Purines and sensory nerves

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 194, Issue , 2009, Pages 333-392

  Burnstock, Geoffrey ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bladder; Brain stem; Carotid body; Ganglion, gut

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID B RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AZD 9056; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; MEPACRINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PURINE DERIVATIVE; PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X1 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X2 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X3 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X4 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X5 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X6 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X7 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2Y1 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2Y2 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2Y6 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; AREA POSTREMA; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BLADDER DISEASE; CAROTID BODY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DEPOLARIZATION; ENTEROPATHY; EYE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INNER EAR; INNERVATION; LOCUS CERULEUS; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; MIGRAINE; NEUROEPITHELIAL BODY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NODOSE GANGLION; NONHUMAN; NOSE MUCOSA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RETINA GANGLION CELL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SENSORY NERVE; SENSORY NERVE CELL; SHEAR STRESS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; SPINAL GANGLION; TASTE BUD; TONGUE; TOOTH PULP; TRIGEMINUS GANGLION; URETER; UTERUS; VASODILATATION; ANIMAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; NERVE TRACT; PAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SENSORY GANGLION; SENSORY RECEPTOR; VISCERA;

ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; GANGLIA, SENSORY; HUMANS; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION, CELLULAR; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PAIN; PURINES; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P1; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P2; SENSATION DISORDERS; SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS; VISCERA;

EID: 70349931496     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_10     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Boeynaems J-M, Barnard EA, Boyer JL, Kennedy C, Knight GE, Fumagalli M, Gachet C, Jacobson KA, Weisman GA (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. Update and subclassification of the P2Y G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors: from molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology to therapy. Pharmacol Rev 58:281-341
2. Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP (2004) Purinergic signalling in the lung: important in asthma and COPD? Curr Opin Pharmacol 4:207-214
3. Adriaensen D, Brouns I, Pintelon I, De Proost I, Timmermans JP (2006) Evidence for a role of neuroepithelial bodies as complex airway sensors: comparison with smooth muscle-associated airway receptors. J Appl Physiol 101:960-970 (Pubitemid 44352314)
4. Agboh KC, Webb TE, Evans RJ, Ennion SJ (2004) Functional characterization of a P2X receptor from Schistosoma mansoni. J Biol Chem 279:41650-41657
5. Alavi AM, Dubyak GR, Burnstock G (2001) Immunohistochemical evidence for ATP receptors in human dental pulp. J Dental Res 80:476-483
6. Alcayaga C, Varas R, Valdes V, Cerpa V, Arroyo J, Iturriaga R, Alcayaga J (2007) ATP- and AChinduced responses in isolated cat petrosal ganglion neurons. Brain Res 1131:60-67
7. Andersson KE, Wein AJ (2004) Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract: basis for current and future treatments of urinary incontinence. Pharmacol Rev 56:581-631
8. Antunes VR, Bonagamba LG, Machado BH (2005) Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to microinjection of ATP into the intermediate and caudal NTS of awake rats. Brain Res 1032:85-93
9. Aoki Y, Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Ino H, Ozawa T, Douya H, Chiba T, Moriya H (2003) P2X3- immunoreactive primary sensory neurons innervating lumbar intervertebral disc in rats. Brain Res 989:214-220
10. Apostolidis A, Popat R, Yiangou Y, Cockayne D, Ford AP, Davis JB, Dasgupta P, Fowler CJ, Anand P (2005) Decreased sensory receptors P2X3 and TRPV1 in suburothelial nerve fibers following intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin for human detrusor overactivity. J Urol 174:977-982
11. Arthur DB, Akassoglou K, Insel PA (2005) P2Y2 receptor activates nerve growth factor/TrkA signaling to enhance neuronal differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:19138-19143
12. Atiemo H, Wynes J, Chuo J, Nipkow L, Sklar GN, Chai TC (2005) Effect of botulinum toxin on detrusor overactivity induced by intravesical adenosine triphosphate and capsaicin in a rat model. Urology 65:622-626
13. Bartel DL, Sullivan SL, Lavoie EG, Sévigny J, Finger TE (2006) Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 is the ecto-ATPase of type I cells in taste buds. J Comp Neurol 497:1-12
14. Bertrand PP (2003) ATP and sensory transduction in the enteric nervous system. Neuroscientist 9:243-260
15. Bertrand PP, Bornstein JC (2002) ATP as a putative sensory mediator: activation of intrinsic sensory neurons of the myenteric plexus via P2X receptors. J Neurosci 22:4767-4775
16. Bian X, Ren J, DeVries M, Schnegelsberg B, Cockayne DA, Ford AP, Galligan JJ (2003) Peristalsis is impaired in the small intestine of mice lacking the P2X3 subunit. J Physiol 551:309-322
17. Birder LA (2006) Urinary bladder urothelium: molecular sensors of chemical/thermal/mechanical stimuli. Vasc Pharmacol 45:221-226
18. Birder LA, Ruan HZ, Chopra B, Xiang Z, Barrick S, Buffington CA, Roppolo JR, Ford AP, de Groat WC, Burnstock G (2004) Alterations in P2X and P2Y purinergic receptor expression in urinary bladder from normal cats and cats with interstitial cystitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 287:F1084-F1091
19. Blackshaw LA, Brookes SJ, Grundy D, Schemann M (2007) Sensory transmission in the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 19:1-19
20. Bleehen T, Keele CA (1977) Observations on the algogenic actions of adenosine compounds on human blister base preparation. Pain 3:367-377
