Geographical and genetic diversity of the human hepatitis B virus

Hepatology Research

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 14-30

  Kurbanov, Fuat ^a   Tanaka, Yasuhito ^a   Mizokami, Masashi ^a,b  

^a NAGOYA CITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Genotypes; Hepatitis B virus; Molecular epidemiology; Recombination

Indexed keywords

ETHNICITY; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; MIXED INFECTION; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENETIC TREE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS GENOME;

EID: 77954351998     PISSN: 13866346     EISSN: 1872034X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2009.00601.x     Document Type: Review

References (300)

1. Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S. A " new" antigen in leukemia sera. JAMA 1965, 191:541-6.
2. Okochi K, Murakami S. Observations on Australia antigen in Japanese. Vox Sang 1968, 15:374-85.
3. Prince AM. An antigen detected in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968, 60:814-21.
4. Courouce-Pauty AM, Lemaire JM, Roux JF. New hepatitis B surface antigen subtypes inside the ad category. Vox Sang 1978, 35:304-8.
5. Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Sakugawa H. Typing hepatitis B virus by homology in nucleotide sequence: comparison of surface antigen subtypes. J Gen Virol 1988, 69(10):2575-83. Pt
6. Bowyer SM, van Staden L, Kew MC, Sim JG. A unique segment of the hepatitis B virus group A genotype identified in isolates from South Africa. J Gen Virol 1997, 78(7):1719-29. Pt
7. Orito E, Mizokami M, Ina Y. Host-independent evolution and a genetic classification of the hepadnavirus family based on nucleotide sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:7059-62.
8. Norder H, Hammas B, Lofdahl S, Courouce AM, Magnius LO. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of nine different serotypes of hepatitis B surface antigen and genomic classification of the corresponding hepatitis B virus strains. J Gen Virol 1992, 73:1201-8.
9. Naumann H, Schaefer S, Yoshida CF, Gaspar AM, Repp R, Gerlich WH. Identification of a new hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype from Brazil that expresses HBV surface antigen subtype adw4. J Gen Virol 1993, 74:1627-32.
10. Stuyver L, De Gendt S, Van Geyt C. A new genotype of hepatitis B virus: complete genome and phylogenetic relatedness. J Gen Virol 2000, 81:67-74.
11. Arauz-Ruiz P, Norder H, Robertson BH, Magnius LO. Genotype H: a new Amerindian genotype of hepatitis B virus revealed in Central America. J Gen Virol 2002, 83:2059-73.
12. Kramvis A, Restorp K, Norder H, Botha JF, Magnius LO, Kew MC. Full genome analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype E strains from South-Western Africa and Madagascar reveals low genetic variability. J Med Virol 2005, 77:47-52.
13. Sugauchi F, Orito E, Kato H. Genotype, serotype, and phylogenetic characterization of the complete genome sequence of hepatitis B virus isolates from Malawian chronic carriers of the virus. J Med Virol 2003, 69:33-40.
14. Hasegawa I, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in the United Republic of Tanzania. J Med Virol 2006, 78:1035-42.
15. Kimbi GC, Kramvis A, Kew MC. Distinctive sequence characteristics of subgenotype A1 isolates of hepatitis B virus from South Africa. J Gen Virol 2004, 85:1211-20.
16. Kew MC, Kramvis A, Yu MC, Arakawa K, Hodkinson J. Increased hepatocarcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus genotype A in Bantu-speaking sub-saharan Africans. J Med Virol 2005, 75:513-21.
17. Hardie DR, Williamson C. Analysis of the preS1 gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to define epidemiologically linked and un-linked infections in South Africa. Arch Virol 1997, 142:1829-41.
18. Bekondi C, Olinger CM, Boua N. Central African Republic is part of the West-African hepatitis B virus genotype E crescent. J Clin Virol 2007, 40:31-7.
19. Makuwa M, Souquiere S, Telfer P. Identification of hepatitis B virus subgenotype A3 in rural Gabon. J Med Virol 2006, 78:1175-84.
20. Toan NL, Song H, Kremsner PG. Impact of the hepatitis B virus genotype and genotype mixtures on the course of liver disease in Vietnam. Hepatology 2006, 43:1375-84.
21. Olinger CM, Venard V, Njayou M. Phylogenetic analysis of the precore/core gene of hepatitis B virus genotypes E and A in West Africa: new subtypes, mixed infections and recombinations. J Gen Virol 2006, 87:1163-73.
22. Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y, Fujiwara K. A new subtype (subgenotype) Ac (A3) of hepatitis B virus and recombination between genotypes A and E in Cameroon. J Gen Virol 2005, 86:2047-56.
23. Suzuki S, Sugauchi F, Orito E. Distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes among HBV carriers in the Cote d'Ivoire: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of HBV genotype E. J Med Virol 2003, 69:459-65.
24. Huy TT, Ishikawa K, Ampofo W. Characteristics of hepatitis B virus in Ghana: full length genome sequences indicate the endemicity of genotype E in West Africa. J Med Virol 2006, 78:178-84.
25. Huy TT, Ushijima H, Win KM. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus pre-s mutant in countries where it is endemic and its relationship with genotype and chronicity. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:5449-55.
26. Candotti D, Danso K, Allain JP. Maternofetal transmission of hepatitis B virus genotype E in Ghana, West Africa. J Gen Virol 2007, 88:2686-95.
27. Candotti D, Opare-Sem O, Rezvan H, Sarkodie F, Allain JP. Molecular and serological characterization of hepatitis B virus in deferred Ghanaian blood donors with and without elevated alanine aminotransferase. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13:715-24.
28. Vray M, Debonne JM, Sire JM. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Dakar, Senegal. J Med Virol 2006, 78:329-34.
29. Mulders MN, Venard V, Njayou M. Low genetic diversity despite hyperendemicity of hepatitis B virus genotype E throughout West Africa. J Infect Dis 2004, 190:400-8.
30. Ayed K, Gorgi Y, Ayed-Jendoubi S. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and precore/core-promoter mutations in Tunisian patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Infect 2007, 54:291-7.
31. Borchani-Chabchoub I, Gargouri A, Mokdad-Gargouri R. Genotyping of Tunisian hepatitis B virus isolates based on the sequencing of preS2 and S regions. Microbes Infect 2000, 2:607-12.
32. Saudy N, Sugauchi F, Tanaka Y. Genotypes and phylogenetic characterization of hepatitis B and delta viruses in Egypt. J Med Virol 2003, 70:529-36.
33. Zekri AR, Hafez MM, Mohamed NI. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Egyptian pediatric cancer patients with acute and chronic active HBV infection. Virol J 2007, 4:74.
34. Ezzikouri S, Chemin I, Chafik A. Genotype determination in Moroccan hepatitis B chronic carriers. Infect Genet Evol 2008, 8:306-12.
35. Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Adeli A. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of hepatitis B virus isolates from Iran. J Med Virol 2005, 76:318-26.
36. Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Mahboudi F. Genotype characterization and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus isolates from Iranian patients. J Med Virol 2005, 75:227-34.
37. Sendi H, Mehrab-Mohseni M, Zali MR, Norder H, Magnius LO. T1764G1766 core promoter double mutants are restricted to Hepatitis B virus strains with an A1757 and are common in genotype D. J Gen Virol 2005, 86:2451-8.
38. Mojiri A, Behzad-Behbahani A, Saberifirozi M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in southwest Iran: molecular, serological and clinical outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:1510-13.
39. Alavian SM, Keyvani H, Rezai M, Ashayeri N, Sadeghi HM. Preliminary report of hepatitis B virus genotype prevalence in Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:5211-13.
40. Moradi A, Kazeminejhad V, Roshandel G, Kalavi K, Ghaemi EO, Semnani S. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Iran. Indian J Med Sci 2008, 62:204-5.
41. Ben-Ari Z, Daudi N, Klein A. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance: longitudinal and sequential analysis of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in patients with lamivudine resistance after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:151-9.
42. Ben-Ari Z, Ashur Y, Daudi N. Genotype prevalence, viral load and outcome of hepatitis B virus precore mutant infection in stable patients and in patients after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2004, 18:415-22.
43. El-Zaatari M, Kazma H, Naboulsi-Majzoub M. Hepatitis B virus DNA in serum of " anti-HBc only" -positive healthy Lebanese blood donors: significance and possible implications. J Hosp Infect 2007, 66:278-82.
44. Sharara AI, Ramia S, Ramlawi F. Prevalence of restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of hepatitis B virus compatible with genotype D in Lebanon. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004, 23:861-3.
45. Hajeer AH, Al Knawy B, Alhaj-Hussein BT, Al-Rubiaan SD. Hepatitis B virus: a study of genotypes in an infected Saudi cohort. Br J Biomed Sci 2007, 64:93-4.
46. Bozdayi G, Turkyilmaz AR, Idilman R. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus isolated from Turkish patients with chronic HBV infection. J Med Virol 2005, 76:476-81.
47. Pinarbasi B, Onel D, Cosan F. Prevalence and virological features of occult hepatitis B virus infection in female sex workers who work uncontrolled in Turkey. Liver Int 2008, 29:227-30.
48. Senturker Guldas N, Abacioglu YH. S-gene sequences and genotype-related restriction sites in hepatitis B virus carriers in Turkey. Infection 2004, 32:344-9.
49. Ozaslan M, Ozaslan E, Barsgan A, Koruk M. Mutations in the S gene region of hepatitis B virus genotype D in Turkish patients. J Genet 2007, 86:195-201.
50. Serin MS, Akkiz H, Abayli B, Oksuz M, Aslan G, Emekdas G. Genotyping of hepatitis B virus isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients in the south of Turkey by DNA cycle-sequencing method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005, 53:57-60.
51. Ozdemir FT, Duman D, Ertem D. Determination of hepatitis B genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Turkey. Turk J Gastroenterol 2005, 16:183-7.
52. Bozdayi AM, Bozkaya H, Turkyilmaz AR. Nucleotide divergences in the core promoter and precore region of genotype D hepatitis B virus in patients with persistently elevated or normal ALT levels. J Clin Virol 2001, 21:91-101.
53. Sayiner AA, Ozcan A, Sengonul A. Naturally occurring MHR variants in Turkish patients infected with hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol 2008, 80:405-10.
54. Sunbul M, Leblebicioglu H. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Turkey. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11:1976-80.
55. Kaya S, Cetin ES, Aridogan BC, Onal S, Demirci M. Distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes among HBV carriers in Isparta. Iran Biomed J 2007, 11:59-63.
56. Aksoy A, Ozdarendeli A. [Genotyping of hepatitis B virus by restriction enzyme analysis]. Mikrobiyol Bul 2006, 40:215-23.
57. Leblebicioglu H, Eroglu C. Acute hepatitis B virus infection in Turkey: epidemiology and genotype distribution. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004, 10:537-41.
58. Sallam TA, William Tong CY. African links and hepatitis B virus genotypes in the Republic of Yemen. J Med Virol 2004, 73:23-8.
59. Khan A, Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y. Epidemiological and clinical evaluation of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and delta hepatitis viruses in Tajikistan. J Med Virol 2008, 80:268-76.
60. Kato H, Ruzibakiev R, Yuldasheva N. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Uzbekistan and validity of two different systems for genotyping. J Med Virol 2002, 67:477-83.
61. Avazova D, Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y. Hepatitis B virus transmission pattern and vaccination efficiency in Uzbekistan. J Med Virol 2008, 80:217-24.
62. Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Alavian SM, Adeli A. Hepatitis B virus genotyping, core promoter, and precore/core mutations among Afghan patients infected with hepatitis B: a preliminary report. J Med Virol 2006, 78:358-64.
63. Kumar M, Sarin SK, Hissar S. Virologic and histologic features of chronic hepatitis B virus-infected asymptomatic patients with persistently normal ALT. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:1376-84.
64. Borkakoty BJ, Mahanta J, Biswas D. Circulating genotypes of hepatitis B virus in Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Med Res 2008, 127:65-70.
65. Gandhe SS, Chadha MS, Arankalle VA. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and serotypes in western India: lack of clinical significance. J Med Virol 2003, 69:324-30.
66. Chattopadhyay S, Das BC, Hussain Z, Kar P. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in acute and fulminant hepatitis patients from north India using two different molecular genotyping approaches. Hepatol Res 2006, 35:79-82.
67. Chandra PK, Banerjee A, Datta S, Chakravarty R. G1862T mutation among hepatitis B virus-infected individuals: association with viral genotypes and disease outcome in Kolkata, Eastern India. Intervirology 2007, 50:173-80.
68. Biswas A, Chandra PK, Datta S. Frequency and distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes among eastern Indian voluntary blood donors: association with precore and basal core promoter mutations. Hepatol Res 2009, 39:53-9.
69. Chattopadhyay S, Das BC, Kar P. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic liver disease patients from New Delhi, India. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:6702-6.
70. Vivekanandan P, Abraham P, Sridharan G. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in blood donors and chronically infected patients in a tertiary care hospital in southern India. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:e81-6.
71. Chowdhury A, Santra A, Chakravorty R. Community-based epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in West Bengal, India: prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen-negative infection and associated viral variants. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 20:1712-20.
72. Banerjee A, Datta S, Chandra PK, Roychowdhury S, Panda CK, Chakravarty R. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes: phylogenetic analysis and virological characteristics of genotype C circulating among HBV carriers in Kolkata, Eastern India. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:5964-71.
