Imaging the effects of genetic polymorphisms on radioligand binding in the living human brain: A review on genetic neuroreceptor imaging of monoaminergic systems in psychiatry

NeuroImage

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 878-892

  Willeit, Matthäus ^a   Praschak Rieder, Nicole ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Beta CIT; Depression; Raclopride; Schizophrenia; Val158Met; Val66Met

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CARBON 11; CITALOPRAM; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; IODINE 123; RACLOPRIDE C 11; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; DEPRESSION; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG RESPONSE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; LIGAND BINDING; MENTAL DISEASE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PSYCHIATRY; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

BRAIN; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MONOAMINE OXIDASE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOLIGAND ASSAY; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS; SEROTONIN; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON;

EID: 77956203458     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.030     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. Abi-Dargham A., Gil R., Krystal J., Baldwin R.M., Seibyl J.P., Bowers M., van Dyck C.H., Charney D.S., Innis R.B., Laruelle M. Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:761-767.
2. Abi-Dargham A., Rodenhiser J., Printz D., Zea-Ponce Y., Gil R., Kegeles L.S., Weiss R., Cooper T.B., Mann J.J., Van Heertum R.L., Gorman J.M., Laruelle M., Kasper S. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97(14):8104-8109.
3. Akimova E., Lanzenberger R., Kasper S. The serotonin-1A receptor in anxiety disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 66:627-635.
4. Albert P.R., Zhou Q.Y., Van Tol H.H., Bunzow J.R., Civelli O. Cloning, functional expression, and mRNA tissue distribution of the rat 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:5825-5832.
5. Alia-Klein N., Goldstein R.Z., Kriplani A., Logan J., Tomasi D., Williams B., Telang F., Shumay E., Biegon A., Craig I.W., Henn F., Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S. Brain monoamine oxidase A activity predicts trait aggression. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:5099-5104.
6. Anguelova M., Benkelfat C., Turecki G. A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: II. Suicidal behavior. Mol. Psychiatry 2003, 8:646-653.
7. Arinami T., Gao M., Hamaguchi H., Toru M. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997, 6:577-582.
8. Bailer U.F., Frank G.K., Henry S.E., Price J.C., Meltzer C.C., Weissfeld L., Mathis C.A., Drevets W.C., Wagner A., Hoge J., Ziolko S.K., McConaha C.W., Kaye W.H. Altered brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [carbonyl11C]WAY-100635. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:1032-1041.
9. Bailer U.F., Frank G.K., Henry S.E., Price J.C., Meltzer C.C., Mathis C.A., Wagner A., Thornton L., Hoge J., Ziolko S.K., Becker C.R., McConaha C.W., Kaye W.H. Exaggerated 5-HT1A but normal 5-HT2A receptor activity in individuals ill with anorexia nervosa. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61:1090-1099.
10. Bel N., Artigas F. Fluvoxamine preferentially increases extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in the raphe nuclei: an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992, 229:101-103.
11. Bellivier F., Szoke A., Henry C., Lacoste J., Bottos C., Nosten-Bertrand M., Hardy P., Rouillon F., Launay J.M., Laplanche J.L., Leboyer M. Possible association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and violent suicidal behavior in mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 48:319-322.
12. Bergstrom M., Westerberg G., Langstrom B. 11C-harmine as a tracer for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A): in vitro and in vivo studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1997, 24:287-293.
13. Blum K., Noble E.P., Sheridan P.J., Montgomery A., Ritchie T., Jagadeeswaran P., Nogami H., Briggs A.H., Cohn J.B. Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA 1990, 263:2055-2060.
14. Blum K., Noble E.P., Sheridan P.J., Montgomery A., Ritchie T., Ozkaragoz T., Fitch R.J., Wood R., Finley O., Sadlack F. Genetic predisposition in alcoholism: association of the D2 dopamine receptor TaqI B1 RFLP with severe alcoholics. Alcohol 1993, 10:59-67.
15. Blum K., Sheridan P.J., Wood R.C., Braverman E.R., Chen T.J., Comings D.E. Dopamine D2 receptor gene variants: association and linkage studies in impulsive-addictive-compulsive behaviour. Pharmacogenetics 1995, 5:121-141.
16. Bondy B., Erfurth A., de Jonge S., Kruger M., Meyer H. Possible association of the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with violent suicide. Mol. Psychiatry 2000, 5:193-195.
17. Bondy B., Buettner A., Zill P. Genetics of suicide. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11:336-351.
18. Borg J., Henningsson S., Saijo T., Inoue M., Bah J., Westberg L., Lundberg J., Jovanovic H., Andree B., Nordstrom A.L., Halldin C., Eriksson E., Farde L. Serotonin transporter genotype is associated with cognitive performance but not regional 5-HT1A receptor binding in humans. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 12:783-792.
19. Breen G., Brown J., Maude S., Fox H., Collier D., Li T., Arranz M., Shaw D., StClair D. 141 C del/ins polymorphism of the dopamine receptor 2 gene is associated with schizophrenia in a British population. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1999, 88:407-410.
20. Breier A., Su T.P., Saunders R., Carson R.E., Kolachana B.S., de Bartolomeis A., Weinberger D.R., Weisenfeld N., Malhotra A.K., Eckelman W.C., Pickar D. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:2569-2574.
21. Brody A.L., Mandelkern M.A., Olmstead R.E., Scheibal D., Hahn E., Shiraga S., Zamora-Paja E., Farahi J., Saxena S., London E.D., McCracken J.T. Gene variants of brain dopamine pathways and smoking-induced dopamine release in the ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:808-816.
22. Brookes K.J., Neale B.M., Sugden K., Khan N., Asherson P., D'Souza U.M. Relationship between VNTR polymorphisms of the human dopamine transporter gene and expression in post-mortem midbrain tissue. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2007, 144B:1070-1078.
23. Buchert R., Schulze O., Wilke F., Berding G., Thomasius R., Petersen K., Brenner W., Clausen M. Is correction for age necessary in SPECT or PET of the central serotonin transporter in young, healthy adults?. J. Nucl. Med. 2006, 47:38-42.
24. Caspi A., McClay J., Moffitt T.E., Mill J., Martin J., Craig I.W., Taylor A., Poulton R. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 2002, 297:851-854.
25. Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T.E., Taylor A., Craig I.W., Harrington H., McClay J., Mill J., Martin J., Braithwaite A., Poulton R. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003, 301:386-389.
26. Castren E. Neurotrophic effects of antidepressant drugs. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2004, 4:58-64.
27. Catafau A.M., Suarez M., Bullich S., Llop J., Nucci G., Gunn R.N., Brittain C., Laruelle M. Within-subject comparison of striatal D2 receptor occupancy measurements using [123I]IBZM SPECT and [11C]raclopride PET. Neuroimage 2009, 46:447-458.
28. Chen C.K., Hu X., Lin S.K., Sham P.C., Loh el W., Li T., Murray R.M., Ball D.M. Association analysis of dopamine D2-like receptor genes and methamphetamine abuse. Psychiatr. Genet. 2004, 14:223-226.
29. Chen Z.Y., Patel P.D., Sant G., Meng C.X., Teng K.K., Hempstead B.L., Lee F.S. Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Met66) alters the intracellular trafficking and activity-dependent secretion of wild-type BDNF in neurosecretory cells and cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:4401-4411.
