Epigenomics and ovarian carcinoma

Biomarkers in Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 543-570

  Maldonado, Leonel ^a   Hoque, Mohammad Obaidul ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

DNA methylation; DNA methyltransferase; epigenetics; histone deacetylase; histone modification; ovarian cancer

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; AZACITIDINE; BELINOSTAT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CA 125 ANTIGEN; DEATH ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1; HISTONE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1; MICRORNA; PDX 101; PLATINUM COMPLEX; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VORINOSTAT; ZEBULARINE;

ANOREXIA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DNA METHYLATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESPONSE; EPIGENETICS; FATIGUE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE TECHNOLOGY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOSOME; OVARY CANCER; OVARY CARCINOMA; PROGNOSIS; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; FEMALE; HUMANS; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77955630529     PISSN: 17520363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.72     Document Type: Review

References (266)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E: Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J. Clin. (2010) (Epub ahead of print)
2. Jones PA, Laird PW: Cancer epigenetics comes of age. Nat. Genet. 21(2), 163-167 (1999)
3. Barakat RR, Markman M, Randall M: Principles and Practice Of Gynecologic Oncology (5th Edition). Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA (2009)
4. Barton CA, Hacker NF, Clark SJ, OBrien PM: DNA methylation changes in ovarian cancer: implications for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Gynecol. Oncol. 109(1), 129-139 (2008)
5. Baylin SB, Ohm JE: Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer - a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction? Nat. Rev. Cancer 6(2), 107-116 (2006)
6. Esteller M: Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8(4), 286-298 (2007)
7. Jones PA, Baylin SB: The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3(6), 415-428 (2002)
8. Ting AH, McGarvey KM, Baylin SB: The cancer epigenome - components and functional correlates. Genes Dev. 20(23), 3215-3231 (2006)
9. Jones PA, Baylin SB: The epigenomics of cancer. Cell 128(4), 683-692 (2007)
10. Richardson BC: Role of DNA methylation in the regulation of cell function: autoimmunity, aging and cancer. J. Nutr. 132(Suppl. 8), 2401S-2405S (2002)
11. Eden A, Gaudet F, Waghmare A, Jaenisch R: Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science 300(5618), 455 (2003)
12. Feinberg AP, Tycko B: The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4(2), 143-153 (2004)
13. Ehrlich M: DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little. Oncogene 21(35), 5400-5413 (2002)
14. Martin C, Zhang Y: The diverse functions of histone lysine methylation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6(11), 838-849 (2005)
15. Esteller M, Almouzni G: How epigenetics integrates nuclear functions. Workshop on epigenetics and chromatin: transcriptional regulation and beyond. EMBO Rep. 6(7), 624-628 (2005)
16. Nguyen CT, Gonzales FA, Jones PA: Altered chromatin structure associated with methylation-induced gene silencing in cancer cells: correlation of accessibility, methylation, MeCP2 binding and acetylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 29(22), 4598-4606 (2001)
17. Knudson AG: Chasing the cancer demon. Annu. Rev. Genet. 34, 1-19 (2000)
18. Nussbaum RL, Mcinnes RR, Willard HF, Thompson MW: Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine (7th Edition). Saunders/Elsevier, PA, USA (2007)
19. Antequera F, Bird A, Jost IJP, Saluz: DNA Methylation: Molecular Biology and Biological Significance. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 169-185 (1993)
20. Takai D, Jones PA: Comprehensive analysis of CpG islands in human chromosomes 21 and 22. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(6), 3740-3745 (2002)
21. Ferguson-Smith AC, Surani MA: Imprinting and the epigenetic asymmetry between parental genomes. Science 293(5532), 1086-1089 (2001)
22. Reik W, Lewis A: Co-evolution of X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting in mammals. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6(5), 403-410 (2005)
23. Brenner C, Fuks F: DNA methyltransferases: facts, clues, mysteries. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 301, 45-66 (2006)
24. Tajima S, Suetake I: Regulation and function of DNA methylation in vertebrates. J. Biochem. 123(6), 993-999 (1998)
25. Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E: DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 99(3), 247-257 (1999)
26. Chedin F, Lieber Mr, Hsieh Cl: The DNA methyltransferase-like protein DNMT3L stimulates de novo methylation by DNMT3A. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(26), 16916-16921 (2002)
27. Aapola U, Kawasaki K, Scott HS et al.: Isolation and initial characterization of a novel zinc finger gene, DNMT3l, on 21q22.3, related to the cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3 gene family. Genomics 65(3), 293-298 (2000)
28. Dong A, Yoder JA, Zhang X, Zhou L, Bestor TH, Cheng X: Structure of human DNMT2, an enigmatic DNA methyltransferase homolog that displays denaturant-resistant binding to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 29(2), 439-448 (2001)
29. Schaefer M, Lyko F: Solving the DNMT2 enigma. Chromosoma 119(1), 35-40 (2010)
30. Sinkkonen L, Hugenschmidt T, Berninger P et al.: MicroRNAs control de novo DNA methylation through regulation of transcriptional repressors in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15(3), 259-267 (2008)
31. Benetti R, Gonzalo S, Jaco I et al.: A mammalian microRNA cluster controls DNA methylation and telomere recombination via RBL2-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferases. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15(9), 998 (2008)
32. Kim VN: MicroRNA biogenesis: coordinated cropping and dicing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6(5), 376-385 (2005)
33. Ehrlich M: DNA hypomethylation, cancer, the immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies syndrome and chromosomal rearrangements. J. Nutr. 132(Suppl. 8), 2424S-2429S (2002)
34. Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B: Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts. Nature 301(5895), 89-92 (1983)