21. Bo X, Alavi A, Xiang Z, Oglesby I, Ford A, Burnstock G (1999) Localization of ATP-gated P2X2 and P2X3 receptor immunoreactive nerves in rat taste buds. Neuroreport 10:1107-1111
22. Bodin P, Burnstock G (2001) Purinergic signalling: ATP release. Neurochem Res 26:959-969
23. Borvendeg SJ, Al Khrasani M, Rubini P, Fischer W, Allgaier C, Wirkner K, Himmel HM, Gillen C, Illes P (2003) Subsensitivity of P2X but not vanilloid 1 receptors in dorsal root ganglia of rats caused by cyclophosphamide cystitis. Eur J Pharmacol 474:71-75
24. Bradbury EJ, Burnstock G, McMahon SB (1998) The expression of P2X3 purinoceptors in sensory neurons: effects of axotomy and glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Cell Neurosci 12:256-268
25. Brady CM, Apostolidis A, Yiangou Y, Baecker PA, Ford AP, Freeman A, Jacques TS, Fowler CJ, Anand P (2004) P2X3-immunoreactive nerve fibres in neurogenic detrusor overactivity and the effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin. Eur Urol 46:247-253
26. Braga VA, Soriano RN, Braccialli AL, de Paula PM, Bonagamba LG, Paton JF, Machado BH (2007) Involvement of L-glutamate and ATP in the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex in the commissural nucleus tractus solitarii of awake rats and in the working heart-brainstem preparation. J Physiol 581:1129-1145
27. Brierley SM, Carter R, Jones W III, Xu L, Robinson DR, Hicks GA, Gebhart GF, Blackshaw LA (2005) Differential chemosensory function and receptor expression of splanchnic and pelvic colonic afferents in mice. J Physiol 567:267-281
28. Brouns I, Van Genechten J, Burnstock G, Timmermans J-P, Adriaensen D (2003) Ontogenesis of P2X3 receptor-expressing nerve fibres in the rat lung, with special reference to neuroepithelial bodies. Biomed Res 14:80-86
29. Brouns I, Pintelon I, De Proost I, Alewaters R, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D (2006) Neurochemical characterisation of sensory receptors in airway smooth muscle: comparison with pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies. Histochem Cell Biol 125:351-367 (Pubitemid 43376200)
30. Burnstock G (1981) Pathophysiology of migraine: a new hypothesis. Lancet 317:1397-1399
31. Burnstock G (1989) The role of adenosine triphosphate in migraine. Biomed Pharmacother 43:727-736
32. Burnstock G (1993) Introduction: changing face of autonomic and sensory nerves in the circulation. In: Edvinsson L, Uddman R (eds) Vascular innervation and receptor mechanisms: new perspectives. Academic, San Diego, pp 1-22
33. Burnstock G (1996a) Purinoceptors: ontogeny and phylogeny. Drug Dev Res 39:204-242
34. Burnstock G (1996b) A unifying purinergic hypothesis for the initiation of pain. Lancet 347:1604-1605
35. Burnstock G (1999) Release of vasoactive substances from endothelial cells by shear stress and purinergic mechanosensory transduction. J Anat 194:335-342
36. Burnstock G (2000) P2X receptors in sensory neurones. Br J Anaesth 84:476-488
37. Burnstock G (2001a) Purine-mediated signalling in pain and visceral perception. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:182-188
38. Burnstock G (2001b) Purinergic signalling in development. In: Abbracchio MP, Williams M (eds) Purinergic and pyrimidinergic signalling I - molecular, nervous and urinogenitary system function. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 151/I. Springer, Berlin, pp 89-127
39. Burnstock G (2003) Purinergic receptors in the nervous system. In: Schwiebert EM (ed) Purinergic receptors and signalling. Current topics in membranes, vol 54. Academic, San Diego, pp 307-368 (Pubitemid 137640251)
40. Burnstock G (2006) Purinergic P2 receptors as targets for novel analgesics. Pharmacol Therap 110:433-454
41. Burnstock G (2007) Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol Rev 87:659-797
42. Burnstock G, Knight GE (2004) Cellular distribution and functions of P2 receptor subtypes in different systems. Int Rev Cytol 240:31-304
43. Burnstock G, Wood JN (1996) Purinergic receptors: their role in nociception and primary afferent neurotransmission. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6:526-532
44. Bystrova MF, Yatzenko YE, Fedorov IV, Rogachevskaja OA, Kolesnikov SS (2006) P2Y isoforms operative in mouse taste cells. Cell Tissue Res 323:377-382
45. Cao Y, Song G (2007) Purinergic modulation of respiration via medullary raphe nuclei in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 155:114-120
46. Cao Y, Lai W-L, Chen Y-X (2006) Differential regulation of P2X3 protein expression in the rat trigeminal ganglion after experimental tooth movement. West China J Stomatol 24:389-392
47. Castelucci P, Robbins HL, Furness JB (2003) P2X2 purine receptor immunoreactivity of intraganglionic laminar endings in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 312:167-174
48. Ceruti C, Fumagalli M, Verderio C, Abbracchio MP (2006) Nucleotides as neurotransmitters of pain in migraine: a role for P2Y receptors in primary cultures from mouse trigeminal ganglia. In: Proceedings of the American Society for Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA, 14-18 October 2006
49. Chan ESL, Fernandez P, Cronstein BN (2007) Adenosine in inflammatory joint diseases. Purinergic Signal 3:145-152
50. Chen C, Nenov A, Bobbin RP (1995a) Noise exposure alters the response of outer hair cells to ATP. Hear Res 88:215-221
51. Chen CC, Akopian AN, Sivilotti L, Colquhoun D, Burnstock G, Wood JN (1995b) A P2X purinoceptor expressed by a subset of sensory neurons. Nature 377:428-431
52. Chen CL, Broom DC, Liu Y, de Nooij JC, Li Z, Cen C, Samad OA, Jessell TM, Woolf CJ, Ma Q (2006) Runx1 determines nociceptive sensory neuron phenotype and is required for thermal and neuropathic pain. Neuron 49:365-377
53. Chessell IP, Hatcher JP, Hughes JP, Ulmann L, Green P, Mander PK, Reeve AJ, Rassendren F (2006) The role of P2X7 and P2X4 in pain processing; common or divergent pathways? Purinergic Signal 2:46-47
54. Cheung K-K, Burnstock G (2002) Localisation of P2X3 and co-expression with P2X2 receptors during rat embryonic neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 443:368-382
55. Cockayne DA, Hamilton SG, Zhu Q-M, Dunn PM, Zhong Y, Novakovic S, Malmberg AB, Cain G, Berson A, Kassotakis L, Hedley L, Lachnit WG, Burnstock G, McMahon SB, Ford APDW (2000) Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2X3- deficient mice. Nature 407:1011-1015
56. Cockayne DA, Dunn PM, Zhong Y, Hamilton SG, Cain GR, Knight GE, Ruan H-Z, Ping Y, Nunn P, Bei M, McMahon SB, Burnstock G, Ford APDW (2005) P2X2 knockout mice and P2X2/P2X3 double knockout mice reveal a role for the P2X2 receptor subunit in mediating multiple sensory effects of ATP. J Physiol 567:621-639
