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Yunginger J, Reed CE, O'Connell EJ, et al. A community-based study of the epidemiology of asthma: incidence rates 1964-1983. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:888-894.
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Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, et al. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1253-1258. Follow-up paper from the Tucson group, extending lung-function data to 16 years. Lung function tracks from 6 years, and those who did not wheeze in the first 3 years of life had normal lung function at age 16.
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Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, et al. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1253-1258. Follow-up paper from the Tucson group, extending lung-function data to 16 years. Lung function tracks from 6 years, and those who did not wheeze in the first 3 years of life had normal lung function at age 16.
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3
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0023708533
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Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants
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Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, et al. Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1112-1117.
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A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood
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Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1414-1422.
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Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A, et al. Childhood asthma and lung function in mid-adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997; 23:14-20.
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Lanigan, A.3
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6
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12744259894
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Lowe LA, Simpson A, Woodcock A, et al. Wheeze phenotypes and lung function in preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:231-237. This is a follow-up paper from the Manchester cohort. Poor lung function at 3 years was predictive of ongoing symptoms. Early sensitization was also important in predicting ongoing symptoms.
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Lowe LA, Simpson A, Woodcock A, et al. Wheeze phenotypes and lung function in preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:231-237. This is a follow-up paper from the Manchester cohort. Poor lung function at 3 years was predictive of ongoing symptoms. Early sensitization was also important in predicting ongoing symptoms.
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7
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33747779733
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Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet 2006; 368:763-770. Perennial allergen sensitization within the first 3 years of life leads to chronicity in asthma, characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and impairment of lung function at school, especially if sensitization is combined with high exposure. If you avoid sensitization in the first 3 years, symptoms regress and lung function normalizes by puberty.
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Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet 2006; 368:763-770. Perennial allergen sensitization within the first 3 years of life leads to chronicity in asthma, characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and impairment of lung function at school, especially if sensitization is combined with high exposure. If you avoid sensitization in the first 3 years, symptoms regress and lung function normalizes by puberty.
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8
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0026641605
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The predictive relationship between serum IgE levels at birth and subsequent incidences of lower respiratory illnesses and eczema in infants
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Halonon M, Stern D, Taussig LM, et al. The predictive relationship between serum IgE levels at birth and subsequent incidences of lower respiratory illnesses and eczema in infants. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:866-870.
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Am Rev Respir Dis
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Halonon, M.1
Stern, D.2
Taussig, L.M.3
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9
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0036736582
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Lopez N, de Barros-Mazon S, Marluce Dos Santos Vilela M, et al. Are immunoglobulin E levels associated with early wheezing? A prospective study in Brazilian infants. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:640-645.
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Lopez N, de Barros-Mazon S, Marluce Dos Santos Vilela M, et al. Are immunoglobulin E levels associated with early wheezing? A prospective study in Brazilian infants. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:640-645.
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10
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0141953261
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Association between antenatal cytokine production and development of atopy and asthma at age 6 years
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Macaubas C, de Klerk NH, Holt BJ, et al. Association between antenatal cytokine production and development of atopy and asthma at age 6 years. Lancet 2003; 362:1192-1197.
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(2003)
Lancet
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Macaubas, C.1
de Klerk, N.H.2
Holt, B.J.3
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11
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20844450195
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Matsumoto K, Shimanouchi Y, Kawakubo K, et al. Infantile eczema at one month of age is associated with cord blood eosinophilia and subsequent development of atopic dermatitis and wheezing illness until two years of age. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137 (Suppl 1):69-76. This paper reports observational evidence from cord-blood studies that eosinophil activation before birth may be important. More needs to be discovered about possible mechanisms.
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Matsumoto K, Shimanouchi Y, Kawakubo K, et al. Infantile eczema at one month of age is associated with cord blood eosinophilia and subsequent development of atopic dermatitis and wheezing illness until two years of age. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137 (Suppl 1):69-76. This paper reports observational evidence from cord-blood studies that eosinophil activation before birth may be important. More needs to be discovered about possible mechanisms.
