Molecular marks for epigenetic identification of developmental and cancer stem cells

Clinical Epigenetics

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 27-53

  Patra, Samir Kumar ^a   Deb, Moonmoon ^a   Patra, Aditi ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA   (India)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cancer Stem cell; Development; DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Histone modification

Indexed keywords

MYC PROTEIN; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NANOG; WNT PROTEIN;

CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER STEM CELL; CELL MATURATION; CELL NUCLEUS MEMBRANE; CELL RENEWAL; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; DNA METHYLATION; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; EPIGENETICS; GENE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NANOG GENE; NONHUMAN; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4 GENE; ONCOGENE C MYC; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 80051614029     PISSN: 18687075     EISSN: 18687083     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13148-010-0016-0     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. Adenot PG, Mercier Y, Renard J-P, Thompson EM (1997) Differential H4 acetylation of paternal and maternal chromatin precedes DNA replication and differential transcriptional activity in pronuclei of 1-cell mouse embryos. Development 124:4625-4625
2. Aguilera O, FragaMF, Ballestar E, PazMF, Herranz M, Espada J, Garcia JM, Munoz A, Esteller M, Gonzalez-Sancho JM (2006) Epigenetic inactivation of the Wnt antagonist DICKKOPF-1 (DKK-1) gene in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 25:4116-4121 (Pubitemid 44024874)
3. Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF (2003) Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:3983-3988 (Pubitemid 36418143)
4. Alonso L, Fuchs E (2003) Stem cells of the skin epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(Suppl 1):11830-11835 (Pubitemid 37205891)
5. Barco R, Garcia CB, Eid JE (2009) The synovial sarcoma-associated SYT-SSX2 oncogene antagonizes the polycomb complex protein Bmi1. PLoS ONE 4(4):e5060
6. Baudino TA, McKay C, Pendeville-Samain H, Nilsson JA, Maclean KH, White EL, Davis AC, Ihle JN, Cleveland JL (2002) cMyc is essential for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development and tumor progress. Genes Dev 16:2530-2543
7. Beaujean N, Taylor J, Gardner J, Wilmut I, Meehan R, Young L (2004) Effect of limited DNA methylation reprogramming in the normal sheep embryo on somatic cell nuclear transfer. Biol Reprod 71:185-193 (Pubitemid 38915324)
8. Bedford MT, Clarke SG (2009) Protein arginine methylation in mammals: who, what, and why? Mol Cell 33(1):1-13
9. Bedford MT, van Helden PD (1987) Hypomethylation of DNA in pathological conditions of the human prostate. Cancer Res 47:5274-5276 (Pubitemid 17152932)
10. Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Xie X, Kamal M, Huebert DJ, Cuff J, Fry B, Meissner A, Wernig M, Plath K, Jaenisch R, Wagschal A, Feil R, Schreiber SL, Lander ES (2006) A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Cell 125:315-326
11. Bestor TH (2000) The DNA methyltransferases of mammals. Hum Mol Genet 9:2395-2402
12. Bilodeau S, Kagey MH, Frampton GM, Rahl PB, Young RA (2009) SetDB1 contributes to repression of genes encoding developmental regulators and maintenance of ES cell state. Genes Dev 23:2484-2489
13. Blum R, Gupta R, Burger PE, Ontiveros CS, Salm SN, Xiong X, Kamb A, Wesche H, Marshall L, Cutler G, Wang X, Zavadil J, Moscatelli D, Wilson EL (2009) Molecular signatures of prostate stem cells reveal novel signaling pathways and provide insights into prostate cancer. PLoS ONE 4(5):e5722
14. Bonkhoff H, Remberger K (1996) Differentiation pathways and histogenetic aspects of normal and abnormal prostatic growth: a stem cell model. Prostate 28:98-106 (Pubitemid 26066247)
15. Brown KE, Baxter J, Graf D, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG (1999) Dynamic repositioning of genes in the nucleus of lymphocytes preparing for cell division. Mol Cell 3:207-217 (Pubitemid 29292621)
16. Brown CE, Lechner T, Howe L, Workman JL (2000) The many HATs of transcription coactivators. Trends Biochem Sci 25:15-19 (Pubitemid 30060424)
17. Büssing I, Slack FJ, Großhans H (2008) let-7 microRNAs in development, stem cells and cancer. Trends Mol Med 14 (9):400-409
18. Caldwell GM, Jones C, Gensberg K, Jan S, Hardy RG, Byrd P, Chughtai S, Wallis Y, Matthews GM, Morton DG (2004) The Wnt antagonist sFRP1 in colorectal umorigenesis. Cancer Res 64:883-888 (Pubitemid 38176888)
19. Calvanese V, Horrillo A, Hmadcha A, Suarez-Alvarez B, Fernandez AF, Lara E, Casado S, Menendez P, Bueno C, Garcia-Castro J, Rubio R, Lapunzina P, Alaminos M, Borghese L, Terstegge S, Harrison NJ, Moore HD, Brüstle O, Lopez-Larrea C, Andrews PW, Soria B, Esteller M, Fraga MF (2008) Cancer genes hypermethylated in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS ONE 3 (9):e3294
20. Carlson LL, Page AW, Bestor TH (1992) Properties and localization of DNA methyltransferase in preimplantation mouse embryos: implications for genomic imprinting. Genes Dev 6:2536-2541 (Pubitemid 23052882)
21. Chamber I, Colby D, Robertson M, Nichols J, Lee S, Tweedie S, Smith A (2003) Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells. Cell 113:643-655 (Pubitemid 36694189)
22. Chambers I, Silva J, Colby D, Nichols J, Nijmeijer B, Robertson M, Vrana J, Jones K, Grotewold L, Smith A (2007) Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germline development. Nature 450:1230-1234