35. Chen RZ, Pettersson U, Beard C, Jackson-Grusby L, Jaenisch R: DNA hypomethylation leads to elevated mutation rates. Nature 395(6697), 89-93 (1998)
36. Kaneda A, Feinberg AP: Loss of imprinting of IGF2: a common epigenetic modifier of intestinal tumor risk. Cancer Res. 65(24), 11236-11240 (2005)
37. Kornberg RD, Lorch Y: Twenty-five years of the nucleosome, fundamental particle of the eukaryote chromosome. Cell 98(3), 285-294 (1999)
38. Schubeler D, Macalpine DM, Scalzo D et al.: The histone modification pattern of active genes revealed through genome-wide chromatin analysis of a higher eukaryote. Genes Dev. 18(11), 1263-1271 (2004)
39. Shiio Y, Eisenman RN: Histone sumoylation is associated with transcriptional repression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(23), 13225-13230 (2003)
40. Shilatifard A: Chromatin modifications by methylation and ubiquitination: implications in the regulation of gene expression. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 75, 243-269 (2006)
41. Schuettengruber B, Chourrout D, Vervoort M, Leblanc B, Cavalli G: Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins. Cell 128(4), 735-745 (2007)
42. Cao R, Wang L, Wang H et al.: Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in polycomb-group silencing. Science 298(5595), 1039-1043 (2002)
43. Fuks F, Hurd Pj, Deplus R, Kouzarides T: The DNA methyltransferases associate with hp1 and the SUV39H1 histone methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res. 31(9), 2305-2312 (2003)
44. Lachner M, OCarroll D, Rea S, Mechtler K, Jenuwein T: Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins. Nature 410(6824), 116-120 (2001)
45. Clouaire T, Stancheva I: Methyl-CpG binding proteins: specialized transcriptional repressors or structural components of chromatin? Cell Mol. Life Sci. 65(10), 1509-1522 (2008)
46. Fuks F, Hurd PJ, Wolf D, Nan X, Bird AP, Kouzarides T: The methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 links DNA methylation to histone methylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(6), 4035-4040 (2003)
47. Jones PL, Veenstra GJ, Wade PA et al.: Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat. Genet. 19(2), 187-191 (1998)
48. Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 116(2), 281-297 (2004)
49. Boehm M, Slack FJ: MicroRNA control of lifespan and metabolism. Cell Cycle 5(8), 837-840 (2006)
50. Carleton M, Cleary MA, Linsley PS: MicroRNAs and cell cycle regulation. Cell Cycle 6(17), 2127-2132 (2007)
51. Harfe BD: MicroRNAs in vertebrate development. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 15(4), 410-415 (2005)
52. Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP: An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 294(5543), 858-862 (2001)
53. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA et al.: MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 435(7043), 834-838 (2005)
54. Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG et al.: A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(7), 2257-2261 (2006)
55. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M et al.: Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(24), 15524-15529 (2002)
56. Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A et al.: A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(17), 1793 - 1801 (2005)
57. Nakamura T, Canaani E, Croce CM: Oncogenic ALL1 fusion proteins target drosha-mediated microRNA processing. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104(26), 10980-10985 (2007)
58. Saito Y, Liang G, Egger G et al.: Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 9(6), 435-443 (2006)
59. Chang TC, Wentzel EA, Kent OA et al.: Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Mol. Cell. 26(5), 745-752 (2007)
60. He L, He X, Lim LP et al.: A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network. Nature 447(7148), 1130-1134 (2007)
61. Raver-Shapira N, Marciano E, Meiri E et al.: Transcriptional activation of mir-34a contributes to p53-mediated apoptosis. Mol. Cell. 26(5), 731-743 (2007)
62. Sellar GC, Watt KP, Rabiasz GJ et al.: OPCMl at 11q25 is epigenetically inactivated and has tumor-suppressor function in epithelial ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 34(3), 337-343 (2003)
63. Teodoridis JM, Hall J, Marsh S et al.: CpG island methylation of DNA damage response genes in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 65(19), 8961-8967 (2005)
64. Zhang J, Ye F, Chen HZ, Ye DF, Lu WG, Xie X: [Deletion of OPCMl gene and promoter methylation in ovarian epithelial carcinoma]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 28(2), 173-177 (2006)
65. Kwong J, Lee JY, Wong KK et al.: Candidate tumor suppressor gene DLEC1 is frequently downregulated by promoter hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 8(4), 268-278 (2006)
66. Agathanggelou A, Honorio S, Macartney DP et al.: Methylation associated inactivation of RASSF1A from region 3p21.3 in lung, breast and ovarian tumours. Oncogene 20(12), 1509-1518 (2001)
67. Ibanez De Caceres I, Battagli C, Esteller M et al.: Tumor cell-specific brca1 and RASSF1A hypermethylation in serum, plasma, and peritoneal fluid from ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Res. 64(18), 6476-6481 (2004)
68. Rathi A, Virmani AK, Schorge JO et al.: Methylation profiles of sporadic ovarian tumors and nonmalignant ovaries from high-risk women. Clin. Cancer Res. 8(11), 3324-3331 (2002)
69. Yoon JH, Dammann R, Pfeifer GP: Hypermethylation of the CpG island of the RASSF1A gene in ovarian and renal cell carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 94(2), 212-217 (2001)
70. Petrocca F, Iliopoulos D, Qin HR et al.: Alterations of the tumor suppressor gene ARLTS1 in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 66(21), 10287-10291 (2006)
71. Yu Y, Fujii S, Yuan J et al.: Epigenetic regulation of ARHI in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 983, 268-277 (2003)
72. Yu Y, Xu F, Peng H et al.: NOEY2 (ARHI), an imprinted putative tumor suppressor gene in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96(1), 214-219 (1999)
73. Chien J, Staub J, Avula R et al.: Epigenetic silencing of TCEAL7 (Bex4) in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 24(32), 5089-5100 (2005)
74. Esteller M, Corn PG, Baylin SB, Herman JG: A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer. Cancer Res. 61(8), 3225-3229 (2001)
75. Esteller M, Silva JM, Dominguez G et al.: Promoter hypermethylation and brca1 inactivation in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 92(7), 564-569 (2000)