30. Cheon K.A., Ryu Y.H., Kim J.W., Cho D.Y. The homozygosity for 10-repeat allele at dopamine transporter gene and dopamine transporter density in Korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: relating to treatment response to methylphenidate. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 15:95-101.
31. Cichon S., Craddock N., Daly M., Faraone S.V., Gejman P.V., Kelsoe J., Lehner T., Levinson D.F., Moran A., Sklar P., Sullivan P.F. Genomewide association studies: history, rationale, and prospects for psychiatric disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 2009, 166:540-556.
32. Cloninger C.R. D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated but not linked with alcoholism. JAMA 1991, 266:1833-1834.
33. Cohen G. Monoamine oxidase and oxidative stress at dopaminergic synapses. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1990, 32:229-238.
34. Collier D.A., Stober G., Li T., Heils A., Catalano M., Di Bella D., Arranz M.J., Murray R.M., Vallada H.P., Bengel D., Muller C.R., Roberts G.W., Smeraldi E., Kirov G., Sham P., Lesch K.P. A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene: possible role in susceptibility to affective disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 1996, 1:453-460.
35. Comings D.E. Molecular heterosis as the explanation for the controversy about the effect of the DRD2 gene on dopamine D2 receptor density. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4:213-215.
36. Comings D.E., Ferry L., Bradshaw-Robinson S., Burchette R., Chiu C., Muhleman D. The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking. Pharmacogenetics 1996, 6:73-79.
37. Comings D.E., Rosenthal R.J., Lesieur H.R., Rugle L.J., Muhleman D., Chiu C., Dietz G., Gade R. A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling. Pharmacogenetics 1996, 6:223-234.
38. Cordeiro Q., Siqueira-Roberto J., Zung S., Vallada H. Association between the DRD2-141C Insertion/Deletion polymorphism and schizophrenia. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2009, 67:191-194.
39. Courtet P., Baud P., Abbar M., Boulenger J.P., Castelnau D., Mouthon D., Malafosse A., Buresi C. Association between violent suicidal behavior and the low activity allele of the serotonin transporter gene. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6:338-341.
40. David S.P., Murthy N.V., Rabiner E.A., Munafo M.R., Johnstone E.C., Jacob R., Walton R.T., Grasby P.M. A functional genetic variation of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter affects 5-HT1A receptor binding in humans. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:2586-2590.
41. Davis C., Levitan R.D., Kaplan A.S., Carter J., Reid C., Curtis C., Patte K., Hwang R., Kennedy J.L. Reward sensitivity and the D2 dopamine receptor gene: a case-control study of binge eating disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 32:620-628.
42. de Almeida J., Mengod G. Serotonin 1A receptors in human and monkey prefrontal cortex are mainly expressed in pyramidal neurons and in a GABAergic interneuron subpopulation: implications for schizophrenia and its treatment. J. Neurochem. 2008, 107:488-496.
43. Doyle C., Brookes K., Simpson J., Park J., Scott S., Coghill D.R., Hawi Z., Kirley A., Gill M., Kent L. Replication of an association of a promoter polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 2009, 462:179-181.
44. Drago A., Ronchi D.D., Serretti A. 5-HT1A gene variants and psychiatric disorders: a review of current literature and selection of SNPs for future studies. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 11:701-721.
45. Drevets W.C., Frank E., Price J.C., Kupfer D.J., Holt D., Greer P.J., Huang Y., Gautier C., Mathis C. PET imaging of serotonin 1A receptor binding in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 46:1375-1387.
46. Drevets W.C., Frank E., Price J.C., Kupfer D.J., Greer P.J., Mathis C. Serotonin type-1A receptor imaging in depression. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2000, 27:499-507.
47. Drevets W.C., Thase M.E., Moses-Kolko E.L., Price J., Frank E., Kupfer D.J., Mathis C. Serotonin-1A receptor imaging in recurrent depression: replication and literature review. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2007, 34:865-877.
48. Drgon T., Lin Z., Wang G.J., Fowler J., Pablo J., Mash D.C., Volkow N., Uhl G.R. Common human 5' dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) haplotypes yield varying expression levels in vivo. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2006, 26:875-889.
49. Duan J., Wainwright M.S., Comeron J.M., Saitou N., Sanders A.R., Gelernter J., Gejman P.V. Synonymous mutations in the human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) affect mRNA stability and synthesis of the receptor. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2003, 12:205-216.
50. Eaton M.J., Whittemore S.R. Autocrine BDNF secretion enhances the survival and serotonergic differentiation of raphe neuronal precursor cells grafted into the adult rat CNS. Exp. Neurol. 1996, 140:105-114.
51. Egan M.F., Kojima M., Callicott J.H., Goldberg T.E., Kolachana B.S., Bertolino A., Zaitsev E., Gold B., Goldman D., Dean M., Lu B., Weinberger D.R. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 2003, 112:257-269.
52. Farde L., Wiesel F.A., Hall H., Halldin C., Stone-Elander S., Sedvall G. No D2 receptor increase in PET study of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1987, 44(7):671-672.
53. Farde L., Wiesel F.A., Stone-Elander S., Halldin C., Nordström A.L., Hall H., Sedvall G. D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. A positron emission tomography study with [11C]raclopride. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1990, 47(3):213-219.
54. Farde L., Nordstrom A.L., Wiesel F.A., Pauli S., Halldin C., Sedvall G. Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992, 49:538-544.
55. Farde L., Hall H., Pauli S., Halldin C. Variability in D2-dopamine receptor density and affinity: a PET study with [11C]raclopride in man. Synapse 1995, 20:200-208.
56. Fargin A., Raymond J.R., Regan J.W., Cotecchia S., Lefkowitz R.J., Caron M.G. Effector coupling mechanisms of the cloned 5-HT1A receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264:14848-14852.
57. Feldstein A., Hoagland H., Riviera M.R., Freeman H. A preliminary report on MAO inhibition and clinical effectiveness in the treatment of depressed patients with phenelzine. J. Neuropsychiatry 1960, 2:12-14.
58. Fowler J.S., Alia-Klein N., Kriplani A., Logan J., Williams B., Zhu W., Craig I.W., Telang F., Goldstein R., Volkow N.D., Vaska P., Wang G.J. Evidence that brain MAO A activity does not correspond to MAO A genotype in healthy male subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62:355-358.
59. Frankle W.G., Huang Y., Hwang D.R., Talbot P.S., Slifstein M., Van Heertum R., Abi-Dargham A., Laruelle M. Comparative evaluation of serotonin transporter radioligands 11C-DASB and 11C-McN 5652 in healthy humans. J. Nucl. Med. 2004, 45:682-694.
60. Frankle W.G., Lombardo I., Kegeles L.S., Slifstein M., Martin J.H., Huang Y., Hwang D.R., Reich E., Cangiano C., Gil R., Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A. Serotonin 1A receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: a positron emission tomography imaging study with [11C]WAY 100635. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 189:155-164.
61. Freund T.F., Gulyas A.I., Acsady L., Gorcs T., Toth K. Serotonergic control of the hippocampus via local inhibitory interneurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990, 87:8501-8505.
62. Fuke S., Suo S., Takahashi N., Koike H., Sasagawa N., Ishiura S. The VNTR polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene affects gene expression. Pharmacogenomics J. 2001, 1:152-156.
63. Gelernter J., Goldman D., Risch N. The A1 allele at the D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism. A reappraisal. JAMA 1993, 269:1673-1677.