23. Chi P, Allis CD, Wang GG (2010) Covalent histone modifications- miswritten, misinterpreted and mis-erased in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 10:457-469
24. Cho WCS, Chow ASC, Au JSK (2009) Restoration of tumour suppressor hsa-miR-145 inhibits cancer cell growth in lung adenocarcinoma patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Eur J Of Cancer 45:2197-2206
25. Christman JK (2002) 5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation: mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy. Oncogene 21(35):5483-5491
26. Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S, Li T, Maserati M, Lu S, Zdravkovic T, Llic D, Genbacev O, Fisher S, Krtolica A, Lanza R (2008) Human embryonic stem cell lines generated without embryo destruction. Cell Stem Cell 2:113-117 (Pubitemid 351168713)
27. Clark AT, Rodriguez RT, Bodnar MS, Abeyta MJ, Cedars MI, Turek PJ, FirpoMT, Pera RAR (2004) Human STELLAR,NANOG, and GDF3 genes are expressed in pluripotent cells and map to chromosome 12p13, a hotspot for teratocarcinoma. Stem Cells 22:169-179 (Pubitemid 38282632)
28. Clarke MF, Fuller M (2006) Stem cells and cancer: two faces of eve. Cell 124:1111-1115
29. Clayton AL, Hazzalin CA, Mahadevan LC (2006) Enhanced histone acetylation and transcription: a dynamic perspective. Mol Cell 23:289-296 (Pubitemid 44128853)
30. Collins AT, Berry PA, Hyde C, Stower MJ, Maitland NJ (2005) Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 65(23):10946-10951 (Pubitemid 41713363)
31. Cooper CS, Foster CS (2009) Concepts of epigenetics in prostate cancer development. Br J Cancer 100:240-245
32. Dammann R, Strunnikova M, Schagdarsurengin U, Rastetter M, Papritz M, Hattenhorst UE, Hofmann HS, Silber RE, Burdach S, Hansen G (2005) CpG island methylation and expression of tumourassociated genes in lung carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 41:1223-1236 (Pubitemid 40725582)
33. de la Taille A, Rubin MA, Chen MW, Vacherot F, de Medina SG, Burchardt M, Buttyan R, Chopin D (2003) Beta-catenin-related anomalies in apoptosis-resistant and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 9:1801-1807 (Pubitemid 36554607)
34. De Marzo AM, Nelson WG, Meeker AK, Coffey DS (1998) Stem cell features of benign and malignant prostate epithelial cells. J Urol 160:2381-2392 (Pubitemid 29483047)
35. Dobosy JR, Roberts JL, Fu VX, Jarrard DF (2007) The expanding role of epigenetics in the development, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 177:822-831 (Pubitemid 46223571)
36. Dodge JE, Kang YK, Beppu H, Lei H, Li E (2004) Histone H3-K9 methyltransferase ESET is essential for early development. Mol Cell Biol 24:2478-2486 (Pubitemid 38326002)
37. Dodge JE, Okano M, Dick F, Tsujimoto N, Chen T, Wang S, Ueda Y, Dyson N, Li E (2005) Inactivation of Dnmt3b in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in DNA hypomethylation, chromosomal instability, and spontaneous immortalization. J Biol Chem 280:17986-17991 (Pubitemid 41389041)
38. Dominguez-Sola D, Ying CY, Grandori C, Ruggiero L, Chen B, Li M, Galloway DA, Gu W, Gautier J, Dalla-Favera R (2007) Nontranscriptional control of DNA replication by c-Myc. Nature 448:445-451 (Pubitemid 47123512)
39. Erhardt S, Su IH, Schneider R, Barton S, Bannister AJ, Perez-Burgos L, Jenuwein T, Kouzarides T, Tarakhovsky A, Surani MA (2003) Consequences of the depletion of zygotic and embryonic enhancer of zeste 2 during preimplantation mouse development. Development 130:4235-4248 (Pubitemid 37185314)
40. Esteller M (2007) Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone modification maps. Nat Rev Genet 8(4):286-298 (Pubitemid 46439286)
41. Esteller M, Sparks A, Toyota M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Gonzalez S, Tarafa G, Sidransky D, Meltzer SJ, Baylin SB, Herman JG (2000) Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli promoter hypermethylation in human cancer. Cancer Res 60:4366-4371 (Pubitemid 32103613)
42. Esteve PO, Chin HG, Benner J, Feehery GR, Samaranayake M, Horwitz GA, Jacobsen SE, Pradhan S (2009) Regulation of DNMT1 stability through SET7- mediated lysine methylation in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:5076-5081
43. Feinberg AP, Ohlsson R, Henikoff S (2006) The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer. Nat Rev Genet 7(1):21-33 (Pubitemid 41828945)
44. Feng X-H, Liang Y-Y, Liang M, Zhai W, Lin X (2002) Direct interaction of c-Myc with Smad2 and Smad3 to inhibit TGFbeta- mediated induction of the CDK inhibitor p15(Ink4B). Molec Cell 9:133-143 (Pubitemid 34127777)
45. Gal-Yam EN, Egger G, Iniguez L, Holster H, Einarsson S, Zhang X, Lin JC, Liang G, Jones PA, Tanay A (2008) Frequent switching of Polycomb repressive marks and DNA hypermethylation in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:12979-12984
46. Gao P, Tchernyshyov I, Chang T-C, Lee Y-S, Kita K, Ochi T, Zeller KI, De Marzo AM, Van Eyk JE, Mendell JT, Dang CV (2009) c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mitochondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism. Nature 458:762-765
47. Gehring M, Reik W, Henikoff S (2009) DNA demethylation by DNA repair. Trends Genet 25(2):82-90
48. Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG (2008) Transcriptional regulatory machinery and epigenetics at a crossroads. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20:249-252
49. Goga A, Yang D, Tward AD, Morgan DO, Bishop JM (2007) Inhibition of CDK1 as a potential therapy for tumors overexpressing MYC. Nat Med 13:820-827 (Pubitemid 47038193)