76. Baldwin RL, Nemeth E, Tran H et al.: BRCA1 promoter region hypermethylation in ovarian carcinoma: a population-based study. Cancer Res. 60(19), 5329-5333 (2000)
77. Chan KY, Ozcelik H, Cheung AN, Ngan HY, Khoo US: Epigenetic factors controlling the brca1 and BRCA2 genes in sporadic ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 62(14), 4151-4156 (2002)
78. Wilcox CB, Baysal BE, Gallion HH, Strange MA, Deloia JA: High-resolution methylation analysis of the BRCA1 promoter in ovarian tumors. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 159(2), 114-122 (2005)
79. Esteller M: Epigenetic lesions causing genetic lesions in human cancer: promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes. Eur. J. Cancer 36(18), 2294-2300 (2000)
80. Gras E, Cortes J, Diez O et al.: Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 13q12-q14, brca-2 mutations and lack of BRCA-2 promoter hypermethylation in sporadic epithelial ovarian tumors. Cancer 92(4), 787-795 (2001)
81. Hilton JL, Geisler JP, Rathe JA, Hattermann-Zogg MA, Deyoung B, Buller RE: Inactivation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in ovarian cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 94(18), 1396-1406 (2002)
82. Milde-Langosch K, Ocon E, Becker G, Loning T: P16/MTS1 inactivation in ovarian carcinomas: high frequency of reduced protein expression associated with hyper-methylation or mutation in endometrioid and mucinous tumors. Int. J. Cancer 79(1), 61-65 (1998)
83. Socha MJ, Said N, Dai Y et al.: Aberrant promoter methylation of SPARC in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 11(2), 126-135 (2009)
84. Kikuchi R, Tsuda H, Kozaki K et al.: Frequent inactivation of a putative tumor suppressor, angiopoietin-like protein 2, in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 68(13), 5067-5075 (2008)
85. Kikuchi R, Tsuda H, Kanai Y et al.: Promoter hypermethylation contributes to frequent inactivation of a putative conditional tumor suppressor gene connective tissue growth factor in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 67(15), 7095-7105 (2007)
86. Cvetkovic D, Pisarcik D, Lee C, Hamilton TC, Abdollahi A: Altered expression and loss of heterozygosity of the LOT1 gene in ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 95(3), 449-455 (2004)
87. Pruitt K, Ulku AS, Frantz K et al.: Ras-mediated loss of the pro-apoptotic response protein PAR-4 is mediated by DNA hypermethylation through Raf-independent and Raf-dependent signaling cascades in epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280(24), 23363-23370 (2005).
88. Arnold JM, Cummings M, Purdie D, Chenevix-Trench G: Reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in ovarian adenocarcinomas. Br. J. Cancer 85(9), 1351-1358 (2001)
89. Yuecheng Y, Hongmei L, Xiaoyan X: Clinical evaluation of E-cadherin expression and its regulation mechanism in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 23(1), 65-74 (2006)
90. Feng W, Marquez RT, Lu Z et al.: Imprinted tumor suppressor genes ARHI and PEG3 are the most frequently down-regulated in human ovarian cancers by loss of heterozygosity and promoter methylation. Cancer 112(7), 1489-1502 (2008)
91. Fiegl H, Windbichler G, Mueller-Holzner E et al.: HOXA11 DNA methylation - a novel prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer. Int. J. Cancer 123(3), 725-729 (2008)
92. Potapova A, Hoffman AM, Godwin AK, Al-Saleem T, Cairns P: Promoter hypermethylation of the PALB2 susceptibility gene in inherited and sporadic breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 68(4), 998-1002 (2008)
93. Izutsu N, Maesawa C, Shibazaki M et al.: Epigenetic modification is involved in aberrant expression of class III b-tubulin, TUBB3, in ovarian cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol. 32(6), 1227-1235 (2008)
94. Cheng P, Schmutte C, Cofer KF, Felix JC, Yu MC, Dubeau L: Alterations in DNA methylation are early, but not initial, events in ovarian tumorigenesis. Br. J. Cancer 75(3), 396-402 (1997)
95. Rose SL, Fitzgerald MP, White NO et al.: Epigenetic regulation of maspin expression in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 102(2), 319-324 (2006)
96. Czekierdowski A, Czekierdowska S, Wielgos M, Smolen A, Kaminski P, Kotarski J: The role of CpG islands hypomethylation and abnormal expression of neuronal protein synuclein-g (sncg) in ovarian cancer. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 27(3), 381-386 (2006)
97. Gupta A, Godwin AK, Vanderveer L, Lu A, Liu J: Hypomethylation of the synuclein g gene CpG island promotes its aberrant expression in breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 63(3), 664-673 (2003)
98. Honda H, Pazin MJ, Ji H, Wernyj RP, Morin PJ: Crucial roles of Sp1 and epigenetic modifications in the regulation of the CLDN4 promoter in ovarian cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281(30), 21433-21444 (2006)
99. Litkouhi B, Kwong J, Lo CM et al.: Claudin-4 overexpression in epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with hypomethylation and is a potential target for modulation of tight junction barrier function using a C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Neoplasia 9(4), 304-314 (2007)
100. Menendez L, Benigno BB, Mcdonald JF: L1 and HERV-W retrotransposons are hypomethylated in human ovarian carcinomas. Mol. Cancer 3, 12 (2004)
101. Kolomietz E, Meyn MS, Pandita A, Squire JA: The role of Alu repeat clusters as mediators of recurrent chromosomal aberrations in tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35(2), 97-112 (2002)
102. Symer DE, Connelly C, Szak St et al.: Human L1 retrotransposition is associated with genetic instability in vivo. Cell 110(3), 327-338 (2002)
103. Woloszynska-Read A, James SR, Link PA, Yu J, Odunsi K, Karpf AR: DNA methylation-dependent regulation of BORIS/CTCFL expression in ovarian cancer. Cancer Immun. 7, 21 (2007)
104. Murphy SK, Huang Z, Wen Y et al.: Frequent IGF2/H19 domain epigenetic alterations and elevated IGF2 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. 4(4), 283-292 (2006)
105. Ahluwalia A, Hurteau JA, Bigsby RM, Nephew KP: DNA methylation in ovarian cancer. II. Expression of DNA methyltransferases in ovarian cancer cell lines and normal ovarian epithelial cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 82(2), 299-304 (2001)
106. Ehrlich M, Woods CB, Yu MC et al.: Quantitative analysis of associations between DNA hypermethylation, hypomethylation, and DNMT RNA levels in ovarian tumors. Oncogene 25(18), 2636-2645 (2006)