73. Banerjee A, Kurbanov F, Datta S. Phylogenetic relatedness and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus isolates in Eastern India. J Med Virol 2006, 78:1164-74.
74. Murhekar MV, Chakravarty R, Murhekar KM, Banerjee A, Sehgal SC. Hepatitis B virus genotypes among the Jarawas: a primitive Negrito tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Arch Virol 2006, 151:1499-510.
75. Datta S, Chandra PK, Banerjee A, Chakravarty R, Murhekar KM, Murhekar MV. Predominance of hepatitis B virus genotype C among Karens, the " old settlers" of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Arch Virol 2007, 152:1223-8.
76. Arankalle VA, Murhekar KM, Gandhe SS. Hepatitis B virus: predominance of genotype D in primitive tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar islands, India (1989-1999). J Gen Virol 2003, 84:1915-20.
77. Alam MM, Zaidi SZ, Shaukat S. Common genotypes of Hepatitis B virus prevalent in injecting drug abusers (addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Virol J 2007, 4:63.
78. Alam MM, Zaidi SZ, Malik SA. Molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:115.
79. Abbas Z, Muzaffar R, Siddiqui A, Naqvi SA, Rizvi SA. Genetic variability in the precore and core promoter regions of hepatitis B virus strains in Karachi. BMC Gastroenterol 2006, 6:20.
80. Olinger CM, Lazouskaya NV, Eremin VF, Muller CP. Multiple genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis B and C viruses in Belarus: similarities with Russia and western European influences. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14:575-81.
81. Deterding K, Constantinescu I, Nedelcu FD. Prevalence of HBV genotypes in Central and Eastern Europe. J Med Virol 2008, 80:1707-11.
82. Krekulova L, Rehak V, da Silva Filho HP, Zavoral M, Riley LW. Genotypic distribution of hepatitis B virus in the Czech Republic: a possible association with modes of transmission and clinical outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003, 15:1183-8.
83. Nemecek V, Strunecky O. [Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in the Czech Republic]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2004, 53:55-61.
84. Tallo T, Norder H, Tefanova V. Hepatitis B virus genotype D strains from Estonia share sequence similarity with strains from Siberia and may specify ayw4. J Med Virol 2004, 74:221-7.
85. Szomor KN, Dencs A, Toth G. Variability of the PreS1/PreS2/S regions of hepatitis B virus in Hungary. Arch Virol 2007, 152:697-704.
86. Manuilov VA, Netesova IG, Osipova LP. [Genetic variability of hepatitis B virus isolates among population of Shuryskarsky area of Yamal-Nenets autonomous region]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 2005, 4:30-4.
87. Micalessi MI, De Cock L, Vranckx R. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping in Belgian patients with chronic HBV infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005, 11:499-501.
88. Tran N, Berne R, Chann R. European multicenter evaluation of high-density DNA probe arrays for detection of hepatitis B virus resistance mutations and identification of genotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:2792-800.
89. Wintermeyer P, Gerner P, Gehring S, Karimi A, Wirth S. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus precore stop codon mutations in chronically infected children. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:2235-8.
90. Oommen PT, Wirth S, Wintermeyer P, Gerner P. Relationship between viral load and genotypes of hepatitis B virus in children with chronic hepatitis B. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006, 43:342-7.
91. Hannoun C, Krogsgaard K, Horal P, Lindh M. Genotype mixtures of hepatitis B virus in patients treated with interferon. J Infect Dis 2002, 186:752-9.
92. Soussan P, Pol J, Garreau F. Expression of defective hepatitis B virus particles derived from singly spliced RNA is related to liver disease. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:218-25.
93. Ganne-Carrie N, Williams V, Kaddouri H. Significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes A to E in a cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis B in the Seine Saint Denis District of Paris (France). J Med Virol 2006, 78:335-40.
94. Trimoulet P, Boutonnet M, Winnock M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: a retrospective survey in Southwestern France, 1999-2004. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2007, 31:1088-94.
95. Halfon P, Bourliere M, Pol S. Multicentre study of hepatitis B virus genotypes in France: correlation with liver fibrosis and hepatitis B e antigen status. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13:329-35.
96. Pas SD, Tran N, de Man RA, Burghoorn-Maas C, Vernet G, Niesters HG. Comparison of reverse hybridization, microarray, and sequence analysis for genotyping hepatitis B virus. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:1268-73.
97. Protzer-Knolle U, Naumann U, Bartenschlager R. Hepatitis B virus with antigenically altered hepatitis B surface antigen is selected by high-dose hepatitis B immune globulin after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1998, 27:254-63.
98. Zacharakis G, Koskinas J, Kotsiou S. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins: a cohort study with up to 12 years' follow-up in northern Greece. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007, 44:84-91.
99. Lok AS, Hussain M, Cursano C. Evolution of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene mutations in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients receiving lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2000, 32:1145-53.
100. De Maddalena C, Giambelli C, Tanzi E. High level of genetic heterogeneity in S and P genes of genotype D hepatitis B virus. Virology 2007, 365:113-24.
101. Dal Molin G, Poli A, Croce LS. Hepatitis B virus genotypes, core promoter variants, and precore stop codon variants in patients infected chronically in North-Eastern Italy. J Med Virol 2006, 78:734-40.
102. Koppelman MH, Zaaijer HL. Diversity and origin of hepatitis B virus in Dutch blood donors. J Med Virol 2004, 73:29-32.
103. Toy M, Veldhuijzen IK, Mostert MC, de Man RA, Richardus JH. Transmission routes of hepatitis B virus infection in chronic hepatitis B patients in the Netherlands. J Med Virol 2008, 80:399-404.
104. Bielawski KP, Charmuszko U, Dybikowska A, Stalke P, Podhajska AJ. Genetic variability of hepatitis B virus isolates in Poland. Virus Genes 2006, 33:77-86.
105. Zalewska M, Domagala M, Simon K, Gladysz A. [Hepatitis B virus genotypes and the response to lamivudine therapy]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2005, 114:1190-9.
106. Dzierzanowska-Fangrat K, Woynarowski M, Szczygielska I. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in children with chronic hepatitis B in Poland. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 18:655-8.
107. Basaras M, Arrese E, Blanco S, Sota M, de las Heras B, Cisterna R. Characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronically infected patients. Rev Esp Quimioter 2007, 20:442-5.
108. Ding X, Park YN, Taltavull TC. Geographic characterization of hepatitis virus infections, genotyping of hepatitis B virus, and p53 mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma analyzed by in situ detection of viral genomes from carcinoma tissues: comparison among six different countries. Jpn J Infect Dis 2003, 56:12-18.
109. Ramos B, Nunez M, Martin-Carbonero L. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and lamivudine resistance mutations in HIV/hepatitis B virus-coinfected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007, 44:557-61.