64. Gelernter J., Kranzler H.R., Satel S.L., Rao P.A. Genetic association between dopamine transporter protein alleles and cocaine-induced paranoia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994, 11:195-200.
65. Gelernter J., Kranzler H., Cubells J.F., Ichinose H., Nagatsu T. DRD2 allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria, including the -141CIns/Del promoter polymorphism, in European-American, African-American, and Japanese subjects. Genomics 1998, 51:21-26.
66. Gelernter J., Kranzler H., Satel S.L. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence or severity of cocaine dependence in European- and African-Americans. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 45:340-345.
67. Genro J.P., Polanczyk G.V., Zeni C., Oliveira A.S., Roman T., Rohde L.A., Hutz M.H. A common haplotype at the dopamine transporter gene 5' region is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2008, 147B:1568-1575.
68. Ginovart N. Imaging the dopamine system with in vivo [11C]raclopride displacement studies: understanding the true mechanism. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2005, 7:45-52.
69. Ginovart N., Meyer J.H., Boovariwala A., Hussey D., Rabiner E.A., Houle S., Wilson A.A. Positron emission tomography quantification of [11C]-harmine binding to monoamine oxidase-A in the human brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2006, 26:330-344.
70. Gizer I.R., Ficks C., Waldman I.D. Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Hum. Genet. 2009, 126:51-90.
71. Gorwood P., Batel P., Gouya L., Courtois F., Feingold J., Ades J. Reappraisal of the association between the DRD2 gene, alcoholism and addiction. Eur. Psychiatry 2000, 15:90-96.
72. 11C]-(+)-PHNO PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34(4):1078-1086.
73. Grandy D.K., Litt M., Allen L., Bunzow J.R., Marchionni M., Makam H., Reed L., Magenis R.E., Civelli O. The human dopamine D2 receptor gene is located on chromosome 11 at q22-q23 and identifies a TaqI RFLP. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1989, 45:778-785.
74. Greenberg B.D., Tolliver T.J., Huang S.J., Li Q., Bengel D., Murphy D.L. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1999, 88:83-87.
75. Grunblatt E., Loffler C., Zehetmayer S., Jungwirth S., Tragl K.H., Riederer P., Fischer P. Association study of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression in 75-year-old nondemented subjects from the Vienna transdanube aging (VITA) study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2006, 67:1373-1378.
76. Hariri A.R., Mattay V.S., Tessitore A., Kolachana B., Fera F., Goldman D., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 2002, 297:400-403.
77. Hariri A.R., Goldberg T.E., Mattay V.S., Kolachana B.S., Callicott J.H., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism affects human memory-related hippocampal activity and predicts memory performance. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:6690-6694.
78. Harrison P.J., Owen M.J. Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet 2003, 361:417-419.
79. Hauge X.Y., Grandy D.K., Eubanks J.H., Evans G.A., Civelli O., Litt M. Detection and characterization of additional DNA polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Genomics 1991, 10:527-530.
80. Heils A., Teufel A., Petri S., Stober G., Riederer P., Bengel D., Lesch K.P. Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. J. Neurochem. 1996, 66:2621-2624.
81. Heinz A., Goldman D., Jones D.W., Palmour R., Hommer D., Gorey J.G., Lee K.S., Linnoila M., Weinberger D.R. Genotype influences in vivo dopamine transporter availability in human striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 22:133-139.
82. Heinz A., Jones D.W., Mazzanti C., Goldman D., Ragan P., Hommer D., Linnoila M., Weinberger D.R. A relationship between serotonin transporter genotype and in vivo protein expression and alcohol neurotoxicity. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47:643-649.
83. Henningsson S., Borg J., Lundberg J., Bah J., Lindstrom M., Ryding E., Jovanovic H., Saijo T., Inoue M., Rosen I., Traskman-Bendz L., Farde L., Eriksson E. Genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with serotonin transporter but not serotonin-1A receptor availability in men. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 66:477-485.
84. Hirvonen M., Laakso A., Nagren K., Rinne J.O., Pohjalainen T., Hietala J. C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene affects striatal DRD2 availability in vivo. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9:1060-1061.
85. Hirvonen J., Karlsson H., Kajander J., Lepola A., Markkula J., Rasi-Hakala H., Nagren K., Salminen J.K., Hietala J. Decreased brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor availability in medication-naive patients with major depressive disorder: an in-vivo imaging study using PET and [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 11:465-476.
86. Hirvonen M.M., Laakso A., Nagren K., Rinne J.O., Pohjalainen T., Hietala J. C957T polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor gene affects striatal DRD2 in vivo availability by changing the receptor affinity. Synapse 2009, 63:907-912.
87. Hirvonen M., Nagren K., Rinne J., Pesonen U., Vahlberg T., Hagelberg N., Hietala J. COMT Val158Met genotype does not alter cortical or striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability in vivo. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2010, 12(2):192-197.
88. Holmes J., Payton A., Barrett J.H., Hever T., Fitzpatrick H., Trumper A.L., Harrington R., McGuffin P., Owen M., Ollier W., Worthington J., Thapar A. A family-based and case-control association study of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 2000, 5:523-530.
89. Houle S., Ginovart N., Hussey D., Meyer J.H., Wilson A.A. Imaging the serotonin transporter with positron emission tomography: initial human studies with [C-11]DAPP and [C-11]DASB. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 27:1719-1722.
90. Howes O.D., Egerton A., Allan V., McGuire P., Stokes P., Kapur S. Mechanisms underlying psychosis and antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia: insights from PET and SPECT imaging. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2009, 15:2550-2559.
91. Hu X.Z., Lipsky R.H., Zhu G.S., Akhtar L.A., Taubman J., Greenberg B.D., Xu K., Arnold P.D., Richter M.A., Kennedy J.L., Murphy D.L., Goldman D. Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 78:815-826.
92. Huang T.Y., Hwang D.R., Narendran R., Sudo Y., Chatterjee R., Bae S.A., Mawlawi T., Kegeles T.S., Wilson A.A., Kung H.F., Laruelle M. Comparative evaluation in nonhuman primates of five PET radiotracers for imaging the serotonin transporters: [C-11]McN 5652, [C-11]ADAM, [C-11]DASB, [C-11]DAPA, and [C-11]AFM. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2002, 22:1377-1398.
93. Innis R.B., Cunningham V.J., Delforge J., Fujita M., Gjedde A., Gunn R.N., Holden J., Houle S., Huang S.C., Ichise M., Iida H., Ito H., Kimura Y., Koeppe R.A., Knudsen G.M., Knuuti J., Lammertsma A.A., Laruelle M., Logan J., Maguire R.P., Mintun M.A., Morris E.D., Parsey R., Price J.C., Slifstein M., Sossi V., Suhara T., Votaw J.R., Wong D.F., Carson R.E. Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27:1533-1539.
94. Ito H., Halldin C., Farde L. Localization of 5-HT1A receptors in the living human brain using [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635: PET with anatomic standardization technique. J. Nucl. Med. 1999, 40:102-109.
95. Jacobsen L.K., Staley J.K., Zoghbi S., Seibyl J.P., Kosten T.R., Innis R.B., Gelernter J. Prediction of dopamine transporter binding availability by genotype: a preliminary report. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000, 157:1700-1703.
96. Jennings K.A., Loder M.K., Sheward W.J., Pei Q., Deacon R.M., Benson M.A., Olverman H.J., Hastie N.D., Harmar A.J., Shen S., Sharp T. Increased expression of the 5-HT transporter confers a low-anxiety phenotype linked to decreased 5-HT transmission. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:8955-8964.
