Jenni R, Russi EW, Hirschel B, Lüthy R 1997 HIV-associated primary pulmonary hypertension. A case control study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: 990-995
250. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Sulli A, Serioli B, Secchi ME, Villaggio B, Straub RH 2006 Estrogens and autoimmune diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1089:538-547
251. Martin JT 2000 Sexual dimorphism in immune function: the role of prenatal exposure to androgens and estrogens. Eur J Pharmacol 405:251-261
252. Rubtsov AV, Rubtsova K, Kappler JW, Marrack P 2010 Genetic and hormonal factors in female-biased autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 9:494-498
253. Tofovic SP 2010 Estrogens and development of pulmonary hypertension: interaction of estradiol metabolism and pulmonary vascular disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 56:696-708
254. Smith AM, Jones RD, Channer KS 2006 The influence of sex hormones on pulmonary vascular reactivity: possible vasodilator therapies for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 4:9-15
255. Sherman TS, Chambliss KL, Gibson LL, Pace MC, Mendelsohn ME, Pfister SL, Shaul PW 2002 Estrogen acutely activates prostacyclin synthesis in ovine fetal pulmonary artery endothelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26:610-616
256. Lahm T, Crisostomo PR, Markel TA, Wang M, Weil BR, Novotny NM, Meldrum DR 2008 The effects of estrogen on pulmonary artery vasoreactivity and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: potential new clinical implications for an old hormone. Crit Care Med 36:2174-2183
257. Earley S, Resta TC 2002 Estradiol attenuates hypoxiainduced pulmonary endothelin-1 gene expression. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283:L86-L93
258. Sweet DG, Carnielli V, Greisen G, Hallman M, Ozek E, Plavka R, SaugstadOD,Simeoni U, Speer CP, HallidayHL 2010 European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants-2010 update. Neonatology 97:402-417
259. Farrell PM, Avery ME 1975 Hyaline membrane disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:657-688
260. Ingemarsson I 2003 Gender aspects of preterm birth. BJOG 110(Suppl 20):34-38
261. Khoury MJ, Marks JS, McCarthy BJ, Zaro SM 1985 Factors affecting the sex differential in neonatal mortality: the role of respiratory distress syndrome.AmJ Obstet Gynecol 151:777-782
262. Heljić S, Maksić H, Kalkan I, Krdalić B2009 The effects of antenatal corticosteroids and surfactant replacement on neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 9:225-228
263. 263. Jobe AH, Bancalari E 2001 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:1723-1729
264. Roberge S, Lacasse Y, Tapp S, Tremblay Y, Kari A, Liu J, Fekih M, Qublan HS, Amorim MM, Bujold E 2011 Role of fetal sex in the outcome of antenatal glucocorticoid treatment to prevent respiratory distress syndrome: systematic reviewand meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 33:216-226
265. Northway Jr WH, Rosan RC, Porter DY 1967 Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med 276: 357-368
266. Fanaroff AA, Hack M, Walsh MC 2003 The NICHD neonatal research network: changes in practice and outcomes during the first 15 years. Semin Perinatol 27:281-287
267. Bhandari A, Bhandari V 2009 Pitfalls, problems, and progress in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 123:1562-1573
268. Popova AP, Bozyk PD, Bentley JK, Linn MJ, Goldsmith AM, Schumacher RE, Weiner GM, Filbrun AG, Hershenson MB 2010 Isolation of tracheal aspirate mesenchymal stromal cells predicts bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 126:e1127-e1133
269. Gortner L, Misselwitz B, Milligan D, Zeitlin J, Kollée L, Boerch K, Agostino R, Van Reempts P, Chabernaud JL, Bréart G, Papiernik E, Jarreau PH, Carrapato M, Gadzinowski J, Draper E 2011 Rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm neonates in Europe: results from the MOSAIC cohort. Neonatology 99:112-117
270. Trotter A, Maier L, Kron M, Pohlandt F 2007 Effect of oestradiol and progesterone replacement on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 92:F94-F98
271. Thome UH, Bischoff A, Maier L, Pohlandt F, Trotter A 2006 Amiloride-sensitive nasal potential difference is not changed by estradiol and progesterone replacement but relates to BPD or death in a randomized trial on preterm infants. Pediatr Res 60:619-623
272. McCurnin DC, Pierce RA, Willis BC, Chang LY, Yoder BA, Yuhanna IS, Ballard PL, Clyman RI, Waleh N, Maniscalco W, Crapo JD, Grubb PH, Shaul PW 2009 Postnatal estradiol up-regulates lung nitric oxide synthases and improves lung function in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:492-500
273. Gurwitz D, Corey M, Francis PW, Crozier D, Levison H 1979 Perspectives in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Clin NorthAm 26:603-615
274. Davis PB 1999 The gender gap in cystic fibrosis survival. J Gend Specif Med 2:47-51
275. Rosenfeld M, Davis R, FitzSimmons S, Pepe M, Ramsey B 1997 Gender gap in cystic fibrosis mortality. Am J Epidemiol 145:794-803
276. Demko CA, Byard PJ, Davis PB 1995 Gender differences in cystic fibrosis: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J Clin Epidemiol 48:1041-1049
277. Johannesson M, Lúdvíksdóttir D, Janson C 2000 Lung function changes in relation to menstrual cycle in females with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 94:1043-1046
278. Coakley RD, Sun H, Clunes LA, Rasmussen JE, Stackhouse JR, Okada SF, Fricks I, Young SL, Tarran R 2008 17β-Estradiol inhibits Ca2+ -dependent homeostasis of airway surface liquid volume in human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. J Clin Invest 118:4025-4035
279. Ghayee HK, Auchus RJ 2007 Basic concepts and recent developments inhumansteroid hormone biosynthesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 8:289-300
280. Payne AH, Hales DB 2004 Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones. Endocr Rev 25:947-970
281. Luu-The V, Labrie F 2010 The intracrine sex steroid biosynthesis pathways. Prog Brain Res 181:177-192
