Steroid hormone receptors: An update

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 225-236

  Beato, M ^a   Klug, J ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chromatin; Cross talk; Steroid hormone receptors; Steroid hormones; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; CARRIER PROTEIN; CHAPERONE; CHOLESTEROL; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90; MEMBRANE RECEPTOR; MINERALOCORTICOID; PROTEIN KINASE; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; STEROID RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ADRENAL CORTEX; BINDING AFFINITY; CHROMATIN; DNA BINDING; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; INFLAMMATION; LIGAND BINDING; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; OVARY; PLACENTA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS; TESTIS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0034129679     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/6.3.225     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Aronica, S.M. and Katzenellenbogen, B.S. (1993) Stimulation of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription and alteration in the phosphorylation state of the rat uterine estrogen receptor by estrogen, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Mol. Endocrinol., 7, 743-752.
2. Arriza, J.L., Weinberger, C., Cerelli, G. et al. (1987) Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor cDNA: structural and functional kindship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science, 237, 268-275.
3. Bamberger, C.M., Bamberger, A.M., DeCastro, M. et al. (1995) Glucocorticoid receptor β, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans. J. Clin. Invest., 95, 2435-2441.
4. Bannister, A.J. and Kouzarides, T. (1996) The CBP co-activator is a histone acetyltransferase. Nature, 384, 641-643.
5. Bartsch, J., Truss, M., Bode, J. et al. (1996) Moderate increase in histone acetylation activates the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter and remodels its ncleosome structure. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 10741-10746.
6. Beato, M. (1989) Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell, 56, 335-344.
7. Beato, M. and Eisfeld, K. (1997) Transcription factor access to chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 3559-3563.
8. Beato, M. and Sánchez-Pacheco, A. (1996) Interaction of steroid hormone receptors with the transcription initiation complex. Endocr. Rev., 17, 587-609.
9. Beato, M., Herrlich, P. and Schütz, G. (1995) Steroid hormone receptors: Many actors in search of a plot. Cell, 83, 851-857.
10. Blanco, J.C., Minucci, S., Lu, J. et al. (1998) The histone acetylase PCAF is a nuclear receptor coactivator. Genes Dev, 12, 1638-1651.
11. Boyer, T.G., Martin, M.E.D., Lees, E. et al. (1999) Mammalian Srb/Mediator complex is targeted by adenovirus E1A protein. Nature, 399, 276-279.
12. Brzozowski, A.M., Pike, A.C., Dauter, Z. et al. (1997) Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature, 389, 753-758.
13. Bunone, G., Briand, P.A., Miksicek, R.J. et al. (1996) Activation of the unliganded estrogen receptor by EGF involves the MAP kinase pathway and direct phosphorylation. EMBO J., 15, 2174-2183.
14. Castoria, G., Barone, M.V., Di Domenico, M. et al. (1999) Non-transcriptional action of oestradiol and progestin triggers DNA synthesis. EMBO J., 18, 2500-2510.
15. Cavailles, V., Dauvois, S., L'Horset, F. et al. (1995) Nuclear factor RIP140 modulates transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor. EMBO J., 14, 3741-3751.
16. Chandler, V.L., Maler, B.A. and Yamamoto, K.R. (1983) DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo. Cell, 33, 489-499.
17. Chang, C., Kokontis, J. and Liao, S. (1988) Molecular cloning of human and rat cDNA encoding androgen receptors. Science, 240, 324-326.
18. Chávez, S. and Beato, M. (1997) Nucleosome-mediated synergism between transcription factors on the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 2885-2890.
19. Chávez, S., Candau, R., Truss, M. et al. (1995) Constitutive repression and nuclear factor I-dependent hormone activation of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus promoter in yeast. Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 6987-6998.
20. Chen, J.D. and Evans, R.M. (1995) A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Nature, 377, 454-457.
21. Clever, U. and Karlson, P. (1960) Induktion von Puff-Veränderungen in Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans durch Ecdyson. Exp. Cell Res., 20, 623-626.
22. Cole, T.J., Blendy, J.A., Monaghan, A.P. et al. (1995) Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation. Genes Dev., 9, 1608-1621.