97. Johansson C., Willeit M., Levitan R., Partonen T., Smedh C., Del Favero J., Bel Kacem S., Praschak-Rieder N., Neumeister A., Masellis M., Basile V., Zill P., Bondy B., Paunio T., Kasper S., Van Broeckhoven C., Nilsson L.G., Lam R., Schalling M., Adolfsson R. The serotonin transporter promoter repeat length polymorphism, seasonal affective disorder and seasonality. Psychol. Med. 2003, 33:785-792.
98. Jones K.R., Reichardt L.F. Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990, 87:8060-8064.
99. Jonsson E.G., Nothen M.M., Grunhage F., Farde L., Nakashima Y., Propping P., Sedvall G.C. Polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and their relationships to striatal dopamine receptor density of healthy volunteers. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4:290-296.
100. Jonsson E.G., Nothen M.M., Neidt H., Forslund K., Rylander G., Mattila-Evenden M., Asberg M., Propping P., Sedvall G.C. Association between a promoter polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1999, 40:31-36.
101. Kalbitzer, J., Erritzoe, D., Holst, K.K., Nielsen, F.A., Marner, L., Lehel, S., Arentzen, T., Jernigan, T.L., Knudsen, G.M., 2010. Seasonal changes in brain serotonin transporter binding in short serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region-allele carriers but not in long-allele homozygotes. Biol. Psychiatry. 2010 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print].
102. Kalbitzer J., Frokjaer V.G., Erritzoe D., Svarer C., Cumming P., Nielsen F.A., Hashemi S.H., Baaree W.F.C., Madsen J., Hasselbalch S.G., Kringelbach M.L., Mortensen E.L., Knudsen G.M. The personality trait openness is related to cerebral 5-HTT levels. Neuroimage 2009, 45:280-285.
103. Kapur S. How antipsychotics become anti-"psychotic"-from dopamine to salience to psychosis. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 25:402-406.
104. Kapur S., Remington G. Dopamine D(2) receptors and their role in atypical antipsychotic action: still necessary and may even be sufficient. Biol. Psychiatry 2001, 50:873-883.
105. Kapur S., Mizrahi R., Li M. From dopamine to salience to psychosis-linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2005, 79:59-68.
106. Karoum F., Chrapusta S.J., Egan M.F. 3-Methoxytyramine is the major metabolite of released dopamine in the rat frontal cortex: reassessment of the effects of antipsychotics on the dynamics of dopamine release and metabolism in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum by a simple two pool model. J. Neurochem. 1994, 63:972-979.
107. Koepp M.J., Gunn R.N., Lawrence A.D., Cunningham V.J., Dagher A., Jones T., Brooks D.J., Bench C.J., Grasby P.M. Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature 1998, 393:266-268.
108. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 1997, 278:52-58.
109. Kraft J.B., Slager S.L., McGrath P.J., Hamilton S.P. Sequence analysis of the serotonin transporter and associations with antidepressant response. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 58:374-381.
110. Krause J., Dresel S.H., Krause K.H., La Fougere C., Zill P., Ackenheil M. Striatal dopamine transporter availability and DAT-1 gene in adults with ADHD: no higher DAT availability in patients with homozygosity for the 10-repeat allele. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 7:152-157.
111. Kunugi H., Hattori M., Kato T., Tatsumi M., Sakai T., Sasaki T., Hirose T., Nanko S. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms: ethnic difference and possible association with bipolar affective disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 1997, 2:457-462.
112. Laakso A., Pohjalainen T., Bergman J., Kajander J., Haaparanta M., Solin O., Syvalahti E., Hietala J. The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated with increased activity of striatal l-amino acid decarboxylase in healthy subjects. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2005, 15:387-391.
113. Laasonen-Balk T., Kuikka J., Viinamaki H., Husso-Saastamoinen M., Lehtonen J., Tiihonen J. Striatal dopamine transporter density in major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 144:282-285.
114. Lafuente A., Bernardo M., Mas S., Crescenti A., Aparici M., Gasso P., Catalan R., Mateos J.J., Lomena F., Parellada E. Dopamine transporter (DAT) genotype (VNTR) and phenotype in extrapyramidal symptoms induced by antipsychotics. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 90:115-122.
115. Lafuente A., Bernardo M., Mas S., Crescenti A., Aparici M., Gasso P., Goti J., Sanchez V., Catalan R., Carne X. 141C Ins/Del polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia in a Spanish population. Psychiatr. Genet. 2008, 18:122-127.
116. Laine T.P., Ahonen A., Rasanen P., Pohjalainen T., Tiihonen J., Hietala J. The A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated with high dopamine transporter density in detoxified alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol. 2001, 36:262-265.
117. Laje G., Cannon D.M., Allen A.S., Klaver J.M., Peck S.A., Liu X., Manji H.K., Drevets W.C., McMahon F.J. Genetic variation in HTR2A influences serotonin transporter binding potential as measured using PET and [11C]DASB. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010, 1-10.
118. Lanzenberger R.R., Mitterhauser M., Spindelegger C., Wadsak W., Klein N., Mien L.K., Holik A., Attarbaschi T., Mossaheb N., Sacher J., Geiss-Granadia T., Kletter K., Kasper S., Tauscher J. Reduced serotonin-1A receptor binding in social anxiety disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61:1081-1089.
119. Laruelle M. Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000, 20:423-451.
120. Laruelle M., Baldwin R.M., Malison R.T., Zea-Ponce Y., Zoghbi S.S., al-Tikriti M.S., Sybirska E.H., Zimmermann R.C., Wisniewski G., Neumeyer J.L., et al. SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with [123I]beta-CIT: pharmacological characterization of brain uptake in nonhuman primates. Synapse 1993, 13:295-309.
121. Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A., van Dyck C.H., Gil R., D'Souza C.D., Erdos J., McCance E., Rosenblatt W., Fingado C., Zoghbi S.S., Baldwin R.M., Seibyl J.P., Krystal J.H., Charney D.S., Innis R.B. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996, 93:9235-9240.
122. Laruelle M., Gelernter J., Innis R.B. D2 receptors binding potential is not affected by Taq1 polymorphism at the D2 receptor gene. Mol. Psychiatry 1998, 3:261-265.
123. Lawford B.R., Young R.M., Noble E.P., Sargent J., Rowell J., Shadforth S., Zhang X., Ritchie T. The D(2) dopamine receptor A(1) allele and opioid dependence: association with heroin use and response to methadone treatment. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2000, 96:592-598.
124. Le Francois B., Czesak M., Steubl D., Albert P.R. Transcriptional regulation at a HTR1A polymorphism associated with mental illness. Neuropharmacology 2008, 55:977-985.
125. Lee M., Bailer U.F., Frank G.K., Henry S.E., Meltzer C.C., Price J.C., Mathis C.A., Putnam K.T., Ferrell R.E., Hariri A.R., Kaye W.H. Relationship of a 5-HT transporter functional polymorphism to 5-HT1A receptor binding in healthy women. Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10:715-716.
126. Lemonde S., Turecki G., Bakish D., Du L., Hrdina P.D., Bown C.D., Sequeira A., Kushwaha N., Morris S.J., Basak A., Ou X.M., Albert P.R. Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:8788-8799.