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Gern JE, Brooks GD, Meyer P, et al. Bidirectional interactions between respiratory viral illnesses and cytokine responses in the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:72-78. The COAST study is providing significant evidence of the importance of antenatal factors in the response to viral infections. We know that antenatal effects on airway calibre are important in viral wheeze; whether these immunological factors are caused by the same adverse effects which interact with airway growth, or are a separate process, remains to be determined.
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Gern JE, Brooks GD, Meyer P, et al. Bidirectional interactions between respiratory viral illnesses and cytokine responses in the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:72-78. The COAST study is providing significant evidence of the importance of antenatal factors in the response to viral infections. We know that antenatal effects on airway calibre are important in viral wheeze; whether these immunological factors are caused by the same adverse effects which interact with airway growth, or are a separate process, remains to be determined.
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13
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Sunyer Y, Torrent M, Munoz-Ortiz L, et al. Prenatal dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and asthma in children. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:1787-1790. Organochlorine compounds are used as pesticides, and this important study has shown that exposure of the fetus (DDE detected in corrd blood) was associated with wheeze at age 4. This paper is important in its own right, but also opens up the question of other adverse effects of pollution on the fetus.
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Sunyer Y, Torrent M, Munoz-Ortiz L, et al. Prenatal dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and asthma in children. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:1787-1790. Organochlorine compounds are used as pesticides, and this important study has shown that exposure of the fetus (DDE detected in corrd blood) was associated with wheeze at age 4. This paper is important in its own right, but also opens up the question of other adverse effects of pollution on the fetus.
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14
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Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin E in childhood
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Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data suggest that late-pregnancy ingestion of paracetamol may increase the risk of school-age asthma
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Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Henderson AJ, et al. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin E in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 25:700-702. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data suggest that late-pregnancy ingestion of paracetamol may increase the risk of school-age asthma.
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(2005)
Clin Exp Allergy
, vol.25
, pp. 700-702
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Shaheen, S.O.1
Newson, R.B.2
Henderson, A.J.3
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15
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Sherriff A, Farrow A, Golding J, Henderson J. Frequent use of chemical household products is associated with persistent wheezing in preschool age children. Thorax 2005; 60:45-49. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data show that questionnaire-determined frequent household use of 11 chemical-based products was associated with persistent wheezing in young children, but not transient or late-onset wheeze. Another indication of the importance of early life events.
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Sherriff A, Farrow A, Golding J, Henderson J. Frequent use of chemical household products is associated with persistent wheezing in preschool age children. Thorax 2005; 60:45-49. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data show that questionnaire-determined frequent household use of 11 chemical-based products was associated with persistent wheezing in young children, but not transient or late-onset wheeze. Another indication of the importance of early life events.
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Yasui K, Kobayashi N, Yamazaki T, et al. Neutrophilic inflammation in childhood bronchial asthma. Thorax 2005; 60:704-705. A fascinating experiment of nature, reported by astute observers. If you have neutropenia, you do not develop asthma. An illustration of how case series can be used to illuminate pathophysiology.
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Yasui K, Kobayashi N, Yamazaki T, et al. Neutrophilic inflammation in childhood bronchial asthma. Thorax 2005; 60:704-705. A fascinating experiment of nature, reported by astute observers. If you have neutropenia, you do not develop asthma. An illustration of how case series can be used to illuminate pathophysiology.
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0242266584
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Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1-5 years: Randomised controlled trial
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Oommen A, Lambert PC, Grigg J. Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1-5 years: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362:1433-1438.
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(2003)
Lancet
, vol.362
, pp. 1433-1438
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Oommen, A.1
Lambert, P.C.2
Grigg, J.3
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0037683122
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Systemic neutrophil activation in acute preschool viral wheeze
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Oommen A, Patel R, Browning M, Grigg J. Systemic neutrophil activation in acute preschool viral wheeze. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88:529-531.