110. Pena-Lopez MJ, Suarez-Bordon P, Garcia-Bardeci D, Rodriguez-San Roman JL, Perez-Gonzalez MC, Lafarga-Capuz B. [Hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic carriers on the island of Gran Canaria. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005, 23:415-18.
111. Jardi R, Rodriguez F, Buti M. Mutations in the basic core promoter region of hepatitis B virus. Relationship with precore variants and HBV genotypes in a Spanish population of HBV carriers. J Hepatol 2004, 40:507-14.
112. Sanchez-Tapias JM, Costa J, Mas A, Bruguera M, Rodes J. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:1848-56.
113. Avellon A, Echevarria JM. Frequency of hepatitis B virus " a" determinant variants in unselected Spanish chronic carriers. J Med Virol 2006, 78:24-36.
114. Echevarria JM, Avellon A, Magnius LO. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Spain: identification of viral genotypes and prediction of antigenic subtypes by limited sequencing. J Med Virol 2005, 76:176-84.
115. Echevarria JM, Leon P. Hepatitis B virus genotypes identified by a Line Probe Assay (LiPA) among chronic carriers from Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004, 22:452-4.
116. Rodriguez-Frias F, Jardi R, Buti M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and G1896A precore mutation in 486 Spanish patients with acute and chronic HBV infection. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13:343-50.
117. Bjornsdottir TB, Stanzeit B, Sallberg M, Love A, Hultgren C. Changing prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Iceland. J Med Virol 2005, 77:481-5.
118. Laoi BN, Crowley B. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates, including identification of a novel recombinant, in patients with acute HBV infection attending an Irish hospital. J Med Virol 2008, 80:1554-64.
119. Blackberg J, Kidd-Ljunggren K. Genotypic differences in the hepatitis B virus core promoter and precore sequences during seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe. J Med Virol 2000, 60:107-12.
120. Lindh M, Gonzalez JE, Norkrans G, Horal P. Genotyping of hepatitis B virus by restriction pattern analysis of a pre-S amplicon. J Virol Methods 1998, 72:163-74.
121. Dervisevic S, Ijaz S, Chaudry S, Tedder RS. Non-A hepatitis B virus genotypes in antenatal clinics, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2007, 13:1689-93.
122. Davidson F, Lycett C, Sablon E, Petrik J, Dow BC. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and precore mutations in Scottish blood donors. Vox Sang 2005, 88:87-92.
123. Fung SK, Wong FS, Wong DK, Hussain MT, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus genotypes, precore and core promoter variants among predominantly Asian patients with chronic HBV infection in a Canadian center. Liver Int 2006, 26:796-804.
124. Osiowy C, Giles E. Evaluation of the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping assay for determination of hepatitis B virus genotype. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:5473-7.
125. Krarup HB, Andersen S, Madsen PH, Okkels H, Hvingel BH, Laurberg P. Benign course of long-standing hepatitis B virus infection among Greenland Inuit? Scand J Gastroenterol 2008, 43:334-43.
126. Sakurai M, Sugauchi F, Tsai N. Genotype and phylogenetic characterization of hepatitis B virus among multi-ethnic cohort in Hawaii. World J Gastroenterol 2004, 10:2218-22.
127. Germer JJ, Charlton MR, Ishitani MB, Forehand CD, Patel R. Characterization of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and polymerase mutations in liver transplant recipients pre- and post-transplant. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:743-53.
128. Kato H, Gish RG, Bzowej N. Eight genotypes (A-H) of hepatitis B virus infecting patients from San Francisco and their demographic, clinical, and virological characteristics. J Med Virol 2004, 73:516-21.
129. Moriya T, Kuramoto IK, Yoshizawa H, Holland PV. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes among American blood donors determined with a PreS2 epitope enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:877-80.
130. Chu CJ, Keeffe EB, Han SH. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in the United States: results of a nationwide study. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:444-51.
131. Livingston SE, Simonetti JP, McMahon BJ. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Alaska Native people with hepatocellular carcinoma: preponderance of genotype F. J Infect Dis 2007, 195:5-11.
132. Sanchez LV, Maldonado M, Bastidas-Ramirez BE, Norder H, Panduro A. Genotypes and S-gene variability of Mexican hepatitis B virus strains. J Med Virol 2002, 68:24-32.
133. Sanchez LV, Tanaka Y, Maldonado M, Mizokami M, Panduro A. Difference of hepatitis B virus genotype distribution in two groups of mexican patients with different risk factors. High prevalence of genotype H and G. Intervirology 2007, 50:9-15.
134. Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sablon E, Conde-Gonzalez CJ, Juarez-Figueroa L, Ruiz-Maya L, Aguilar-Benavides S. Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus isolates in Mexico: predominant circulation of hepatitis B virus genotype H. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:6540-5.
135. Arauz-Ruiz P, Norder H, Visona KA, Magnius LO. Genotype F prevails in HBV infected patients of hispanic origin in Central America and may carry the precore stop mutant. J Med Virol 1997, 51:305-12.
136. Mbayed VA, Lopez JL, Telenta PF. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in two different pediatric populations from Argentina. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:3362-5.
137. Lopez JL, Mbayed VA, Telenta PF, Gonzalez JE, Campos RH. " Hbe minus" mutants of hepatitis B virus. Molecular characterization and its relation to viral genotypes. Virus Res 2002, 87:41-9.
138. Quarleri J, Moretti F, Bouzas MB. Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution and its lamivudine-resistant mutants in HIV-coinfected patients with chronic and occult hepatitis B. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007, 23:525-31.
139. Trinks J, Cuestas ML, Tanaka Y. Two simultaneous hepatitis B virus epidemics among injecting drug users and men who have sex with men in Buenos Aires, Argentina: characterization of the first D/A recombinant from the American continent. J Viral Hepat 2008, 15:827-38.
140. Franca PH, Gonzalez JE, Munne MS. Strong association between genotype F and hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen-negative variants among HBV-infected argentinean blood donors. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:5015-21.
141. Pineiro YLFG, Pezzano SC, Torres C. Hepatitis B virus genetic diversity in Argentina: Dissimilar genotype distribution in two different geographical regions; description of hepatitis B surface antigen variants. J Clin Virol 2008, 42:381-8.
142. Khan A, Tanaka Y, Saito H. Transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes among Japanese immigrants and natives in Bolivia. Virus Res 2008, 132:174-80.
143. Matos MA, Bringel RM, Franca DD. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in truck drivers in Brazil, South America. Sex Transm Infect 2008, 84:386-9.
144. Ferreira RC, Teles SA, Dias MA. Hepatitis B virus infection profile in hemodialysis patients in Central Brazil: prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006, 101:689-92.