127. Lesch O.M., Walter H. Subtypes of alcoholism and their role in therapy. Alcohol Alcohol. 1996, 31(Suppl 1):63-67.
128. Lesch K.P., Bengel D., Heils A., Sabol S.Z., Greenberg B.D., Petri S., Benjamin J., Muller C.R., Hamer D.H., Murphy D.L. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996, 274:1527-1531.
129. Lin P.Y., Tsai G. Association between serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism and suicide: results of a meta-analysis. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 55:1023-1030.
130. Little K.Y., McLaughlin D.P., Zhang L., Livermore C.S., Dalack G.W., McFinton P.R., DelProposto Z.S., Hill E., Cassin B.J., Watson S.J., Cook E.H. Cocaine, ethanol, and genotype effects on human midbrain serotonin transporter binding sites and mRNA levels. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:207-213.
131. Livingston M.G., Livingston H.M. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. An update on drug interactions. Drug Saf. 1996, 14:219-227.
132. Lothe A., Boni C., Costes N., Gorwood P., Bouvard S., Le Bars D., Lavenne F., Ryvlin P. Association between triallelic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter and [F-18] MPPF binding potential at 5-HT1A receptors in healthy subjects. Neuroimage 2009, 47:482-492.
133. Lynch D.R., Mozley P.D., Sokol S., Maas N.M., Balcer L.J., Siderowf A.D. Lack of effect of polymorphisms in dopamine metabolism related genes on imaging of TRODAT-1 in striatum of asymptomatic volunteers and patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2003, 18:804-812.
134. MacGregor R.R., Halldin C., Fowler J.S., Wolf A.P., Arnett C.D., Langstrom B., Alexoff D. Selective, irreversible in vivo binding of [11C]clorgyline and [11C]-l-deprenyl in mice: potential for measurement of functional monoamine oxidase activity in brain using positron emission tomography. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1985, 34:3207-3210.
135. Maisonpierre P.C., Le Beau M.M., Espinosa R., Ip N.Y., Belluscio L., de la Monte S.M., Squinto S., Furth M.E., Yancopoulos G.D. Human and rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3: gene structures, distributions, and chromosomal localizations. Genomics 1991, 10:558-568.
136. Malhotra A.K., Goldman D., Mazzanti C., Clifton A., Breier A., Pickar D. A functional serotonin transporter (5-HTT) polymorphism is associated with psychosis in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics. Mol. Psychiatry 1998, 3:328-332.
137. Malison R.T., Price L.H., Berman R., van Dyck C.H., Pelton G.H., Carpenter L., Sanacora G., Owens M.J., Nemeroff C.B., Rajeevan N., Baldwin R.M., Seibyl J.P., Innis R.B., Charney D.S. Reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in major depression as measured by [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and single photon emission computed tomography. Biol. Psychiatry 1998, 44:1090-1098.
138. Mamounas L.A., Blue M.E., Siuciak J.A., Altar C.A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:7929-7939.
139. Martinez D., Broft A., Laruelle M. Imaging neurochemical endophenotypes: promises and pitfalls. Pharmacogenomics 2001, 2:223-237.
140. Martinez D., Gelernter J., Abi-Dargham A., van Dyck C.H., Kegeles L., Innis R.B., Laruelle M. The variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is not associated with significant change in dopamine transporter phenotype in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 24:553-560.
141. McGuffin P., Rijsdijk F., Andrew M., Sham P., Katz R., Cardno A. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003, 60:497-502.
142. McMahon F.J., Buervenich S., Charney D., Lipsky R., Rush A.J., Wilson A.F., Sorant A.J., Papanicolaou G.J., Laje G., Fava M., Trivedi M.H., Wisniewski S.R., Manji H. Variation in the gene encoding the serotonin 2A receptor is associated with outcome of antidepressant treatment. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 78:804-814.
143. Meltzer C.C., Price J.C., Mathis C.A., Butters M.A., Ziolko S.K., Moses-Kolko E., Mazumdar S., Mulsant B.H., Houck P.R., Lopresti B.J., Weissfeld L.A., Reynolds C.F. Serotonin 1A receptor binding and treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:2258-2265.
144. Messas G., Meira-Lima I., Turchi M., Franco O., Guindalini C., Castelo A., Laranjeira R., Vallada H. Association study of dopamine D2 and D3 receptor gene polymorphisms with cocaine dependence. Psychiatr. Genet. 2005, 15:171-174.
145. Meyer J.H. Imaging the serotonin transporter during major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007, 32:86-102.
146. Meyer J.H., Kruger S., Wilson A.A., Christensen B.K., Goulding V.S., Schaffer A., Minifie C., Houle S., Hussey D., Kennedy S.H. Lower dopamine transporter binding potential in striatum during depression. NeuroReport 2001, 12:4121-4125.
147. Meyer J.H., Houle S., Sagrati S., Carella A., Hussey D.F., Ginovart N., Goulding V., Kennedy J., Wilson A.A. Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography-effects of major depression episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004, 61:1271-1279.
148. Meyer J.H., Ginovart N., Boovariwala A., Sagrati S., Hussey D., Garcia A., Young T., Praschak-Rieder N., Wilson A.A., Houle S. Elevated monoamine oxidase a levels in the brain: an explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:1209-1216.
149. Mickey B.J., Ducci F., Hodgkinson C.A., Langenecker S.A., Goldman D., Zubieta J.K. Monoamine oxidase A genotype predicts human serotonin 1A receptor availability in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:11354-11359.
150. Mill J., Asherson P., Browes C., D'Souza U., Craig I. Expression of the dopamine transporter gene is regulated by the 3' UTR VNTR: evidence from brain and lymphocytes using quantitative RT-PCR. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2002, 114:975-979.
151. Mill J., Asherson P., Craig I., D'Souza U.M. Transient expression analysis of allelic variants of a VNTR in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1). BMC Genet. 2005, 6:3.
152. Miller J.M., Kinnally E.L., Ogden R.T., Oquendo M.A., Mann J.J., Parsey R.V. Reported childhood abuse is associated with low serotonin transporter binding in vivo in major depressive disorder. Synapse 2009, 63:565-573.
153. Monakhov M., Golimbet V., Abramova L., Kaleda V., Karpov V. Association study of three polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia in the Russian population. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 100:302-307.
154. Nakamura M., Ueno S., Sano A., Tanabe H. The human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) shows ten novel allelic variants. Mol. Psychiatry 2000, 5:32-38.
155. Narendran R., Martinez D. Cocaine abuse and sensitization of striatal dopamine transmission: a critical review of the preclinical and clinical imaging literature. Synapse 2008, 62:851-869.
156. Narendran R., Frankle W.G., Mason N.S., Laymon C.M., Lopresti B.J., Price J.C., Kendro S., Vora S., Litschge M., Mountz J.M., Mathis C.A. Positron emission tomography imaging of D(2/3) agonist binding in healthy human subjects with the radiotracer [(11)C]-N-propyl-norapomorphine: preliminary evaluation and reproducibility studies. Synapse 2009, 63:574-584.
157. Neiswanger K., Hill S.Y., Kaplan B.B. Association and linkage studies of the TAQI A1 allele at the dopamine D2 receptor gene in samples of female and male alcoholics. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1995, 60:267-271.
158. Neumeister A., Bain E., Nugent A.C., Carson R.E., Bonne O., Luckenbaugh D.A., Eckelman W., Herscovitch P., Charney D.S., Drevets W.C. Reduced serotonin type 1A receptor binding in panic disorder. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:589-591.