107. Chen CL, Yan X, Gao YN, Liao QP: [Expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3A and 3B mRNA in the epithelial ovarian carcinoma]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 40(11), 770-774 (2005)
108. Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y et al.: Expression and methylation status of 14-3-3 s gene can characterize the different histological features of ovarian cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316(4), 1156-1162 (2004)
109. Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y et al.: WT1 and WT1-AS genes are inactivated by promoter methylation in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. Cancer 104(9), 1924-1930 (2005)
110. Terasawa K, Sagae S, Toyota M et al.: Epigenetic inactivation of TMS1/ASC in ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10(6), 2000-2006 (2004)
111. Makarla PB, Saboorian MH, Ashfaq R et al.: Promoter hypermethylation profile of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(15), 5365-5369 (2005)
112. Caslini C, Capo-Chichi CD, Roland IH, Nicolas E, Yeung AT, Xu XX: Histone modifications silence the GATA transcription factor genes in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 25(39), 5446-5461 (2006)
113. Valls E, Sanchez-Molina S, Martinez-Balbas MA: Role of histone modifications in marking and activating genes through mitosis. J. Biol. Chem. 280(52), 42592-42600 (2005)
114. Richon VM, Sandhoff TW, Rifkind RA, Marks PA: Histone deacetylase inhibitor selectively induces p21WAF1 expression and gene-associated histone acetylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97(18), 10014-10019 (2000)
115. Chan MW, Huang YW, Hartman-Frey C et al.: Aberrant transforming growth factor-b1 signaling and SMAD4 nuclear translocation confer epigenetic repression of ADAM19 in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 10(9), 908-919 (2008)
116. Herman JG, Graff JR, Myohanen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB: Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93(18), 9821-9826 (1996)
117. Laird PW: The power and the promise of DNA methylation markers. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3(4), 253-266 (2003)
118. Rand KN, Ho T, Qu W et al.: Headloop suppression PCR and its application to selective amplification of methylated DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 33(14), e127 (2005)
119. Cottrell SE, Laird PW: Sensitive detection of DNA methylation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 983, 120-130 (2003)
120. Fraga MF, Esteller M: DNA methylation: a profile of methods and applications. Biotechniques 33(3), 632, 634, 636-649 (2002)
121. Bird AP, Southern EM: Use of restriction enzymes to study eukaryotic DNA methylation: I. The methylation pattern in ribosomal DNA from Xenopus laevis. J. Mol. Biol. 118(1), 27-47 (1978)
122. Frommer M, Mcdonald LE, Millar Ds et al.: A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89(5), 1827-1831 (1992)
123. Xiong Z, Laird PW: COBRA: a sensitive and quantitative DNA methylation assay. Nucleic Acids Res. 25(12), 2532-2534 (1997)
124. Eads CA, Danenberg KD, Kawakami K et al.: MethyLight: a high-throughput assay to measure DNA methylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 28(8), E32 (2000)
125. Fackler MJ, Mcveigh M, Mehrotra J et al.: Quantitative multiplex methylation-specific PCR assay for the detection of promoter hypermethylation in multiple genes in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 64(13), 4442-4452 (2004) (Pubitemid 38856915)
126. Swift-Scanlan T, Blackford A, Argani P, Sukumar S, Fackler MJ: Two-color quantitative multiplex methylation-specific PCR. Biotechniques 40(2), 210-219 (2006)
127. Tost J, Gut IG: DNA methylation analysis by pyrosequencing. Nat. Protoc. 2(9), 2265-2275 (2007)
128. Tost J, Gut IG: Analysis of gene-specific DNA methylation patterns by pyrosequencing technology. Methods Mol. Biol. 373, 89-102 (2007)
129. Costello JF, Fruhwald MC, Smiraglia DJ et al.: Aberrant CpG-island methylation has non-random and tumour-type-specific patterns. Nat. Genet. 24(2), 132-138 (2000)
130. Huang TH, Perry MR, Laux DE: Methylation profiling of CpG islands in human breast cancer cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8(3), 459-470 (1999)
131. Hoque MO, Kim MS, Ostrow KL et al.: Genome-wide promoter analysis uncovers portions of the cancer methylome. Cancer Res. 68(8), 2661-2670 (2008)
132. Suzuki H, Gabrielson E, Chen W et al.: A genomic screen for genes upregulated by demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in human colorectal cancer. Nat. Genet. 31(2), 141-149 (2002)
133. Yamashita K, Upadhyay S, Osada M et al.: Pharmacologic unmasking of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2(6), 485-495 (2002)
134. Frigola J, Ribas M, Risques RA, Peinado MA: Methylome profiling of cancer cells by amplification of inter-methylated sites (AIMS). Nucleic Acids Res. 30(7), e28 (2002)
135. Toyota M, Ho C, Ahuja N et al.: Identification of differentially methylated sequences in colorectal cancer by methylated CpG island amplification. Cancer Res. 59(10), 2307-2312 (1999)
136. Khulan B, Thompson RF, Ye K et al.: Comparative isoschizomer profiling of cytosine methylation: the help assay. Genome Res. 16(8), 1046-1055 (2006)
137. Keshet I, Schlesinger Y, Farkash S et al.: Evidence for an instructive mechanism of de novo methylation in cancer cells. Nat. Genet. 38(2), 149-153 (2006)
138. Weber M, Davies JJ, Wittig D et al.: Chromosome-wide and promoter-specific analyses identify sites of differential DNA methylation in normal and transformed human cells. Nat. Genet. 37(8), 853-862 (2005)
139. Weber M, Hellmann I, Stadler MB et al.: Distribution, silencing potential and evolutionary impact of promoter DNA methylation in the human genome. Nat. Genet. 39(4), 457-466 (2007)
140. Noushmehr H, Weisenberger DJ, Diefes K et al.: Identification of a CpG island methylator phenotype that defines a distinct subgroup of glioma. Cancer Cell 17(5), 510-522 (2010)
141. Kuras L: Characterization of protein-DNA association in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Methods Mol. Biol. 284, 147-162 (2004)
142. Roh TY, Ngau WC, Cui K, Landsman D, Zhao K: High-resolution genome-wide mapping of histone modifications. Nat. Biotechnol. 22(8), 1013-1016 (2004)
143. Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K et al.: High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell 129(4), 823-837 (2007)
144. Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB et al.: Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 448(7153), 553-560 (2007).