23. Di Croce, L., Koop, R., Venditti, P. et al. (1999) Two-step synergism between progesterone receptor and the DNA binding domain of nuclear factor 1 on MMTV minichromosomes. Mol. Cell, 4, 45-54.
24. Dressel, U., Thormeyer, D., Altincicek, B. et al. (1999) Alien, a highly conserved protein with characteristics of a corepressor for members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 3383-3394.
25. Eisfeld, K., Candau, R., Truss, M. et al. (1997) Binding of NF1 to the MMTV promoter in nucleosomes: Influence of rotational phasing, translational positioning and histone H1. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 3733-3742.
26. Endoh, H., Maruyama, K., Masuhiro, Y. et al. (1999) Purification and identification of p68 RNA helicase acting as a transcriptional coactivator specific for the activation function 1 of human estrogen receptor α. Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 5363-5372.
27. Evans, R.M. (1988) The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science, 240, 889-895.
28. Faber, P.W., King, A., Vanrooij, H.C.J. et al. (1991) The mouse androgen receptor - functional analysis of the protein and characterization of the gene. Biochem. J., 278, 269-278.
29. Fondell, J.D., Ge, H. and Roeder, R.G. (1996) Ligand induction of a transcriptionally active thyroid hormone receptor coactivator complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 8329-8333.
30. Fondell, J.D., Guermah, M., Malik, S. et al. (1999) Thyroid hormone receptor-associated proteins and general positive cofactors mediate thyroid hormone receptor function in the absence of the TATA box-binding protein-associated factors of TFIID. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U S A, 96, 1959-1964.
31. Freedman, L.P. (1999) Increasing the complexity of coactivation in nuclear receptor signaling. Cell, 97, 5-8.
32. Gill, G. and Ptashne, M. (1988) Negative effect of the transcriptional activator GAL4. Nature, 334, 721-724.
33. Godowski, P.J. and Picard, D. (1989) Steroid receptors. How to be both a receptor and a transcription factor. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38, 3135-3143.
34. Green, S. and Chambon, P. (1986) Carcinogenesis: A superfamily of potentially oncogenic hormone receptors. Nature, 324, 615-617.
35. Green, S. and Chambon, P. (1987) Oestradiol induction of a glucocorticoid-responsive gene by a chimeric receptor. Nature, 325, 75-78.
36. Gu, W., Malik, S., Ito, M. et al. (1999) A novel human SRB/MED-containing cofactor complex, SMCC, involved in transcription regulation. Mol. Cell, 3, 97-108.
37. Guiochon-Mantel, A., Lescop, P., Christinmaitre, S. et al. (1991) Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the progesterone receptor. EMBO J., 10, 3851-3859.
38. Heery, D.M., Kalkhoven, E., Hoare, S. et al. (1997) A signature motif in transcriptional co-activators mediates binding to nuclear receptor. Nature, 387, 733-736.
39. Hittelman, A. B., Burakov, D., Iniguez-Lluhi, J. A. et al. (1999). Differential regulation of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activation via AF-1-associated proteins. EMBO J., 18, 5380-5388.
40. Hollenberg, S.M., Weinberger, C., Ong, E.S. et al. (1985) Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature, 318, 635-641.
41. Hörlein, A., Näär, A.M., Heinzel, T. et al. (1995) Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor. Nature, 377, 397-404.
42. Ito, M., Yuan, C.X., Malik, S. et al. (1999) Identity between TRAP and SMCC complexes indicates novel pathways for the function of nuclear receptors and diverse mammalian activators. Mol. Cell, 3, 361-370.
43. Jackson, T.A., Richer, J.K., Bain, D.L. et al. (1997) The partial agonist activity of antagonist-occupied steroid receptors is controlled by a novel hinge domain-binding coactivator L7/SPA and the corepressors N-CoR or SMRT. Mol. Endocrinol., 11, 693-705.
44. Jensen, E.V. and Jacobsen, H.I. (1962) Basic guides to the mechanism of estrogen action. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res., 18, 387-418.
45. Jensen, E.V., Suzuki, T., Kawashima, T. et al. (1968) A two-step mechanism for the interaction of estradiol with rat uterus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 59, 632-638.