159. Neumeister A., Yuan P., Young T.A., Bonne O., Luckenbaugh D.A., Charney D.S., Manji H. Effects of tryptophan depletion on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in unmedicated patients with remitted depression and healthy subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162:805-807.
160. Neumeyer J.L., Wang S.Y., Milius R.A., Baldwin R.M., Zea-Ponce Y., Hoffer P.B., Sybirska E., al-Tikriti M., Charney D.S., Malison R.T., et al. [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: high-affinity SPECT radiotracer of monoamine reuptake sites in brain. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34:3144-3146.
161. Neves-Pereira M., Mundo E., Muglia P., King N., Macciardi F., Kennedy J.L. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002, 71:651-655.
162. Nobile M., Begni B., Giorda R., Frigerio A., Marino C., Molteni M., Ferrarese C., Battaglia M. Effects of serotonin transporter promoter genotype on platelet serotonin transporter functionality in depressed children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1999, 38:1396-1402.
163. Noble E.P. The DRD2 gene in psychiatric and neurological disorders and its phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics 2000, 1:309-333.
164. Noble E.P., Blum K., Ritchie T., Montgomery A., Sheridan P.J. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1991, 48:648-654.
165. Noble E.P., Blum K., Khalsa M.E., Ritchie T., Montgomery A., Wood R.C., Fitch R.J., Ozkaragoz T., Sheridan P.J., Anglin M.D., et al. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993, 33:271-285.
166. Nordström A.L., Farde L., Eriksson L., Halldin C. No elevated D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients revealed by positron emission tomography and [11C]N-methylspiperone. Psychiatry Res. 1995, 61(2):67-83.
167. Ohara K., Nagai M., Tani K., Nakamura Y., Ino A. Functional polymorphism of -141C Ins/Del in the dopamine D2 receptor gene promoter and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1998, 81:117-123.
168. Palchaudhuri M., Flugge G. 5-HT1A receptor expression in pyramidal neurons of cortical and limbic brain regions. Cell Tissue Res. 2005, 321:159-172.
169. Parsey R.V., Hastings R.S., Oquendo M.A., Hu X.Z., Goldman D., Huang Y.Y., Simpson N., Arcement J., Ogden R.T., Van Heertum R.L., Arango V., Mann J.J. Effect of a triallelic functional polymorphism of the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region on expression of serotonin transporter in the human brain. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006, 163:48-51.
170. Parsey R.V., Olvet D.M., Oquendo M.A., Huang Y.Y., Ogden R.T., Mann J.J. Higher 5-HT1A receptor binding potential during a major depressive episode predicts poor treatment response: preliminary data from a naturalistic study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:1745-1749.
171. Parsons M.J., Mata I., Beperet M., Iribarren-Iriso F., Arroyo B., Sainz R., Arranz M.J., Kerwin R. A dopamine D2 receptor gene-related polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia in a Spanish population isolate. Psychiatr. Genet. 2007, 17:159-163.
172. Patapoutian A., Reichardt L.F. Trk receptors: mediators of neurotrophin action. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2001, 11:272-280.
173. Patkar A.A., Berrettini W.H., Mannelli P., Gopalakrishnan R., Hoehe M.R., Bilal L., Weinstein S., Vergare M.J. Relationship between serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and platelet serotonin transporter sites among African-American cocaine-dependent individuals and healthy volunteers. Psychiatr. Genet. 2004, 14:25-32.
174. Pato C.N., Macciardi F., Pato M.T., Verga M., Kennedy J.L. Review of the putative association of dopamine D2 receptor and alcoholism: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1993, 48:78-82.
175. Persico A.M., Bird G., Gabbay F.H., Uhl G.R. D2 dopamine receptor gene TaqI A1 and B1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms: enhanced frequencies in psychostimulant-preferring polysubstance abusers. Biol. Psychiatry 1996, 40:776-784.
176. Pezawas L., Verchinski B.A., Mattay V.S., Callicott J.H., Kolachana B.S., Straub R.E., Egan M.F., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Weinberger D.R. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism and variation in human cortical morphology. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:10099-10102.
177. Pezawas L., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Drabant E.M., Verchinski B.A., Munoz K.E., Kolachana B.S., Egan M.F., Mattay V.S., Hariri A.R., Weinberger D.R. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:828-834.
178. Pezawas L., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Goldman A.L., Verchinski B.A., Chen G., Kolachana B.S., Egan M.F., Mattay V.S., Hariri A.R., Weinberger D.R. Evidence of biologic epistasis between BDNF and SLC6A4 and implications for depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:709-716.
179. Philibert R., Madan A., Andersen A., Cadoret R., Packer H., Sandhu H. Serotonin transporter mRNA levels are associated with the methylation of an upstream CpG island. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2007, 144B:101-105.
180. Philibert R.A., Gunter T.D., Beach S.R., Brody G.H., Madan A. MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2008, 147B:565-570.
181. Philibert R.A., Sandhu H., Hollenbeck N., Gunter T., Adams W., Madan A. The relationship of 5HTT (SLC6A4) methylation and genotype on mRNA expression and liability to major depression and alcohol dependence in subjects from the Iowa Adoption Studies. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2008, 147B:543-549.
182. Pirker W., Asenbaum S., Kasper S., Walter H., Angelberger P., Koch G., Pozzera A., Deecke L., Podreka I., Brucke T. beta-CIT SPECT demonstrates blockade of 5HT-uptake sites by citalopram in the human brain in vivo. J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect. 1995, 100:247-256.
183. Pirker W., Asenbaum S., Hauk M., Kandlhofer S., Tauscher J., Willeit M., Neumeister A., Praschak-Rieder N., Angelberger P., Brucke T. Imaging serotonin and dopamine transporters with 123I-beta-CIT SPECT: binding kinetics and effects of normal aging. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 41:36-44.
184. Pohjalainen T., Rinne J.O., Nagren K., Lehikoinen P., Anttila K., Syvalahti E.K., Hietala J. The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene predicts low D2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Mol. Psychiatry 1998, 3:256-260.
185. Pohjalainen T., Nagren K., Syvalahti E.K., Hietala J. The dopamine D2 receptor 5'-flanking variant, -141C Ins/Del, is not associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor density in vivo. Pharmacogenetics 1999, 9:505-509.
186. Praschak-Rieder N., Kennedy J., Wilson A.A., Hussey D., Boovariwala A., Willeit M., Ginovart N., Tharmalingam S., Masellis M., Houle S., Meyer J.H. Novel 5-HTTLPR allele associates with higher serotonin transporter binding in putamen: a [C-11] DASB positron emission tomography study. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62:327-331.
187. Praschak-Rieder N., Willeit M., Wilson A.A., Houle S., Meyer J.H. Seasonal variation in human brain serotonin transporter binding. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008, 65:1072-1078.
188. Prince J. Catecholamine dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008, 28:S39-S45.
189. Purcell S.M., Wray N.R., Stone J.L., Visscher P.M., O'Donovan M.C., Sullivan P.F., Sklar P. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 2009, 460:748-752.
190. Purper-Ouakil D., Wohl M., Mouren M.C., Verpillat P., Ades J., Gorwood P. Meta-analysis of family-based association studies between the dopamine transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 2005, 15:53-59.