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(2003)
Arch Dis Child
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Oommen, A.1
Patel, R.2
Browning, M.3
Grigg, J.4
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19
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0141956208
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Eosinophil activation and preschool viral wheeze
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Oommen A, McNally T, Grigg J. Eosinophil activation and preschool viral wheeze. Thorax 2003; 58:876-879.
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(2003)
Thorax
, vol.58
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Oommen, A.1
McNally, T.2
Grigg, J.3
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Oymar K, Halvorsen T, Aksnes L. Mast cell activation and leukotriene secretion in wheezing infants. Relation to respiratory syncytial virus and outcome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17:37-42. Urinary leukotriene E4 and a marker of mast-cell activation were measured in wheezy children. There was a close correlation between the two, suggestive that mast cells may be important in pathophysiology by secreting cysteinyl leukotrienes.
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Oymar K, Halvorsen T, Aksnes L. Mast cell activation and leukotriene secretion in wheezing infants. Relation to respiratory syncytial virus and outcome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17:37-42. Urinary leukotriene E4 and a marker of mast-cell activation were measured in wheezy children. There was a close correlation between the two, suggestive that mast cells may be important in pathophysiology by secreting cysteinyl leukotrienes.
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0034021319
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Guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research involving children. Royal College of Paediatrics, Child Health: Ethics Advisory Committee
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McIntosh M, Bates P, Brykczynska G, et al. Guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research involving children. Royal College of Paediatrics, Child Health: Ethics Advisory Committee. Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:177-182.
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(2000)
Arch Dis Child
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, pp. 177-182
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McIntosh, M.1
Bates, P.2
Brykczynska, G.3
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33750982704
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Rebuttal: You are wrong, Dr Mallory
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A summary of endobronchial biopsy studies in pediatrics, emphasizing the safety and utility of the procedure, and providing an ethical justification
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Bush A, Davies J. Rebuttal: you are wrong, Dr Mallory. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:1017-1020. A summary of endobronchial biopsy studies in pediatrics, emphasizing the safety and utility of the procedure, and providing an ethical justification.
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(2006)
Pediatr Pulmonol
, vol.41
, pp. 1017-1020
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Bush, A.1
Davies, J.2
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0037214337
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Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma
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Payne DN, Rogers AV, Adelroth E, et al. Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:78-82.
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(2003)
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
, vol.167
, pp. 78-82
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Payne, D.N.1
Rogers, A.V.2
Adelroth, E.3
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Barbato A, Turato G, Baraldo S, et al. Epithelial damage and angiogenesis in the airways of children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:975-981. Epithelial and bronchial wall changes are an early feature of childhood asthma; long before adult life, the fully mature airway pathology of asthma is evident.
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Barbato A, Turato G, Baraldo S, et al. Epithelial damage and angiogenesis in the airways of children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:975-981. Epithelial and bronchial wall changes are an early feature of childhood asthma; long before adult life, the fully mature airway pathology of asthma is evident.
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Saglani S, Malmstrom K, Pelkonen AS, et al. Airway remodeling and inflammation in symptomatic infants with reversible airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:722-727. A group of wheezing infants had no evidence of airway inflammation or RBM thickening on endobronchial biopsy. Even those who might be predicted to go on to persistent symptoms (atopic, with acute bronchodilator reversibility) had no airway pathology. This is the youngest group ever studied. It appears there is a window between the onset of symptoms and pathological changes, which might allow disease-modifying therapy.
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Saglani S, Malmstrom K, Pelkonen AS, et al. Airway remodeling and inflammation in symptomatic infants with reversible airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:722-727. A group of wheezing infants had no evidence of airway inflammation or RBM thickening on endobronchial biopsy. Even those who might be predicted to go on to persistent symptoms (atopic, with acute bronchodilator reversibility) had no airway pathology. This is the youngest group ever studied. It appears there is a window between the onset of symptoms and pathological changes, which might allow disease-modifying therapy.
