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2. and 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase. Annealing was carried out at 61°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 1 min, and denaturation at 95°C for 30 s for 35 cycles.
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2. For induction of 5-HTT expression, lymphoblasts were treated with 50 to 200 μM forskolin or 0.5 to 2 μM PMA and grown for an additional 24 hours.
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5 cells) were exposed for 24 hours to 5 μg of construct DNA complexed with 5 μl of Transfectam lipofectin reagent (Promega) in 5 ml of RPMI 1640. Cells were grown for an additional 24 hours before harvest in 1 ml of luciferase lysis buffer. Extracts were assayed for luciferase activity by addition of 10 μl of cell lysate samples at 15-s intervals to 100 ml of luciferin reagent. Chemiluminescence was counted for 15 s at a constant time (90 s) after reagent mixing in a liquid scintillation spectrometer.
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Total RNA was isolated from lymphoblasts (13) by guanidine thiocyanate column purification (Qiagen). The 28S/18S bands of ribosomal RNA were analyzed by densitometry to control for variations in RNA concentration, and single-stranded cDNA (37°C, 60 min) was synthesized with random primer. 5-HTT mRNA was measured by semiquantitative competitive reverse transcription PCR with a 5-HT T cDNA-derived template containing a 172-bp deletion (base pairs 1635 to 1806) as internal standard. The PCR amplification (30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 61°C, 1 min at 72°C for 35 cycles) of 355- or 527-bp fragments was carried out with the amplimers se3 (5′-ATGCA-GAAGCGATAGCCAACATG, base pairs 1437 to 1459 with respect to the transcription initiation site) and 3re (5′-AGATGAGGTTCCTATGCAGTAAC, base pairs 2147 to 2167), 5-HTT mRNA concentrations of lymphoblast cell lines with the I/I genotype were first titrated against incremental concentrations of competitive template ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 ng. The concentration of the competitive template at target/template equilibrium was then used to compare mRNA concentrations semiquantitatively in lymphoblast cell lines with different genotypes (13) before and after induction of 5-HTT gene transcription. To control for differences in the efficiency of reverse transcription of mRNA, we performed cDNA synthesis and subsequent competitive PCR in quadruplicate. The reaction products were electrophoresed through 2% agarose, visualized by ultraviolet illumination in the presence of ethidium bromide, and quantified by densitometric analysis.
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Two independent groups of predominantly male siblings, other family members, and unrelated individuals were studied: (i) The NIMH sample (17) was recruited from the NIH and local college campuses by advertising for pairs of brothers and pairs of sisters for a study of personality traits and chromosomes. The sample consisted of 221 subjects, of whom 93% were male and 7% were female. The average age was 23.3 ± 6.8 years (range 18 to 64 years), the average educational level was 15,6 ± 2.1 years (range 12 to 20 years), and the average Kinsey score was 0.2 ± 0.7 (range 0 to 5.6, where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 is exclusively homosexual). The ethnic composition was 79.1% white non-Hispanic, 10.0% Asian/Pacific Islander, 4.1% Hispanic/Latino, 4.1% African American/Black, and 2.7% other. The family structure of the NIMH sample was 208 siblings from 104 families and 13 unrelated individuals. (ii) The NCI sample [D. H. Hamer et al., Science 261, 321 (1993); S. Hu et al., Nature Genet. 11, 248 (1995)] was collected from NIH clinics and local and national homophile organizations for a study of sexual orientation, HIV progression, and psychological traits. The sample consisted of 284 subjects of whom 92% were male and 8% were female. The average age was 37.6 ± 9.7 years (range 18 to 72 years), the average educational level was 17.3 ± 2.6 years (range 12 to 20 years), and the average Kinsey score was 4.8 ± 2.0 (range 0 to 6). The ethnic composition was 93.6% white non-Hispanic, 5.3% Hispanic/Latino, 0.7% African American/Black, 0.4% Native American/Alaskan, and 0.4% other. The family structure of the NCI sample was 251 siblings from 106 families, 9 parents, and 24 unrelated individuals.
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Two independent groups of predominantly male siblings, other family members, and unrelated individuals were studied: (i) The NIMH sample (17) was recruited from the NIH and local college campuses by advertising for pairs of brothers and pairs of sisters for a study of personality traits and chromosomes. The sample consisted of 221 subjects, of whom 93% were male and 7% were female. The average age was 23.3 ± 6.8 years (range 18 to 64 years), the average educational level was 15,6 ± 2.1 years (range 12 to 20 years), and the average Kinsey score was 0.2 ± 0.7 (range 0 to 5.6, where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 is exclusively homosexual). The ethnic composition was 79.1% white non-Hispanic, 10.0% Asian/Pacific Islander, 4.1% Hispanic/Latino, 4.1% African American/Black, and 2.7% other. The family structure of the NIMH sample was 208 siblings from 104 families and 13 unrelated individuals. (ii) The NCI sample [D. H. Hamer et al., Science 261, 321 (1993); S. Hu et al., Nature Genet. 11, 248 (1995)] was collected from NIH clinics and local and national homophile organizations for a study of sexual orientation, HIV progression, and psychological traits. The sample consisted of 284 subjects of whom 92% were male and 8% were female. The average age was 37.6 ± 9.7 years (range 18 to 72 years), the average educational level was 17.3 ± 2.6 years (range 12 to 20 years), and the average Kinsey score was 4.8 ± 2.0 (range 0 to 6). The ethnic composition was 93.6% white non-Hispanic, 5.3% Hispanic/Latino, 0.7% African American/Black, 0.4% Native American/Alaskan, and 0.4% other. The family structure of the NCI sample was 251 siblings from 106 families, 9 parents, and 24 unrelated individuals.
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A complete table of the S - L differences and F values for all of the NEO Neuroticism facets, 16PF second-order and primary factors, estimated TPQ factors, and TPQ Harm Avoidance subscales is available from the authors by request.
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note
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We thank M. Schad, G. Ortega, and S. Jatzke for technical assistance, W. Davis and D. Drake for editorial assistance, and M. Atemus, J. Mizrahi, and A. Jaffe for logistical support. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the European Commission, and the Intramural Research Programs of NIMH and NCI, K.P.L. is supported by the Hermann and Lilly Schilling Foundation.
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