57. Collier HO, James GWL, Schneider C (1966) Antagonism by aspirin and fenamates of bronchoconstriction and nociception induced by adenosine-50- triphosphate. Nature 212:411-412
58. Cook SP, McCleskey EW (2002) Cell damage excites nociceptors through release of cytosolic ATP. Pain 95:41-47
59. Cooke HJ, Wunderlich J, Christofi FL (2003) "The force be with you": ATP in gut mechanosensory transduction. News Physiol Sci 18:43-49
60. Damann N, Rothermel M, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC, Hatt H, Wetzel CH (2006) Chemosensory properties of murine nasal and cutaneous trigeminal neurons identified by viral tracing. BMC Neurosci 7:46
61. Dang K, Bielefeldt K, Gebhart GF (2004) Distinct P2X receptors on thoracolumbar and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the rat urinary bladder. Abstract viewer/itinerary planner. Program no.2856.1 2004. Society for Neuroscience, Washington
62. Dang K, Bielfeldt K, Lamb K, Gebhart GF (2005) Gastric ulcers evoke hyperexcitability and enhance P2X receptor function in rat gastric sensory neurons. J Neurophysiol 93:3112-3119
63. Davies DL, Kochegarov AA, Kuo ST, Kulkarni AA, Woodward JJ, King BF, Alkana RL (2005) Ethanol differentially affects ATP-gated P2X3 and P2X4 receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Neuropharmacology 49:243-253
64. de Groat WC (2006) Integrative control of the lower urinary tract: preclinical perspective. Br J Pharmacol 147:S25-S40
65. Dell'Antonio G, Quattrini A, Cin ED, Fulgenzi A, Ferrero ME (2002) Relief of inflammatory pain in rats by local use of the selective P2X7 ATP receptor inhibitor, oxidized ATP. Arthritis Rheumatism 46:3378-3385
66. Denda M, Nakatani M, Ikeyama K, Tsutsumi M, Denda S (2007) Epidermal keratinocytes as the forefront of the sensory system. Exp Dermatol 16:157-161
67. Dorn G, Patel S, Wotherspoon G, Hemmings-Mieszczak M, Barclay J, Natt FJ, Martin P, Bevan S, Fox A, Ganju P, Wishart W, Hall J (2004) siRNA relieves chronic neuropathic pain. Nucleic Acids Res 32:e49
68. Dowd E, McQueen DS, Chessell IP, Humphrey PPA (1998) P2X receptor-mediated excitation of nociceptive afferents in the normal and arthritic rat knee joint. Br J Pharmacol 125:341-346
69. Du S, Araki I, Mikami Y, Zakoji H, Beppu M, Yoshiyama M, Takeda M (2007) Amiloridesensitive ion channels in urinary bladder epithelium involved in mechanosensory transduction by modulating stretch-evoked adenosine triphosphate release. Urology 69:590-595
70. Dulon D, Jagger DJ, Lin X, Davis RL (2006) Neuromodulation in the spiral ganglion: shaping signals from the organ of corti to the CNS. J Membr Biol 209:167-175
71. Dunn PM, Zhong Y, Burnstock G (2001) P2X receptors in peripheral neurones. Prog Neurobiol 65:107-134
72. Färber K, Kettenmann H (2006) Purinergic signaling and microglia. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 452:615-621
73. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, Lemoli RM, Curti A, Idzko M, Panther E, Di Virgilio F (2006) The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol 176:3877-3883
74. Finger TE, Danilova V, Barrows J, Bartel DL, Vigers AJ, Stone L, Hellekant G, Kinnamon SC (2005) ATP signaling is crucial for communication from taste buds to gustatory nerves. Science 310:1495-1499
75. Ford AP, Gever JR, Nunn PA, Zhong Y, Cefalu JS, Dillon MP, Cockayne DA (2006) Purinoceptors as therapeutic targets for lower urinary tract dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 147:S132-S143
76. Fountain SJ, Parkinson K, Young MT, Cao L, Thompson CR, North RA (2007) An intracellular P2X receptor required for osmoregulation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature 448:200-203
77. Frohlich R, Boehm S, Illes P (1996) Pharmacological characterization of P2 purinoceptor types in rat locus coeruleus neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 315:255-261
78. Fukui M, Nakagawa T, Minami M, Satoh M, Kaneko S (2006) Inhibitory role of supraspinal P2X3/ P2X2/3 subtypes on nociception in rats. Mol Pain 2:19-25
79. Fumagalli M, Ceruti S, Verderio C, Abbracchio MP (2006) ATP as a neurotransmitter of pain in migraine: a functional role for P2Y receptors in primary cultures from mouse trigeminal sensory ganglia. Purinergic Signal 2:120-121
80. Furness JB, Kunze WA, Bertrand PP, Clerc N, Bornstein JC (1998) Intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the intestine. Prog Neurobiol 54:1-18
81. Fyffe REW, Perl ER (1984) Is ATP a central synaptic mediator for certain primary afferent fibres from mammalian skin? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6890-6893
82. Gale JE, Piazza V, Ciubotaru CD, Mammano F (2004) A mechanism for sensing noise damage in the inner ear. Curr Biol 14:526-529
83. Galligan JJ (2004) Enteric P2X receptors as potential targets for drug treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 141:1294-1302
84. Gao Z, Kehoe V, Sinoway LI, Li J (2005) Spinal P2X receptor modulates reflex pressor response to activation of muscle afferents. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288:H2238-H2243
85. Gao N, Hu HZ, Zhu MX, Fang X, Liu S, Gao C, Wood JD (2006) The P2Y1 purinergic receptor expressed by enteric neurones in guinea-pig intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 18:316-323
86. Gayle S, Burnstock G (2005) Immunolocalisation of P2X and P2Y nucleotide receptors in the rat nasal mucosa. Cell Tissue Res 319:27-36
87. Gerevich Z, Zadori Z, Mü ller C, Wirkner K, Schröder W, Rubini P, Illes P (2007) Metabotropic P2Y receptors inhibit P2X3 receptor-channels via G protein-dependent facilitation of their desensitization. Br J Pharmacol 151:226-236
88. Gever J, Cockayne DA, Dillon MP, Burnstock G, Ford APDW (2006) Pharmacology of P2X channels. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 452:513-537
89. Gilchrist LS, Cain DM, Harding-Rose C, Kov AN, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Kennedy WR, Simone DA (2005) Re-organization of P2X3 receptor localization on epidermal nerve fibers in a murine model of cancer pain. Brain Res 1044:197-205
90. Goadsby PJ (2005) Migraine, allodynia, sensitisation and all of that. Eur Neurol 53:10-16
91. Gourine AV (2005) On the peripheral and central chemoreception and control of breathing: an emerging role of ATP. J Physiol 568:715-724
92. Gourine AV, Melenchuk EV, Poputnikov DM, Gourine VN, Spyer KM (2002) Involvement of purinergic signalling in central mechanisms of body temperature regulation in rats. Br J Pharmacol 135:2047-2055
93. Gourine AV, Atkinson L, Deuchars J, Spyer KM (2003) Purinergic signalling in the medullary mechanisms of respiratory control in the rat: respiratory neurones express the P2X2 receptor subunit. J Physiol 552:197-211