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33644774556
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Asthma genetics 2006: The long and winding road to gene discovery
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A superb, state-of-the-art report on what potential genes for asthma and atopy have been identified, and the populations in which they have been studied
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Ober C, Hoffjan S. Asthma genetics 2006: the long and winding road to gene discovery. Genes Immunol 2006; 7:95-100. A superb, state-of-the-art report on what potential genes for asthma and atopy have been identified, and the populations in which they have been studied.
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(2006)
Genes Immunol
, vol.7
, pp. 95-100
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Ober, C.1
Hoffjan, S.2
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Association of ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
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Van Eerdewegh P, Little RD, Dupuis J, et al. Association of ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Nature 2002; 418:426-430.
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(2002)
Nature
, vol.418
, pp. 426-430
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Van Eerdewegh, P.1
Little, R.D.2
Dupuis, J.3
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Haitchi HM, Powell RM, Shaw TJ, et al. ADAM33 expression in asthmatic airways and human embryonic lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:958-965. ADAM33 isoforms are expressed in embryonic lung mesenchyme, a key area driving prenatal airway development, as well as in bronchial smooth muscle. It could be crucial in both the antenatal airway changes that are important in asthma development, as well as airway hyperreactivity.
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Haitchi HM, Powell RM, Shaw TJ, et al. ADAM33 expression in asthmatic airways and human embryonic lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:958-965. ADAM33 isoforms are expressed in embryonic lung mesenchyme, a key area driving prenatal airway development, as well as in bronchial smooth muscle. It could be crucial in both the antenatal airway changes that are important in asthma development, as well as airway hyperreactivity.
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0026541563
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Effects of asthma on pulmonary function in children: A longitudinal, population-based study
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Weiss ST, Tosteson TD, Segal MR, et al. Effects of asthma on pulmonary function in children: a longitudinal, population-based study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:58-64.
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Am Rev Respir Dis
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Weiss, S.T.1
Tosteson, T.D.2
Segal, M.R.3
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31
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0028060526
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Determinants of percentage predicted FEV1 in current asthmatic subjects
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Cline MG, Dodge R, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. Determinants of percentage predicted FEV1 in current asthmatic subjects. Chest 1994; 106:1089-1093.
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(1994)
Chest
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Cline, M.G.1
Dodge, R.2
Lebowitz, M.D.3
Burrows, B.4
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0034141195
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The ADAM gene family: Surface proteins with adhesion and protease activity
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Primakoff P, Myles DG. The ADAM gene family: surface proteins with adhesion and protease activity. Trends Genet 2000; 16:83-87.
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Trends Genet
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Primakoff, P.1
Myles, D.G.2
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Simpson A, Maniatis M, Jury F, et al. Polymorphisms in a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) predict impaired early life lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:55-60. ADAM33 polymorphisms were studied in children who had lung function measured at 3 and 5 years of age. Polymorphisms at the 50 end of the gene predicted airway obstruction.
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Simpson A, Maniatis M, Jury F, et al. Polymorphisms in a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) predict impaired early life lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:55-60. ADAM33 polymorphisms were studied in children who had lung function measured at 3 and 5 years of age. Polymorphisms at the 50 end of the gene predicted airway obstruction.
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1). The paper is an important demonstration of the likely role of ADAM33 in pathophysiology of asthma.
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1). The paper is an important demonstration of the likely role of ADAM33 in pathophysiology of asthma.
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Kedda MA, Lose F, Duffy D, et al. The CD14 C-159T polymorphism is not associated with asthma or asthma severity in an Australian adult population. Thorax 2005; 60:211-214. An important lesson: a meta-analysis is only as good as the data on which it is based. The lack of a focused hypothesis leads to an entirely wrong conclusion.
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Kedda MA, Lose F, Duffy D, et al. The CD14 C-159T polymorphism is not associated with asthma or asthma severity in an Australian adult population. Thorax 2005; 60:211-214. An important lesson: a meta-analysis is only as good as the data on which it is based. The lack of a focused hypothesis leads to an entirely wrong conclusion.