282. Labrie F, Simard J, Luu-The V, Trudel C, Martel C, Labrie C, Zhao HF, Rheaume E, Couet J, BretonN1991 Expression of 3_-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/δdelta 5-δ4 isomerase (3β-HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 β-HSD) in adipose tissue. Int J Obes 15(Suppl 2):91-99
283. Labrie F 2003 Extragonadal synthesis of sex steroids: intracrinology. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 64:95-107
284. Elmlinger MW, Kühnel W, Ranke MB 2002 Reference ranges for serum concentrations of lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), estradiol (E2), prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and ferritin in neonates, children and young adults. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:1151-1160
285. Cummings SR, Browner WS, Bauer D, Stone K, Ensrud K, Jamal S, Ettinger B 1998 Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 339:733-738
286. Lippe BM, LaFranchi SH, Lavin N, Parlow A, Coyotupa J, Kaplan SA 1974 Serum 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone in the diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Pediatr 85:782-787
287. Bennett NC, Gardiner RA, Hooper JD, Johnson DW, Gobe GC 2010 Molecular cell biology of androgen receptor signalling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42:813-827
288. Lamont KR, Tindall DJ 2010 Androgen regulation of gene expression. Adv Cancer Res 107:137-162
289. Foradori CD, Weiser MJ, Handa RJ 2008 Non-genomic actions of androgens. Front Neuroendocrinol 29:169-181
290. Edwards DP 2005 Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone. Annu Rev Physiol 67: 335-376
291. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR 2003 Non-genomic actions of sex steroid hormones. Eur J Endocrinol 148:281-292
292. MillerVM,Duckles SP 2008 Vascular actions of estrogens: functional implications. Pharmacol Rev 60:210-241
293. Papadopoulou N, Papakonstanti EA, Kallergi G, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C 2009 Membrane androgen receptor activation in prostate and breast tumor cells: molecular signaling and clinical impact. IUBMB Life 61:56-61
294. Heldring N, Pike A, Andersson S, Matthews J, Cheng G, Hartman J, Tujague M, Ström A, Treuter E, Warner M, Gustafsson JA2007Estrogen receptors:howdothey signal and what are their targets. Physiol Rev 87:905-931
295. Gilliver SC 2010 Sex steroids as inflammatory regulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 120:105-115
296. Beato M, Klug J 2000 Steroid hormone receptors: an update. Hum Reprod Update 6:225-236
297. McKenna NJ, O'Malley BW 2002 Minireview: nuclear receptor coactivators-an update. Endocrinology 143: 2461-2465
298. Zhang Z, Teng CT 2000 Estrogen receptor-related receptor α 1 interacts with coactivator and constitutively activates the estrogen response elements of the human lactoferrin gene. J Biol Chem 275:20837-20846
299. Hall JM, McDonnellDP1999 The estrogen receptorβ-isoform (ERβ) of the human estrogen receptor modulates ERα transcriptional activity and is a key regulator of the cellular response to estrogens and antiestrogens. Endocrinology 140:5566-5578
300. Giangrande PH, McDonnell DP 1999 The A and B isoforms of the human progesterone receptor: two functionally different transcription factors encoded by a single gene. Recent Prog Horm Res 54:291-313; discussion 313-314
301. Lee YF, Shyr CR, Thin TH, Lin WJ, Chang C 1999 Convergence of two repressors through heterodimer formation of androgen receptor and testicular orphan receptor-4: a unique signaling pathway in the steroid receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14724-14729
302. Zhou ZX, Wong CI, Sar M, Wilson EM 1994 The androgen receptor: an overview. Recent Prog Horm Res 49:249-274
303. Filardo EJ, Quinn JA, Frackelton AR Jr, Bland KI 2002 Estrogen action via the G protein-coupled receptor, GPR30: stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-mediated attenuation of the epidermal growth factor receptorto-MAPK signaling axis. Mol Endocrinol 16:70-84
304. Thomas P, Pang Y, Filardo EJ, Dong J 2005 Identity of an estrogen membrane receptor coupled to a G protein in human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 146:624-632
305. Le Mellay V, Grosse B, LieberherrM1997 Phospholipase Cβ and membrane action of calcitriol and estradiol. J Biol Chem 272:11902-11907
306. Grosse B, Kachkache M, Le Mellay V, LieberherrM2000 Membrane signalling and progesterone in female and male osteoblasts. I. Involvement of intracellular Ca(2+), inositol trisphosphate, and diacylglycerol, but not cAMP. J Cell Biochem 79:334-345
307. Benten WP, Lieberherr M, Stamm O, Wrehlke C, Guo Z, Wunderlich F 1999 Testosterone signaling through internalizable surface receptors in androgen receptor-free macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 10:3113-3123
308. Lieberherr M, Grosse B 1994 Androgens increase intracellular calcium concentration and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol formation via a pertussis toxinsensitive G-protein. J Biol Chem 269:7217-7223
309. Valverde MA, Rojas P, Amigo J, Cosmelli D, Orio P, Bahamonde MI, Mann GE, Vergara C, Latorre R 1999 Acute activation of Maxi-K channels (hSlo) by estradiol binding to the β subunit. Science 285:1929-1931
310. Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Peden DR, Vardy AW, Peters JA 2003 Neurosteroid modulation of GABAA receptors. Prog Neurobiol 71:67-80
311. Frye CA, Gardiner SG 1996 Progestins can have a membranemediated action in rat midbrain for facilitation of sexual receptivity. Horm Behav 30:682-691
312. White MM, Zamudio S, Stevens T, Tyler R, Lindenfeld J, Leslie K, MooreLG1995 Estrogen, progesterone, and vascular reactivity: potential cellular mechanisms. Endocr Rev 16:739-751
313. Harrison DA, Carr DW, Meizel S 2000 Involvement of protein kinase A and A kinase anchoring protein in the progesterone-initiated human sperm acrosome reaction. Biol Reprod 62:811-820
314. Nazareth LV, Weigel NL 1996 Activation of the human androgen receptor through a protein kinase A signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 271:19900-19907
315. Bagowski CP, Myers JW, Ferrell Jr JE 2001 The classical progesterone receptor associates with p42 MAPK and is involved in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 276:37708-37714