94. Gourine AV, Dale N, Gourine VN, Spyer KM (2004) Fever in systemic inflammation: roles of purines. Front Biosci 9:1011-1022
95. Green PG, Basbaum AI, Helms C, Levine JD (1991) Purinergic regulation of bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation and adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4162-4165
96. Greenwood D, Jagger DJ, Huang LC, Hoya N, Thorne PR, Wildman SS, King BF, Pak K, Ryan AF, Housley GD (2007) P2X receptor signaling inhibits BDNF-mediated spiral ganglion neuron development in the neonatal rat cochlea. Development 134:1407-1417
97. Groenewegen HJ, Uylings HB (2000) The prefrontal cortex and the integration of sensory, limbic and autonomic information. Prog Brain Res 126:3-28
98. Gu YZ, Yin GF, Guan BC, Li ZW (2006) Characteristics of P2X purinoceptors in the membrane of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Sheng Li Xue Bao 58:164-170
99. Hamilton SG, McMahon SB, Lewin GR (2001) Selective activation of nociceptors by P2X receptor agonists in normal and inflamed rat skin. J Physiol 534:437-445
100. Harms L, Finta EP, Tschöpl M, Illes P (1992) Depolarization of rat locus coeruleus neurons by adenosine 50-triphosphate. Neuroscience 48:941-952
101. He L, Chen J, Dinger B, Stensaas L, Fidone S (2006) Effect of chronic hypoxia on purinergic synaptic transmission in rat carotid body. J Appl Physiol 100:157-162
102. Hegg CC, Lucero MT (2006) Purinergic receptor antagonists inhibit odorant-induced heat shock protein 25 induction in mouse olfactory epithelium. Glia 53:182-190
103. Hegg CC, Greenwood D, Huang W, Han P, Lucero MT (2003) Activation of purinergic receptor subtypes modulates odor sensitivity. J Neurosci 23:8291-8301
104. Hemmings-Mieszczak M, Dorn G, Natt FJ, Hall J, Wishart WL (2003) Independent combinatorial effect of antisense oligonucleotides and RNAi-mediated specific inhibition of the recombinant rat P2X3 receptor. Nucleic Acids Res 31:2117-2126
105. Holton P (1959) The liberation of adenosine triphosphate on antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves. J Physiol (Lond) 145:494-504
106. Holzer P (2004) Gastrointestinal pain in functional bowel disorders: sensory neurons as novel drug targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 8:107-123
107. Holzer P (2007) Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. V. Acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292:G699-G705
108. Honore P, Donnelly-Roberts D, Namovic MT, Hsieh G, Zhu CZ, Mikusa JP, Hernandez G, Zhong C, Gauvin DM, Chandran P, Harris R, Medrano AP, Carroll W, Marsh K, Sullivan JP, Faltynek CR, Jarvis MF (2006) A-740003 [N-(1-{[(cyanoimino)(5-quinolinylamino) methyl]amino}-2, 2-dimethylpropyl)-2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide], a novel and selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently reduces neuropathic pain in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319:1376-1385
109. Housley GD, Marcotti W, Navaratnam D, Yamoah EN (2006) Hair cells - beyond the transducer. J Membr Biol 209:89-118
110. Hu B, Chiang CY, Hu JW, Dostrovsky JO, Sessle BJ (2002) P2X receptors in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis modulate central sensitization in trigeminal subnucleus oralis. J Neurophysiol 88:1614-1624 (Pubitemid 35191167)
111. Hu ST, Gever J, Nunn PA, Ford AP, Zhu Q-M (2004) Cystometric studies with ATP, PPADS and TNP-ATP in conscious and anaesthetised C57BL/6 mice. J Urol 171:461-462
112. Huang LC, Ryan AF, Cockayne DA, Housley GD (2006) Developmentally regulated expression of the P2X3 receptor in the mouse cochlea. Histochem Cell Biol 125:681-692
113. Huang YJ, Maruyama Y, Dvoryanchikov G, Pereira E, Chaudhari N, Roper SD (2007) The role of pannexin 1 hemichannels in ATP release and cell-cell communication in mouse taste buds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:6436-6441
114. Hughes JP, Hatcher JP, Chessell IP (2007) The role of P2X7 in pain and inflammation. Purinergic Signal 3:163-169
115. Ichikawa H, Fukunaga T, Jin HW, Fujita M, Takano-Yamamoto T, Sugimoto T (2004) VR1-, VRL-1- and P2X3 receptor-immunoreactive innervation of the rat temporomandibular joint. Brain Res 1008:131-136 (Pubitemid 38469986)
116. Ichikawa H, De Repentigny Y, Kothary R, Sugimoto T (2006) The survival of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons is dependent upon dystonin. Neuroscience 137:531-536
117. Ikeda H, Tsuda M, Inoue K, Murase K (2007) Long-term potentiation of neuronal excitation by neuron-glia interactions in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Eur J Neurosci 25:1297-1306
118. Inoue K (2007) P2 receptors and chronic pain. Purinergic Signal 3:135-144
119. Jahr CE, Jessell TM (1983) ATP excites a subpopulation of rat dorsal horn neurones. Nature 304:730-733
120. Jennings EA, Christie MJ, Sessle BJ (2006) ATP potentiates neurotransmission in the rat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Neuroreport 17:1507-1510
121. Kamei J, Takahashi Y, Yoshikawa Y, Saitoh A (2005) Involvement of P2X receptor subtypes in ATP-induced enhancement of the cough reflex sensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol 528:158-161
122. Kataoka S, Toyono T, Seta Y, Ogura T, Toyoshima K (2004) Expression of P2Y1 receptors in rat taste buds. Histochem Cell Biol 121:419-426
123. Kindig AE, Hayes SG, Kaufman MP (2007) Purinergic 2 receptor blockade prevents the responses of group IV afferents to post-contraction circulatory occlusion. J Physiol 578:301-308
124. King BF, Knowles I, Burnstock G, Ramage A (2004) Investigation of the effects of P2 purinoceptor ligands on the micturition reflex in female urethane-anaesthetised rats. Br J Pharmacol 142:519-530
125. Kitchen AM, Collins HL, DiCarlo SE, Scislo TJ, O'Leary DS (2001) Mechanisms mediating NTS P2x receptor-evoked hypotension: cardiac output vs. total peripheral resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281:H2198-H2203
126. Knight GE, Bodin P, de Groat WC, Burnstock G (2002) ATP is released from guinea pig ureter epithelium on distension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 282:F281-F288
127. Kobayashi K, Fukuoka T, Yamanaka H, Dai Y, Obata K, Tokunaga A, Noguchi K (2006) Neurons and glial cells differentially express P2Y receptor mRNAs in the rat dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 498:443-454
128. 2+ waves in keratinocytes are transmitted to sensory neurons: the involvement of extracellular ATP and P2Y2 receptor activation. Biochem J 380:329-338