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Oder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, et al. Opposite effects of CD 14/-260 on serum IgE levels in children raised in different environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:601-607. A really important paper showing the realities of genetic plasticity: one simply cannot consider the effects of a gene without knowing the environment.
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Oder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, et al. Opposite effects of CD 14/-260 on serum IgE levels in children raised in different environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:601-607. A really important paper showing the realities of genetic plasticity: one simply cannot consider the effects of a gene without knowing the environment.
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••] that the effects of the environment may be different in atopic and nonatopic wheeze; endotoxin reduced the risk in atopics, but increased it in nonatopics.
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••] that the effects of the environment may be different in atopic and nonatopic wheeze; endotoxin reduced the risk in atopics, but increased it in nonatopics.
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38
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31744449136
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The sex-specific genetic architecture of quantitative traits in humans
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An analysis of how genes and gender may interact, underscoring the complexities of sorting out gene-environment interactions
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Weiss LA, Pan L, Abney M, Ober C. The sex-specific genetic architecture of quantitative traits in humans. Nat Genet 2006; 38:218-222. An analysis of how genes and gender may interact, underscoring the complexities of sorting out gene-environment interactions.
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(2006)
Nat Genet
, vol.38
, pp. 218-222
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Weiss, L.A.1
Pan, L.2
Abney, M.3
Ober, C.4
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Ober C. HLA-G: an asthma gene on chromosome 6p. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2005; 25:669-679. This discussion is illustrated by asthma gene data of how maternal factors can affect gene expression.
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Ober C. HLA-G: an asthma gene on chromosome 6p. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2005; 25:669-679. This discussion is illustrated by asthma gene data of how maternal factors can affect gene expression.
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40
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Genome screen for asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: Interactions with passive smoke exposure
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This is an important paper on how tobacco-smoke exposure may affect gene expression
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Meyers DA, Postma DS, Stine OC, et al. Genome screen for asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: interactions with passive smoke exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:1169-1175. This is an important paper on how tobacco-smoke exposure may affect gene expression.
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(2005)
J Allergy Clin Immunol
, vol.115
, pp. 1169-1175
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Meyers, D.A.1
Postma, D.S.2
Stine, O.C.3
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41
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3142510877
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Glutathione S transferase deficiency and passive smoking increase childhood asthma
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Kabesch M, Hoefler C, Carr D, et al. Glutathione S transferase deficiency and passive smoking increase childhood asthma. Thorax 2004; 59:569-573.
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(2004)
Thorax
, vol.59
, pp. 569-573
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Kabesch, M.1
Hoefler, C.2
Carr, D.3
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42
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14644416527
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Maternal glutathione S-transferase GSTP1 genotype is a specific predictor of phenotype in children with asthma
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A paper showing how maternal genotype affects the ex-utero phenotype of the child. This is important in candidate gene studies in particular, because the child's genotype is partly dependent on that of the mother
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Carroll WD, Lenney W, Child F, et al. Maternal glutathione S-transferase GSTP1 genotype is a specific predictor of phenotype in children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16:32-39. A paper showing how maternal genotype affects the ex-utero phenotype of the child. This is important in candidate gene studies in particular, because the child's genotype is partly dependent on that of the mother.
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(2005)
Pediatr Allergy Immunol
, vol.16
, pp. 32-39
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Carroll, W.D.1
Lenney, W.2
Child, F.3
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Effects of glutathione S-transferase M1, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children
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Gilliland FD, Li YF, Dubeau L, et al. Effects of glutathione S-transferase M1, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:457-463.
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Am J Respir Crit Care Med
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, pp. 457-463
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Gilliland, F.D.1
Li, Y.F.2
Dubeau, L.3
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Wenten M, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, et al. TNF-308 modifies the effect of second-hand smoke on respiratory illness-related school absences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1563-1568. Another important gene-environment study, this time focusing on genes, cigarette smoke and the environment. For the polymorphism to be operative, viral infection and second-hand smoke are needed.