50. Gokul G, Ramakrishna G, Khosla S (2009) Reprogramming of HeLa cells upon DNMT3L overexpression mimics carcinogenesis. Epigenetics 4(5):322-329
51. Gounari F, Signoretti S, Bronson R, Klein L, Sellers WR, Kum J, Siermann A, Taketo MM, von Boehmer H, Khazaie K (2002) Stabilization of beta-catenin induces lesions reminiscent of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, but terminal squamous transdifferentiation of other secretory epithelia. Oncogene 21:4099-4107 (Pubitemid 34712877)
52. Gu P, LeMenuet D, Chung AC, Mancini M, Wheeler DA, Cooney AJ (2005) Orphan nuclear receptor GCNF is required for the repression of pluripotency genes during retinoic acid-induced embryonic stem cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 251:8507-8519 (Pubitemid 41369172)
53. Guo Y, Costa R, Ramsey H, Starnes T, Vance G, Robertson K, Kelley M, Reinbold R, Scholer H, Hromas R (2002) The embryonic stem cell transcription factors Oct-4 and FoxD3 interact to regulate ectodermal-specific promoter expression. Proc Nat Acad Sci 99:3663-3667 (Pubitemid 34252163)
54. Guo L, Zhong D, Lau S, Liu X, Dong XY, Sun X, Yang VW, Vertino PM, Moreno CS, Varma V, Dong JT, Zhou W (2008) Sox7 is an independent checkpoint for b-catenin function in prostate and colon epithelial cells. Mol Cancer Res 6:1421-1430
55. Gupta GP, Massagué J (2006) Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell 127:679-695 (Pubitemid 44781029)
56. Hagiwara K, Li Y, Kinoshita T, Kunishma S, Ohashi H, Hotta T, Nagai H (2010) Aberrant DNA methylation of the p57KIP2 gene is a sensitive biomarker for detecting minimal residual disease in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Leuk Res 34:50-54
57. Hamada S, Kim TD, Suzuki T, Itoh Y, Tsumoto H, Nakagawa H, Janknecht R, Miyata N (2009) Synthesis and activity of Noxalylglycine and its derivatives as Jumonji C-domain-containing histone lysine demethylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19:2852-2855
58. Hart LS, El-Deiry WS (2008) Invincible, but not invisible: imaging approaches toward in vivo detection of cancer stem cells. J Clin Oncol 26:2901-2910
59. Hart AH, Hartley L, Ibrahim M, Robb L (2004) Identification, cloning and expression analysis of the pluripotency promoting Nanog genes in mouse and human. Dev Dyn 230:187-198 (Pubitemid 38544086)
60. Hattori N, Nishino K, Ko YG, Hattori N, Ohgane J, Tanaka S, Shiota K (2004) Epigenetic control of mouse Oct-4 gene expression in embryonic stem cells and trophoblast stem cells. J Biol Chem 279:17063-17069 (Pubitemid 38560461)
61. Hattori N, Imao Y, Nishino K, Hattori N, Ohgane J, Yagi S, Tanaka S, Shiota K (2007) Epigenetic regulation of Nanog gene in embryonic stem and trophoblast stem cells. Genes Cells 12(3):387-396 (Pubitemid 46359591)
62. He T-C, Sparks AB, Rago C, Hermeking H, Zawel L, da Costa LT, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1998) Identification of c- MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281:1509-1512 (Pubitemid 28425575)
63. Hebert C, Norris K, Scheper MA, Nikitakis N, Sauk JJ (2007) High mobility group A2 is a target for miRNA-98 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 6:5
64. Hekimoglu B, Ringrose L (2009) Non-coding RNAs in polycomb/ trithorax regulation. RNA Biol 6(2):129-137
65. Hemberger M, Dean W, Reik W (2009) Epigenetic dynamics of stem cells and cell lineage commitment: digging Waddington's canal. Mol Cellbiology 10:526-537
66. Hooper JE, Scott MP (2005) Communicating with hedgehogs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:306-317 (Pubitemid 40516897)
67. Howell CY, Bestor TH, Feng DF, Latham KE, Mertineit C, Trasler JM, Chaillet JR (2001) March genomic imprinting disrupted by a maternal effect mutation in the Dnmt1 gene. Cell 104:829-838 (Pubitemid 32289276)
68. Ikeda S, Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Murai H, Koyama S, Kikuchi A (1998) Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3beta and beta-catenin and promotes GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin. EMBO J 17:1371-1384 (Pubitemid 28105516)
69. Jaenisch R, Bird A (2003) Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals.Nat Genet 33(Suppl):245-254 (Pubitemid 36278835)
70. Jain M, Arvanitis C, Chu K, Dewey W, Leonhardt E, Trinh M, Sundberg CD, Bishop JM, Felsher DW (2002) Sustained loss of a neoplastic phenotype by brief inactivation of MYC. Science 297:102-104 (Pubitemid 34743102)
71. Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, Labourier E, Reinert KL, Brown D, Slack FJ (2005) RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 120(5):635-647 (Pubitemid 40343076)
72. Johnson CD, Esquela-Kerscher A, Stefani G, Byrom M, Kelnar K, Ovcharenko D, Wilson M, Wang X, Shelton J, Shingara J, Chin L, Brown D, Slack FJ (2007) The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res 67:7713-7722 (Pubitemid 47281364)
73. Jones PA, Baylin SB (2007) The epigenomics of cancer. Cell 128:683-692 (Pubitemid 46273572)
74. Jones PA, Wolkowicz MJ, Rideout WM 3rd, Gonzales FA, Marziasz CM, Coetzee GA, Tapscott SJ (1990) De novo methylation of the MyoD1 CpG island during the establishment of immortal cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87(16):6117-6121
75. Joshua AM, Evans A, Van der Kwast T, Zielenska M, Meeker AK, Chinnaiyan A, Squire JA (2008) Prostatic preneoplasia and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta 1785:156-181
76. Kakarala M, Wicha MS (2008) Implications of the cancer stem-cell hypothesis for breast cancer prevention and therapy. J Clin Oncol 26:2813-2820
77. Karhadkar SS, Bova GS, Abdallah N, Dhara S, Gardner D, Maitra A, Isaacs JT, Berman DM, Beachy PA (2004) Hedgehog signaling in prostate regeneration, neoplasia and metastasis. Nature 431:707-712 (Pubitemid 39382619)