129. Kollarik M, Dinh QT, Fischer A, Undem BJ (2003) Capsaicin-sensitive and -insensitive vagal bronchopulmonary C-fibres in the mouse. J Physiol 551:869-879
130. Kollarik M, Ru F, Undem BJ (2007) Acid-sensitive vagal sensory pathways and cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 20:402-411
131. Korim WS, Ferreira-Neto ML, Cravo SLD (2007) Role of NTS P2x receptors in cardiovascular adjustments during alerting defense reactions. FASEB J 21:5750.16
132. Krishtal OA, Marchenko SM, Pidoplichko VI (1983) Receptor for ATP in the membrane of mammalian sensory neurones. Neurosci Lett 35:41-45
133. Krishtal O, Lozovaya N, Fedorenko A, Savelyev I, Chizhmakov I (2006) The agonists for nociceptors are ubiquitous, but the modulators are specific: P2X receptors in the sensory neurons are modulated by cannabinoids. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 453:353-360
134. Labrakakis C, Gerstner E, MacDermott AB (2000) Adenosine triphosphate-evoked currents in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons obtained from rat embryos: desensitization kinetics and modulation of glutamate release. Neuroscience 101:1117-1126
135. Lahiri S, Mitchell CH, Reigada D, Roy A, Cherniack NS (2007) Purines, the carotid body and respiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 157:123-129
136. Lazarowski ER, Boucher RC, Harden TK (2003) Mechanisms of release of nucleotides and integration of their action as P2X- and P2Y-receptor activating molecules. Mol Pharmacol 64:785-795
137. Lee JH, Heo JH, Kim CH, Chang SO, Kim CS, Oh SH (2007) Changes in P2Y4 receptor expression in rat cochlear outer sulcus cells during development. Hear Res 228:201-211
138. Lewis C, Neidhart S, Holy C, North RA, Buell G, Surprenant A (1995) Coexpression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits can account for ATP-gated currents in sensory neurons. Nature 377:432-435
139. Li P, Calejesan AA, ZhouM(1998) ATP P2X receptors and sensory synaptic transmission between primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal horn neurons in rats. J Neurophysiol 80:3356-3360
140. Lin JH, Takano T, Arcuino G, Wang X, Hu F, Darzynkiewicz Z, Nunes M, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M (2007) Purinergic signaling regulates neural progenitor cell expansion and neurogenesis. Dev Biol 302:356-366
141. Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Burnstock G (1998) Ultrastructural localization of P2X3 receptors in rat sensory neurons. Neuroreport 9:2245-2250
142. Loesch A, Burnstock G (2001) Immunoreactivity to P2X6 receptors in the rat hypothalamoneurohypophysial system: an ultrastructural study with ExtrAvidin and colloidal gold-silver immunolabelling. Neuroscience 106:621-631
143. Loredo GA, Benton HP (1998) ATP and UTP activate calcium-mobilizing P2U-like receptors and act synergistically with interleukin-1 to stimulate prostaglandin E2 release from human rheumatoid synovial cells. Arthritis Rheumatism 41:246-255
144. Lorier AR, Huxtable AG, Robinson DM, Lipski J, Housley GD, Funk GD (2007) P2Y1 receptor modulation of the pre-Bötzinger complex inspiratory rhythm generating network in vitro. J Neurosci 27:993-1005
145. Ludlow M, Ennion S (2006) A putative Dictyostelium discoideum P2X receptor. Purinergic Signal 2:81-82
146. Luo J, Yin GF, Gu YZ, Liu Y, Dai JP, Li C, Li ZW (2006) Characterization of three types of ATPactivated current in relation to P2X subunits in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Brain Res 1115:9-15
147. Ma W, Quirion R (2007) Inflammatory mediators modulating the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor: therapeutic targets to treat inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11:307-320
148. Maggi CA, Meli A (1988) The sensory-efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. Gen Pharmacol 19:1-43
149. Makowska A, Panfil C, Ellrich J (2006) ATP induces sustained facilitation of craniofacial nociception through P2X receptors on neck muscle nociceptors in mice. Cephalalgia 26:697-706
150. Matsuka Y, Neubert JK, Maidment NT, Spigelman I (2001) Concurrent release of ATP and substance P within guinea pig trigeminal ganglia in vivo. Brain Res 915:248-255
151. Matsuka Y, Edmonds B, Mitrirattanakul S, Schweizer FE, Spigelman I (2007) Two types of neurotransmitter release patterns in isolectin B4-positive and negative trigeminal ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 144:665-674
152. Maul E, Sears M (1979) ATP is released into the rabbit eye by antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18:256-262
153. McGaraughty S, Jarvis MF (2006) Purinergic control of neuropathic pain. Drug Dev Res 67:376-388
154. McGaraughty S, Chu KL, Namovic MT, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Harris RR, Zhang XF, Shieh CC, Wismer CT, Zhu CZ, Gauvin DM, Fabiyi AC, Honore P, Gregg RJ, Kort ME, Nelson DW, Carroll WA, Marsh K, Faltynek CR, Jarvis MF (2007) P2X7-related modulation of pathological nociception in rats. Neuroscience 146:1817-1828
155. McQueen DS, Bond SM, Moores C, Chessell I, Humphrey PP, Dowd E (1998) Activation of P2X receptors for adenosine triphosphate evokes cardiorespiratory reflexes in anaesthetized rats. J Physiol 507:843-855
156. Millward-Sadler SJ, Wright MO, Flatman PW, Salter DM (2004) ATP in the mechanotransduction pathway of normal human chondrocytes. Biorheology 41:567-575
157. Mishra SK, Braun N, Shukla V, Füllgrabe M, Schomerus C, Korf HW, Gachet C, Ikehara Y, Sévigny J, Robson SC, Zimmermann H (2006) Extracellular nucleotide signaling in adult neural stem cells: synergism with growth factor-mediated cellular proliferation. Development 133:675-684
158. Monro RL, Bertrand PP, Bornstein JC (2004) ATP participates in three excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the submucous plexus of the guinea pig ileum. J Physiol 556:51-584
159. Moore KH, Ray FR, Barden JA (2001) Loss of purinergic P2X3 and P2X5 receptor innervation in human detrusor from adults with urge incontinence. J Neurosci 21:C166:1-6
160. Mori M, Tsushima H Matsuda T (1994) Antidiuretic effects of ATP induced by microinjection into the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in water-loaded and ethanol-anesthetized rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 66:445-450
161. Mulkey DK, Mistry AM, Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA (2006) Purinergic P2 receptors modulate excitability but do not mediate pH sensitivity of RTN respiratory chemoreceptors. J Neurosci 26:7230-7233
162. Nagamine K, Ozaki N, ShinodaM, Asai H, Nishiguchi H, Mitsudo K, Tohnai I, Ueda M, Sugiura Y (2006) Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by experimental squamous cell carcinoma of the lower gingiva in rats. J Pain 7:659-670