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Wenten M, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, et al. TNF-308 modifies the effect of second-hand smoke on respiratory illness-related school absences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1563-1568. Another important gene-environment study, this time focusing on genes, cigarette smoke and the environment. For the polymorphism to be operative, viral infection and second-hand smoke are needed.
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45
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24644436145
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Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing
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Important COAST data showing that rhinovirus was more strongly predictive of later wheeze than RSV. A timely reminder that not all respiratory viruses are equal in their effects
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Lemanske RF, Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:571-577. Important COAST data showing that rhinovirus was more strongly predictive of later wheeze than RSV. A timely reminder that not all respiratory viruses are equal in their effects.
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(2005)
J Allergy Clin Immunol
, vol.116
, pp. 571-577
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Lemanske, R.F.1
Jackson, D.J.2
Gangnon, R.E.3
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46
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23244438413
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Duration of postviral airway hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma: Effect of atopy
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Xepapadaki P, Papadopoulos NG, Bossios A, et al. Duration of postviral airway hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma: effect of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:299-304.
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J Allergy Clin Immunol
, vol.116
, pp. 299-304
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Xepapadaki, P.1
Papadopoulos, N.G.2
Bossios, A.3
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47
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33646521700
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Atopic wheezing and early antibiotic exposure: A nested, case-control study
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Thomas M, Custovic A, Woodcock A, et al. Atopic wheezing and early antibiotic exposure: a nested, case-control study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17:184-188.
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(2006)
Pediatr Allergy Immunol
, vol.17
, pp. 184-188
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Thomas, M.1
Custovic, A.2
Woodcock, A.3
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48
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0026788313
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Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and/or beta-2-agonists on lung function, airway responsiveness, and symptoms in asthma. The Dutch Chronic Nonspecific Lung Disease Study Group
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van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Waalkens HJ, et al. Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and/or beta-2-agonists on lung function, airway responsiveness, and symptoms in asthma. The Dutch Chronic Nonspecific Lung Disease Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:547-554.
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Am Rev Respir Dis
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van Essen-Zandvliet, E.E.1
Hughes, M.D.2
Waalkens, H.J.3
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49
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0027366769
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Cessation of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) in children with asthma results in deterioration. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group
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Waalkens HJ, van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, et al. Cessation of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) in children with asthma results in deterioration. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1252-1257.
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(1993)
Am Rev Respir Dis
, vol.148
, pp. 1252-1257
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Waalkens, H.J.1
van Essen-Zandvliet, E.E.2
Hughes, M.D.3
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50
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33646488054
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Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma
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Two years of treatment with fluticasone produced symptomatic benefits in a selected high-risk group; but in the year after stopping treatment the benefits were lost, and there was no evidence that progression to persistent asthma was prevented
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Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Zeiger RS, et al. Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1985-1997. Two years of treatment with fluticasone produced symptomatic benefits in a selected high-risk group; but in the year after stopping treatment the benefits were lost, and there was no evidence that progression to persistent asthma was prevented.
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(2006)
N Engl J Med
, vol.354
, pp. 1985-1997
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Guilbert, T.W.1
Morgan, W.J.2
Zeiger, R.S.3
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51
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Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Loland L, et al. Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1998-2005. A different approach to disease modification - inhaled corticosteroids only at the time of a wheezing episode brought neither acute symptomatic relief and nor did the strategy prevent progression to persistent wheeze. Although some would criticise the dose (400 μg/day) as being rather low, the data are not encouraging of a higher-dose trial.
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Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Loland L, et al. Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1998-2005. A different approach to disease modification - inhaled corticosteroids only at the time of a wheezing episode brought neither acute symptomatic relief and nor did the strategy prevent progression to persistent wheeze. Although some would criticise the dose (400 μg/day) as being rather low, the data are not encouraging of a higher-dose trial.
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52
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33747758047
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Murray CS, Woodcock A, Langley SJ, et al. Secondary prevention of asthma by the use of inhaled fluticasone dipropionate in wheezy infants (IFWIN): double-blind, randomised controlled study. Lancet 2006; 368: 754-762. A major study that showed that fluticasone 200mg/day did not prevent asthma, the development of bronchial hyper-reactivity or a decline in lung function. A further clear-cut demonstration that corticosteroids are not disease-modifying.