78. Karl AK, Cloos PAC, Christensen J, Pasini DS, Rappsilber J, Issaeva I, Canaani E, Salcini AE, Helin K (2007) UTX and JMJD3 are histone H3K27 demethylases involved in HOX gene regulation and development. Nture Letters 449:731-735
79. Kawai J, Hirose K, Fushiki S, Hirotsune S, Ozawa N, Hara A, Hayashizaki Y, Watanabe S (1994) Comparison of DNA methylation patterns among mouse cell lines by restriction landmark genomic scanning. Mol Cell Biol 14(11):7421-7427 (Pubitemid 24326407)
80. Keohane AM, O'Neill LP, Belyaev ND, Lavender JS, Turner BM (1996) X-inactivation and histone H4 acetylation in embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 180:618-630 (Pubitemid 27037368)
81. Kim JB, Zaehres H, Wu G, Gentile L, Ko K, Sebastiano V, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Ruau D, Han DW, Zenke M, Scholer HR (2008) Pluripotent stem cells induced from adult neural stem cells by reprogramming with two factors. Nature 454:646-650
82. Kim D, Kim C, Moon J, Chung Y, Chang M, Han B, Ko S, Yang E, Cha K, Lanza R, Kim K (2009) Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. Cell Stem Cell 4:472-476
83. Klose RJ, Bird AP (2006) Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem Sci 31:89-97 (Pubitemid 43221841)
84. Kobayashi M, Honma T, Matsuda Y, Suzuki Y, Narisawa R, Ajioka Y, Asakura H (2000) Nuclear translocation of beta-catenin in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 82:1689-1693 (Pubitemid 30229580)
85. Kondo Y, Shen L, Cheng AS, Ahmed S, Boumber Y, Charo C, Yamochi T, Urano T, Furukawa K, Kwabi-Addo B, Gold DL, Sekido Y, Huang TH, Issa JP (2008) Gene silencing in cancer by histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation independent of promoter DNA methylation. Nat Genet 40(6):741-750 (Pubitemid 351748874)
86. Kouzarides T (2007) Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128:693-705 (Pubitemid 46273577)
87. Krivtsov AV, Armstrong SA (2007) MLL translocations, histone modifications and leukaemia stem-cell development. Nat Rev Cancer 7:823-833 (Pubitemid 350006257)
88. Kuroda T, Tada M, Kubota H, Kimura H, Hatano SY, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Tada T (2005) Octamer and Sox elements are required for transcriptional cis regulation of Nanog gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 25:2475-2485 (Pubitemid 40354640)
89. Lane N, Dean W, Erhardt S, Hajkova P, Surani A, Walter J, Reik W (2003) Resistance of IAPs to methylation reprogramming may provide a mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in the mouse. Genesis 35:88-93 (Pubitemid 36330631)
90. Langenau DM, Traver D, Ferrando AA, Kutok JL, Aster JC, Kanki JP, Lin S, Prochownik E, Trede NS, Zon LI, Look AT (2003) Mycinduced T cell leukemia in transgenic zebrafish. Science 299:887-890 (Pubitemid 36182446)
91. Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, Murdoch B, Hoang T, Caceres-Cortes J (1994) A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 17:645-648 (Pubitemid 24067706)
92. Lau SK, Chang KL (2006) OCT4: a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for metastatic germ cell tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 13:76-79 (Pubitemid 44350514)
93. Lavker RM, Tseng SC, Sun TT (2004) Corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus: looking at some old problems from a new angle. Exp Eye Res 78(3):433-446 (Pubitemid 38183322)
94. Lawson DA, Xin L, Lukacs RU, Cheng D, Witte ON (2007) Isolation and functional characterization of murine prostate stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(1):181-186 (Pubitemid 46068005)
95. Lee YS, Dutta A (2007) The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 represses the HMGA2 oncogene. Genes Dev 21:1025-1030 (Pubitemid 46686471)
96. Lee TC, Li L, Philipson L, Ziff EB (1997) Myc represses transcription of the growth arrest gene gas1. Proc Nat Acad Sci 94:12886-12891 (Pubitemid 27518446)
97. Leedham SJ, Brittan M, McDonald SA, Wright NA (2005) Intestinal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 9(1):11-24
98. Lepikhov K, Walter J (2004) Differential dynamics of histone H3 methylation at positions K4 and K9 in the mouse zygote. BMC Dev Biol 4:12-16
99. Li X, Zhao X (2008) Epigenetic regulation of mammalian stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 17:1043-1052
100. Li QL, Ito K, Sakakura C, Fukamachi H, Inoue K (2002) Causal relationship between the loss of RUNX3 expression and gastric cancer. Cell 109:113-124 (Pubitemid 34327521)
101. Li LC, Carroll PR, Dahiya R (2005) Epigenetic changes in prostate cancer: implication for diagnosis and treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:103-115 (Pubitemid 40277090)
102. Lim E, Vaillant F, Wu D, Forrest NC, Pal B, Hart AH (2009) Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat Med 15:907-913
103. Lin T, Chao C, Saito S, Mazur SJ, Murphy ME, Appella E, Xu Y (2005) p53 induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by suppressing Nanog expression. Nat Cell Biol 7:165-171 (Pubitemid 40268131)
104. Liu AY, True LD, LaTray L, Ellis WJ, Vessella RL, Lange PH, Higano CS, Hood L, van den Engh G (1999) Analysis and sorting of prostate cancer cell types by flow cytometry. Prostate 40:192-199 (Pubitemid 29334867)
105. Liu L, Chen B, Qin S, Li S, He X, Qiu S, Zhao W, Zhao H (2010) A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor Chidamide induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 392(2):190-195
