P2X Receptors in Health and Disease

Advances in Pharmacology

Volumn 61, Issue , 2011, Pages 333-372

  Burnstock, G ^a   Kennedy, C ^b  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ATP; Cancer; CNS disorders; Neurotransmission; Pain; Purinergic

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AF 353; CALCIUM CHANNEL; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; RECEPTOR SUBUNIT; SODIUM CHANNEL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BINDING SITE; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; BOOK; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRY EYE; ENTEROPATHY; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HEALTH; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS; ION PERMEABILITY; IRRITABLE COLON; KIDNEY DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NEOPLASM; NERVE CELL; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MULTIMERIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; SKIN DISEASE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; URETER DISEASE;

EID: 79955957628     PISSN: 10543589     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385526-8.00011-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (218)

1. Abbracchio M.P., Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling: Pathophysiological roles. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1998, 78:113-145.
2. Abraham E.H., Salikhova A.Y., Rapaport E. ATP in the treatment of advanced cancer. Current Topics in Membranes 2003, 54:415-452.
3. Adinolfi E., Melchiorri L., Falzoni S., et al. P2X7 receptor expression in evolutive and indolent forms of chronic B lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2002, 99:706-708.
4. Adriaensen D., Timmermans J.P. Purinergic signalling in the lung: Important in asthma and COPD?. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2004, 4:207-214.
5. Agboh K.C., Webb T.E., Evans R.J., et al. Functional characterization of a P2X receptor from Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279:41650-41657.
6. Agteresch H.J., van Rooijen M.H.C., van den Berg J.W.O., et al. Growth inhibition of lung cancer cells by adenosine 5-triphosphate. Drug Development Research 2003, 60:196-203.
7. Andries M., Van Damme P., Robberecht W., et al. Ivermectin inhibits AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured motor neurons and extends the life span of a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiology of Disease 2007, 25:8-16.
8. Antunes V.R., Bonagamba L.G., Machado B.H. Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to microinjection of ATP into the intermediate and caudal NTS of awake rats. Brain Research 2005, 1032:85-93.
9. 1+2 receptor subtypes. Journal of Molecular Biology 2004, 342:333-343.
10. Barden N., Harvey M., Gagné B., et al. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in the chromosome 12Q24.31 region points to P2RX7 as a susceptibility gene to bipolar affective disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2006, 141:374-382.
11. 2X receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. The Journal of Neuroscience 1997, 17:5297-5304.
12. 7 ) receptors in human dendritic cells induces the release of tissue factor-bearing microparticles. The FASEB Journal 2007, 21:1926-1933.
13. Barrera N.P., Ge H., Henderson R.M., et al. Automated analysis of the architecture of receptors, imaged by atomic force microscopy. Micron 2008, 39:101-110.
14. 6 receptor subunits do not oligomerize. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005, 280:10759-10765.
15. Bean B.P. ATP-activated channels in rat and bullfrog sensory neurons: Concentration dependence and kinetics. The Journal of Neuroscience 1990, 10:1-10.
16. 3 subunit. The Journal of Physiology 2003, 551:309-322.
17. 3 receptor immunoreactive nerves in rat taste buds. NeuroReport 1999, 10:1107-1111.
18. Boselli C., Govoni S., Condino A.M., et al. Bladder instability: A re-appraisal of classical experimental approaches and development of new therapeutic strategies. Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology 2001, 21:219-229.
19. Brake A.J., Wagenbach M.J., Julius D. New structural motif for ligand-gated ion channels defined by an ionotropic ATP receptor. Nature 1994, 371:519-523.
20. 1/2 receptors show a novel sensitivity to extracellular pH. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2002, 300:673-680.
21. 3 receptors in murine mast cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2009, 85:692-702.
22. Burnstock G. A basis for distinguishing two types of purinergic receptor. Cell membrane receptors for drugs and hormones: A multidisciplinary approach 1978, 107-118. Raven Press, New York. R.W. Straub, L. Bolis (Eds.).