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Murray CS, Woodcock A, Langley SJ, et al. Secondary prevention of asthma by the use of inhaled fluticasone dipropionate in wheezy infants (IFWIN): double-blind, randomised controlled study. Lancet 2006; 368: 754-762. A major study that showed that fluticasone 200mg/day did not prevent asthma, the development of bronchial hyper-reactivity or a decline in lung function. A further clear-cut demonstration that corticosteroids are not disease-modifying.
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53
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0033773993
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A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing
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Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, et al. A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1403-1406.
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(2000)
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
, vol.162
, pp. 1403-1406
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Castro-Rodriguez, J.A.1
Holberg, C.J.2
Morgan, W.J.3
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54
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Kovar J, Willet KE, Hislop A, Sly PD. Impact of postnatal glucocorticoids on early lung development. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98:881-888. Parenteral steroids have long been known to affect alveolar development if given to neonatal animals; this paper demonstrates that steroids by the nebulized route also affect the developing lungs. A note of caution is sounded when considering prescribing them in the first 18 months of life, especially since they are not likely to be effective.
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Kovar J, Willet KE, Hislop A, Sly PD. Impact of postnatal glucocorticoids on early lung development. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98:881-888. Parenteral steroids have long been known to affect alveolar development if given to neonatal animals; this paper demonstrates that steroids by the nebulized route also affect the developing lungs. A note of caution is sounded when considering prescribing them in the first 18 months of life, especially since they are not likely to be effective.
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55
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0347182865
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Macrolides as biologic response modifiers in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis
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Bush A, Rubin BK. Macrolides as biologic response modifiers in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Sem Resp Crit Care Med 2003; 24:737-747.
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(2003)
Sem Resp Crit Care Med
, vol.24
, pp. 737-747
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Bush, A.1
Rubin, B.K.2
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56
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33846236614
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Rubin BK, Tamaoki J, editors. Progress in Inflammation Research. Antibiotics as Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag;
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Jaffe A, Bush A. Macrolides in cystic fibrosis. In: Rubin BK, Tamaoki J, editors. Progress in Inflammation Research. Antibiotics as Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag; 2005. pp. 167-191.
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(2005)
Macrolides in cystic fibrosis
, pp. 167-191
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Jaffe, A.1
Bush, A.2
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57
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Sorkness RL, Herricks KM, Szakaly RJ, et al. Altered allergen induced eosinophil trafficking and physiologic dysfunction in airways with preexisting virus induced injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006 [epub ahead of print]. This reports animal work showing how viruses can interact with allergens. This may be a pointer to how a pattern of virus-induced wheeze may switch to one of allergen-driven, chronic symptoms.
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Sorkness RL, Herricks KM, Szakaly RJ, et al. Altered allergen induced eosinophil trafficking and physiologic dysfunction in airways with preexisting virus induced injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006 [epub ahead of print]. This reports animal work showing how viruses can interact with allergens. This may be a pointer to how a pattern of virus-induced wheeze may switch to one of allergen-driven, chronic symptoms.
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58
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33747811511
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Ultrastructure of the reticular basement membrane in asthmatic adults children and infants
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This paper demonstrates that the thickening of the RBM seen in asthma is probably an exaggeration of the normal situation, rather than a distinct pathological process
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Saglani S, Molyneux C, Gong H, et al. Ultrastructure of the reticular basement membrane in asthmatic adults children and infants. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:505-512. This paper demonstrates that the thickening of the RBM seen in asthma is probably an exaggeration of the normal situation, rather than a distinct pathological process.
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(2006)
Eur Respir J
, vol.28
, pp. 505-512
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Saglani, S.1
Molyneux, C.2
Gong, H.3
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59
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0034878193
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On the functional consequences of bronchial basement membrane thickening
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Milanese M, Crimi E, Scordamaglia A, et al. On the functional consequences of bronchial basement membrane thickening. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91:1035-1040.