316. Kato S, Endoh H, Masuhiro Y, Kitamoto T, Uchiyama S, Sasaki H, Masushige S, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Kawashima H, Metzger D, Chambon P 1995 Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science 270:1491-1494
317. Endoh H, Sasaki H, Maruyama K, Takeyama K, Waga I, Shimizu T, Kato S, KawashimaH1997 Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 235:99-102
318. Pearson G, Barry P, Timmins C, Stickley J, Hocking M 2001 Changes in the profile of paediatric intensive care associated with centralisation. Intensive Care Med 27: 1670-1673
319. Migliaccio A, Piccolo D, Castoria G, Di Domenico M, Bilancio A, Lombardi M, Gong W, Beato M, Auricchio F 1998 Activation of the Src/p21ras/Erk pathway by progesterone receptor via cross-talk with estrogen receptor. EMBO J 17:2008-2018
320. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR, Liao JK 2002 Nongenomic mechanisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation by the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene. Circulation 105:1368-1373
321. Kousteni S, Bellido T, Plotkin LI, O'Brien CA, Bodenner DL, Han L, Han K, DiGregorio GB, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Roberson PK, Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, Manolagas SC 2001 Nongenotropic, sex-nonspecific signaling through the estrogen or androgen receptors: dissociation from transcriptional activity. Cell 104:719-730
322. Migliaccio A, Castoria G, Di Domenico M, de Falco A, Bilancio A, Lombardi M, Barone MV, Ametrano D, Zannini MS, Abbondanza C, Auricchio F 2000 Steroid-induced androgen receptor-oestradiol receptor β-Src complex triggers prostate cancer cell proliferation. EMBO J 19:5406-5417
323. Heinlein CA, Chang C 2002 Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: an overview. Endocr Rev 23:175-200
324. Thakur MK, Paramanik V 2009 Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease. Horm Res 71:194-200
325. Tremblay GB, Giguère V 2002 Coregulators of estrogen receptor action. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 12:1-22
326. Smith CL, O'MalleyBW2004 Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators. Endocr Rev 25:45-71
327. Shirasaki H, Watanabe K, Kanaizumi E, Konno N, Sato J, Narita S, Himi T 2004 Expression and localization of steroid receptors in human nasal mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol 124:958-963
328. Tulchinsky D, Hobel CJ, Yeager E, Marshall JR 1972 Plasma estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in human pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112:1095-1100
329. 329. Haeggström A, Ostberg B, Stjerna P, Graf P, Hallén H 2000 Nasal mucosal swelling and reactivity during a menstrual cycle.ORLJ Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 62:39-42
330. Paulsson B, Gredmark T, Burian P, BendeM1997 Nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle. J Laryngol Otol 111:337-339
331. Ellegård E, Karlsson G 1994 Nasal congestion during the menstrual cycle. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 19:400-403
332. Philpott CM, Wild DC, Wolstensholme CR, Murty GE 2008 The presence of ovarian hormone receptors in the nasal mucosa and their relationship to nasal symptoms. Rhinology 46:221-225
333. Levin ER 2001 Cell localization, physiology, and nongenomic actions of estrogen receptors. J Appl Physiol 91: 1860-1867
334. Taylor M 1961 An experimental study of the influence of the endocrine system on the nasal respiratory mucosa. J Laryngol Otol 75:972-977
335. Zondek B, Bromberg YM 1947 Mechanism of endocrine allergy; interpretation of principal phenomena observed in hypersensitivity to the endogenous hormones. Acta Med Orient 6:1-8
336. Pelikan Z 1978 Possible immediate hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to oral contraceptives. Ann Allergy 40:211-219
337. Mortimer H, Wright RP, Collip JB 1936 The effect of the administration of oestrogenic hormones on the nasal mucosa of the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Can Med Assoc J 35:503-513
338. Toppozada H, Michaels L, Toppozada M, El-Ghazzawi I, Talaat M, Elwany S 1982 The human respiratory nasal mucosa in pregnancy. An electron microscopic and histochemical study. J Laryngol Otol 96:613-626
339. Konno A, Terada N, Okamoto Y 1986 Effects of female hormones on the muscarinic and α 1-adrenergic receptors of the nasal mucosa. An experimental study in guinea pigs. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 48:45-51
340. Hamano N, Terada N, Maesako K, Ikeda T, Fukuda S, Wakita J, Yamashita T, Konno A 1998 Expression of histamine receptors in nasal epithelial cells and endothelial cells-the effects of sex hormones. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 115:220-227
341. Kirsch EA, Yuhanna IS, Chen Z, German Z, Sherman TS, Shaul PW 1999 Estrogen acutely stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in H441 human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20:658-666
342. Ivanova MM, Mazhawidza W, Dougherty SM, Klinge CM 2010 Sex differences in estrogen receptor subcellular location and activity in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 42:320-330
343. Townsend EA, Meuchel LW, Thompson MA, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS 22 September 2011 Estrogen increases nitric oxide production in human bronchial epithelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther doi:10.1124/jpet.111.184416
344. Sud N, Wiseman DA, Black SM 2010 Caveolin 1 is required for the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in response to 17β-estradiol. Mol Endocrinol 24: 1637-1649
345. Hamad AM, Clayton A, Islam B, Knox AJ 2003 Guanylyl cyclases, nitric oxide, natriuretic peptides, and airway smooth muscle function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L973-L983
346. Folkerts G, Nijkamp FP 2006 Nitric oxide in asthma therapy. Curr Pharm Des 12:3221-3232
347. Batra J, Pratap Singh T, Mabalirajan U, Sinha A, Prasad R, Ghosh B 2007 Association of inducible nitric oxide synthase with asthma severity, total serum immunoglobulin E and blood eosinophil levels. Thorax 62:16-22