23. Burnstock G. The role of adenosine triphosphate in migraine. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 1989, 43:727-736.
24. Burnstock G. Noradrenaline and ATP as cotransmitters in sympathetic nerves. Neurochemistry International 1990, 17:357-368.
25. Burnstock G. Development and perspectives of the purinoceptor concept. Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology 1996, 16:295-302.
26. Burnstock G. Release of vasoactive substances from endothelial cells by shear stress and purinergic mechanosensory transduction. Journal of Anatomy 1999, 194:335-342.
27. Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in lower urinary tract. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Volume 151/I. Purinergic and pyrimidinergic signalling I-Molecular, nervous and urinogenitary system function 2001, 423-515. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. M.P. Abbracchio, M. Williams (Eds.).
28. Burnstock G. Purine-mediated signalling in pain and visceral perception. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2001, 22:182-188.
29. Burnstock G. Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of purinergic signaling. Pharmacological Reviews 2006, 58:58-86.
30. Burnstock G. Purinergic P2 receptors as targets for novel analgesics. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006, 110:433-454.
31. Burnstock G. Purine and pyrimidine receptors. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2007, 64:1471-1483.
32. Burnstock G. Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiological Reviews 2007, 87:659-797.
33. Burnstock G. The journey to establish purinergic signalling in the gut. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2008, 20:8-19.
34. Burnstock G. Commentary. Purinergic receptors as future targets for treatment of functional GI disorders. Gut 2008, 57:1193-1194.
35. Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling and disorders of the central nervous system. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2008, 7:575-590.
36. Burnstock G. Purinergic cotransmission. Experimental Physiology 2009, 94:20-24.
37. Burnstock G. Purines and sensory nerves. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2009, 194:333-392.
38. Burnstock G. Purinergic regulation of vascular tone and remodelling. Autonomic and Autocoid Pharmacology 2009, 29:63-72.
39. Burnstock G. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction and visceral pain. Molecular Pain 2009, 5:69.
40. Burnstock G. Purinergic receptors and pain. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2009, 15:1717-1735.
41. Burnstock G. Commentary: Control of vascular tone by purines and pyrimidines. British Journal of Pharmacology 2010, 161:527-529.
42. Burnstock G. Therapeutic potential of purinergic signalling for diseases of the urinary tract. British Journal of Urology International 2011, 107:192-204.
43. Burnstock G., Arnett T.R. Edited Monograph: Nucleotides and regulation of bone cell function 2006, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida.
44. 2 -purinoceptor?. General Pharmacology 1985, 16:433-440.
45. Burnstock G., Knight G.E. Cellular distribution and functions of P2 receptor subtypes in different systems. International Review of Cytology 2004, 240:31-304.
46. Burnstock G., Verkhratsky A. Vas deferens-A model used to establish sympathetic cotransmission. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2010, 31:131-139.
47. Calvert R.C., Shabbir M., Thompson C.S., et al. Immunocytochemical and pharmacological characterisation of P2-purinoceptor-mediated cell growth and death in PC-3 hormone refractory prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Research 2004, 24:2853-2859.
48. 3 receptor expression on suburothelial sensory nerves. Purinergic Signalling 2008, 4:377-381.
49. 4 receptor and ischemic cell death: Prevention by P2 antagonists. Neuroscience 2003, 120:85-98.
50. Chaumont S., Khakh B.S. Patch-clamp coordinated spectroscopy shows P2X2 receptor permeability dynamics require cytosolic domain rearrangements but not Panx-1 channels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:12063-12068.
51. Chen C.C., Akopian A.N., Sivilotti L., et al. A P2X purinoceptor expressed by a subset of sensory neurons. Nature 1995, 377:428-431.
52. -/- mice: Evidence for loss of apoptotic activity in lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 2006, 176:3115-3126.
53. Chess-Williams R. Potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of detrusor overactivity. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 2004, 8:95-106.
54. 2 purinoceptor. The Journal of Neuroscience 2002, 22:3873-3880.