191. Reimold M., Smolka M.N., Schumann G., Zimmer A., Wrase J., Mann K., Hu X.Z., Goldman D., Reischl G., Solbach C., Machulla H.J., Bares R., Heinz A. Midbrain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with [C-11]DASB is affected by serotonin transporter genotype. J. Neural Transm. 2007, 114:635-639.
192. Risch N., Herrell R., Lehner T., Liang K.Y., Eaves L., Hoh J., Griem A., Kovacs M., Ott J., Merikangas K.R. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009, 301:2462-2471.
193. Ritchie T., Noble E.P. Association of seven polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with brain receptor-binding characteristics. Neurochem. Res. 2003, 28:73-82.
194. Rosenthal N.E., Mazzanti C.M., Barnett R.L., Hardin T.A., Turner E.H., Lam G.K., Ozaki N., Goldman D. Role of serotonin transporter promoter repeat length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in seasonality and seasonal affective disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 1998, 3:175-177.
195. Ruhe H.G., Booij J., Reitsma J.B., Schene A.H. Serotonin transporter binding with [I-123]beta-CIT SPECT in major depressive disorder versus controls: effect of season and gender. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 2009, 36:841-849.
196. Sabol S.Z., Hu S., Hamer D. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum. Genet. 1998, 103:273-279.
197. Savitz J., Lucki I., Drevets W.C. 5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder. Prog. Neurobiol. 2009, 88:17-31.
198. Schmidt L.G., Harms H., Kuhn S., Rommelspacher H., Sander T. Modification of alcohol withdrawal by the A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:474-478.
199. Seeman P., Kapur S. Schizophrenia: more dopamine, more D2 receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97(14):7673-7675.
200. Selvaraj, S., Venkatesha Murthy, N., Bhagwagar, Z., Bose, S.K., Hinz, R., Grasby, P.M., Cowen, P.J., 2009. Diminished brain 5-HT transporter binding in major depression: a positron emission tomography study with [(11)C]DASB. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print].
201. Seretti A., Cusin C., Lattuada E., Di Bella D., Catalano M., Smeraldi E. Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is not associated with depressive symptomatology in mood disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4:280-283.
202. Serretti A., Mandelli L. The genetics of bipolar disorder: genome 'hot regions', genes, new potential candidates and future directions. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:742-771.
203. Sharp, S.I., McQuillin, A., Gurling, H.M., 2009. Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropharmacology 57(7-8):590-600.
204. Shen H.W., Hagino Y., Kobayashi H., Shinohara-Tanaka K., Ikeda K., Yamamoto H., Yamamoto T., Lesch K.P., Murphy D.L., Hall F.S., Uhl G.R., Sora I. Regional differences in extracellular dopamine and serotonin assessed by in vivo microdialysis in mice lacking dopamine and/or serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1790-1799.
205. Shi J., Levinson D.F., Duan J., Sanders A.R., Zheng Y., Pe'er I., Dudbridge F., Holmans P.A., Whittemore A.S., Mowry B.J., Olincy A., Amin F., Cloninger C.R., Silverman J.M., Buccola N.G., Byerley W.F., Black D.W., Crowe R.R., Oksenberg J.R., Mirel D.B., Kendler K.S., Freedman R., Gejman P.V. Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature 2009, 460:753-757.
206. Shioe K., Ichimya T., Suhara T., Takano A., Sudo Y., Yasuno F., Hirano M., Shinohara M., Kagami A., Okubo Y., Nankai M., Kanba S. No association between genotype of the promoter region of serotonin transporter gene and serotonin transporter binding in human brain measured by PET. Synapse 2003, 48:184-188.
207. Sillitoe R.V., Vogel M.W. Desire, disease, and the origins of the dopaminergic system. Schizophr. Bull. 2008, 34:212-219.
208. Sklar P., Gabriel S.B., McInnis M.G., Bennett P., Lim Y.M., Tsan G., Schaffner S., Kirov G., Jones I., Owen M., Craddock N., DePaulo J.R., Lander E.S. Family-based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Brain-derived neutrophic factor. Mol. Psychiatry 2002, 7:579-593.
209. Slifstein M., Laruelle M. Effects of statistical noise on graphic analysis of PET neuroreceptor studies. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 41:2083-2088.
210. Slifstein M., Kolachana B., Simpson E.H., Tabares P., Cheng B., Duvall M., Frankle W.G., Weinberger D.R., Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A. COMT genotype predicts cortical-limbic D1 receptor availability measured with [11C]NNC112 and PET. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13(8):821-827.
211. Smith S.S., O'Hara B.F., Persico A.M., Gorelick D.A., Newlin D.B., Vlahov D., Solomon L., Pickens R., Uhl G.R. Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse. The D2 dopamine receptor Taq I B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism appears more frequently in polysubstance abusers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992, 49:723-727.
212. Smith L., Watson M., Gates S., Ball D., Foxcroft D. Meta-analysis of the association of the Taq1A polymorphism with the risk of alcohol dependency: a HuGE gene-disease association review. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 167:125-138.
213. Spindelegger C., Lanzenberger R., Wadsak W., Mien L.K., Stein P., Mitterhauser M., Moser U., Holik A., Pezawas L., Kletter K., Kasper S. Influence of escitalopram treatment on 5-HT(1A) receptor binding in limbic regions in patients with anxiety disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2008.
214. Sprouse J.S., Aghajanian G.K. Responses of hippocampal pyramidal cells to putative serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists: a comparative study with dorsal raphe neurons. Neuropharmacology 1988, 27:707-715.
215. Staley J.K., Boja J.W., Carroll F.I., Seltzman H.H., Wyrick C.D., Lewin A.H., Abraham P., Mash D.C. Mapping dopamine transporters in the human brain with novel selective cocaine analog [125I]RTI-121. Synapse 1995, 21:364-372.
216. Stefansson H., Rujescu D., Cichon S., Pietilainen O.P., Ingason A., Steinberg S., et al. Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 2008, 455:232-236.
217. Stefansson H., Ophoff R.A., Steinberg S., Andreassen O.A., Cichon S., Rujescu D., et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2009, 460:744-747.
218. Stober G., Jatzke S., Heils A., Jungkunz G., Knapp M., Mossner R., Riederer P., Lesch K.P. Insertion/deletion variant (-141C Ins/Del) in the 5' regulatory region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene: lack of association with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J. Neural Transm. 1998, 105:101-109. Short communication.
219. Stockmeier C.A. Involvement of serotonin in depression: evidence from postmortem and imaging studies of serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2003, 37:357-373.
220. Suehiro M., Scheffel U., Ravert H.T., Dannals R.F., Wagner H.N. [C-11] (+)MCN5652 as a radiotracer for imaging serotonin uptake sites. Life Sci. 1993, 53:883-892.
221. Szabo Z., McCann U.D., Wilson A.A., Scheffel U., Owonikoko T., Mathews W.B., Ravert H.T., Hilton J., Dannals R.F., Ricaurte G.A. Comparison of (+)-C-11-McN5652 and C-11-DASB as serotonin transporter radioligands under various experimental conditions. J. Nucl. Med. 2002, 43:678-692.
222. Tallerico T., Ulpian C., Liu I.S. Dopamine D2 receptor promoter polymorphism: no association with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1999, 85:215-219.
223. Tauscher J., Bagby R.M., Javanmard M., Christensen B.K., Kasper S., Kapur S. Inverse relationship between serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor binding and anxiety: a [(11)C]WAY-100635 PET investigation in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158:1326-1328.