348. Morris NH, Sooranna SR, Steer PJ, Warren JB 1996 The effect of the menstrual cycle on exhaled nitric oxide and urinary nitrate concentration. Eur J Clin Invest 26:481-484
349. Jilma B, Kastner J, Mensik C, Vondrovec B, Hildebrandt J, Krejcy K, Wagner OF, Eichler HG 1996 Sex differences in concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide and plasma nitrate. Life Sci 58:469-476
350. Vihko P, Herrala A, Härkönen P, Isomaa V, Kaija H, Kurkela R, Pulkka A 2006 Control of cell proliferation by steroids: the role of 17HSDs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 248: 141-148
351. Folkerd EJ, DowsettM2010 Influence of sex hormones on cancer progression. J Clin Oncol 28:4038-4044
352. Dammann CE, Ramadurai SM, McCants DD, Pham LD, Nielsen HC 2000 Androgen regulation of signaling pathways in late fetal mouse lung development. Endocrinology 141:2923-2929
353. Provost PR, Simard M, Tremblay Y 2004 A link between lung androgen metabolism and the emergence of mature epithelial type II cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170: 296-305
354. Nielsen HC 1985 Androgen receptors influence the production of pulmonary surfactant in the testicular feminization mouse fetus. J Clin Invest 76:177-181
355. Ishibashi H, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Niikawa H, Lu L, Miki Y, Moriya T, Hayashi S, Handa M, Kondo T, Sasano H 2005 Progesterone receptor in non-small cell lung cancer-a potent prognostic factor and possible target for endocrine therapy. Cancer Res 65:6450-6458
356. Márquez-Garbán DC, Chen HW, Fishbein MC, Goodglick L, Pietras RJ 2007 Estrogen receptor signaling pathways in human non-small cell lung cancer. Steroids 72: 135-143
357. Mikkonen L, Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Zhang FP, Jänne OA 2010 Androgen receptor and androgen-dependent gene expression in lung. Mol Cell Endocrinol 317:14-24
358. Márquez-Garbán DC, Chen HW, Goodglick L, Fishbein MC, Pietras RJ 2009 Targeting aromatase and estrogen signaling in human non-small cell lung cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 1155:194-205
359. Plante J, Simard M, Rantakari P, Côté M, Provost PR, Poutanen M, Tremblay Y 2009 Epithelial cells are the major site of hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase 2 and an-drogen receptor expression in fetal mouse lungs during the period overlapping the surge of surfactant. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 117:139-145
360. Ino T, Aviado DM 1971 Cardiopulmonary effects of progestational agents in emphysematous rats. Chest 59:659-666
361. Ito H, Aviado DM 1968 Prevention of pulmonary emphysema in rats by progesterone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 161: 197-204
362. Giles RE, Finkel MP, Williams JC, Winbury MM 1974 The therapeutic effect of progesterone in papain-induced emphysema. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 147:489-493
363. Giles RE, Williams JC, Finkel MP, Winbury MM 1973 Progesterone antagonism of papain emphysema: role of sex, estrogens and serum antitrypsin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 144:487-491
364. Tyler JM 1960 The effect of progesterone on the respiration of patients with emphysema and hypercapnia. J Clin Invest 39:34-41
365. Hershberger PA, Vasquez AC, Kanterewicz B, Land S, Siegfried JM, Nichols M 2005 Regulation of endogenous gene expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by estrogen receptor ligands. Cancer Res 65:1598-1605
366. Márquez DC, Lee J, Lin T, Pietras RJ 2001 Epidermal growth factor receptor and tyrosine phosphorylation of estrogen receptor. Endocrine 16:73-81
367. Stabile LP, Lyker JS, Gubish CT, Zhang W, Grandis JR, Siegfried JM 2005 Combined targeting of the estrogen receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor in nonsmall cell lung cancer shows enhanced antiproliferative effects. Cancer Res 65:1459-1470
368. Kawai H, Ishii A, Washiya K, Konno T, Kon H, Yamaya C, Ono I, Ogawa J 2005 Combined overexpression of EGFR and estrogen receptor α correlates with a poor outcome in lung cancer. Anticancer Res 25:4693-4698
369. Weinberg OK, Márquez-Garban DC, Fishbein MC, Goodglick L, Garban HJ, Dubinett SM, Pietras RJ 2005 Aromatase inhibitors in human lung cancer therapy. Cancer Res 65:11287-11291
370. Mah V, Seligson DB, Li A,Márquez DC, Wistuba II, Elshimali Y, Fishbein MC, Chia D, Pietras RJ, Goodglick L 2007 Aromatase expression predicts survival in women with early-stage non small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 67:10484-10490
371. Su JM, Hsu HK, Chang H, Lin SL, Chang HC, Huang MS, Tseng HH 1996 Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in non-small-cell lung cancer: immunohistochemical study. Anticancer Res 16:3803-3806
372. Nishizawa Y, Yamasaki M, Katayama H, Amakata Y, Fushiki S, Nishizawa Y 2007 Establishment of a progesterone-sensitive cell line from human lung cancer. Oncol Rep 18:685-690
373. Verstuyf A, Sobis H, Vandeputte M 1989 Morphological and immunological characteristics of a rat choriocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 44:879-884
374. Maasberg M, Rotsch M, Jaques G, Enderle-Schmidt U, Weehle R, Havemann K 1989 Androgen receptors, androgen-dependent proliferation, and 5 α-reductase activity of small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 43:685-691
375. Recchia AG, Musti AM, Lanzino M, Panno ML, Turano E, Zumpano R, Belfiore A, Andò S, MaggioliniM2009 A cross-talk between the androgen receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor leads to p38MAPK-dependent activation of mTOR and cyclin D1 expression in prostate and lung cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:603-614
376. Kellermann G, Shaw CR, Luyten-Kellerman M 1973 Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and bronchogenic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 289:934-937
377. Bullard MK, Bir N, Kwan R, Cureton E, Knudson P, Harken A 2010 Women rule. Surgery 147:134-137
378. Wang M, Crisostomo PR, Markel T, Wang Y, Lillemoe KD, Meldrum DR 2008 Estrogen receptor β mediates acute myocardial protection following ischemia. Surgery 144:233-238
379. Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Hubbard WJ, Kerby JD, Rue LW, Bland KI, Chaudry IH 2005 Gender differences in acute response to trauma-hemorrhage. Shock 24(Suppl 1):101-106
380. Raju R, Chaudry IH 2008 Sex steroids/receptor antagonist: their use as adjuncts after trauma-hemorrhage for improving immune/cardiovascular responses and for decreasing mortality from subsequent sepsis. Anesth Analg 107:159-166
381. Ananthakrishnan P, Cohen DB, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Feketeova E, Deitch EA 2005 Sex hormones modulate distant organ injury in both a trauma/hemorrhagic shock model and a burn model. Surgery 137:56-65
382. Caruso JM, Deitch EA, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Dayal SD 2003 Gut injury and gut-induced lung injury after trauma hemorrhagic shock is gender and estrus cycle specific in the rat. J Trauma 55:531-539
383. Caruso JM, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Dayal SD, Deitch EA 2001 The female gender protects against pulmonary injury after trauma hemorrhagic shock. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2:231-240
384. Speyer CL, Rancilio NJ, McClintock SD, Crawford JD, Gao H, Sarma JV, Ward PA 2005 Regulatory effects of estrogen on acute lung inflammation in mice.AmJ Physiol Cell Physiol 288:C881-C890
385. Tesfaigzi Y, Rudolph K, Fischer MJ, Conn CA 2001 Bcl-2 mediates sex-specific differences in recovery of mice from LPS-induced signs of sickness independent of IL-6. J Appl Physiol 91:2182-2189
386. Yu HP, Hsieh YC, Suzuki T, Shimizu T, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Chaudry IH 2006 Salutary effects of estrogen receptor-β agonist on lung injury after trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290:L1004-L1009
387. Ebina M, Takahashi T, Chiba T, MotomiyaM1993 Cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscles underlying bronchial asthma. A 3-D morphometric study. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:720-726
388. Camp PG, Appleton J, Reid WD 2000 Quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation: assessing change using quantitative and qualitative methods. Phys Ther 80:986-995
389. Degano B, Mourlanette P, Valmary S, Pontier S, Prévost MC, Escamilla R 2003 Differential effects of low and highdose estradiol on airway reactivity in ovariectomized rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 138:265-274
390. Kouloumenta V, Hatziefthimiou A, Paraskeva E, Gourgoulianis K, Molyvdas PA 2007 Sexual dimorphism in airway responsiveness to sex hormones in rabbits. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293:L516
391. Pang JJ,XuXB, Li HF, Zhang XY, Zheng TZ,QuSY2002 Inhibition of β-estradiol on trachea smooth muscle contraction in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23:273-277
392. Townsend EA, Thompson MA, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS 2010 Rapid effects of estrogen on intracellular Ca2+ regulation in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 298:L521-L530
393. Prakash YS, Thompson MA, Vaa B, Matabdin I, Peterson TE, He T, Pabelick CM 2007 Caveolins and intracellular calcium regulation in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293:L1118-L1126
394. Ay B, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM, Sieck GC 2004 Storeoperated Ca2+ entry in porcine airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286:L909-L917
395. Jia S, Zhang X, He DZ, Segal M, Berro A, Gerson TG, Wang Z, Casale TB 3 June 2011 Expression and function of a novel variant of estrogen receptor-ER-α36 in mouse airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0268OC
396. Perusquía M, Hernández R, Montaño LM, Villalón CM, Campos MG 1997 Inhibitory effect of sex steroids on guinea-pig airway smooth muscle contractions.CompBiochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 118:5-10
397. Amrani Y, Syed F, Huang C, Li K, Liu V, Jain D, Keslacy S, Sims MW, Baidouri H, Cooper PR, Zhao H, Siddiqui S, Brightling CE, Griswold D, Li L, Panettieri Jr RA 2010 Expression and activation of the oxytocin receptor in airway smooth muscle cells: regulation by TNFα and IL-13. Respir Res 11:104
398. Grazzini E, Guillon G, Mouillac B, Zingg HH 1998 Inhibition of oxytocin receptor function by direct binding of progesterone. Nature 392:509-512
399. Kouloumenta V, Hatziefthimiou A, Paraskeva E, Gourgoulianis K, Molyvdas PA 2006 Non-genomic effect of testosterone on airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 149:1083-1091
400. Bordallo J, de Boto MJ, Meana C, Velasco L, Bordallo C, Suárez L, Cantabrana B, Sánchez M 2008 Modulatory role of endogenous androgens on airway smooth muscle tone in isolated guinea-pig and bovine trachea; involvement ofβ2-adrenoceptors, the polyamine system and external calcium. Eur J Pharmacol 601:154-162
401. Rodríguez D, Keller AC, Faquim-Mauro EL, de Macedo MS, Cunha FQ, Lefort J, Vargaftig BB, Russo M 2003 Bacterial lipopolysaccharide signaling through Toll-like receptor 4 suppresses asthma-like responses via nitric oxide synthase 2 activity. J Immunol 171:1001-1008
402. Stewart AG, Fernandes D, Tomlinson PR 1995 The effect of glucocorticoids on proliferation of human cultured airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 116:3219-3226
403. Dashtaki R, Whorton AR, Murphy TM, Chitano P, Reed W, Kennedy TP 1998 Dehydroepiandrosterone and analogs inhibit DNA binding of AP-1 and airway smooth muscle proliferation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285:876-883
404. Stamatiou R, Paraskeva E, Papagianni M, Molyvdas PA, Hatziefthimiou A 2011 The mitogenic effect of testosterone and 17β-estradiol on airway smooth muscle cells. Steroids 76:400-408
405. Kawai K, Akaza H 2003 Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2:587-596
406. Voltz JW, Card JW, Carey MA,Degraff LM, Ferguson CD, Flake GP, Bonner JC, Korach KS, Zeldin DC 2008 Male sex hormones exacerbate lung function impairment after bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39:45-52
407. Tofovic SP, Zhang X, Jackson EK, Zhu H, Petrusevska G 2009 2-Methoxyestradiol attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis in estrogen-deficient rats. Vascul Pharmacol 51:190-197