55. 3 -deficient mice. Nature 2000, 407:1011-1015.
56. 6 receptors and the distribution and properties of an extended family of ATP-gated ion channels. The Journal of Neuroscience 1996, 16:2495-2507.
57. Coutinho-Silva R., Parsons M., Robson T., et al. P2X and P2Y purinoceptor expression in pancreas from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2003, 204:141-154.
58. Cox D.J., Kovatchev B.P., Gonder-Frederick L.A., et al. Relationships between hyperglycemia and cognitive performance among adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:71-77.
59. 3 receptors of nociceptive trigeminal ganglion neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:8190-8201.
60. Dang K., Bielfeldt K., Lamb K., et al. Gastric ulcers evoke hyperexcitability and enhance P2X receptor function in rat gastric sensory neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 2005, 93:3112-3119.
61. 4 receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Neuropharmacology 2005, 49:243-253.
62. 7 ATP receptor inhibitor, oxidized ATP. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2002, 46:3378-3385.
63. Denda M., Inoue K., Fuziwara S., et al. P2X purinergic receptor antagonist accelerates skin barrier repair and prevents epidermal hyperplasia induced by skin barrier disruption. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2002, 119:1034-1040.
64. 7 and the inflammasome. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2007, 28:465-472.
65. Diez-Zaera M., Diaz-Hernandez M., Alberch J., et al. Purinergic system in Huntington's disease: Develop of new therapeutic strategies. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007, 101:66.
66. Ding S., Sachs F. Single channel properties of P2X2 purinoceptors. The Journal of General Physiology 1999, 113:695-720.
67. Duarte J.M., Oses J.P., Rodrigues R.J., et al. Modification of purinergic signaling in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neuroscience 2007, 149:382-391.
68. 5 subunit assembly requires scaffolding by the second transmembrane domain and a conserved aspartate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006, 281:39561-39572.
69. Dunn P.M. Fertility: Purinergic receptors and the male contraceptive pill. Current Biology 2000, 10:R305-R307.
70. Edwards F.A., Gibb A.J., Colquhoun D. ATP receptor-mediated synaptic currents in the central nervous system. Nature 1992, 359:144-147.
71. Egan T.M., Khakh B.S. Contribution of calcium ions to P2X channel responses. The Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:3413-3420.
72. 1 receptor form disulfide bonds and are involved in receptor trafficking to the cell surface. Molecular Pharmacology 2002, 61:303-311.
73. Evans R.J. Orthosteric and allosteric binding sites of P2X receptors. European Biophysics Journal 2009, 38:319-327.
74. Evans R.J., Derkach V., Surprenant A. ATP mediates fast synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons. Nature 1992, 357:503-505.
75. 3 receptors of trigeminal sensory neurons by calcitonin gene-related peptide. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:6163-6171.
76. Facer P., Knowles C.H., Tam P.K., et al. Novel capsaicin (VR1) and purinergic (P2X3) receptors in Hirschsprung's intestine. Journal of Pediatric Research 2001, 36:1679-1684.
77. Ferrari D., Munerati M., Melchiorri L., et al. Responses to extracellular ATP of lymphoblastoid cell lines from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. The American Journal of Physiology 1994, 267:C886-C892.
78. Fountain S.J., Burnstock G. An evolutionary history of P2X receptors. Purinergic Signalling 2009, 5:269-272.
79. Franke H., Krügel U., Illes P. P2 receptors and neuronal injury. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology 2006, 452:622-644.
80. Fumagalli M., Ceruti S., Verderio C., et al. ATP as a neurotransmitter of pain in migraine: A functional role for P2Y receptors in primary cultures from mouse trigeminal sensory ganglia. Purinergic Signalling 2006, 2:120-121.
81. Galligan J.J. Enteric P2X receptors as potential targets for drug treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. British Journal of Pharmacology 2004, 141:1294-1302.
82. Gayle S., Burnstock G. Immunolocalisation of P2X and P2Y nucleotide receptors in the rat nasal mucosa. Cell and Tissue Research 2005, 319:27-36.