145. Motta-Castro AR, Martins RM, Yoshida CF. Hepatitis B virus infection in isolated Afro-Brazilian communities. J Med Virol 2005, 77:188-93.
146. Ribeiro NR, Campos GS, Angelo AL. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes among patients with chronic infection. Liver Int 2006, 26:636-42.
147. Sitnik R, Pinho JR, Bertolini DA, Bernardini AP, Da Silva LC, Carrilho FJ. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and precore and core mutants in Brazilian patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:2455-60.
148. Araujo NM, Mello FC, Yoshida CF, Niel C, Gomes SA. High proportion of subgroup A' (genotype A) among Brazilian isolates of Hepatitis B virus. Arch Virol 2004, 149:1383-95.
149. Mello FC, Souto FJ, Nabuco LC. Hepatitis B virus genotypes circulating in Brazil: molecular characterization of genotype F isolates. BMC Microbiol 2007, 7:103.
150. Viana S, Parana R, Moreira RC, Compri AP, Macedo V. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus in the western Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73:808-14.
151. de Oliveira CM, Farias IP, Ferraz da Fonseca JC, Brasil LM, de Souza R, Astolfi-Filho S. Phylogeny and molecular genetic parameters of different stages of hepatitis B virus infection in patients from the Brazilian Amazon. Arch Virol 2008, 153:823-30.
152. Teles SA, Martins RM, Gomes SA. Hepatitis B virus transmission in Brazilian hemodialysis units: serological and molecular follow-up. J Med Virol 2002, 68:41-9.
153. Blitz L, Pujol FH, Swenson PD. Antigenic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains of genotype F in Amerindians and other population groups from Venezuela. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:648-51.
154. Devesa M, Rodriguez C, Leon G, Liprandi F, Pujol FH. Clade analysis and surface antigen polymorphism of hepatitis B virus American genotypes. J Med Virol 2004, 72:377-84.
155. Devesa M, Loureiro CL, Rivas Y. Subgenotype diversity of hepatitis B virus American genotype F in Amerindians from Venezuela and the general population of Colombia. J Med Virol 2008, 80:20-6.
156. Nakano T, Lu L, Hu X. Characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes among Yucpa Indians in Venezuela. J Gen Virol 2001, 82:359-65.
157. Quintero A, Martinez D, Alarcon De Noya B. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Afro-Venezuelan populations. Arch Virol 2002, 147:1829-36.
158. Huy TT, Sall AA, Reynes JM, Abe K. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of hepatitis B virus isolates in Cambodia. Virus Genes 2008, 36:299-305.
159. Huy TT, Ushijima H, Quang VX. Characteristics of core promoter and precore stop codon mutants of hepatitis B virus in Vietnam. J Med Virol 2004, 74:228-36.
160. Srey CT, Ijaz S, Tedder RS, Monchy D. Characterization of hepatitis B surface antigen strains circulating in the Kingdom of Cambodia. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13:62-6.
161. Nurainy N, Muljono DH, Sudoyo H, Marzuki S. Genetic study of hepatitis B virus in Indonesia reveals a new subgenotype of genotype B in east Nusa Tenggara. Arch Virol 2008, 153:1057-65.
162. Lusida MI, Surayah, Sakugawa H. Genotype and subtype analyses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and possible co-infection of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis D virus (HDV) in blood donors, patients with chronic liver disease and patients on hemodialysis in Surabaya, Indonesia. Microbiol Immunol 2003, 47:969-75.
163. Lusida MI, Nugrahaputra VE, Soetjipto. Novel subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus genotypes C and D in Papua, Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:2160-6.
164. Ong HT, Duraisamy G, Kee Peng N, Wen Siang T, Seow HF. Genotyping of hepatitis B virus in Malaysia based on the nucleotide sequence of preS and S genes. Microbes Infect 2005, 7:494-500.
165. Lim CK, Tan JT, Khoo JB. Correlations of HBV genotypes, mutations affecting HBeAg expression and HBeAg/ anti-HBe status in HBV carriers. Int J Med Sci 2006, 3:14-20.
166. Nagasaki F, Niitsuma H, Cervantes JG. Analysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus genotype B in the Philippines reveals a new subgenotype of genotype B. J Gen Virol 2006, 87:1175-80.
167. Sakamoto T, Tanaka Y, Orito E. Novel subtypes (subgenotypes) of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C among chronic liver disease patients in the Philippines. J Gen Virol 2006, 87:1873-82.
168. Tangkijvanich P, Mahachai V, Komolmit P, Fongsarun J, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11:2238-43.
169. Jutavijittum P, Yousukh A, Jiviriyawat Y, Kunachiwa W, Toriyama K. Genotypes of hepatitis B virus among children in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2008, 39:394-7.
170. Thuy le TT, Ryo H, Van Phung L, Furitsu K, Nomura T. Distribution of genotype/subtype and mutational spectra of the surface gene of hepatitis B virus circulating in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Med Virol 2005, 76:161-9.
171. Lin X, Ma ZM, Yao X, Zhang YP, Wen YM. Replication efficiency and sequence analysis of full-length hepatitis B virus isolates from hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Int J Cancer 2002, 102:487-91.
172. Guo PF, Zhong M, Hou JL. [Genotyping study of hepatitis B virus in its intrauterine transmission]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2002, 22:303-5.
173. Xu HM, Ren H, Qing YL, Peng ML, Ling N. [Establishment of consensus sequence of PreS/S of hepatitis B virus with genotype B/serotype adw2 or genotype C/serotype adrq+ prevailing in Chongqing of China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2003, 24:913-16.
174. Bian ZQ, Hua ZL, Yan WY, Liu MQ, Wu DY, Zheng ZX. [Identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B from different nationalities in ethnic minority areas in Yunnan Province, China]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2006, 86:681-6.
175. Fan HB, Guo YB, Yang J. [Genotyping of hepatitis B virus and its clinical significance in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2005, 25:229-30.
176. Song Y, Dai E, Wang J. Genotyping of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by oligonucleotides microarray. Mol Cell Probes 2006, 20:121-7.
177. Zhu L, Tse CH, Wong VW, Chim AM, Leung KS, Chan HL. A complete genomic analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes and mutations in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in China. J Viral Hepat 2008, 15:449-58.
178. Kong HB, Li YS. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and its clinical significance]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2007, 21:372-3.
179. Du H, Li T, Zhang HY. Correlation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and mutations in basal core promoter/precore with clinical features of chronic HBV infection. Liver Int 2007, 27:240-6.
180. You J, Sriplung H, Chongsuvivatwong V. Profile, spectrum and significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic HBV-infected patients in Yunnan, China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2008, 7:271-9.
181. Lu XB, Wang XL, Deng GH. [Distribution and characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Uighur patients with chronic hepatitis B in Xinjiang province of China]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2007, 15:241-4.