224. Tauscher J., Kapur S., Verhoeff N.P., Hussey D.F., Daskalakis Z.J., Tauscher-Wisniewski S., Wilson A.A., Houle S., Kasper S., Zipursky R.B. Brain serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor binding in schizophrenia measured by positron emission tomography and [11C]WAY-100635. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002, 59:514-520.
225. Teng H.K., Teng K.K., Lee R., Wright S., Tevar S., Almeida R.D., Kermani P., Torkin R., Chen Z.Y., Lee F.S., Kraemer R.T., Nykjaer A., Hempstead B.L. ProBDNF induces neuronal apoptosis via activation of a receptor complex of p75NTR and sortilin. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:5455-5463.
226. Thompson J., Thomas N., Singleton A., Piggott M., Lloyd S., Perry E.K., Morris C.M., Perry R.H., Ferrier I.N., Court J.A. D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1 A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics 1997, 7:479-484.
227. Uhl G., Blum K., Noble E., Smith S. Substance abuse vulnerability and D2 receptor genes. Trends Neurosci. 1993, 16:83-88.
228. van de Giessen E.M., de Win M.M., Tanck M.W., van den Brink W., Baas F., Booij J. Striatal dopamine transporter availability associated with polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3. J. Nucl. Med. 2009, 50:45-52.
229. van Dyck C.H., Malison R.T., Staley J.K., Jacobsen L.K., Seibyl J.P., Laruelle M., Baldwin R.M., Innis R.B., Gelernter J. Central serotonin transporter availability measured with [I-123]beta-CIT SPECT in relation to serotonin transporter genotype. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004, 161:525-531.
230. van Dyck C.H., Malison R.T., Jacobsen L.K., Seibyl J.P., Staley J.K., Laruelle M., Baldwin R.M., Innis R.B., Gelernter J. Increased dopamine transporter availability associated with the 9-repeat allele of the SLC6A3 gene. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46:745-751.
231. van Os J., Kapur S. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2009, 374:635-645.
232. Vandenbergh D.J., Persico A.M., Hawkins A.L., Griffin C.A., Li X., Jabs E.W., Uhl G.R. Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR. Genomics 1992, 14:1104-1106.
233. Vandenbergh D.J., Thompson M.D., Cook E.H., Bendahhou E., Nguyen T., Krasowski M.D., Zarrabian D., Comings D., Sellers E.M., Tyndale R.F., George S.R., O'Dowd B.F., Uhl G.R. Human dopamine transporter gene: coding region conservation among normal, Tourette's disorder, alcohol dependence and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder populations. Mol. Psychiatry 2000, 5:283-292.
234. VanNess S.H., Owens M.J., Kilts C.D. The variable number of tandem repeats element in DAT1 regulates in vitro dopamine transporter density. BMC Genet. 2005, 6:55.
235. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Logan J., Gatley S.J., Hitzemann R., Chen A.D., Dewey S.L., Pappas N. Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature 1997, 386:830-833.
236. Walsh T., McClellan J.M., McCarthy S.E., Addington A.M., Pierce S.B., Cooper G.M., Nord A.S., Kusenda M., Malhotra D., Bhandari A., Stray S.M., Rippey C.F., Roccanova P., Makarov V., Lakshmi B., Findling R.L., Sikich L., Stromberg T., Merriman B., Gogtay N., Butler P., Eckstrand K., Noory L., Gochman P., Long R., Chen Z., Davis S., Baker C., Eichler E.E., Meltzer P.S., Nelson S.F., Singleton A.B., Lee M.K., Rapoport J.L., King M.C., Sebat J. Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 2008, 320:539-543.
237. Weaver I.C. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior and pharmacological intervention. Nature versus nurture: let's call the whole thing off. Epigenetics 2007, 2:22-28.
238. Willeit M., Praschak-Rieder N., Neumeister A., Pirker W., Asenbaum S., Vitouch O., Tauscher J., Hilger E., Stastny J., Brucke T., Kasper S. [I-123]-beta-CIT SPECT imaging shows reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in drug-free depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47:482-489.
239. Willeit M., Stastny J., Pirker W., Praschak-Rieder N., Neumeister A., Asenbaum S., Tauscher J., Fuchs K., Sieghart W., Hornik K., Aschauer H.N., Brucke T., Kasper S. No evidence for in vivo regulation of midbrain serotonin transporter availability by serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism. Biol. Psychiatry 2001, 50:8-12.
240. Willeit M., Praschak-Rieder N., Neumeister A., Zill P., Leisch F., Stastny J., Hilger E., Thierry N., Konstantinidis A., Winkler D., Fuchs K., Sieghart W., Aschauer H., Ackenheil M., Bondy B., Kasper S. A polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter promoter gene is associated with DSM-IV depression subtypes in seasonal affective disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 2003, 8:942-946.
241. Willeit M., Ginovart N., Graff A., Rusjan P., Vitcu I., Houle S., Seeman P., Wilson A.A., Kapur S. First human evidence of d-amphetamine induced displacement of a D2/3 agonist radioligand: a [11C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:279-289.
242. Wilson A.A., Houle S. Radiosynthesis of carbon-11 labelled N-methyl-2-(arylthio)benzylamines: potential radiotracers for the serotonin reuptake receptor. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm. 1999, 42:1277-1288.
243. Wilson A.A., Ginovart N., Schmidt M., Meyer J.H., Threlkeld P.G., Houle S. Novel radiotracers for imaging the serotonin transporter by positron emission tomography: synthesis, radiosynthesis, and in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of C-11-labeled 2-(phenylthio)araalkylamines. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43:3103-3110.
244. Wilson A.A., McCormick P., Kapur S., Willeit M., Garcia A., Hussey D., Houle S., Seeman P., Ginovart N. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [11C]-(+)-4-propyl-3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1, 2-b][1, 4]oxazin-9-ol as a potential radiotracer for in vivo imaging of the dopamine D2 high-affinity state with positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48:4153-4160.
245. Witte A.V., Floel A., Stein P., Savli M., Mien L.K., Wadsak W., Spindelegger C., Moser U., Fink M., Hahn A., Mitterhauser M., Kletter K., Kasper S., Lanzenberger R. Aggression is related to frontal serotonin-1A receptor distribution as revealed by PET in healthy subjects. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009, 30:2558-2570.
246. Wong D.F., Wagner H.N., Tune L.E., Dannals R.F., Pearlson G.D., Links J.M., Tamminga C.A., Broussolle E.P., Ravert H.T., Wilson A.A., Toung J.K., Malat J., Williams J.A., O'Tuama L.A., Snyder S.H., Kuhar M.J., Gjedde A. Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics. Science 1986, 234:1558-1563.
247. Wong A.H., Buckle C.E., Van Tol H.H. Polymorphisms in dopamine receptors: what do they tell us?. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 410:183-203.
248. Wu S., Comings D.E. A common C-1018G polymorphism in the human 5-HT1A receptor gene. Psychiatr. Genet. 1999, 9:105-106.
249. Yadid G., Friedman A. Dynamics of the dopaminergic system as a key component to the understanding of depression. Prog. Brain Res. 2008, 172:265-286.
250. Zalsman G., Huang Y.Y., Oquendo M.A., Burke A.K., Hu X.Z., Brent D.A., Ellis S.P., Goldman D., Mann J.J. Association of a triallelic serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with stressful life events and severity of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006, 163:1588-1593.