83. Gever J., Cockayne D.A., Dillon M.P., et al. Pharmacology of P2X channels. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology 2006, 452:513-537.
84. Gever J.R., Rothschild S., Henningsen R., et al. AF-353, a novel, potent orally bioavailable P2X3/P2X2/3 receptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology 2010, 160:1387-1398.
85. Glass R., Bardini M., Robson T., et al. Expression of nucleotide P2X receptor subtypes during spermatogenesis in the adult rat testis. Cells, Tissues, Organs 2001, 169:377-387.
86. Gonzales E.B., Kawate T., Gouaux E. Pore architecture and ion sites in acid-sensing ion channels and P2X receptors. Nature 2009, 460:599-604.
87. Gorodeski G.I. Regulation of transcervical permeability by two distinct P2 purinergic receptor mechanisms. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 2002, 282:C75-C83.
88. 2 receptor subunit. The Journal of Physiology 2003, 552:197-211.
89. Greig A.V.H., James S.E., McGrouther D.A., et al. Purinergic receptor expression in the regenerating epidermis in a rat model of normal and delayed wound healing. Experimental Dermatology 2003, 12:860-871.
90. Greig A.V.H., Linge C., Healy V., et al. Expression of purinergic receptors in non-melanoma skin cancers and their functional roles in A431 cells. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003, 121:315-327.
91. Greig A.V.H., Linge C., Terenghi G., et al. Purinergic receptors are part of a functional signalling system for proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003, 120:1007-1015.
92. 7 receptors in bone. Purinergic Signalling 2009, 5:205-221.
93. Gu J.G., MacDermott A.B. Activation of ATP P2X receptors elicits glutamate release from sensory neuron synapses. Nature 1997, 389:749-753.
94. 7 heteromeric receptors. Molecular Pharmacology 2007, 72:1447-1456.
95. + macrophages in rat CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2005, 134:199-205.
96. 4 receptor by lesional activated microglia during formalin-induced inflammatory pain. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005, 163:120-127.
97. 5 isoforms. Molecular Pharmacology 1999, 56:720-727.
98. Hamilton S.G., McMahon S.B., Lewin G.R. Selective activation of nociceptors by P2X receptor agonists in normal and inflamed rat skin. The Journal of Physiology 2001, 534:437-445.
99. 2X (purinergic) receptor distributions in rat blood vessels. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 1999, 75:147-155.
100. Hegg C.C., Davis K., Lucero M.T. Inhibition of heat-shock protein induction in mouse OE by in vivo administration of purinergic receptor antagonists. Chemical Senses 2003, 28:A110.
101. Henning R.H. Purinoceptors in neuromuscular transmission. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1997, 74:115-128.
102. 7 ATP receptor modulates renal cyst development in vitro. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2004, 322:434-439.
103. Hoebertz A., Arnett T.R., Burnstock G. Regulation of bone resorption and formation by purines and pyrimidines. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2003, 24:290-297.
104. Housley G.D. Physiological effects of extracellular nucleotides in the inner ear. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2000, 27:575-580.
105. Housley G.D., Bringmann A., Reichenbach A. Purinergic signaling in special senses. Trends in Neurosciences 2009, 32:128-141.
106. 7 in pain and inflammation. Purinergic Signalling 2007, 3:163-169.
107. Inoue K. P2 receptors and chronic pain. Purinergic Signalling 2007, 3:135-144.
108. Inoue K., Koizumi S., Ueno S. Implication of ATP receptors in brain functions. Progress in Neurobiology 1996, 50:483-492.
109. Jarvis M.F., Khakh B.S. ATP-gated P2X cation-channels. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56:208-215.
110. Jiang L.H., Kim M., Spelta V., et al. Subunit arrangement in P2X receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:8903-8910.
111. Jo Y.H., Schlichter R. Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons. Nature Neuroscience 1999, 2:241-245.