182. Li D, Gu HX, Zhang SY, Zhong ZH, Zhuang M, Hattori T. YMDD mutations and genotypes of hepatitis B virus in northern China. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006, 59:42-5.
183. Ding X, Mizokami M, Ge X. Different hepatitis B virus genotype distributions among asymptomatic carriers and patients with liver diseases in Nanning, southern China. Hepatol Res 2002, 22:37-44.
184. Ding JJ, Peng L, Zhang Q, Li Z, Tang GP. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotype among population of Dong, Miao minority and Han in Guizhou]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2004, 18:230-3.
185. Ding JJ, Zhang Q, Peng L. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Guizhou and analysis of clinical significance]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2006, 20:241-3.
186. Ding J, Zhang Q, Peng L. [Investigation on virus genotype in patients infected with hepatitis B virus in four cities of Guizhou]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2006, 27:977-80.
187. Ding X, Mizokami M, Yao G. Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in Shanghai, China. Intervirology 2001, 44:43-7.
188. Lei YC, Hao YH, Tian YJ. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Hubei province and its clinical significance]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2005, 13:109-12.
189. Rokuhara A, Sun X, Tanaka E. Hepatitis B virus core and core-related antigen quantitation in Chinese patients with chronic genotype B and C hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 20:1726-30.
190. Wang Z, Tanaka Y, Huang Y. Clinical and virological characteristics of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes Ba, C1, and C2 in China. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:1491-6.
191. Wang Y, Zhou G, Li X. [Genotyping of hepatitis B virus and clinical investigation]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2002, 16:367-9.
192. Ge XM, Li DY, Fang ZL. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and its clinical significance in Guangxi]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2003, 17:174-9.
193. Cui C, Shi J, Hui L. The dominant hepatitis B virus genotype identified in Tibet is a C/D hybrid. J Gen Virol 2002, 83:2773-7.
194. Yuen MF, Sablon E, Tanaka Y. Epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus genotypes, core promoter and precore mutations of chronic hepatitis B infection in Hong Kong. J Hepatol 2004, 41:119-25.
195. Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus genotype B is associated with earlier HBeAg seroconversion compared with hepatitis B virus genotype C. Gastroenterology 2002, 122:1756-62.
196. Chan HL, Tsang SW, Liew CT. Viral genotype and hepatitis B virus DNA levels are correlated with histological liver damage in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:406-12.
197. Chan HL, Wong ML, Hui AY, Hung LC, Chan FK, Sung JJ. Hepatitis B virus genotype C takes a more aggressive disease course than hepatitis B virus genotype B in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:1277-9.
198. Chan HL, Tsang SW, Wong ML. Genotype B hepatitis B virus is associated with severe icteric flare-up of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Hong Kong. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:2629-33.
199. Chan HL, Wong ML, Hui AY. Hepatitis B virus genotype has no impact on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2003, 9:2695-7.
200. Yuan J, Zhou B, Tanaka Y. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes/subgenotypes in China: mutations in core promoter and precore/core and their clinical implications. J Clin Virol 2007, 39:87-93.
201. Huang YH, Zhou B, Wang ZH, Ma SW, Liang MF, Hou JL. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotype B subgenotype in China]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2007, 21:111-13.
202. Li YJ, Zhuang H, Li J. [Distribution and clinical significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subtypes in HBV-infected patients]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2005, 13:724-9.
203. Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Shinkai N. Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to hepatitis B virus genotypes B/C, specific mutations of enhancer II/core promoter/precore regions and HBV DNA levels. Gut 2008, 57:98-102.
204. Zhao H, Li J, Li XF. [Clinical characteristies and distribution of hepatitis B virus genotype and sub-genotype]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2007, 28:74-7.
205. Zeng G, Wang Z, Wen S. Geographic distribution, virologic and clinical characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotypes in China. J Viral Hepat 2005, 12:609-17.
206. Yin J, Zhang H, Li C. Role of hepatitis B virus genotype mixture, subgenotypes C2 and B2 on hepatocellular carcinoma: compared with chronic hepatitis B and asymptomatic carrier state in the same area. Carcinogenesis 2008, 28:1685-91.
207. Liu YX, Hu GL, Tan DM. [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotype in Hunan Province and its clinical significance]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2002, 27:29-31.
208. Xia G, Nainan OV, Jia Z. [Characterization and distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and subtypes in 4 provinces of China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2001, 22:348-51.
209. Takahashi K, Ohta Y, Kanai K. Clinical implications of mutations C-to-T1653 and T-to-C/A/G1753 of hepatitis B virus genotype C genome in chronic liver disease. Arch Virol 1999, 144:1299-308.
210. Sumi H, Yokosuka O, Seki N. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the progression of chronic type B liver disease. Hepatology 2003, 37:19-26.
211. Moriyama M, Taira M, Matsumura H. Genotype analysis, using PCR with type-specific primers, of hepatitis B virus isolates from patients coinfected with hepatitis delta virus genotype II from Miyako Island, Japan. Intervirology 2003, 46:114-20.
212. Lin ZM, Yatsuhashi H, Daikoku M. Hepatitis B virus of genotype C persistence after recovery from acute hepatitis B virus infection in Japan. Hepatol Res 2003, 25:244-53.
213. Ogawa M, Hasegawa K, Naritomi T, Torii N, Hayashi N. Clinical features and viral sequences of various genotypes of hepatitis B virus compared among patients with acute hepatitis B. Hepatol Res 2002, 23:167-77.
214. Tsubota A, Arase Y, Ren F, Tanaka H, Ikeda K, Kumada H. Genotype may correlate with liver carcinogenesis and tumor characteristics in cirrhotic patients infected with hepatitis B virus subtype adw. J Med Virol 2001, 65:257-65.
215. Joh R, Hasegawa K, Ogawa M. Genotypic analysis of hepatitis B virus from patients with fulminant hepatitis: comparison with acute self-limited hepatitis. Hepatol Res 2003, 26:119-24.
216. Shibayama T, Masuda G, Ajisawa A. Characterization of seven genotypes (A to E, G and H) of hepatitis B virus recovered from Japanese patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Med Virol 2005, 76:24-32.
217. Seo Y, Yoon S, Truong BX. Serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels differentiating inactive carriers from patients with chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 17:753-7.
218. Aono J, Yotsuyanagi H, Miyoshi H. Amino acid substitutions in the S region of hepatitis B virus in sera from patients with acute hepatitis. Hepatol Res 2007, 37:731-9.
219. Kobayashi M, Arase Y, Ikeda K. Viral genotypes and response to interferon in patients with acute prolonged hepatitis B virus infection of adulthood in Japan. J Med Virol 2002, 68:522-8.