46. Johnston, S.D., Liu, X., Zuo, F. et al. (1997). Estrogen-related receptor α 1 functionally binds as a monomer to extended half-site sequences including ones contained within estrogen-response elements. Mol. Endocrinol., 11, 342-352.
47. Kamei, Y., Xu, L., Heinzel, T. et al. (1996) A CBP integrator complex mediates transcriptional activation and AP-1 inhibition by nuclear receptors. Cell, 85, 403-414.
48. Karin, M., Haslinger, A., Holtgreve, A. et al. (1984) Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein IIA. Nature, 308, 513-519.
49. Kastner, P., Krust, A., Turcotte, B. et al. (1990) Two distinct estrogen-regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding the two functionally different human progesterone receptor forms A and B. EMBO J., 9, 1603-1624.
50. Kato, S., Endoh, H., Masuhiro, Y. et al. (1995) Activation of the estrogen receptor by Ras through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science, 270, 1491-1494.
51. Kim, Y.J., Bjorklund, S., Li, Y. et al. (1994) A multiprotein mediator of transcriptional activation and its interaction with the C-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II. Cell, 77, 599-608.
52. Kraus, W.L. and Kadonaga, J.T. (1998) p300 and estrogen receptor cooperatively activate transcription via differential enhancement of initiation and reinitiation. Genes Dev., 12, 331-342.
53. Kretzschmar, M., Stelzer, G., Roeder, R.G. et al. (1994) RNA polymerase II cofactor PC2 facilitates activation of transcription by GAL4-AH in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 3927-3937.
54. Krust, A., Green, S., Argos, P. et al. (1986) The chicken estrogen receptor sequence: homology with v-erbA and the human estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors. EMBO J., 5, 891-897.
55. Kuiper, G.G., Enmark, E., Pelto-Huikko, M. et al. (1996) Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U S A, 93, 5925-5930.
56. Kumar, V., Green, S., Stack, G. et al. (1987) Functional domains of the human estrogen receptor. Cell, 51, 941-951.
57. Lanz, R.B., McKenna, N.J., Onate, S.A. et al. (1999) A steroid receptor coactivator, SRA, functions as an RNA and is present in an SRC-1 complex. Cell, 97, 17-27.
58. Lavinsky, R.M., Jepsen, K., Heinzel, T. et al. (1998) Diverse signaling pathways modulate nuclear receptor recruitment of N-CoR and SMRT complexes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.USA, 95, 2920-2925.
59. Lubahn, D.B., Joseph, D.R., Sullivan, P.M. et al. (1988) Cloning of the human androgen receptor cDNA and localization to the X chromosome. Science, 340, 327-330.
60. Luisi, B.F., Xu, W.X., Otwinowski, Z. et al. (1991) Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA. Nature, 352, 497-505.
61. Mangelsdorf, D.J., Thummel, C., Beato, M. et al. (1995) Overview: the nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell, 83, 835-839.
62. Migliaccio, A., Di Domenico, M., Castoria, G. et al. (1996) Tyrosine kinase/ p21ras/MAP-kinase pathway activation by estradiol-receptor complex in MCF-7 cells. EMBO J., 15, 1292-1300.
63. ras/erk pathway by progesterone receptor via a crosstalk with estrogen receptor. EMBO J., 17, 2008-2018.
64. Mosselman, S., Polman, J. and Dijkema, R. (1996) ERβ: identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor. FEBS Lett., 392, 49-53.
65. Muchardt, C. and Yaniv, M. (1993) A human homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF2/SWI2 and Drosophila-brm genes potentiates transcriptional activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J., 12, 4279-4290.
66. Naar, A.M., Beaurang, P.A., Zhou, S. et al. (1999) Composite co-activator ARC mediates chromatin-directed transcriptional activation. Nature, 398, 828-832.
67. Nichols, M., Rientjes, J.M., and Stewart, A.F. (1998). Different positioning of the ligand-binding domain helix 12 and the F domain of the estrogen receptor accounts for functional differences between agonists and antagonists. EMBO J., 17, 765-773.