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(2001)
J Appl Physiol
, vol.91
, pp. 1035-1040
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Milanese, M.1
Crimi, E.2
Scordamaglia, A.3
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61
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33644665378
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von Mutius E, Schmid S, the PASTURE Study Group. The PASTURE project: EU support for the improvement of knowledge about risk factors and preventive factors for atopy in Europe. Allergy 2006; 61:407-413. This provides background to a major study in progress, which should shed new light on early-life events and asthma. It is important in its own right, but also flags up a study which will give fresh insights in the future.
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von Mutius E, Schmid S, the PASTURE Study Group. The PASTURE project: EU support for the improvement of knowledge about risk factors and preventive factors for atopy in Europe. Allergy 2006; 61:407-413. This provides background to a major study in progress, which should shed new light on early-life events and asthma. It is important in its own right, but also flags up a study which will give fresh insights in the future.
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62
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33747771435
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Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorkstein B, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases one and three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006; 368:733-743. More relevant to later, not early, symptoms, but excellent data on the importance of geographical differences, which need to be considered before planning large international studies.
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Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorkstein B, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases one and three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006; 368:733-743. More relevant to later, not early, symptoms, but excellent data on the importance of geographical differences, which need to be considered before planning large international studies.
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63
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Saglani S, Papaioannou G, Khoo L, et al. Can HRCT be used as a marker of airway remodelling in children with difficult asthma? Respir Res 2006; 7: 46. Unfortunately the search for a noninvasive marker of airway wall structure does not end here; in children, unlike adults, HRCT is not usefully correlated with endobronchial biopsy measurements.
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Saglani S, Papaioannou G, Khoo L, et al. Can HRCT be used as a marker of airway remodelling in children with difficult asthma? Respir Res 2006; 7: 46. Unfortunately the search for a noninvasive marker of airway wall structure does not end here; in children, unlike adults, HRCT is not usefully correlated with endobronchial biopsy measurements.
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64
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0036187873
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Correlation between the bronchial subepithelial layer and whole airway wall thickness in patients with asthma
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Kasahara K, Shiba K, Ozawa T, et al. Correlation between the bronchial subepithelial layer and whole airway wall thickness in patients with asthma. Thorax 2002; 57:242-246.
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(2002)
Thorax
, vol.57
, pp. 242-246
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Kasahara, K.1
Shiba, K.2
Ozawa, T.3
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65
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11844293411
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Zar H, Hanslo D, Apolles P, et al. Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet 2005; 365:130-134. A study from the context of tuberculosis, in which it is clear that induced sputum samples can be obtained from very young children. Perhaps this should be exploited in the field of preschool wheeze?
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Zar H, Hanslo D, Apolles P, et al. Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet 2005; 365:130-134. A study from the context of tuberculosis, in which it is clear that induced sputum samples can be obtained from very young children. Perhaps this should be exploited in the field of preschool wheeze?
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66
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31844444923
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Exhaled nitric oxide is not reduced in infants with cystic fibrosis
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NO can be measured in small babies. This was a cystic fibrosis study, but the technique is applicable to preschool wheeze
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Franklin PJ, Hall GL, Moeller A, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide is not reduced in infants with cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2006; 27:350-353. NO can be measured in small babies. This was a cystic fibrosis study, but the technique is applicable to preschool wheeze.
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(2006)
Eur Respir J
, vol.27
, pp. 350-353
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Franklin, P.J.1
Hall, G.L.2
Moeller, A.3
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67
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18844401152
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Epithelial stress and structural remodelling in childhood asthma
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Fedorov IA, Wilson SJ, Davies DE, Holgate ST. Epithelial stress and structural remodelling in childhood asthma. Thorax 2005; 60:389-394.
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(2005)
Thorax
, vol.60
, pp. 389-394
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Fedorov, I.A.1
Wilson, S.J.2
Davies, D.E.3
Holgate, S.T.4
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