106. Lubieniecka JM, de Bruijn DRH, Su L, van Dijk AHA, Subramanian S, de Rijn M, Poulin N, Kessel AG, Nielsen TO (2008) Histone deacetylase inhibitors reverse SS18-SSX-mediated polycomb silencing of the tumor suppressor early growth response 1 in synovial sarcoma. Cancer Res 68(11):4303-4310
107. Maitland NJ, Collins AT (2008) Prostate cancer stem cells: a new target for therapy. J Clin Oncol 26:2862-2870
108. Martínez-Climent JA, Andreu EJ, Prosper F (2006) Somatic stem cells and the origin of cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 8:647-663
109. Matsuda T, Nakamura T, Nakao K, Arai T, Katsuki M, Heike T, Yokota T (1999) STAT3 activation is sufficient to maintain an undifferentiated state of mouse embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 18:4261-4269 (Pubitemid 29364128)
110. Mayr C, Hemann MT, Bartel DP (2007) Disrupting the pairing between let-7 and Hmga2 enhances oncogenic transformation. Science 315:1576-1579 (Pubitemid 46449474)
111. Meissner A, Mikkelsen TS, Gu H, Wernig M, Hanna J, Sivachenko A, Zhang X, Bernstein BE, Nusbaum C, Jaffe DB, Gnirke A, Jaenisch R, Lander ES (2008) Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature 454:766-770
112. Mertineit C, Yoder JA, Takedo T, Laird D, Trasler J, Bes-tor TH (1998) Sex-specific exons control DNA methyltransferasein mammalian germ cells. Development 125:889-897 (Pubitemid 28143263)
113. Michor F (2008) Mathematical models of cancer stem cells. J Clin Oncol 26:2854-2861
114. Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB, Issac B, Lieberman E, Giannoukos G, Alvarez P, Brockman W, Kim TK, Koche RP, Lee W, Mendenhall E, O'Donovan A, Presser A, Russ C, Xie X, Meissner A, Wernig M, Jaenisch R, Nusbaum C, Lander ES, Bernstein BE (2007) Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 448:553-560 (Pubitemid 47206934)
115. Miller SJ, Lavker RM, Sun TT (2005) Interpreting epithelial cancer biology in the context of stem cells: tumor properties and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 1756:25-52 (Pubitemid 41317558)
116. Milne TA, Briggs SD, Brock HW, Martin ME, Gibbs D, Allis CD, Hess JL (2002) MLL targets SET domain methyltransferase activity to Hox gene promoters. Mol Cell 10:1107-1117 (Pubitemid 35453828)
117. Mitsui K, Tokuzawa Y, Itoh H, Segawa K, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Maruyama M, Maeda M, Yamanaka S (2003) The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells. Cell 113:631-642 (Pubitemid 36694188)
118. Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Nagai K, Hoshino H, Mimori K, Tanaka F, Nagano H, Sekimoto M, Doki Y, Mori M (2009) Defined factors induce reprogramming of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(1):40-45
119. Morgan HD, Santos F, Green K, Dean W, Reik W (2005) Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Hum Mol Genet 14:R47-R58 (Pubitemid 40542620)
120. Nagle RB, Ahmann FR, McDaniel KM, Paquin ML, Clark VA, Celniker A (1987) Cytokeratin characterization of human prostatic carcinoma and its derived cell lines. Cancer Res 47:281-286 (Pubitemid 17002136)
121. Nair SK, Burley SK (2003) X-ray structures of Myc-Max and Mad-Max recognizing DNA: molecular bases of regulation by protooncogenic transcription factors. Cell 112:193-205 (Pubitemid 36144109)
122. Nakamura T, Mori T, Tada S, Krajewski W, Rozovskaia T, Wassell R, Dubois G, Mazo A, Croce CM, Canaani E (2002) ALL-1 is a histonemethyltransferase that assembles a supercomplex of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell 10:1119-1128 (Pubitemid 35453829)
123. Newman MA, Thomson JM, Hammond SM (2008) Lin-28 interaction with the let-7 precursor loop mediates regulated microRNA processing. RNA 14(5):1539-1549
124. Nichols J, Zevnik B, Anastassiadis K, Niwa H, Klewe-Nebenius D, Chambers I, Scholer H, Smith A (1998) Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4. Cell 95:379-391 (Pubitemid 28507326)
125. Niwa H, Miyazaki J, Smith AG (2000) Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells. Nat Genet 24:372-376 (Pubitemid 30187435)
126. Ogishima T, Shiina H, Breault JE, Tabatabai L, Bassett WW, Enokida H, Li LC, Kawakami T, Urakami S, Ribeiro-Filho LA, Terashima M, Fujime M, Igawa M, Dahiya R (2005) Increased heparanase expression is caused by promoter hypomethylation and upregulation of transcriptional factor early growth response-1 in human prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11:1028-1036 (Pubitemid 40175750)
127. Ohm JE, McGarvey KM, Yu X, Cheng L, Schuebel KE (2007) A stem cell-like chromatin pattern may predispose tumor suppressor genes to DNA hypermethylation and heritable silencing. Nat Genet 39:237-242 (Pubitemid 46184356)
128. Okita K, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S (2007) Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 448:313-317 (Pubitemid 47080336)
129. Olek A, Walter J (1997) The pre-implantation ontogeny of the H19 methylation imprint. Nat Genet 17:275-276
130. Otsubo T, Akiyama Y, Yanagihara K, Yuasa Y (2008) SOX2 is frequently downregulated in gastric cancers and inhibits cell growth through cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Br J Cancer 98:824-883
131. Otto WR (2002) Lung epithelial stem cells. J Pathol 197(4):527-535
132. Pan G, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhen H, Pei D (2006) A negative feedback loop of transcription factors that controls stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. FASEB J 20:1730-1732
133. Papp B, Müller J (2006) Histone trimethylation and the maintenance of transcriptional ON and OFF states by trxG and PcG proteins. Genes Dev 20:2041-2054 (Pubitemid 44157456)