145. Nossov V, Amneus M, Su F et al.: The early detection of ovarian cancer: from traditional methods to proteomics. Can we really do better than serum CA-125? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 199(3), 215-223 (2008)
146. Bast RC Jr: Status of tumor markers in ovarian cancer screening. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(Suppl. 10), 200S-205S (2003)
147. Hickey KP, Boyle KP, Jepps HM, Andrew AC, Buxton EJ, Burns PA: Molecular detection of tumour DNA in serum and peritoneal fluid from ovarian cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 80(11), 1803-1808 (1999)
148. Collins Y, Dicioccio R, Keitz B, Lele S, Odunsi K: Methylation of death-associated protein kinase in ovarian carcinomas. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 16(Suppl. 1), 195-199 (2006)
149. Wiley A, Katsaros D, Fracchioli S, Yu H: Methylation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 gene and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 16(1), 210-218 (2006)
150. Wiley A, Katsaros D, Chen H et al.: Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in malignant ovarian tumors and in ovarian tumors with low malignant potential. Cancer 107(2), 299-308 (2006)
151. Chan MW, Wei SH, Wen P et al.: Hypermethylation of 18S and 28S ribosomal DNAs predicts progression-free survival in patients with ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(20), 7376-7383 (2005)
152. Widschwendter M, Jiang G, Woods C et al.: DNA hypomethylation and ovarian cancer biology. Cancer Res. 64(13), 4472-4480 (2004)
153. Su HY, Lai HC, Lin YW, Chou YC, Liu CY, Yu MH: An epigenetic marker panel for screening and prognostic prediction of ovarian cancer. Int. J. Cancer 124(2), 387-393 (2009)
154. Apostolidou S, Hadwin R, Burnell M et al.: DNA methylation analysis in liquid-based cytology for cervical cancer screening. Int. J. Cancer 125(12), 2995-3002 (2009)
155. Hoque MO, Begum S, Brait M et al.: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 promoter methylation is an independent prognostic factor for bladder cancer. J. Urol. 179(2), 743-747 (2008)
156. Agarwal R, Kaye SB: Ovarian cancer: strategies for overcoming resistance to chemotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3(7), 502-516 (2003)
157. Balch C, Huang TH, Brown R, Nephew KP: The epigenetics of ovarian cancer drug resistance and resensitization. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191(5), 1552-1572 (2004)
158. Shah MA, Schwartz GK: Cell cycle-mediated drug resistance: an emerging concept in cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 7(8), 2168-2181 (2001)
159. Dumontet C, Sikic BI: Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antitubulin agents: microtubule dynamics, drug transport, and cell death. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(3), 1061-1070 (1999)
160. Siddik ZH: Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance. Oncogene 22(47), 7265-7279 (2003)
161. Geisler JP, Goodheart MJ, Sood AK, Holmes RJ, Hatterman-Zogg MA, Buller RE: Mismatch repair gene expression defects contribute to microsatellite instability in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 98(10), 2199-2206 (2003)
162. Martini M, Ciccarone M, Garganese G et al.: Possible involvement of hMLH1, p16(INK4a) and PTEN in the malignant transformation of endometriosis. Int. J. Cancer 102(4), 398-406 (2002)
163. Jass JR, Walsh MD, Barker M, Simms LA, Young J, Leggett BA: Distinction between familial and sporadic forms of colorectal cancer showing DNA microsatellite instability. Eur. J. Cancer 38(7), 858-866 (2002)
164. Wang L, Bani-Hani A, Montoya DP et al.: hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Oncol. 19(3), 567-570 (2001)
165. Atkin NB: Microsatellite instability. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 92(3-4), 177-181 (2001)
166. Brown R, Hirst GL, Gallagher WM et al.: hMLH1 expression and cellular responses of ovarian tumour cells to treatment with cytotoxic anticancer agents. Oncogene 15(1), 45-52 (1997)
167. Liu L, Tommasi S, Lee DH, Dammann R, Pfeifer GP: Control of microtubule stability by the RASSF1A tumor suppressor. Oncogene 22(50), 8125-8136 (2003)
168. Staub J, Chien J, Pan Y et al.: Epigenetic silencing of HSulf-1 in ovarian cancer: implications in chemoresistance. Oncogene 26(34), 4969-4978 (2007)
169. Lai J, Chien J, Staub J et al.: Loss of HSulf-1 up-regulates heparin-binding growth factor signaling in cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 278(25), 23107-23117 (2003)
170. Wei SH, Brown R, Huang TH: Aberrant DNA methylation in ovarian cancer: is there an epigenetic predisposition to drug response? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 983, 243-250 (2003)
171. Wei SH, Chen CM, Strathdee G et al.: Methylation microarray analysis of late-stage ovarian carcinomas distinguishes progression-free survival in patients and identifies candidate epigenetic markers. Clin. Cancer Res. 8(7), 2246-2252 (2002)
172. Taniguchi T, Tischkowitz M, Ameziane N et al.: Disruption of the fanconi anemia- BRCA pathway in cisplatin-sensitive ovarian tumors. Nat. Med. 9(5), 568-574 (2003)
173. Hatle KM, Neveu W, Dienz O et al.: Methylation-controlled J protein promotes c-Jun degradation to prevent ABCD1 transporter expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27(8), 2952-2966 (2007)
174. Shridhar V, Bible KC, Staub J et al.: Loss of expression of a new member of the DNAJ protein family confers resistance to chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 61(10), 4258-4265 (2001)
175. Strathdee G, Davies BR, Vass JK, Siddiqui N, Brown R: Cell type-specific methylation of an intronic CpG island controls expression of the MCJ gene. Carcinogenesis 25(5), 693-701 (2004)