112. Jones C.A., Vial C., Sellers L.A., et al. Functional regulation of P2X6 receptors by N-linked glycosylation: Identification of a novel α,β-methylene ATP-sensitive phenotype. Molecular Pharmacology 2004, 65:979-985.
113. 12 receptor activation. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010, 103:398-407.
114. 2 purinergic receptors in facial motoneurons after nerve lesions in rodents and correlation with motoneuron degeneration. Neurobiology of Disease 2007, 25:121-133.
115. 4 ion channel in the closed state. Nature 2009, 460:592-598.
116. Khakh B.S. Molecular physiology of P2X receptors and ATP signalling at synapses. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2001, 2:165-174.
117. Khakh B.S., Bao X.R., Labarca C., et al. Neuronal P2X transmitter-gated cation channels change their ion selectivity in seconds. Nature Neuroscience 1999, 2:322-330.
118. 6 subunits in Xenopus oocytes. The Journal of Neuroscience 2000, 20:4871-4877.
119. Knight G.E., Bodin P., de Groat W.C., et al. ATP is released from guinea pig ureter epithelium on distension. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2002, 282:F281-F288.
120. Knutsen L.J.S., Murray T.F. Adenosine and ATP in epilepsy. Purinergic approaches in experimental therapeutics 1997, 423-447. Wiley-Liss, New York. K.A. Jacobson, M.F. Jarvis (Eds.).
121. Komarova S.V., Dixon S.J., Sims S.M. Osteoclast ion channels: Potential targets for antiresorptive drugs. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2001, 7:637-654.
122. Koshimizu T., Koshimizu M., Stojilkovic S.S. Contributions of the C-terminal domain to the control of P2X receptor desensitization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999, 274:37651-37657.
123. Lalo U., Pankratov Y., Wichert S.P., et al. P2X1 and P2X5 subunits form the functional P2X receptor in mouse cortical astrocytes. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:5473-5480.
124. 7 ) receptors. Immunity 1997, 7:433-444.
125. 6 channel subunits coassemble into a novel heteromeric ATP receptor. The Journal of Neuroscience 1998, 18:7152-7159.
126. 5 subunits. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999, 274:15415-15419.
127. 1 ion channels promote neutrophil chemotaxis through Rho kinase activation. Journal of Immunology 2009, 183:2801-2809.
128. Lee H.Y., Bardini M., Burnstock G. Distribution of P2X receptors in the urinary bladder and the ureter of the rat. The Journal of Urology 2000, 163:2002-2007.
129. 7 receptor in the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Journal of Immunology 2006, 177:7257-7265.
130. 7 receptor function in lung alveolar macrophages: Pharmacologic characterisation and bidirectional regulation by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Drug Development Research 2004, 59:118-127.
131. 3 receptor subunits can account for ATP-gated currents in sensory neurons. Nature 1995, 377:432-435.
132. Lu S.H., Fraser M.O., Chancellor M.B., et al. Voiding dysfunction and purinergic mechanisms in awake chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) rats. Society for Neuroscience 2002, Progran No. 68.6.2002. 2002.
133. Lucae S., Salyakina D., Barden N., et al. P2RX7, a gene coding for a purinergic ligand-gated ion channel, is associated with major depressive disorder. Human Molecular Genetics 2006, 15:2438-2445.
134. Lustig K.D., Shiau A.K., Brake A.J., et al. Expression cloning of an ATP receptor from mouse neuroblastoma cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993, 90:5113-5117.
135. Mantuano-Barradas M., Henriques-Pons A., Araújo-Jorge T.C., et al. Extracellular ATP induces cell death in CD4+/CD8+ double-positive thymocytes in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Microbes and Infection 2003, 5:1363-1371.
136. 7 -related modulation of pathological nociception in rats. Neuroscience 2007, 146:1817-1828.
137. 7 receptor in Alzheimer disease and amyloid-β peptide-treated microglia and in peptide-injected rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2006, 65:1090-1097.
138. 2 receptor with a crown-capped extracellular domain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2005, 337:998-1005.