163. Nakatsuka T, Gu JG (2006) P2X purinoceptors and sensory transmission. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 452:598-607
164. Nakatsuka T, Tsuzuki K, Ling JX, Sonobe H, Gu JG (2003) Distinct roles of P2X receptors in modulating glutamate release at different primary sensory synapses in rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 89:3243-3252
165. Nazif O, Teichman JM, Gebhart GF (2007) Neural upregulation in interstitial cystitis. Urology 69:24-33
166. Neal M, Cunningham J (1994) Modulation by endogenous ATP of the light-evoked release of ACh from retinal cholinergic neurones. Br J Pharmacol 113:1085-1087
167. Nelson DW, Gregg RJ, Kort ME, Perez-Medrano A, Voight EA, Wang Y, Grayson G, Namovic MT, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Niforatos W, Honore P, Jarvis MF, Faltynek CR, Carroll WA (2006) Structure-activity relationship studies on a series of novel, substituted 1-benzyl-5- phenyltetrazole P2X7 antagonists. J Med Chem 49:3659-3666
168. North RA (2002) Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiol Rev 82:1013-1067
169. North RA, Verkhratsky A (2006) Purinergic transmission in the central nervous system. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 452:479-485
170. Norton WHJ, Rohr KB, Burnstock G (2000) Embryonic expression of a P2X3 receptor encoding gene in zebrafish. Mech Dev 99:149-152
171. Nurse CA (2005) Neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the chemosensory carotid body. Auton Neurosci 120:1-9
172. Okuse K (2007) Pain signalling pathways: from cytokines to ion channels. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:490-496
173. Oliveira MC, Parada CA, Veiga MC, Rodrigues LR, Barros SP, Tambeli CH (2005) Evidence for the involvement of endogenous ATP and P2X receptors in TMJ pain. Eur J Pain 9:87-93
174. Pandita RK, Andersson KE (2002) Intravesical adenosine triphosphate stimulates the micturition reflex in awake, freely moving rats. J Urol 168:1230-1234
175. Papka RE, Hafemeister J, Storey-Workley M (2005) P2X receptors in the rat uterine cervix, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord during pregnancy. Cell Tissue Res 321:35-44
176. Patel MK, Khakh BS, Henderson G (2001) Properties of native P2X receptors in rat trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus neurones: lack of correlation with known, heterologously expressed P2X receptors. Neuropharmacology 40:96-105
177. Paton JF, De Paula PM, Spyer KM, Machado BH, Boscan P (2002) Sensory afferent selective role of P2 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii for mediating the cardiac component of the peripheral chemoreceptor reflex in rats. J Physiol 543:995-1005
178. Pelleg A, Hurt CM (1990) Evidence for ATP-triggered vagal reflex in the canine heart in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 603:441-442
179. 2+ wave propagation in the organ of Corti. Cell Calcium 41:77-86
180. Pintelon I, Brouns I, De Proost I, Van Meir F, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D (2007) Sensory receptors in the visceral pleura: neurochemical coding and live staining in whole mounts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36:541-551
181. Pintor J (2000) Purinergic signalling in the eye. In: Burnstock G, Sillito AM (eds) Nervous control of the eye. Harwood, Amsterdam, pp 171-210
182. Pintor J, Peral A, Pelaez T, Martin S, Hoyle CH (2003) Presence of diadenosine polyphosphates in the aqueous humor: their effect on intraocular pressure. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 304:342-348
183. Poelchen W, Sieler D, Wirkner K, Illes P (2001) Co-transmitter function of ATP in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat. Neuroscience 102:593-602
184. Puthussery T, Fletcher EL (2006) P2X2 receptors on ganglion and amacrine cells in cone pathways of the rat retina. J Comp Neurol 496:595-609
185. Puthussery T, Fletcher EL (2007) Neuronal expression of P2X3 purinoceptors in the rat retina. Neuroscience 146:403-414
186. Puthussery T, Yee P, Vingrys AJ, Fletcher EL (2006) Evidence for the involvement of purinergic P2X7 receptors in outer retinal processing. Eur J Neurosci 24:7-19
187. Raybould HE, Cooke HJ, Christofi FL (2004) Sensory mechanisms: transmitters, modulators and reflexes. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16:60-63
188. Ren Y, Zou X, Fang L, Lin Q (2006) Involvement of peripheral purinoceptors in sympathetic modulation of capsaicin-induced sensitization of primary afferent fibers. J Neurophysiol 96:2207-2216
189. Renton T, Yiangou Y, Baecker PA, Ford AP, Anand P (2003) Capsaicin receptor VR1 and ATP purinoceptor P2X3 in painful and nonpainful human tooth pulp. J Orofac Pain 17:245-250
190. Resta V, Novelli E, Vozzi G, Scarpa C, Caleo M, Ahluwalia A, Solini A, Santini E, Parisi V, Di Virgilio F, Galli-Resta L (2007) Acute retinal ganglion cell injury caused by intraocular pressure spikes is mediated by endogenous extracellular ATP. Eur J Neurosci 25:2741-2754
191. Reyes EP, Fernández R, Larraíń C, Zapata P (2007) Effects of combined cholinergic-purinergic block upon cat carotid body chemoreceptors in vitro. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 156:17-22
192. Rich PB, Douillet CD, Mahler SA, Husain SA, Boucher RC (2003) Adenosine triphosphate is released during injurious mechanical ventilation and contributes to lung edema. J Trauma 55:290-297
193. Robinson DR, McNaughton PA, Evans ML, Hicks GA (2004) Characterization of the primary spinal afferent innervation of the mouse colon using retrograde labelling. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16:113-124
194. Rocha I, Burnstock G, Spyer KM (2001) Effect on urinary bladder function and arterial blood pressure of the activation of putative purine receptors in brainstem areas. Auton Neurosci 88:6-15
195. Romanov RA, Rogachevskaja OA, Bystrova MF, Jiang P, Margolskee RF, Kolesnikov SS (2007) Afferent neurotransmission mediated by hemichannels in mammalian taste cells. EMBO J 26:657-667
196. Rong W, Burnstock G (2004) Activation of ureter nociceptors by exogenous and endogenous ATP in guinea pig. Neuropharmacology 47:1093-1101
197. Rong W, Burnstock G, Spyer KM (2000) P2X purinoceptor-mediated excitation of trigeminal lingual nerve terminals in an in vitro intra-arterially perfused rat tongue preparation. J Physiol 524:891-902
198. Rong W, Gourine A, Cockayne DA, Xiang Z, Ford APDW, Spyer KM, Burnstock G (2003) Pivotal role of nucleotide P2X2 receptor subunit mediating ventilatory responses to hypoxia: knockout mouse studies. J Neurosci 23:11315-11321