176. Strathdee G, Vass JK, Oien KA, Siddiqui N, Curto-Garcia J, Brown R: Demethylation of the MCJ gene in stage III/IV epithelial ovarian cancer and response to chemotherapy. Gynecol. Oncol. 97(3), 898-903 (2005)
177. Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G et al.: MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 67(18), 8699-8707 (2007)
178. Yang H, Kong W, He L et al.: MicroRNA expression profiling in human ovarian cancer: miR-214 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting PTEN. Cancer Res. 68(2), 425-433 (2008)
179. Yang N, Kaur S, Volinia S et al.: MicroRNA microarray identifies Let-7i as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 68(24), 10307-10314 (2008)
180. Boren T, Xiong Y, Hakam A et al.: MicroRNAs and their target messenger RNAs associated with ovarian cancer response to chemotherapy. Gynecol. Oncol. 113(2), 249-255 (2009)
181. Bolden JE, Peart MJ, Johnstone RW: Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(9), 769-784 (2006)
182. Hellebrekers DM, Griffioen AW, Van Engeland M: Dual targeting of epigenetic therapy in cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1775(1), 76-91 (2007)
183. Kim TY, Bang YJ, Robertson KD: Histone deacetylase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Epigenetics 1(1), 14-23 (2006)
184. Minucci S, Pelicci PG: Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6(1), 38-51 (2006)
185. Jones PA, Taylor SM: Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation. Cell 20(1), 85-93 (1980)
186. Goffin J, Eisenhauer E: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors-state of the art. Ann. Oncol. 13(11), 1699-1716 (2002)
187. Cheng JC, Yoo CB, Weisenberger DJ et al.: Preferential response of cancer cells to zebularine. Cancer Cell 6(2), 151-158 (2004)
188. Zhou L, Cheng X, Connolly BA, Dickman MJ, Hurd PJ, Hornby DP: Zebularine: a novel DNA methylation inhibitor that forms a covalent complex with DNA methyltransferases. J. Mol. Biol. 321(4), 591-599 (2002)
189. Cheng JC, Matsen CB, Gonzales FA et al.: Inhibition of DNA methylation and reactivation of silenced genes by zebularine. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 95(5), 399-409 (2003)
190. Cheng JC, Weisenberger DJ, Gonzales FA et al.: Continuous zebularine treatment effectively sustains demethylation in human bladder cancer cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24(3), 1270-1278 (2004)
191. Plumb JA, Strathdee G, Sludden J, Kaye SB, Brown R: Reversal of drug resistance in human tumor xenografts by 2́-deoxy-5-azacytidine-induced demethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter. Cancer Res. 60(21), 6039-6044 (2000)
192. Nguyen CT, Weisenberger DJ, Velicescu M et al.: Histone H3-lysine 9 methylation is associated with aberrant gene silencing in cancer cells and is rapidly reversed by 5-aza-2́-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res. 62(22), 6456-6461 (2002)
193. Fahrner JA, Eguchi S, Herman JG, Baylin SB: Dependence of histone modifications and gene expression on DNA hypermethylation in cancer. Cancer Res. 62(24), 7213-7218 (2002)
194. Kondo Y, Shen L, Issa JP: Critical role of histone methylation in tumor suppressor gene silencing in colorectal cancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23(1), 206-215 (2003)
195. Zhang L, Volinia S, Bonome T et al.: Genomic and epigenetic alterations deregulate microRNA expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(19), 7004-7009 (2008)
196. Brueckner B, Boy RG, Siedlecki P et al.: Epigenetic reactivation of tumor suppressor genes by a novel small-molecule inhibitor of human DNA methyltransferases. Cancer Res. 65(14), 6305-6311 (2005)
197. Fang MZ, Wang Y, Ai N et al.: Tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3- gallate inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reactivates methylation-silenced genes in cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 63(22), 7563-7570 (2003)
198. Segura-Pacheco B, Trejo-Becerril C, Perez-Cardenas E et al.: Reactivation of tumor suppressor genes by the cardiovascular drugs hydralazine and procainamide and their potential use in cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(5), 1596-1603 (2003)
199. Villar-Garea A, Fraga MF, Espada J, Esteller M: Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent with growth-inhibitory effects in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 63(16), 4984-4989 (2003)
200. Yan L, Nass SJ, Smith D, Nelson WG, Herman JG, Davidson NE: Specific inhibition of DNMT1 by antisense oligonucleotides induces re-expression of estrogen receptor-a (ER) in ER-negative human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2(5), 552-556 (2003)
201. Gartel AL, Serfas MS, Tyner AL: p21 - negative regulator of the cell cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 213(2), 138-149 (1996)
202. Kelly WK, Marks PA: Drug insight: histone deacetylase inhibitors - development of the new targeted anticancer agent suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2(3), 150-157 (2005)
203. Chen L, Fischle W, Verdin E, Greene WC: Duration of nuclear NF-kB action regulated by reversible acetylation. Science 293(5535), 1653-1657 (2001)
204. Costanzo A, Merlo P, Pediconi N et al.: DNA damage-dependent acetylation of p73 dictates the selective activation of apoptotic target genes. Mol. Cell 9(1), 175-186 (2002)
205. Luo J, Su F, Chen D, Shiloh A, Gu W: Deacetylation of p53 modulates its effect on cell growth and apoptosis. Nature 408(6810), 377-381 (2000)
206. Yuan ZL, Guan YJ, Chatterjee D, Chin YE: STAT3 dimerization regulated by reversible acetylation of a single lysine residue. Science 307(5707), 269-273 (2005)
207. Dokmanovic M, Marks PA: Prospects: histone deacetylase inhibitors. J. Cell. Biochem. 96(2), 293-304 (2005)