139. Mizumoto N., Mummert M.E., Shalhevet D., et al. Keratinocyte ATP release assay for testing skin-irritating potentials of structurally diverse chemicals. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003, 121:1066-1072.
140. Mizuno K., Okamoto H., Horio T. Inhibitory influences of xanthine oxidase inhibitor and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor on multinucleated giant cell formation from monocytes by downregulation of adhesion molecules and purinergic receptors. The British Journal of Dermatology 2004, 150:205-210.
141. Musa H., Tellez J.O., Chandler N.J., et al. P2 purinergic receptor mRNA in rat and human sinoatrial node and other heart regions. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 2009, 379:541-549.
142. 7 receptor expression and function in human astrocytes. Glia 2005, 49:245-258.
143. 7 subunits. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2008, 377:803-808.
144. 3 receptors form stable trimers: A novel structural motif of ligand-gated ion channels. The EMBO Journal 1998, 17:3016-3028.
145. 4 subunits. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005, 92:925-933.
146. North R.A. Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiological Reviews 2002, 82:1013-1067.
147. 1 receptors to regulate platelet activation and thrombus formation?. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2007, 5:907-909.
148. O'Reilly B.A., Kosaka A.H., Knight G.E., et al. P2X receptors and their role in female idiopathic detrusor instability. The Journal of Urology 2002, 167:157-164.
149. Orriss I.R., Burnstock G., Arnett T.R. Purinergic signalling and bone remodelling. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2010, 10:322-330.
150. Oses J.P. Modification by kainate-induced convulsions of the density of presynaptic P2X receptors in the rat hippocampus. Purinergic Signalling 2006, 2:252-253.
151. 7 -like receptor activation in astrocytes increases chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via mitogen-activated protein kinase. The Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 21:7135-7142.
152. 7 mediates superoxide production in primary microglia and is up-regulated in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003, 278:13309-13317.
153. Pelegrin P., Surprenant A. Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1β release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. The EMBO Journal 2006, 25:5071-5082.
154. Pelleg A., Hurt C.M., Soler-Baillo J.M., et al. Electrophysiological-anatomic correlates of ATP-triggered vagal reflex in dogs. The American Journal of Physiology 1993, 265:H681-H690.
155. Pintor J., Peral A., Pelaez T., et al. Nucleotides and dinucleotides in ocular physiology: New possibilities of nucleotides as therapeutic agents in the eye. Drug Development Research 2003, 59:136-145.
156. Ralevic V., Burnstock G. Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacological Reviews 1998, 50:413-492.
157. 7 ATP receptors following LPS-induced activation. Neuropharmacology 2007, 53:496-504.
158. Rapaport E. Treatment of human tumor cells with ADP or ATP yields arrest of growth in the S phase of the cell cycle. Journal of Cellular Physiology 1983, 114:279-283.
159. 7 receptor immunoreactive profile confined to resting and activated microglia in the epileptic brain. Brain Research 2006, 1089:171-178.
160. Ribeiro J.A., Walker J. The effects of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate on transmission at the rat and frog neuromuscular junctions. British Journal of Pharmacology 1975, 54:213-218.
161. 4 purinergic receptor protein expression is upregulated in placenta from preeclamptic pregnancies. Journal of the Society of Gynecologic Investigation 2005, 12:P363A.
162. Rong W., Burnstock G. Activation of ureter nociceptors by exogenous and endogenous ATP in guinea pig. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47:1093-1101.
163. Rong W., Burnstock G., Spyer K.M. P2X purinoceptor-mediated excitation of trigeminal lingual nerve terminals in an in vitro intra-arterially perfused rat tongue preparation. The Journal of Physiology 2000, 524:891-902.
164. Rossato M., La Sala G.B., Balasini M., et al. Sperm treatment with extracellular ATP increases fertilization rates in in-vitro fertilization for male factor infertility. Human Reproduction 1999, 14:694-697.