408. Kondo H, Kasuga H, Noumura T 1983 Effects of various steroids on in vitro lifespan and cell growth of human fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38). Mech Ageing Dev 21:335-344
409. Flores-Delgado G, Bringas P, Buckley S, Anderson KD, WarburtonD2001 Nongenomic estrogen action in human lung myofibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283: 661-667
410. Milam JE, Keshamouni VG, Phan SH, Hu B, Gangireddy SR, HogaboamCM, Standiford TJ, Thannickal VJ, Reddy RC 2008 PPAR-γagonists inhibit profibrotic phenotypes in human lung fibroblasts and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294: L891-L901
411. Smith AM, Bennett RT, Jones TH, Cowen ME, Channer KS, Jones RD 2008 Characterization of the vasodilatory action of testosterone in the human pulmonary circulation. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4:1459-1466
412. Rabinovitch M, Gamble WJ, Miettinen OS, Reid L 1981 Age and sex influence on pulmonary hypertension of chronic hypoxia and on recovery. Am J Physiol 240:H62-H72
413. McMurtry IF, Frith CH, Will DH 1973 Cardiopulmonary responses of male and female swine to simulated high altitude. J Appl Physiol 35:459-462
414. Resta TC, Kanagy NL, WalkerBR2001 Estradiol-induced attenuation of pulmonary hypertension is not associated with alteredeNOSexpression.AmJ Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280:L88-L97
415. Lahm T, Patel KM, Crisostomo PR, Markel TA, Wang M, Herring C, Meldrum DR 2007 Endogenous estrogen attenuates pulmonary artery vasoreactivity and acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: the effects of sex and menstrual cycle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293: E865-E871
416. Wetzel RC, Zacur HA, Sylvester JT 1984 Effect of puberty and estradiol on hypoxic vasomotor response in isolated sheep lungs. J Appl Physiol 56:1199-1203
417. Kiyatake K, Kakusaka I, Kasahara Y, Qi TM, Suzuki A, Nakano K, Kaneko N, Kitada M, Kuriyama T 1994 [Relationship between the converting ability of liver microsomes and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in male, female and castrated male rats]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 32:125-129
418. Farhat MY, Chen MF, Bhatti T, Iqbal A, Cathapermal S, Ramwell PW 1993 Protection by oestradiol against the development of cardiovascular changes associated with monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension in rats. Br J Pharmacol 110:719-723
419. Ahn BH, Park HK, Cho HG, Lee HA, Lee YM, Yang EK, Lee WJ 2003 Estrogen and enalapril attenuate the development of right ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in ovariectomized rats. J KoreanMedSci 18:641-648
420. Tofovic S, Rafikova O 2009 Preventive and therapeutic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol, but not estradiol, in severe occlusive pulmonary arterial hypertension in female rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:A1802
421. Dempsie Y, Nilsen M, Loughlin L, MacLean MR 2009 The effects of gender on the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice over-expressing the serotonin transporter. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:A1809
422. Bolego C, Cignarella A, Sanvito P, Pelosi V, Pellegatta F, Puglisi L, PinnaC2005 The acute estrogenic dilation of rat aorta is mediated solely by selective estrogen receptor-α agonists and is abolished by estrogen deprivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313:1203-1208
423. Douglas G, Cruz MN, Poston L, Gustafsson JA, Kublickiene K 2008 Functional characterization and sex differences in small mesenteric arteries of the estrogen receptor-β knockout mouse.AmJ Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294:R112-R120
424. Tostes RC, Nigro D, Fortes ZB, Carvalho MH 2003 Effects of estrogen on the vascular system. Braz J Med Biol Res 36:1143-1158
425. Akarasereenont P, Techatraisak K, Thaworn A, Chotewuttakorn S 2000 The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by 17β-estradiol in endothelial cells is mediated through protein kinase C. Inflamm Res 49:460-465
426. Prakash YS, Togaibayeva AA, Kannan MS, Miller VM, Fitzpatrick LA, Sieck GC 1999 Estrogen increases Ca2+ efflux from female porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 276:H926-H934
427. Kitazawa T, Hamada E, Kitazawa K, Gaznabi AK 1997 Non-genomic mechanism of 17 β-oestradiol-induced inhibition of contraction in mammalian vascular smooth muscle. J Physiol 499:497-511
428. Nakajima T, Kitazawa T, Hamada E, Hazama H, Omata M, Kurachi Y 1995 17β-Estradiol inhibits the voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ currents in aortic smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 294:625-635
429. Shimokawa H, Takeshita A 2005 Rho-kinase is an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:1767-1775
430. Abe K, Shimokawa H, Morikawa K, Uwatoku T, Oi K, Matsumoto Y, Hattori T, Nakashima Y, Kaibuchi K, Sueishi K, Takeshit A 2004 Long-term treatment with a Rhokinase inhibitor improves monocrotaline-induced fatal pulmonary hypertension in rats. Circ Res 94:385-393
431. Nagaoka T, Fagan KA, Gebb SA, Morris KG, Suzuki T, Shimokawa H, McMurtry IF, Oka M 2005 Inhaled Rho kinase inhibitors are potent and selective vasodilators in rat pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 494-499
432. Abe K, Morikawa K, Hizume T, Uwatoku T, Oi K, SetoM, Ikegaki I, Asano T, Kaibuchi K, Shimokawa H 2005 Prostacyclin does not inhibit rho-kinase: an implication for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 45:120-124
433. Barberis MC, Veronese S, Bauer D, De Juli E, Harari S 1995 Immunocytochemical detection of progesterone receptors. A study in a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 107:869-872
434. English KM, Jones RD, Jones TH, Morice AH, Channer KS 2001 Gender differences in the vasomotor effects of different steroid hormones in rat pulmonary and coronary arteries. Horm Metab Res 33:645-652
435. Li HF, Zheng TZ, Li W, Qu SY, Zhang CL 2001 Effect of progesterone on the contractile response of isolated pulmonary artery in rabbits. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 79: 545-550