199. Ruan H-Z, Burnstock G (2003) Localisation of P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptors in dorsal root, nodose and trigeminal ganglia of the rat. Histochem Cell Biol 120:415-426
200. Ruan H-Z, Moules E, Burnstock G (2004) Changes in P2X purinoceptors in sensory ganglia of the mouse during embryonic and postnatal development. Histochem Cell Biol 122:539-551
201. Ruan H-Z, Birder LA, de Groat WC, Tai C, Roppolo J, Buffington A, Burnstock G (2005) Localization of P2X and P2Y receptors in dorsal root ganglia of the cat. J Histochem Cytochem 53:1273-1282
202. Ruan T, Lin YS, Lin KS, Kou YR (2006) Mediator mechanisms involved in TRPV1 and P2X receptor-mediated, ROS-evoked bradypneic reflex in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 101:644-654
203. Rubino A, Burnstock G (1996) Capsaicin-sensitive sensory-motor neurotransmission in the peripheral control of cardiovascular function. Cardiovasc Res 31:467-479
204. Ruggieri MR Sr (2006) Mechanisms of disease: role of purinergic signaling in the pathophysiology of bladder dysfunction. Nat Clin Pract Urol 3:206-215
205. Salas NA, Somogyi GT, Gangitano DA, Boone TB, Smith CP (2007) Receptor activated bladder and spinal ATP release in neurally intact and chronic spinal cord injured rats. Neurochem Int 50:45-350
206. Salter MW, Henry JL (1985) Effects of adenosine 50-monophosphate and adenosine 50-triphosphate on functionally identified units in the cat spinal dorsal horn. Evidence for a differential effect of adenosine 50-triphosphate on nociceptive vs non-nociceptive units. Neuroscience 15:15-825
207. Schwiebert EM, Zsembery A, Geibel JP (2003) Cellular mechanisms and physiology of nucleotide and nucleoside release from cells: current knowledge, novel assays to detect purinergic agonists, and future directions. Curr Top Membr 54:31-58 (Pubitemid 137641025)
208. Scislo TJ, Ichinose T, O'Leary DS (2007) Activation of NTS A1 adenosine receptors differentially resets baroreflex control of adrenal (ASNA) and renal (RSNA) sympathetic nerve activity. FASEB J 21:582.15
209. Seino D, Tokunaga A, Tachibana T, Yoshiya S, Dai Y, Obata K, Yamanaka H, Kobayashi K, Noguchi K (2006) The role of ERK signaling and the P2X receptor on mechanical pain evoked by movement of inflamed knee joint. Pain 123:193-203
210. Sharp CJ, Reeve AJ, Collins SD, Martindale JC, Summerfield SG, Sargent BS, Bate ST, Chessell IP (2006) Investigation into the role of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors in neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury in the rat: an electrophysiological study. Br J Pharmacol 148:845-852
211. 2+ signaling in outer hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea. Brain Res 1081:101-112
212. Shieh C-C, Jarvis MF, Lee C-H, Perner RJ (2006) P2X receptor ligands and pain. Expert Opin Ther Patents 16:1113-1127
213. Shimizu I, Iida T, Guan Y, Zhao C, Raja SN, Jarvis MF, Cockayne DA, Caterina MJ (2005) Enhanced thermal avoidance in mice lacking the ATP receptor P2X3. Pain 116:96-108
214. Shinoda M, Ozaki N, Asai H, Nagamine K, Sugiura Y (2005) Changes in P2X3 receptor expression in the trigeminal ganglion following monoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in rats. Pain 116:42-51
215. Shiokawa H, Nakatsuka T, Furue H, Tsuda M, Katafuchi T, Inoue K, Yoshimura M (2006) Direct excitation of deep dorsal horn neurones in the rat spinal cord by the activation of postsynaptic P2X receptors. J Physiol 573:753-763
216. Smith CP, Vemulakonda VM, Kiss S, Boone TB, Somogyi GT (2005) Enhanced ATP release from rat bladder urothelium during chronic bladder inflammation: effect of botulinum toxin A. Neurochem Int 47:291-297
217. Song Z, Sladek CD (2006) Site of ATP and phenylephrine synergistic stimulation of vasopressin release from the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. J Neuroendocrinol 18:266-272
218. Song Z, Vijayaraghavan S, Sladek CD (2007) ATP increases intracellular calcium in supraoptic neurons by activation of both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292:R423-R431
219. Sorimachi M, Wakamoria M, Akaikeb N (2006) Excitatory effect of ATP on rat area postrema neurons. Purinergic Signal 2:545-557
220. Spyer KM, Dale N, Gourine AV (2004) ATP is a key mediator of central and peripheral chemosensory transduction. Exp Physiol 89:53-59
221. Staikopoulos V, Sessle BJ, Furness JB, Jennings EA (2007) Localization of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 144:208-216
222. Stone LS, Vulchanova L (2003) The pain of antisense: in vivo application of antisense oligonucleotides for functional genomics in pain and analgesia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:1081-1112
223. Stucky CL, Medler KA, Molliver DC (2004) The P2Y agonist UTP activates cutaneous afferent fibers. Pain 109:36-44
224. Szücs A, Szappanos H, Batta TJ, Tóth A, Szigeti GP, Panyi G, Csernoch L, Sziklai I (2006) Changes in purinoceptor distribution and intracellular calcium levels following noise exposure in the outer hair cells of the guinea pig. J Membr Biol 213:135-141
225. Taylor-Clark T, Undem BJ (2006) Transduction mechanisms in airway sensory nerves. J Appl Physiol 101:950-959
226. Tempest HV, Dixon AK, Turner WH, Elneil S, Sellers LA, Ferguson DR (2004) P2X and P2X receptor expression in human bladder urothelium and changes in interstitial cystitis. BJU Int 93:1344-1348
227. 2+ oscillations in primate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Mol Endocrinol 19:2736-2747
228. Trang T, Beggs S, Salter MW (2006) Purinoceptors in microglia and neuropathic pain. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 452:645-652
229. Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Carr WE, Gleeson RA (1989) Biochemistry of purinergic olfaction. The importance of nucleotide dephosphorylation. In: Brand JG, Teeter H, Cagan RH, Kare MR (eds) Receptor events and transduction in taste and olfaction. Chemical senses, vol 1. Dekker, New York, pp 243-262
230. Tsuda M, Inoue K (2006) P2X receptors in sensory neurons. Curr Top Membr 57:277-310
231. Tsuda M, Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Koizumi S, Mizokoshi A, Kohsaka S, Salter MW, Inoue K (2003) P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Nature 424:778-783
232. Undem BJ, Chuaychoo B, Lee MG, Weinreich D, Myers AC, KollarikM(2004) Subtypes of vagal afferent C-fibres in guinea-pig lungs. J Physiol 556:905-917
233. US 2005/0209260 A1 (Hoffmann-La Roche Pharmaceuticals) Broka CA, Carter DS, Dillon MP, Hawley RC, Jahangir A, Lin CJJ, Parish DW (Sep 22, 2005). Diaminopyrimidines as P2X3 and P2X2/3 antagonists.