208. Cimini D, Mattiuzzo M, Torosantucci L, Degrassi F: Histone hyperacetylation in mitosis prevents sister chromatid separation and produces chromosome segregation defects. Mol. Biol. Cell 14(9), 3821-3833 (2003)
209. Blagosklonny MV, Robey R, Sackett DL et al.: Histone deacetylase inhibitors all induce p21 but differentially cause tubulin acetylation, mitotic arrest, and cytotoxicity. Mol. Cancer Ther. 1(11), 937-941 (2002)
210. Carducci MA, Gilbert J, Bowling MK et al.: A Phase I clinical and pharmacological evaluation of sodium phenylbutyrate on an 120-h infusion schedule. Clin. Cancer Res. 7(10), 3047-3055 (2001)
211. Vigushin DM, Ali S, Pace PE et al.: Trichostatin A is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with potent antitumor activity against breast cancer in vivo. Clin. Cancer Res. 7(4), 971-976 (2001)
212. Fouladi M, Furman WL, Chin T et al.: Phase I study of depsipeptide in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: a childrens oncology group report. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(22), 3678-3685 (2006)
213. Klimek VM, Fircanis S, Maslak P et al.: Tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics studies of depsipeptide (romidepsin) in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or advanced myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(3), 826-832 (2008)
214. Kosugi H, Ito M, Yamamoto Y et al.: In vivo effects of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, FK228, on human acute promyelocytic leukemia in NOD/Shi-scid/Scid mice. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 92(5), 529-536 (2001)
215. Sasakawa Y, Naoe Y, Inoue T et al.: Effects of FK228, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, on human lymphoma U-937 cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. 64(7), 1079-1090 (2002)
216. Kelly WK, OConnor OA, Krug LM et al.: Phase I study of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in patients with advanced cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(17), 3923-3931 (2005)
217. Oconnor OA, Heaney ML, Schwartz L et al.: Clinical experience with intravenous and oral formulations of the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(1), 166-173 (2006)
218. Modesitt SC, Sill M, Hoffman JS, Bender DP: A Phase II study of vorinostat in the treatment of persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol. Oncol. 109(2), 182-186 (2008)
219. Garber K: HDAC inhibitors overcome first hurdle. Nat. Biotechnol. 25(1), 17-19 (2007)
220. Plumb JA, Finn PW, Williams RJ et al.: Pharmacodynamic response and inhibition of growth of human tumor xenografts by the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor PXD101. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2(8), 721-728 (2003)
221. Qian X, Larochelle WJ, Ara G et al.: Activity of PXD101, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in preclinical ovarian cancer studies. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5(8), 2086-2095 (2006)
222. Steele NL, Plumb JA, Vidal L et al.: A Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(3), 804-810 (2008).
223. Steele N, Finn P, Brown R, Plumb JA: Combined inhibition of DNA methylation and histone acetylation enhances gene re-expression and drug sensitivity in vivo. Br. J. Cancer 100(5), 758-763 (2009)
224. Cameron EE, Bachman KE, Myohanen S, Herman JG, Baylin SB: Synergy of demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in the re-expression of genes silenced in cancer. Nat. Genet. 21(1), 103-107 (1999)
225. Anzai H, Frost P, Abbruzzese L: Synergistic cytotoxicity with 2́-deoxy-5-azacytidine and topotecan in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 52(8), 2180-2185 (1992)
226. Strathdee G, Mackean MJ, Illand M, Brown R: A role for methylation of the hMLH1 promoter in loss of hMLH1 expression and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 18(14), 2335-2341 (1999)
227. Branch P, Masson M, Aquilina G, Bignami M, Karran P: Spontaneous development of drug resistance: mismatch repair and p53 defects in resistance to cisplatin in human tumor cells. Oncogene 19(28), 3138-3145 (2000)
228. Esteller M: Relevance of DNA methylation in the management of cancer. Lancet Oncol. 4(6), 351-358 (2003) (Pubitemid 36748422)
229. Bakkenist CJ, Kastan MB: DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421(6922), 499-506 (2003)
230. Thirlwell C, Eymard M, Feber A et al.: Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip. Methods (2010) (Epub ahead of print)
231. Beck S, Rakyan VK: The methylome: approaches for global DNA methylation profiling. Trends Genet. 24(5), 231-237 (2008)
232. Thu KL, Pikor LA, Kennett JY, Alvarez CE, Lam WL: Methylation analysis by DNA immunoprecipitation. J. Cell. Physiol. 222(3), 522-531 (2010)
233. Rauch T, Pfeifer GP: Methylated-CpG island recovery assay: a new technique for the rapid detection of methylated-CpG islands in cancer. Lab. Invest. 85(9), 1172-1180 (2005)
234. Bernstein BE, Kamal M, Lindblad-Toh K et al.: Genomic maps and comparative analysis of histone modifications in human and mouse. Cell 120(2), 169-181 (2005)
235. Ongenaert M, Van Neste L, De Meyer T, Menschaert G, Bekaert S, Van Criekinge W: PubMeth: a cancer methylation database combining text-mining and expert annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 36(Database issue), D842-D846 (2008)
236. Strathdee G, Appleton K, Illand M et al.: Primary ovarian carcinomas display multiple methylator phenotypes involving known tumor suppressor genes. Am. J. Pathol. 158(3), 1121-1127 (2001)
237. Niederacher D, Yan HY, An HX, Bender HG, Beckmann MW: CDKN2a gene inactivation in epithelial sporadic ovarian cancer. Br. J. Cancer 80(12), 1920-1926 (1999)