220. Kobayashi M, Arase Y, Ikeda K. Clinical characteristics of patients infected with hepatitis B virus genotypes A, B, and C. J Gastroenterol 2002, 37:35-9.
221. Inui A, Komatsu H, Sogo T, Nagai T, Abe K, Fujisawa T. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in children and adolescents in Japan: before and after immunization for the prevention of mother to infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol 2007, 79:670-5.
222. Hayashi K, Katano Y, Takeda Y. Association of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes and basal core promoter/precore region variants with the clinical features of patients with acute hepatitis. J Gastroenterol 2008, 43:558-64.
223. Yotsuyanagi H, Okuse C, Yasuda K. Distinct geographic distributions of hepatitis B virus genotypes in patients with acute infection in Japan. J Med Virol 2005, 77:39-46.
224. Furusyo N, Nakashima H, Kashiwagi K. Clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes B and C in Japanese patients with chronic HBV infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002, 67:151-7.
225. Furusyo N, Kubo N, Nakashima H, Kashiwagi K, Hayashi J. Relationship of genotype rather than race to hepatitis B virus pathogenicity: a study of Japanese and Solomon Islanders. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:571-5.
226. Hayashi K, Katano Y, Takeda Y. Comparison of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B and absence of lamivudine-resistant strains in acute hepatitis B in Japan. J Med Virol 2007, 79:366-73.
227. Ozasa A, Tanaka Y, Orito E. Influence of genotypes and precore mutations on fulminant or chronic outcome of acute hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2006, 44:326-34.
228. Sakugawa H, Nakasone H, Nakayoshi T. Preponderance of hepatitis B virus genotype B contributes to a better prognosis of chronic HBV infection in Okinawa, Japan. J Med Virol 2002, 67:484-9.
229. Sugauchi F, Orito E, Ohno T. Spatial and chronological differences in hepatitis B virus genotypes from patients with acute hepatitis B in Japan. Hepatol Res 2006, 36:107-14.
230. Suzuki F, Tsubota A, Arase Y. Efficacy of lamivudine therapy and factors associated with emergence of resistance in chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Japan. Intervirology 2003, 46:182-9.
231. Usuda S, Okamoto H, Iwanari H. Serological detection of hepatitis B virus genotypes by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies to type-specific epitopes in the preS2-region product. J Virol Methods 1999, 80:97-112.
232. Orito E, Ichida T, Sakugawa H. Geographic distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in patients with chronic HBV infection in Japan. Hepatology 2001, 34:590-4.
233. Odgerel Z, Nho KB, Moon JY. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates from patients with chronic HBV infection in Korea. J Med Virol 2003, 71:499-503.
234. Odgerel Z, Choi IK, Byun KS. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolated from Mongolian patients with chronic HBV infection. Virus Genes 2006, 33:345-9.
235. Bae SH, Yoon SK, Jang JW. Hepatitis B virus genotype C prevails among chronic carriers of the virus in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2005, 20:816-20.
236. Song BC, Cui XJ, Kim H. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Korea: an endemic area of hepatitis B virus infection. Intervirology 2005, 48:133-7.
237. Kim H, Jee YM, Song BC. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and serotypes in patients with chronic HBV infection in Korea. Intervirology 2007, 50:52-7.
238. Yoon YJ, Chang HY, Ahn SH. MDM2 and p53 polymorphisms are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29:1192-6.
239. Alestig E, Hannoun C, Horal P, Lindh M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Mongols and Australian Aborigines. Arch Virol 2001, 146:2321-9.
240. Oyunsuren T, Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y. High frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolia; association with mono-, or co-infection with hepatitis C, B, and delta viruses. J Med Virol 2006, 78:1688-95.
241. Davaalkham D, Ojima T, Uehara R. Analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen mutations in Mongolia: molecular epidemiology and implications for mass vaccination. Arch Virol 2007, 152:575-84.
242. Tsatsralt-Od B, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Endo K, Inoue J, Okamoto H. High prevalence of dual or triple infection of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses among patients with chronic liver disease in Mongolia. J Med Virol 2005, 77:491-9.
243. Tsai WL, Lo GH, Hsu PI. Role of genotype and precore/basal core promoter mutations of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008, 43:196-201.
244. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B are rarely associated with superinfection of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2001, 34:817-23.
245. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in Taiwanese hepatitis B carriers. J Med Virol 2004, 72:363-9.
246. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis D virus genotypes in intravenous drug users in Taiwan: decreasing prevalence and lack of correlation with hepatitis B virus genotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:3047-9.
247. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Basal core promoter mutations of hepatitis B virus increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B carriers. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:327-34.
248. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Genotypes and clinical phenotypes of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:1207-9.
249. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Clinical and virological aspects of blood donors infected with hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:22-5.
250. Lee CM, Chen CH, Lu SN. Prevalence and clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes in southern Taiwan. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003, 38:95-101.
251. Lin CL, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS, Kao JH. High prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwanese intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 2007, 79:1674-8.
252. Chen CH, Lee CM, Lu SN. Clinical significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and precore and core promoter mutations affecting HBV e antigen expression in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:6000-6.
253. Chen BF, Chen PJ, Jow GM. High prevalence of mixed genotype infections in hepatitis B virus infected intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 2004, 74:536-42.
254. Ni YH, Chang MH, Wang KJ. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:1733-8.
255. Yang G, Liu J, Han S. Association between hepatitis B virus infection and HLA-DRB1 genotyping in Shaanxi Han patients in northwestern China. Tissue Antigens 2007, 69:170-5.
256. Sugauchi F, Mizokami M, Orito E. A novel variant genotype C of hepatitis B virus identified in isolates from Australian Aborigines: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness. J Gen Virol 2001, 82:883-92.
257. Jazayeri MS, Basuni AA, Cooksley G, Locarnini S, Carman WF. Hepatitis B virus genotypes, core gene variability and ethnicity in the Pacific region. J Hepatol 2004, 41:139-46.
258. Kessler HH, Stelzl E, Marth E, Stauber RE. Detection of mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase gene. Clin Chem 2003, 49:989-92.
259. Cooley L, Ayres A, Bartholomeusz A. Prevalence and characterization of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus mutations in HIV-HBV co-infected individuals. AIDS 2003, 17:1649-57.
260. Bell SJ, Lau A, Thompson A. Chronic hepatitis B: recommendations for therapy based on the natural history of disease in Australian patients. J Clin Virol 2005, 32:122-7.
261. Sugauchi F, Kumada H, Acharya SA. Epidemiological and sequence differences between two subtypes (Ae and Aa) of hepatitis B virus genotype A. J Gen Virol 2004, 85:811-20.
262. Kramvis A, Arakawa K, Yu MC, Nogueira R, Stram DO, Kew MC. Relationship of serological subtype, basic core promoter and precore mutations to genotypes/subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol 2008, 80:27-46.