68. Noteboom, W.D. and Gorski, J. (1965) Stereospecific binding of estrogens in the rat uterus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 11, 559-565.
69. Nuclear Receptors Nomenclature Committee (1999). A unified nomenclature system for the nuclear receptor superfamily. Cell, 97, 161-163.
70. Oakley, R.H., Sar, M. and Cidlowski, J.A. (1996) The human glucocorticoid receptor β isoform. Expression, biochemical properties, and putative function. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 9550-9559.
71. Ogawa, S., Inoue, S., Watanabe, T. et al. (1998) The complete primary structure of human estrogen receptor β (hERβ) and its heterodimerization with ER α in vivo and in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 243, 122-126.
72. Ogryzko, V.V., Schiltz, R.L., Russanova, V. et al. (1996) The trascriptional coactivators p300 and CBP are histone acetyltransferases. Cell, 87, 953-959.
73. Onate, S.A., Tsai, S.Y., Tsai, M.-J. et al. (1995) Sequence and characterization of a coactivator for the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science, 270, 1354-1357.
74. Paech, K., Webb, P., Kuiper, G.G. et al. (1997) Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ at AP1 sites. Science, 277, 1508-1510.
75. Patel, P.D., Sherman, T.G., Goldman, D.J. et al. (1989) Molecular cloning of a mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor complementary DNA from rat hippocampus. Mol. Endocrinol., 3, 1877-1885.
76. Payvar, F., DeFranco, D., Firestone, G.L. et al. (1983) Sequence-specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell, 35, 381-392.
77. Pazin, M.J. and Kadonaga, J.T. (1997) SW12/SNF2 and related proteins: ATP-driven motors that disrupt protein-DNA interactions? Cell, 88, 737-740.
78. Peterson, C.L. and Tamkun, J.W. (1995) The SWI-SNF complex: a chromatin remodeling machine. Trends Biochem. Sci., 20, 143-146.
79. Pettersson, K., Grandien, K., Kuiper, G.G. et al. (1997) Mouse estrogen receptor β forms estrogen response element-binding heterodimers with estrogen receptor a. Mol. Endocrinol., 11, 1486-1496.
80. Pfeffer, U., Fecarotta, E. and Vidali, G. (1995) Coexpression of multiple estrogen receptor variant messenger RNAs in normal and neoplastic breast tissues and in MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res., 55, 2158-2165.
81. Piña, B., Brüggemeier, U. and Beato, M. (1990a) Nucleosome positioning modulates accessibility of regulatory proteins to the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Cell, 60, 719-731.
82. Piña, B., Truss, M., Ohlenbusch, H. et al. (1990b) DNA rotational positioning in a regulatory nucleosome is determined by base sequence. An algorithm to model the preferred superhelix. Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 6981-6987.
83. Pratt, W.B. and Toft, D.O. (1997) Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock protein and immunophilin chaperones. Endocrine Rev., 18, 306-360.
84. Rachez, C., Suldan, Z., Ward, J. et al. (1998) A novel protein complex that interacts with the vitamin D3 receptor in a ligand-dependent manner and enhances VDR transactivation in a cell-free system. Genes Dev., 12, 1787-1800.
85. Rachez, C., Lemon, B.D., Suldan, Z. et al. (1999) Ligand-dependent transcription activation by nuclear receptors requires the DRIP complex. Nature, 398, 824-828.
86. Reichardt, H.M., Kaestner, K.H., Tuckermann, J. et al. (1998) DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival. Cell, 93, 531-541.
87. Ryu, S., Zhou, S., Ladurner, A.G. et al. (1999) The transcriptional cofactor complex CRSP is required for activity of the enhancer-binding protein Sp1. Nature, 397, 446-450.
88. Sartorius, C.A., Melville, M.Y., Hovland, A.R. et al. (1994) A third transactivation function (AF3) of human progesterone receptors located in the unique N-terminal segment of the B-isoform. Mol. Endocrinol., 8, 1347-1360.
89. Scheidereit, C., Geisse, S., Westphal, H.M. et al. (1983) The glucocorticoid receptor binds to defined nucleotide sequences near the promoter of mouse mammary tumour. Nature, 304, 749-752.