238. Liu Z, Wang LE, Wang L et al.: Methylation and messenger RNA expression of p15INK4b but not p16INK4a are independent risk factors for ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(13), 4968-4976 (2005)
239. Shivapurkar N, Toyooka S, Toyooka Ko et al.: Aberrant methylation of trail decoy receptor genes is frequent in multiple tumor types. Int. J. Cancer 109(5), 786-792 (2004)
240. Cai LY, Abe M, Izumi S, Imura M, Yasugi T, Ushijima T: Identification of prtfdc1 silencing and aberrant promoter methylation of GPR150, ITGA8 and HOXD11 in ovarian cancers. Life sciences 80(16), 1458-1465 (2007)
241. Shen DH, Chan KY, Khoo US et al.: Epigenetic and genetic alterations of p33ING1b in ovarian cancer. Carcinogenesis 26(4), 855-863 (2005)
242. Czekierdowski A, Czekierdowska S, Szymanski M, Wielgos M, Kaminski P, Kotarski J: Opioid-binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like (OPCML) gene and promoter methylation status in women with ovarian cancer. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 27(5), 609-613 (2006)
243. Choi YL, Kang SY, Shin YK et al.: Aberrant hypermethylation of rassf1a promoter in ovarian borderline tumors and carcinomas. Virchows Arch. 448(3), 331-336 (2006)
244. Ma L, Zhang JH, Liu FR, Zhang X: Hypermethylation of promoter region of RASSF1A gene in ovarian malignant epithelial tumors. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 27(11), 657-659 (2005)
245. Widschwendter A, Muller HM, Hubalek MM et al.: Methylation status and expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in ovarian and cervical cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 93(2), 407-416 (2004)
246. Okochi-Takada E, Nakazawa K, Wakabayashi M et al.: Silencing of the uchl1 gene in human colorectal and ovarian cancers. Int. J. Cancer 119(6), 1338-1344 (2006)
247. Kantarjian HM, OBrien S, Cortes J et al.: Results of decitabine (5-aza-2́deoxycytidine) therapy in 130 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 98(3), 522-528 (2003) (Pubitemid 36885992)
248. Tam KF, Liu VW, Liu SS et al.: Methylation profile in benign, borderline and malignant ovarian tumors. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 133(5), 331-341 (2007)
249. Graham JS, Kaye SB, Brown R: The promises and pitfalls of epigenetic therapies in solid tumours. Eur. J. Cancer 45(7), 1129-1136 (2009)
250. Chuang JC, Yoo CB, Kwan JM et al.: Comparison of biological effects of non-nucleoside DNA methylation inhibitors versus 5-aza-2́-deoxycytidine. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4(10), 1515-1520 (2005)
251. Kattan MW, Shariat SF, Andrews B et al.: The addition of interleukin-6 soluble receptor and transforming growth factor-b1 improves a preoperative nomogram for predicting biochemical progression in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(19), 3573-3579 (2003)
252. Choan E, Segal R, Jonker D et al.: A prospective clinical trial of green tea for hormone refractory prostate cancer: an evaluation of the complementary/ alternative therapy approach. Urologic Oncol. 23(2), 108-113 (2005)
253. Jatoi A, Ellison N, Burch PA et al.: A Phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Cancer 97(6), 1442-1446 (2003)
254. Yung R, Chang S, Hemati N, Johnson K, Richardson B: Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. IV. Comparison of procainamide and hydralazine with analogs in vitro and in vivo. Arthritis Rheum. 40(8), 1436-1443 (1997)
255. Mai A, Altucci L: Epi-drugs to fight cancer: from chemistry to cancer treatment, the road ahead. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41(1), 199-213 (2009)
256. Butler KV, Kozikowski AP: Chemical origins of isoform selectivity in histone deacetylase inhibitors. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14(6), 505-528 (2008)
257. Qian X, Ara G, Mills E, Larochelle WJ, Lichenstein HS, Jeffers M: Activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat (PXD101) in preclinical models of prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 122(6), 1400-1410 (2008
258. Hubbert C, Guardiola A, Shao R et al.: HDAC6 is a microtubule-associated deacetylase. Nature 417(6887), 455-458 (2002)
259. Marchion D, Munster P: Development of histone deacetylase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 7(4), 583-598 (2007)
260. Dyer ES, Paulsen MT, Markwart SM, Goh M, Livant DL, Ljungman M: Phenylbutyrate inhibits the invasive properties of prostate and breast cancer cell lines in the sea urchin embryo basement membrane invasion assay. Int. J. Cancer 101(5), 496-499 (2002).
261. Gore SD, Samid D, Weng LJ: Impact of the putative differentiating agents sodium phenylbutyrate and sodium phenylacetate on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of primary neoplastic myeloid cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 3(10), 1755-1762 (1997).
262. Melchior SW, Brown LG, Figg WD et al.: Effects of phenylbutyrate on proliferation and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Oncol. 14(3), 501-508 (1999)
263. Svechnikova I, Gray SG, Kundrotiene J, Ponthan F, Kogner P, Ekstrom TJ: Apoptosis and tumor remission in liver tumor xenografts by 4-phenylbutyrate. Int. J. Oncol. 22(3), 579-588 (2003).
264. Gottlicher M, Minucci S, Zhu P et al.: Valproic acid defines a novel class of HDAC inhibitors inducing differentiation of transformed cells. EMBO J. 20(24), 6969-6978 (2001)
265. Garcia-Manero G, Assouline S, Cortes J et al.: Phase I study of the oral isotype specific histone deacetylase inhibitor MGCD0103 in leukemia. Blood 112(4), 981-989 (2008)
266. Tan J, Cang S, Ma Y, Petrillo RL, Liu D: Novel histone deacetylase inhibitors in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents. J. Hematol. Oncol. 3, 5 (2010