263. Hannoun C, Soderstrom A, Norkrans G, Lindh M. Phylogeny of African complete genomes reveals a West African genotype A subtype of hepatitis B virus and relatedness between Somali and Asian A1 sequences. J Gen Virol 2005, 86:2163-7.
264. Sugauchi F, Kumada H, Sakugawa H. Two subtypes of genotype B (Ba and Bj) of hepatitis B virus in Japan. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1222-8.
265. Sugauchi F, Orito E, Ichida T. Epidemiologic and virologic characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype B having the recombination with genotype C. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:925-32.
266. Sugauchi F, Orito E, Ichida T. Hepatitis B virus of genotype B with or without recombination with genotype C over the precore region plus the core gene. J Virol 2002, 76:5985-92.
267. Wang Z, Huang Y, Wen S, Zhou B, Hou J. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes in China. Hepatol Res 2007, 37:S36-41.
268. Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M. Role of hepatitis B virus genotypes Ba and C, core promoter and precore mutations on hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study. Carcinogenesis 2004, 25:1593-8.
269. Norder H, Courouce AM, Coursaget P. Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains derived worldwide: genotypes, subgenotypes, and HBsAg subtypes. Intervirology 2004, 47:289-309.
270. Sakamoto T, Tanaka Y, Simonetti J. Classification of hepatitis B virus genotype B into 2 major types based on characterization of a novel subgenotype in Arctic indigenous populations. J Infect Dis 2007, 196:1487-92.
271. Osiowy C, Giles E, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Minuk GY. Molecular evolution of hepatitis B virus over 25 years. J Virol 2006, 80:10307-14.
272. Chan HL, Tsui SK, Tse CH. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of 2 subgroups of hepatitis B virus genotype C. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:2022-32.
273. Huy TT, Ushijima H, Quang VX. Genotype C of hepatitis B virus can be classified into at least two subgroups. J Gen Virol 2004, 85:283-92.
274. Tanaka Y, Orito E, Yuen MF. Two subtypes (subgenotypes) of hepatitis B virus genotype C: a novel subtyping assay based on restriction fragment length polymorphism. Hepatol Res 2005, 33:216-24.
275. Elkady A, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Oynsuren T, Mizokami M. Virological and clinical implication of core promoter C1752/V1753 and T1764/G1766 mutations in hepatitis B virus genotype D infection in Mongolia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 23:474-81.
276. Tallo T, Tefanova V, Priimagi L. D2: major subgenotype of hepatitis B virus in Russia and the Baltic region. J Gen Virol 2008, 89:1829-39.
277. Michitaka K, Tanaka Y, Horiike N. Tracing the history of hepatitis B virus genotype D in western Japan. J Med Virol 2006, 78:44-52.
278. Norder H, Courouce AM, Magnius LO. Complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. Virology 1994, 198:489-503.
279. Kato H, Fujiwara K, Gish RG. Classifying genotype F of hepatitis B virus into F1 and F2 subtypes. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11:6295-304.
280. Norder H, Arauz-Ruiz P, Blitz L, Pujol FH, Echevarria JM, Magnius LO. The T(1858) variant predisposing to the precore stop mutation correlates with one of two major genotype F hepatitis B virus clades. J Gen Virol 2003, 84:2083-7.
281. von Meltzer M, Vasquez S, Sun J. A new clade of hepatitis B virus subgenotype F1 from Peru with unusual properties. Virus Genes 2008, 37:225-30.
282. Pineiro y Leone FG, Mbayed VA, Campos RH. Evolutionary history of Hepatitis B virus genotype F: an in-depth analysis of Argentine isolates. Virus Genes 2003, 27:103-10.
283. Suwannakarn K, Tangkijvanich P, Theamboonlers A, Abe K, Poovorawan Y. A novel recombinant of Hepatitis B virus genotypes G and C isolated from a Thai patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gen Virol 2005, 86:3027-30.
284. Bottecchia M, Souto FJ, O KM. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and resistance mutations in patients under long term lamivudine therapy: characterization of genotype G in Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2008, 8:11.
285. Mizokami M, Orito E, Ohba K, Ikeo K, Lau JY, Gojobori T. Constrained evolution with respect to gene overlap of hepatitis B virus. J Mol Evol 1997, 44(1):S83-90. Suppl
286. Bollyky PL, Holmes EC. Reconstructing the complex evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus. J Mol Evol 1999, 49:130-41.
287. Bollyky PL, Rambaut A, Harvey PH, Holmes EC. Recombination between sequences of hepatitis B virus from different genotypes. J Mol Evol 1996, 42:97-102.
288. Simmonds P, Midgley S. Recombination in the genesis and evolution of hepatitis B virus genotypes. J Virol 2005, 79:15467-76.
289. Yang J, Xing K, Deng R, Wang J, Wang X. Identification of Hepatitis B virus putative intergenotype recombinants by using fragment typing. J Gen Virol 2006, 87:2203-15.
290. Arauz-Ruiz P, Norder H, Visona KA, Magnius LO. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Central America reflected in the genetic variability of the small S gene. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:851-8.
291. Jutavijittum P, Jiviriyawat Y, Yousukh A, Kunachiwa W, Toriyama K. Genotypes of hepatitis B virus among voluntary blood donors in northern Thailand. Hepatol Res 2006, 35:263-6.
292. Kuiken C, Mizokami M, Deleage G. Hepatitis C databases, principles and utility to researchers. Hepatology 2006, 43:1157-65.
293. Shin IT, Tanaka Y, Tateno Y, Mizokami M. Development and public release of a comprehensive hepatitis virus database. Hepatol Res 2008, 38:234-43.
294. Huy TT, Tran TT, Trinh TN, Abe K. New complex recombinant genotype of hepatitis B virus identified in Vietnam. J Virol 2008, 82:5657-63.
295. Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y, Kramvis A, Simmonds P, Mizokami M. When should " I" consider a new hepatitis B virus genotype? J Virol 2008, 82:8241-2.
296. Hannoun C, Norder H, Lindh M. An aberrant genotype revealed in recombinant hepatitis B virus strains from Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2000, 81:2267-72.
297. Olinger CM, Jutavijittum P, Hubschen JM. Possible new hepatitis B virus genotype, southeast Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14:1777-80.
298. Tatematsu K, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F. A genetic variant of hepatitis B virus divergent from known human and ape genotypes isolated from a Japanese patient and provisionally assigned to new genotype J. J Virol 2009, 83:10538-47.
299. Szmaragd C, Balloux F. The population genomics of hepatitis B virus. Mol Ecol 2007, 16:4747-58.
300. Purdy MA, Gonzales AC, Dimitrova Z, Khudyakov Y. Supragenotypic groups of the hepatitis B virus genome. J Gen Virol 2008, 89:1179-83.