134. Pardal R, Clarke MF, Morrison SJ (2003) Applying the principles of stem-cell biology to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3:895-902 (Pubitemid 37500174)
135. Park I-H, Zhao R, West JA, Yabuuchi A, Huo H, Ince TA, Lerou PH, Lensch MW, Daley GQ (2008) Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors. Nature 451:141-146
136. Pasini D, Cloos PAC, Walfridsson J, Olsson L, John-Paul Bukowski JP, Johansen JV, Bak M, Tommerup N, Rappsilber J, Helin K (2010) JARID2 regulates binding of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 to target genes in ES cells. Nature Letters 464:306-310
137. Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Koutsami M, Evangelou K, Tsantoulis P, Liloglou T, Nikolaidis G, Sigala F, Kittas C, Field JK, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG (2006) Downregulation of the KIP family members p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 by SKP2 and the role of methylation in p57KIP2 inactivation in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 119(11):2546-2556 (Pubitemid 44691307)
138. Patra SK (2008a) Ras regulation of DNA methylation and cancer. Exp Cell Res 314:1193-1201
139. Patra SK (2008b) Dissecting lipid raft facilitated cell signaling pathways in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1785:182-206
140. Patra SK, Bettuzzi S (2007) Epigenetic DNA methylation regulation of genes coding for lipid raft-associated components: a role for raft proteins in cell transformation and cancer progression (Review). Oncol Rep 17:1279-1290
141. Patra SK, Szyf M (2008) DNA methylation mediated nucleosome dynamics and oncogenic Ras signaling: insights from FAS, FASL and RASSF1A. FEBS J 275:5217-5235
142. Patra SK, Patra A, Dahiya R (2001) Histone deacetylase and DNAmethyltransferase in human prostate cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287:705-713 (Pubitemid 32912772)
143. Patra SK, Patra A, Zhao H, Dahiya R (2002) DNA-methyltransferase and demethylase in human prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 33:163-167
144. Patra SK, Patra A, Rizzi F, Ghosh TC, Bettuzzi S (2008) Demethylation of (cytosine-5-C-methyl) DNA and regulation of transcription in the epigenetic pathways of cancer development. Cancer Metast Rev 27:315-334
145. Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Schneider-Broussard R, Li H, Bhatia B, Tang S, Reilly JG, Chandra D, Zhou J, Claypool K, Coghlan L, Tang DG (2006) Highly purified CD44+ prostate cancer cells from xenograft human tumors are enriched in tumorigenic and metastatic progenitor cells. Oncogene 25(12):1696-1708
146. Pelengaris S, Khan M, Evan GI (2002) Suppression of Myc-induced apoptosis in beta cells exposes multiple oncogenic properties of Myc and triggers carcinogenic progression. Cell 109:321-334 (Pubitemid 34606875)
147. Pereira L, Yi F, Merrill BJ (2006) Repression of Nanog gene transcription by Tcf3 limits embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Mol Cell Biol 26:7479-7491 (Pubitemid 44547699)
148. Petruk S, Smith ST, Sedkov Y, Mazo A (2008) Association of trxG and PcG proteins with the bxd maintenance element depends on transcriptional activity. Development 135:2383-2390
149. Pfeifer GP, Rauch TA (2009) DNA methylation patterns in lung carcinomas. Semin Cancer Biol 19:181-187
150. Potts MB, Wang DP, Cameron S (2009) Trithorax, Hox, and TALE-class homeodomain proteins ensure cell survival through repression of the BH3-only gene egl-1. Dev Biol 329:374-385
151. Probst AV, Dunleavy E, Almouzni G (2009) Epigenetic inheritance during the cell cycle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:192-206
152. Pulukuri SM, Estes N, Patel J, Rao JS (2007) Demethylation-linked activation of urokinase plasminogen activator is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 67:930-939
153. Rakyan VK, Chong S, Champ ME, Cuthbert PC, Morgan HD, Luu KV, Whitelaw E (2003) Transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic states at the murine Axin(Fu) allele occurs after maternal and paternal transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2538-2543 (Pubitemid 36297534)
154. Rapp UR, Ceteci F, Schreck R (2008) Oncogene induced plasticity and cancer stem cells. Cell Cycle 7:45-51
155. Rauhala HE, Porkka KP, Saramäki OR, Tammela TL, Visakorpi T (2008) Clusterin is epigenetically regulated in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 123:1601-1609
156. Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414:105-111 (Pubitemid 33041634)
157. Richardson GD, Robson CN, Lang SH, Neal DE, Maitland NJ, Collins AT (2004) CD133, a novel marker for human prostatic epithelial stem cells. J Cell Sci 117(16):3539-3545 (Pubitemid 39206394)
158. Ringrose L, Paro R (2004) Epigenetic regulation of cellular memory by the Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins. Annu Rev Genet 38:413-443 (Pubitemid 40013734)
159. Robertson KD, Ait-Si-Ali S, Yokochi T, Wade PA, Jones PL, Wolffe AP (2000) DNMT1 forms a complex with Rb, E2F1 and HDAC1 and represses transcription from E2F-responsive promoters. Nat Genet 25:338-342 (Pubitemid 30437325)
160. Rodda DJ, Chew JL, Lim LH, Loh YH, Wang B, Ng HH, Robson P (2005) Transcriptional regulation of nanog by OCT4 and SOX2. J Biol Chem 280:24731-24737 (Pubitemid 40934562)
161. Roose J, Clevers H (1999) TCF transcription factors: molecular switches in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1424:M23-M37 (Pubitemid 29488713)
162. Ropero S, Esteller M (2007) The role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human cancer. Mol Oncol 1:19-25 (Pubitemid 46776612)