165. Ryten M., Hoebertz A., Burnstock G. Sequential expression of three receptor subtypes for extracellular ATP in developing rat skeletal muscle. Developmental Dynamics 2001, 221:331-341.
166. Ryten M., Yang S.Y., Dunn P.M., et al. Purinoceptor expression in regenerating skeletal muscle in the mdx mouse model of muscular dystrophy and in satellite cell cultures. The FASEB Journal 2004, 18:1404-1406.
167. Schulman E.S., Glaum M.C., Post T., et al. ATP modulates anti-IgE-induced release of histamine from human lung mast cells. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 1999, 20:530-537.
168. Schwiebert E.M., Wallace D.P., Braunstein G.M., et al. Autocrine extracellular purinergic signaling in epithelial cells derived from polycystic kidneys. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2002, 282:F763-F775.
169. Shabbir M., Thompson C.S., Jarmulowicz M., et al. Effect of extracellular ATP on the growth of hormone refractory prostate cancer in vivo. British Journal of Urology International 2008, 102:108-112.
170. Shabbir M., Thompson C.S., Mikhailidis D.P., et al. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) increases the cytotoxic effect of mitomycin C in the treatment of high-grade bladder cancer. The Journal of Urology 2004, 171:260.
171. Shen J.B., Cronin C., Sonin D., et al. P2X purinergic receptor-mediated ionic current in cardiac myocytes of calsequestrin model of cardiomyopathy: Implications for the treatment of heart failure. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2007, 292:H1077-H1084.
172. 3 receptor contributions to colon mechanosensitivity and hypersensitivity in the mouse. Gastroenterology 2009, 137:2096-2104.
173. Silinsky E.M., Gerzanich V., Vanner S.M. ATP mediates excitatory synaptic transmission in mammalian neurones. British Journal of Pharmacology 1992, 106:762-763.
174. Sommer J.A., Fisette P.L., Hu Y., et al. Purinergic receptor modulation of LPS-stimulated signaling events and nitric oxide release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of Endotoxin Research 1999, 5:70-74.
175. 7 receptor mediates the uptake of organic cations in canine erythrocytes and mononuclear leukocytes: Comparison to equivalent human cell types. Purinergic Signalling 2009, 5:385-394.
176. Stojilkovic S.S. Purinergic regulation of hypothalamopituitary functions. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009, 20:460-468.
177. Stojilkovic S.S., He M.L., Koshimizu T.A., et al. Signaling by purinergic receptors and channels in the pituitary gland. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2010, 314:184-191.
178. 7 -induced pore formation and apoptosis: An early effect of diabetes on the retinal microvasculature. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2004, 45:1026-1032.
179. 7 ). Science 1996, 272:735-738.
180. 1/5 receptors expressed in HEK cells and excitatory junction potentials in guinea-pig submucosal arterioles. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 2000, 81:249-263.
181. Takenouchi T., Iwamaru Y., Imamura M., et al. Prion infection correlates with hypersensitivity of P2X7 nucleotide receptor in a mouse microglial cell line. FEBS Letters 2007, 581:3019-3026.
182. Tempest H.V., Dixon A.K., Turner W.H., et al. P2X and P2X receptor expression in human bladder urothelium and changes in interstitial cystitis. British Journal of Urology International 2004, 93:1344-1348.
183. Tian G.F., Azmi H., Takano T., et al. An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Natural Medicines 2005, 11:973-981.
184. Torres G.E., Egan T.M., Voigt M.M. Hetero-oligomeric assembly of P2X receptor subunits. Specificities exist with regard to possible partners. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999, 274:6653-6659.
185. 5 receptor subunits reveals a novel ATP-gated ion channel. Molecular Pharmacology 1998, 54:989-993.
186. Trudeau F., Gagnon S., Massicotte G. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and glutamate receptor regulation: Influences of diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004, 490:177-186.
187. 4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Nature 2003, 424:778-783.
188. + rat, a model of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Cells, Tissues, Organs 2004, 178:168-179.
189. 7 receptor is increased in proliferative glomerulonephritis 2004.