90. Schwabe, J.W.R., Chapman, L., Finch, J.T. et al. (1993) The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: How receptors discriminate between their response elements. Cell, 75, 567-578.
91. Shiau, A.K., Barstad, D., Loria, P.M. et al. (1998) The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen. Cell, 95, 927-937.
92. Spencer, T.E., Jenster, G., Burcin, M.M. et al. (1997) Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is a histone acetyltransferase. Nature, 389, 194-198.
93. Struhl, K. and Moqtaderi, Z. (1998) The TAFs in the HAT. Cell, 94, 1-4.
94. Subramaniam, N., Treuter, E. and Okret, S. (1999) Receptor interacting protein RIP140 inhibits both positive and negative gene regulation by glucocorticoids. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 18121-18127.
95. Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Cho, H. et al. (1998) NAT, a human complex containing Srb polypeptides that functions as a negative regulator of activated transcription. Mol. Cell, 2, 213-222.
96. Tanenbaum, D.M., Wang, Y., Williams, S.P. et al. (1998) Crystallographic comparison of the estrogen and progesterone receptor's ligand binding domains. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 5998-6003.
97. Thompson, C.M., Koleske, A.J., Chao, D.M. et al. (1993) A multisubunit complex associated with the RNA polymerase-II CTD and TATA-binding protein in yeast. Cell, 73, 1361-1375.
98. Truss, M., Chalepakis, G. and Beato, M. (1990) Contacts between steroid hormone receptors and thymines in DNA: An interference method. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 7180-7184.
99. Truss, M., Chalepakis, G., Slater, E.P. et al. (1991) Functional interaction of hybrid response elements with wild type and mutant steroid hormone receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol., 11, 3247-3258.
100. Truss, M., Bartsch, J., Chalepakis, G. et al. (1992) Artificial steroid hormone response element generated by dam-methylation. Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 1483-1486.
101. Truss, M., Bartsch, J., Schelbert, A. et al. (1995) Hormone induces binding of receptors and transcription factors to a rearranged nucleosome on the MMTV promoter in vivo. EMBO J., 14, 1737-1751.
102. Vanacker, J.M., Pettersson, K., Gustafsson, J.Å. et al. (1999). Transcriptional targets shared by estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERRs) and estrogen receptor (ER) α, but not by ERβ. EMBO J., 18, 4270-4279.
103. Vladusic, E.A., Hornby, A.E., Guerra-Vladusic, F.K. et al. (1998) Expression of estrogen receptor β messenger RNA variant in breast cancer. Cancer Res., 58, 210-214.
104. Walter, P., Green, S., Greene, G. et al. (1985) Cloning of the human estrogen receptor cDNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 7889-7893.
105. Weigel, N. L. (1996). Steroid hormone receptors and their regulation by phosphorylation. Biochem. J., 319, 657-667.
106. Weinberger, C., Hollenberg, S.M., Ong, E.S. et al. (1985a) Identification of human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA clones by epitope selection. Science, 228, 740-742.
107. Weinberger, C., Hollenberg, S.M., Rosenfeld, M.G. et al. (1985b) Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erbA oncogene. Nature, 318, 670-7072.
108. Wilson, C.M. and McPhaul, M.J. (1996) A and B forms of the androgen receptor are expressed in a variety of human tissues. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 120, 51-57.
109. Wright, A.P.H., McEwan, I.J., Dahlman-Wright, K. et al. (1991) High level expression of the major transactivation domain of the human glucocorticoid receptor in yeast cells inhibits endogenous gene expression and cell growth. Mol. Endocrinol., 5, 1366-1372.
110. Yang, X.J., Ogryzko, V.V., Nishikawa, J. et al. (1996) A p300/CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. Nature, 382, 319-324.
111. Yoshinaga, S.K., Peterson, C.L., Herskowitz, I. et al. (1992) Roles of SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 proteins for transcriptional enhancement by steroid receptors. Science, 258, 1598-1604.
112. Yuan, C.X., Ito, M., Fondell, J.D. et al. (1998) The TRAP220 component of a thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (TRAP) coactivator complex interacts directly with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent fashion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA, 95, 7939-7944.