163. Rougier N, Bourc'his D, Gomes DM, Niveleau A, Plachot M, Paldi A, Viegas-Pequignot E (1998) Chromosome methylation patterns during mammalian preimplantation development. Genes Dev 12:2108-2113 (Pubitemid 28348034)
164. Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Baylin SB (2000) DNMT1 binds HDAC2 and a new co-repressor, DMAP1, to form a complex at replication foci. Nat Genet 25:269-277 (Pubitemid 30437311)
165. Ruggero D, Montanaro L, Ma L, Xu W, Londei P, Cordon-Cardo C, Pandolfi PP (2004) The translation factor eIF-4E promotes tumor formation and cooperates with c-Myc in lymphomagenesis. Nat Med 10:484-486 (Pubitemid 38667906)
166. Sansom OJ, Meniel VS, Muncan V, Phesse TJ, Wilkins JA, Reed KR, Vass JK, Athineos D, Clevers H, Clarke AR (2007) Myc deletion rescues Apc deficiency in the small intestine. Nature 446:676-679 (Pubitemid 46606884)
167. Santos F, Hendrich B, Reik W, Dean W (2002) Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol 241:172-182 (Pubitemid 34066770)
168. Sasaki H, Matsui Y (2008) Epigenetic events in mammalian germ-cell development: reprogramming and beyond. Nat Rev Genet 9:129-140
169. Saxonov S, Berg P, Brutlag DL (2006) A genome-wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1412-1417 (Pubitemid 43191179)
170. Schlesinger Y, Straussman R, Keshet I, Farkash S, Hecht M (2007) Polycomb-mediated methylation on Lys27 of histone H3 premarks genes for de novo methylation in cancer. Nat Genet 39:232-236 (Pubitemid 46184355)
171. Schuettengruber B, Chourrout D, Vervoort M, Leblanc B, Cavalli G (2007) Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins. Cell 128:735-745 (Pubitemid 46273581)
172. Schulz WA, Hatina J (2006) Epigenetics of prostate cancer: beyond DNA methylation. J Cell Mol Med 10:100-125 (Pubitemid 44874294)
173. Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ (2009) Epigenetic mechanisms in the biology of prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 19:172-180
174. Schulz WA, Elo JP, Florl AR, Pennanen S, Santourlidis S, Engers R, Buchardt M, Seifert HH, Visakorpi T (2002) Genomewide DNA hypomethylation is associated with alterations on chromosome 8 in prostate carcinoma. Genes Chromosom Cancer 35:58-65 (Pubitemid 34847869)
175. Seligson DB, Horvath S, Shi T, Yu H, Tze S, Grunstein M, Kurdistani SK (2005) Global histone modification patterns predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Nature 435(7046):1262-1266 (Pubitemid 40943093)
176. Sen GL, Webster DE, Barragan DI, Chang HY, Khavari PA (2008) Control of differentiation in a self-renewing mammalian tissue by the histone demethylase JMJD3. Genes Dev 22:1865-1870 (Pubitemid 352008635)
177. Shachaf CM, Kopelman AM, Arvanitis C, Karlsson A, Beer S, Mandy S, Bachmann MH, Borowsky AD, Ruebner B, Cardiff RD, Yang Q, Bishop JM, Contag CH, Felsher DW (2004) MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer. Nature 431:1112-1117 (Pubitemid 39472236)
178. Shackleton M (2010) Normal stem cells and cancer stem cells: similar and different. Seminars in Cancer Biology 20(2):85-92
179. Shaw A, Bushman W (2007) Hedgehog signaling in the prostate. J Urol 177:832-838 (Pubitemid 46216347)
180. Shell S, Park SM, Radjabi AR, Schickel R, Kistner EO, Jewell DA, Feig C, Lengyel E, Peter ME (2007) Let-7 expression defines two differentiation stages of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:11400-11405 (Pubitemid 47175152)
181. Shen L, Toyota M, Kondo Y, Obata T, Daniel S, Pierce S, Imai K, Kantarjian HM, Issa JP, Garcia-Manero G (2003) Aberrant DNA methylation of p57KIP2 identifies a cell-cycle regulatory pathway with prognostic impact in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 101(10):4131-4136 (Pubitemid 36857895)
182. Signoretti S, Loda M (2006) Defining cell lineages in the prostate epithelium. Cell Cycle 5:138-141 (Pubitemid 43131146)
183. Smale ST (2003) The establishment and maintenance of lymphocyte identity through gene silencing. Nat Immunol 4:607-615 (Pubitemid 36874433)
184. Soucek L, Whitfield J, Martins CP, Finch AJ, Murphy DJ, Sodir NM, Karnezis AN, Swigart LB, Nasi S, Evan GI (2008) Modelling Myc inhibition as a cancer therapy. Nature 455:679-683
185. Spivakov M, Fisher AG (2007) Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identity. Genetics 8:261-273
186. Stadtfeld M, Nagaya M, Utikal J, Weir G, Hochedlinger K (2008) Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Science 322:945-949
187. Suzuki A, Raya A, Kawakami Y, Morita M, Matsui T, Nakashima K, Gage FH, And Rodriguez-Esteban C, Izpisua Belmonte JC (2006) Nanog binds to Smad1 and blocks bone morphogenetic protein-induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10294-10299 (Pubitemid 44051160)
188. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663-676 (Pubitemid 44233629)
189. Takai D, Gonzales FA, Tsai YC, Thyer MJ, Jones PA (2001) Large scale mapping of methylcytosines in CTCF-dinding sites in the human H19 promoter and aberrant hypomethylation in human bladder cancer. Hum Mol Genet 10(23):2619-26262
190. Takamizawa J, Konishi H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Osada H, Endoh H, Harano T, Yatabe Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Mitsudomi T, Takahashi T (2004) Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 64:3753-3756 (Pubitemid 38697282)
191. Takeda J, Seino S, Bell GI (1992) Human Oct3 gene family: cDNA sequences, alternative splicing, gene organization, chromosomal location, and expression at low levels in adult tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 20:4613-4620
192. Tang DG, Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Bhatia B, Choy G, Schneider-Broussard R, Jeter C (2007) Prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells: identification, characterization, and implications. Mol Carcinog 46:1-14 (Pubitemid 46095228)