234. Vlajkovic SM, Vinayagamoorthy A, Thorne PR, Robson SC, Wang CJ, Housley GD (2006) Noiseinduced up-regulation of NTPDase3 expression in the rat cochlea: implications for auditory transmission and cochlear protection. Brain Res 1104:55-63
235. VlaskovskaM, Kasakov L, Rong W, Bodin P, BardiniM, Cockayne DA, Ford APDW, Burnstock G (2001) P2X3 knockout mice reveal a major sensory role for urothelially released ATP. J Neurosci 21:5670-5677
236. Waeber C, Moskowitz MA (2003) Therapeutic implications of central and peripheral neurologic mechanisms in migraine. Neurology 61:S9-S20
237. Wang JC, Raybould NP, Luo L, Ryan AF, Cannell MB, Thorne PR, Housley GD (2003) Noise induces up-regulation of P2X2 receptor subunit of ATP-gated ion channels in the rat cochlea. Neuroreport 14:817-823
238. Wang LC, Xiong W, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Zheng H, Zhang C, Zheng LH, Zhu XL, Xiong ZQ, Wang LY, Cheng HP, Zhou Z (2006) The timing of endocytosis after activation of a G-protein-coupled receptor in a sensory neuron. Biophys J 90:3590-3598
239. Watano T, Calvert JA, Vial C, Forsythe ID, Evans RJ (2004) P2X receptor subtype-specific modulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs in the rat brainstem. J Physiol 558:745-757
240. Werner-Reiss U, Galun R, Crnjar R, Liscia A (1999) Sensitivity of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) labral apical chemoreceptors to phagostimulants. J Insect Physiol 45:629-636 (Pubitemid 29252268)
241. Wheeler-Schilling TH, Marquordt K, Kohler K, Guenther E, Jabs R (2001) Identification of purinergic receptors in retinal ganglion cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 92:177-180
242. Wong AY, Billups B, Johnston J, Evans RJ, Forsythe ID (2006) Endogenous activation of adenosine A1 receptors, but not P2X receptors, during high-frequency synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held. J Neurophysiol 95:3336-3342
243. Wu C, Sui GP, Fry CH (2004) Purinergic regulation of guinea pig suburothelial myofibroblasts. J Physiol 559:231-243
244. Wynn G, Rong W, Xiang Z, Burnstock G (2003) Purinergic mechanisms contribute to mechanosensory transduction in the rat colorectum. Gastroenterology 125:1398-1409
245. Wynn G, Bei M, Ruan H-Z, Burnstock G (2004) Purinergic component of mechanosensory transduction is increased in a rat model of colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287:G647-G657
246. Xiang Z, Burnstock G (2004a) P2X2 and P2X3 purinoceptors in the rat enteric nervous system. Histochem Cell Biol 121:169-179
247. Xiang Z, Burnstock G (2004b) Development of nerves expressing P2X3 receptors in the myenteric plexus of rat stomach. Histochem Cell Biol 122:111-119
248. Xiang Z, Burnstock G (2006) Distribution of P2Y6 and P2Y12 receptors: their colocalisation with calbindin, calretinin and nitric oxide synthase in the guinea pig enteric nervous system. Histochem Cell Biol 125:327-336
249. Xiang Z, He C, Burnstock G (2006) P2X5 receptors are expressed on neurons containing arginine vasopressin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res 1099:56-63
250. Xu J, Kussmaul W, Kurnik PB, Al-Ahdav M, Pelleg A (2005) Electrophysiological-anatomic correlates of ATP-triggered vagal reflex in the dog. V. Role of purinergic receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288:R651-R655
251. Xue J, Askwith C, Javed NH, Cooke HJ (2007) Autonomic nervous system and secretion across the intestinal mucosal surface. Auton Neurosci 133:55-63
252. Yajima H, Sato J, Giron R, Nakamura R, Mizumura K (2005) Inhibitory, facilitatory, and excitatory effects of ATP and purinergic receptor agonists on the activity of rat cutaneous nociceptors in vitro. Neurosci Res 51:405-416
253. Yu S, Undem BJ, Kollarik M (2005) Vagal afferent nerves with nociceptive properties in guineapig oesophagus. J Physiol 563:831-842
254. Zagorodnyuk VP, Chen BN, Costa M, Brookes SJ (2003) Mechanotransduction by intraganglionic laminar endings of vagal tension receptors in the guinea-pig oesophagus. J Physiol 553:575-587
255. Zapata P (2007) Is ATP a suitable co-transmitter in carotid body arterial chemoreceptors? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 157:106-115
256. Zarei MM, Toro B, McCleskey EW (2004) Purinergic synapses formed between rat sensory neurons in primary culture. Neuroscience 126:195-201
257. Zhang M, Nurse CA (2004) CO2/pH chemosensory signaling in co-cultures of rat carotid body receptors and petrosal neurons: role of ATP and ACh. J Neurophysiol 92:3433-3445
258. 2+ and kills retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:2183-2191
259. Zhang X, Zhang M, Laties AM, Mitchell CH (2006) Balance of purines may determine life or death of retinal ganglion cells as A3 adenosine receptors prevent loss following P2X7 receptor stimulation. J Neurochem 98:566-575
260. Zhang M, Buttigieg J, Nurse CA (2007a) Neurotransmitter mechanisms mediating low-glucose signalling in cocultures and fresh tissue slices of rat carotid body. J Physiol 578:735-750
261. Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang C, Huang LY (2007b) Neuronal somatic ATP release triggers neuronsatellite glial cell communication in dorsal root ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:9864-9869
262. Zimmermann H (2006) Nucleotide signaling in nervous system development. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 452:573-588
263. Zimmermann K, Reeh PW, Averbeck B (2002) ATP can enhance the proton-induced CGRP release through P2Y receptors and secondary PGE2 release in isolated rat dura mater. Pain 97:259-265