190. Turner C., Vonend O., Chan C.M., et al. The pattern of distribution of selected ATP-sensitive P2 receptor subtypes in normal rat kidney: An immunohistological study. Cells, Tissues, Organs 2003, 175:105-117.
191. Unwin R.J., Bailey M.A., Burnstock G. Purinergic signaling along the renal tubule: The current state of play. News in Physiological Sciences 2003, 18:237-241.
192. 2X receptor for extra-cellular ATP. Nature 1994, 371:516-519.
193. Vanderwinden J.M., Timmermans J.P., Schiffmann S.N. Glial cells, but not interstitial cells, express P2X7, an ionotropic purinergic receptor, in rat gastrointestinal musculature. Cell and Tissue Research 2003, 312:149-154.
194. Verkhratsky A., Krishtal O.A., Burnstock G. Purinoceptors in neuroglia. Molecular Neurobiology 2009, 39:190-208.
195. 1 receptor intracellular basic residues to channel properties. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006, 350:244-248.
196. Vial C., Roberts J.A., Evans R.J. Molecular properties of ATP-gated P2X receptor ion channels. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2004, 25:487-493.
197. 3 knockout mice reveal a major sensory role for urothelially released ATP. The Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 21:5670-5677.
198. 7 receptor in diabetic and hypertensive rat models. Kidney International 2004, 66:157-166.
199. 2 receptor subunit of ATP-gated ion channels in the rat cochlea. NeuroReport 2003, 14:817-823.
200. Webb T.E., Simon J., Krishek B.J., et al. Cloning and functional expression of a brain G-protein-coupled ATP receptor. FEBS Letters 1993, 324:219-225.
201. White N., Burnstock G. P2 receptors and cancer. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2006, 27:211-217.
202. 7 receptors. Cell and Tissue Research 2005, 321:411-418.
203. White N., Ryten M., Clayton E., et al. P2Y purinergic receptors regulate the growth of human melanomas. Cancer Letters 2005, 224:81-91.
204. 2/3 receptor. Molecular Pharmacology 2006, 70:1159-1163.
205. 3 receptor involvement in pain states. Molecular Neurobiology 2007, 36:165-183.
206. 7 receptors control 2-arachidonoylglycerol production by microglial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:3214-3219.
207. Wynn G., Bei M., Ruan H.-Z., et al. Purinergic component of mechanosensory transduction is increased in a rat model of colitis. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2004, 287:G647-G657.
208. Wynn G., Rong W., Xiang Z., et al. Purinergic mechanisms contribute to mechanosensory transduction in the rat colorectum. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:1398-1409.
209. Xiang Z., Bo X., Burnstock G. P2X receptor immunoreactivity in the rat cochlea, vestibular ganglion and cochlear nucleus. Hearing Research 1999, 128:190-196.
210. 3 receptors in the myenteric plexus of rat stomach. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2004, 122:111-119.
211. Xu G.Y., Shenoy M., Winston J.H., et al. P2X receptor-mediated visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Gut 2008, 57:1230-1237.
212. 3 is increased in human inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2001, 13:365-369.
213. Young M.T. P2X receptors: Dawn of the post-structure era. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2010, 35:83-90.
214. 4 receptors determined using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and electron microscopy. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008, 283:26241-26251.
215. Yu Y., de Groat W.C. Purinergic agonists sensitize pelvic afferent nerves in the vitro urinary bladder-pelvic nerve preparation of the rat. The Journal of Urology 2004, 169:47.
216. Zemkova H., Balik A., Jindrichová M., et al. Molecular structure of purinergic P2X receptors and their expression in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Physiological Research 2008, 57:S23-S38.
217. Zhao D.M., Xue H.H., Chida K., et al. Effect of erythromycin on ATP-induced intracellular calcium response in A549 cells. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2000, 278:L726-L736.
218. Zsembery A., Boyce A.T., Liang L., et al. Sustained calcium entry through P2X nucleotide receptor channels in human airway epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003, 278:13398-13408.