193. Tay Y, Zhang J, Thomson AM, Lim B, Rigoutsos I (2008) MicroRNAs to Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 coding regions modulate embryonic stem cell differentiation. Nature 455:1124-1128, Erratum (2009) Nature 458:538
194. Thompson RF, Fazzari MJ, Greally JM (2010) Experimental approaches to the study of epigenomic dysregulation in ageing. Exp Gerontol 45(4):255-268
195. Tsujimura A, Koikawa Y, Salm S, Takao T, Coetzee S, Moscatelli D, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Sun TT, Wilson EL (2002) Proximal location of mouse prostate epithelial stem cells: a model of prostatic homeostasis. J Cell Biol 157(7):1257-1265 (Pubitemid 34851270)
196. Vaissiere T, Sawan C, Herceg Z (2008) Epigenetic interplay between histone modifications and DNA methylation in gene silencing. Mutat Res 659(1-2):40-48
197. van Leenders GJ, Schalken JA (2001) Stem cell differentiation within the human prostate epithelium: implications for prostate carcinogenesis. BJU Int 88(2):35-42, discussion 49-50 (Pubitemid 32955449)
198. Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, Barrette TR, Kumar-Sinha C, Sanda MG, Ghosh D, Pienta KJ, Sewalt RG, Otte AP, Rubin MA, Chinnaiyan AM (2002) The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 419:624-629
199. Verhagen AP, Ramaekers FC, Aalders TW, Schaafsma HE, Debruyne FM, Schalken JA (1992) Colocalization of basal and luminal cell-type cytokeratins in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 52:6182-6187
200. Vessey CJ, de la Hall PM (2001) Hepatic stem cells: a review. Pathology 33(2):130-141 (Pubitemid 32453403)
201. Viswanathan SR, Daley GQ, Gregory RI (2008) Selective blockade of microRNA processing by Lin-28. Science 320:97-100 (Pubitemid 351490762)
202. Wang J, Hannon GJ, Beach DH (2000) Risky immortalization by telomerase. (Letter). Nature 405:755-756 (Pubitemid 30407837)
203. Wang BE, Shou J, Ross S, Koeppen H, De Sauvage FJ, Gao WQ (2003) Inhibition of epithelial ductal branching in the prostate by sonic hedgehogis indirectly mediated by stromal cells. J Biol Chem 278:18506-18513 (Pubitemid 36799475)
204. Wang J, Rao S, Chu J, Shen X, Levasseur DN, Theunissen TW, Orkin SH (2006) A protein interaction network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Nature 444:364-368 (Pubitemid 44764111)
205. Wang T, Zhang X, Obijuru L, Laser J, Aris V, Lee P, Mittal K, Soteropoulos P, Wei JJ (2007) A micro-RNA signature associated with race, tumor size, and target gene activity in human uterine leiomyomas. Genes Chromosom Cancer 46:336-347 (Pubitemid 46411325)
206. Wang J, Hevi S, Kurash JK, Lei H, Gay F, Bajko J, Su H, Sun W, Chang H, Xu G, Gaudet F, Li E, Chen T (2009a) The lysine demethylase LSD1 (KDM1) is required for maintenance of global DNA methylation. Nat Genet 41:125-129
207. Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, Sun Y, Yang F, Yu W, Liang J, Sun L, Yang X, Shi L, Li R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Yi X, Shang Y (2009b) LSD1 is a subunit of the NuRD complex and targets the metastasis programs in breast cancer. Cell 138:660-672
208. Wernig M, Meissner A, Foreman R, Brambrink T, Ku M, Hochedlinger K, Bernstein BE, Jaenisch R (2007) In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature 448:318-324 (Pubitemid 47080337)
209. WidschwendterM, Fiegl H, Egle D, Mueller-Holzner E, Spizzo G (2007) Epigenetic stem cell signature in cancer. Nat Genet 39:157-158 (Pubitemid 46184343)
210. Woerner SM, Kloor M, Schwitalle Y, Youmans H, Doeberitz MK (2007) The putative tumor suppressor AIM2 is frequently affected by different genetic alterations in microsatellite unstable colon cancers. Genes Chromosom Cancer 46:1080-1089 (Pubitemid 47614542)
211. Wu K-J, Grandori C, Amacker M, Simon-Vermot N, Polack A, Lingner J, Dalla-Favera R (1999) Direct activation of TERT transcription by c-MYC. Nat Genet 21:220-224 (Pubitemid 29070372)
212. Xu N, Papagiannakopoulos T, Pan G, Thomson JA, Kosik KS (2009) icroRNA-145 Regulates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 137:647-658
213. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir GA, Ruotti V, Stewart R, Slukvin II, Thomson JA (2007a) Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318:1917-1920
214. Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, Zhang X, Pan Q, Gong C, Huang Y, Hu X, Su F, Lieberman J, Song E (2007b) let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell 131:1109-1123 (Pubitemid 350235025)
215. Zeineddine D, Papadimou E, Chebli K, Gineste M, Liu J, Grey C, Thurig S, Behfar A, Wallace VA, Skerjanc IS, Puceat M (2006) Oct-3/4 dose dependently regulates specification of embryonic stem cells toward a cardiac lineage and early heart development. Dev Cell 11:535-546 (Pubitemid 44430895)
216. Zhang W, Glockner SC, Guo M, Machida EO, Wang DH, Easwaran H, Van Neste L, Herman JG, Schuebel KE, Watkins DN, Ahuja N, Baylin SB (2008a) Epigenetic inactivation of the canonical Wnt antagonist SRY-box containing gene 17 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 68:2764-2772 (Pubitemid 351556274)
217. Zhang HJ, Siu MK-Y, Wong ES-Y, Wong K-Y, Li AS-M, Chan KY-K, Ngan HY-S, Cheung AN-Y (2008b) Oct4 is epigenetically regulated by methylation in normal placenta and gestational trophoblastic disease. Placenta 29:549-554
218. Zhang Y, Huang S, Dong W, Li L, Feng Y, Pan L, Han Z, Wang X, Ren G, Su D, Huang B, Lu J (2009) SOX7, downregulated in colorectal cancer, induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 277:29-37