436. Tofovic PS, Zhang X, Petrusevska G 2009 Progesterone inhibits vascular remodeling and attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in estrogen-deficient rats. Prilozi 30:25-44
437. Vázquez F, Rodríguez-Manzaneque JC, Lydon JP, Edwards DP, O'Malley BW, Iruela-Arispe ML 1999 Progesterone regulates proliferation of endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 274:2185-2192
438. Morey AK, Pedram A, Razandi M, Prins BA, Hu RM, Biesiada E, Levin ER 1997 Estrogen and progesterone inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Endocrinology 138:3330-3339
439. Lee WS, LiuCW,Juan SH, Liang YC,HoPY, LeeYH2003 Molecular mechanism of progesterone-induced antiproliferation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 144:2785-2790
440. Pribylova NN, Goloshchapov OA, Parygina EI 1984 [Significance of progesterone in the pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension and cardiopulmonary failure]. Ter Arkh 56:94-97
441. Jones RD, English KM, Pugh PJ, Morice AH, Jones TH, Channer KS 2002 Pulmonary vasodilatory action of testosterone: evidence of a calcium antagonistic action. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 39:814-823
442. Rowell KO, Hall J, Pugh PJ, Jones TH, Channer KS, Jones RD 2009 Testosterone acts as an efficacious vasodilator in isolated human pulmonary arteries and veins: evidence for a biphasic effect at physiological and supra-physiological concentrations. J Endocrinol Invest 32:718-723
443. Pugh PJ, Jones TH, Channer KS 2003 Acute haemodynamic effects of testosterone in men with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 24:909-915
444. Bonnet S, Dumas-de-La-Roque E, Bégueret H, Marthan R, Fayon M, Dos Santos P, Savineau JP, Baulieu EE 2003 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) prevents and reverses chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9488-9493
445. Farrukh IS, Peng W, Orlinska U, Hoidal JR 1998 Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: a Ca(2+)-activated K(+)-channel opener. Am J Physiol 274:L186-L195
446. Oka M, Karoor V, Homma N, Nagaoka T, Sakao E, Golembeski SM, Limbird J, Imamura M, Gebb SA, Fagan KA, McMurtry IF 2007 Dehydroepiandrosterone upregulates soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 74:377-387
447. Liu D, Iruthayanathan M, Homan LL, Wang Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Dillon JS 2008 Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated mechanisms. Endocrinology 149:889-898
448. Edwards LJ, Constantinescu CS 2004 A prospective study of conditions associated with multiple sclerosis in a cohort of 658 consecutive outpatients attending a multiple sclerosis clinic. Mult Scler 10:575-581
449. Provenzano G, Donato G, Brai G, Rinaldi F 2002 Prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in patients with RA. Ann Rheum Dis 61:281
450. Rudwaleit M, Andermann B, Alten R, Sörensen H, Listing J, Zink A, Sieper J, Braun J 2002 Atopic disorders in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61:968-974
451. Bergamaschi R, Villani S, Crabbio M, Ponzio M, Romani A, Verri A, Bargiggia V, Cosi V 2009 Inverse relationship between multiple sclerosis and allergic respiratory diseases. Neurol Sci 30:115-118
452. Tremlett HL, Evans J, Wiles CM, Luscombe DK 2002 Asthma and multiple sclerosis: an inverse association in a case-control general practice population. QJM 95:753-756
453. Straub RH 2007 The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocr Rev 28:521-574
454. Pierdominici M, Maselli A, Colasanti T, Giammarioli AM, Delunardo F, Vacirca D, Sanchez M, Giovannetti A, Malorni W, Ortona E 2010 Estrogen receptor profiles in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 132: 79-85
455. Soldan SS, Alvarez Retuerto AI, Sicotte NL, Voskuhl RR 2003 Immune modulation in multiple sclerosis patients treated with the pregnancy hormone estriol. J Immunol 171:6267-6274
456. Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Roggia C, Namba N, Novack D, Woodring J, Pacifici R 2000 Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-α. J Clin Invest 106:1229-1237
457. Lambert KC, Curran EM, Judy BM, Milligan GN, Lubahn DB, Estes DM 2005 Estrogen receptor α(ERα) deficiency in macrophages results in increased stimulation of CD4+ T cells while 17β-estradiol acts through ERα to increase IL-4 and GATA-3 expression inCD4+Tcells independent of antigen presentation. J Immunol 175:5716-5723
458. Butts CL, Shukair SA, Duncan KM, Harris CW, Belyavskaya E, SternbergEM2007 Evaluation of steroid hormone receptor protein expression in intact cells using flow cytometry. Nucl Recept Signal 5:e007
459. Chiu L, Nishimura M, Ishii Y, Nieda M, Maeshima M, Takedani Y, Shibata Y, Tadokoro K, Juji T 1996 Enhancement of the expression of progesterone receptor on progesterone-treated lymphocytes after immunotherapy in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 35:552-557
460. Mansour I, Reznikoff-Etievant MF, Netter A 1994 No evidence for the expression of the progesterone receptor on peripheral blood lymphocytes during pregnancy.HumReprod 9:1546-1549
461. Schust DJ, Anderson DJ, Hill JA 1996 Progesterone-induced immunosuppression is not mediated through the progesterone receptor. Hum Reprod 11:980-985
462. Miyaura H, IwataM2002 Direct and indirect inhibition of Th1 development by progesterone and glucocorticoids. J Immunol 168:1087-1094
463. Huck B, Steck T, Habersack M, Dietl J, Kämmerer U 2005 Pregnancy associated hormones modulate the cytokine production but not the phenotype of PBMC-derived human dendritic cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 122: 85-94
464. Hardy DB, Janowski BA, Corey DR, Mendelson CR 2006 Progesterone receptor plays a major antiinflammatory role in human myometrial cells by antagonism of nuclear factor-_B activation of cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Mol Endocrinol 20:2724-2733
465. Huber SA, Kupperman J, Newell MK 1999 Hormonal regulation of CD4(+) T-cell responses in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in mice. J Virol 73:4689-4695
466. Namazi MR 2009 The Th1-promoting effects of dehydroepiandrosterone can provide an explanation for the stronger Th1-immune response of women. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 8:65-69
467. Suzuki T, Suzuki N, Daynes RA, Engleman EG 1991 Dehydroepiandrosterone enhances IL2 production and cytotoxic effector function of human T cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 61:202-211
468. Araghi-Niknam M, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Call O, Eskelson CD, Watson RR 1997 Cytokine dysregulation and increased oxidation is prevented by dehydroepiandrosterone in mice infected with murine leukemia retrovirus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 216:386-391
469. Yu CK, Liu YH, Chen CL 2002 Dehydroepiandrosterone attenuates allergic airway inflammation in Dermatophagoides farinae-sensitized mice. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 35:199-202
470. Choi IS, Cui Y, Koh YA, Lee HC, Cho YB, Won YH 2008 Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on Th2 cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatics. Korean J Intern Med 23:176-181
471. Melgert BN, Oriss TB, Qi Z, Dixon-McCarthy B, Geerlings M, Hylkema MN, Ray A 2010 Macrophages: regulators of sex differences in asthma? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 42:595-603
472. Paharkova-Vatchkova V, Maldonado R, Kovats S 2004 Estrogen preferentially promotes the differentiation of CD11c+ CD11b(intermediate) dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors. J Immunol 172:1426-1436
473. Canning MO, Grotenhuis K, de Wit HJ, Drexhage HA 2000 Opposing effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and dexamethasone on the generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Endocrinol 143:687-695
474. Riffo-Vasquez Y, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Page CP, Spina D, Tavares-de-LimaW2007 Role of sex hormones in allergic inflammation in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 37:459-470
475. Klebanoff SJ 1977 Estrogen binding by leukocytes during phagocytosis. J Exp Med 145:983-998
476. Katayama ML, Federico MH, Brentani RR, BrentaniMM 1998 Eosinophil accumulation in rat uterus following estradiol administration is modulated by laminin and its integrin receptors. Cell Adhes Commun 5:409-424
477. Mayo JC, Sá inz RM, Antolín I, Uría H, Menéndez-Peláez A, Rodríguez C 1997 Androgen-dependent mast cell degranulation in the Harderian gland of female Syrian hamsters: in vivo and organ culture evidence. Anat Embryol (Berl) 196:133-140
478. Belot MP, Abdennebi-Najar L, Gaudin F, Lieberherr M, Godot V, Taïeb J, Emilie D, Machelon V 2007 Progester-one reduces the migration of mast cells toward the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12 with an accompanying decrease in CXCR4 receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:E1410-E1417
479. Vasiadi M, Kempuraj D, Boucher W, Kalogeromitros D, Theoharides TC 2006 Progesterone inhibits mast cell secretion. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 19:787-794
480. Gritz ER, Nielsen IR, Brooks LA 1996 Smoking cessation and gender: the influence of physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors. J Am Med Womens Assoc 51: 35-42
481. Dijkstra A, Howard TD, Vonk JM, Ampleford EJ, Lange LA, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Postma DS 2006 Estrogen receptor 1 polymorphisms are associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and lung function decline, particularly in female subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:604-611
482. Oberholzer A, Keel M, Zellweger R, Steckholzer U, Trentz O, Ertel W 2000 Incidence of septic complications and multiple organ failure in severely injured patients is sex specific. J Trauma 48:932-937
483. Angele MK, Schwacha MG, Ayala A, Chaudry IH 2000 Effect of gender and sex hormones on immune responses following shock. Shock 14:81-90
484. Kher A, Wang M, Tsai BM, Pitcher JM, Greenbaum ES, Nagy RD, PatelKM,WairiukoGM,Markel TA, Meldrum DR 2005 Sex differences in the myocardial inflammatory response to acute injury. Shock 23:1-10
485. Deitch EA, Livingston DH, Lavery RF, Monaghan SF, Bongu A, Machiedo GW 2007 Hormonally active women tolerate shock-trauma better than do men: a prospective study of over 4000 trauma patients. Ann Surg 246:447-453; discussion 453-445
486. Offner PJ, Moore EE, Biffl WL 1999 Male gender is a risk factor for major infections after surgery. Arch Surg 134: 935-938; discussion 938-940
487. Ashcroft GS, Greenwell-Wild T, Horan MA, Wahl SM, Ferguson MW 1999 Topical estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing in aged humans associated with an altered inflammatory response. Am J Pathol 155:1137-1146
488. Kovacs EJ, Messingham KA, Gregory MS 2002 Estrogen regulation of immune responses after injury. Mol Cell Endocrinol 193:129-135
489. Jarrar D, Wang P, Knöferl MW, Kuebler JF, Cioffi WG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH 2000 Insight into the mechanism by which estradiol improves organ functions after traumahemorrhage. Surgery 128:246-252
490. Yu HP, Chaudry IH 2009 The role of estrogen and receptor agonists in maintaining organ function after trauma-hemorrhage. Shock 31:227-237
491. Martin TR, Castile RG, Fredberg JJ, Wohl ME, Mead J 1987 Airway size is related to sex but not lung size in normal adults. J Appl Physiol 63:2042-2047
492. Wang X, Dockery DW, Wypij D, Gold DR, Speizer FE, Ware JH, Ferris Jr BG 1993 Pulmonary function growth velocity in children 6 to 18 years of age.AmRev Respir Dis 148:1502-1508
493. Harms CA 2006 Does gender affect pulmonary function and exercise capacity? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 151:124-131
494. Pride NB 2005 Ageing and changes in lung mechanics. Eur Respir J 26:563-565
495. Bertelsen RJ, Instanes C, Granum B, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Hetland G, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P, Løvik M 2010 Gender differences in indoor allergen exposure and association with current rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 40:1388-1397
496. Loyd JE, Butler MG, Foroud TM, Conneally PM, Phillips 3rd JA, Newman JH 1995 Genetic anticipation and abnormal gender ratio at birth in familial primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152: 93-97
497. 2010 Putting gender on the agenda. Nature 465:665