Employee proactivity in organizations: A comparative meta-analysis of emergent proactive constructs

Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 275-300

  Thomas, Jeffrey P ^a   Whitman, Daniel S ^b   Viswesvaran, Chockalingam ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRIDGEPORT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954258411     PISSN: 09631798     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/096317910X502359     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Agarwala, T. (2003). Innovative human resource practices and organizational commitment: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 175-197. doi:10.1080/0958519021000029072
2. Allen, D. G., Moffitt, K. R., & Weeks, K. P. (2005). Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 980-990. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.980
3. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
4. Allen, T. D., Facteau, J. D., & Facteau, C. L. (2004). Structured interviewing for OCB: Construct validity, faking, and the effects of question type. Human Performance, 17, 1-24. doi:10.1207/S15327043HUP1701_1
5. Allen, T. D., & O'Brien, K. E. (2006). Formal mentoring programs and organizational attraction. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 17, 43-58. doi:10.1002/hrdq.1160
6. Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user's guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
7. Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: Antecedents and outcomes work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 132-146. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132
8. Ashford, S. J., & Black, J. S. (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 199-214. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.199
9. Ashforth, B. E., & Saks, A. M. (2000). Personal control in organizations: A longitudinal investigation with newcomers. Human Relations, 53, 311-339. doi:10.1177/0018726700533002
10. Ashforth, B. E., Sluss, D. M., & Saks, A. M. (2007). Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 447-462. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.02.001
11. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
12. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-25. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
13. Bateman, T. S., & Crant, M. J. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 103-118. doi:10.1002/ job.4030140202
14. Becherer, R. C., & Maurer, J. G. (1999). The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 37, 28-36.
15. Binnewies, C., Ohly, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Taking personal initiative and communicating about ideas: What is important for the creative process and for idea creativity? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 432-455. doi:10.1080/13594320701514728
16. Bommer, W. H., Johnson, J. L., Rich, G. A., Podsakoff, P. M., & Mackenzie, S. B. (1995). On the interchangeability of objective and subjective measures of employee performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 48, 587-506. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01772.x
17. Borman,W. C. (1997). 360 Ratings: An analysis of assumptions and a research agenda for evaluating their validity. Human Resource Management Review, 7, 299-315. doi:10.1016/S1053-4822(97)90010-3
18. Borman, W. C. (2004). Introduction to the special issue: Personality and the prediction of job performance: More than the Big Five. Human Performance, 17, 267-269. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1703_1
19. Botero, I. C., & Van Dyne, L. (2009). Employee voice behavior: Interactive effects of LMX and power distance in the United States and Colombia. Management Communication Quarterly, 84-104.
20. Bowen, F., & Blackmon, K. (2003). Spirals of silence: The dynamic effects of diversity on organizational voice. Journal of Management, 40, 1393-1417.
21. Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T., & DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006). Protean and boundaryless careers: An empirical exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 30-47. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.09.003
22. Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: A field investigation with college graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 717-726. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.717
23. Bryne, Z. S., Dik, B. J., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2008). Alternatives to traditional mentoring in fostering career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 429-442. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.010
24. Campbell, D. J. (2000). The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive, 14, 52-66.
25. Campbell, J. P., Gasser, M. B., & Oswald, F. L. (1996). The substantive nature of job performance variability. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.), Frontiers of industrial and organizational psychology. Individual differences and behavior in organizations (pp. 258-299). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
26. Cascio, W. F., & Aguinis, H. (2005). Applied psychology in human resource management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
27. Chan, D. (2004). Individual differences in tolerance for contradiction. Human Performance, 17, 297-324. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1703_3
28. Chan, D. (2006). Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 475-481. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.475
29. Chan, D., & Schmitt, N. (2000). Interindividual differences in interindividual changes in proactivity during organizational entry: A latent growth modeling approach to understanding newcomer adaptation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 190-210. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.190
30. Chiaburu, D. S., & Baker, V. L. (2006). Validity and antecedents of taking charge behaviors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 620-637. doi:10.1108/02683940610690178
31. Chiaburu, D. S., Marinova, S. V., & Lim, A. S. (2007). Helping and proactive extra-role behaviors: The influence of motives, goal orientation, and social context. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2282-2293. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.007
32. Claes, R. (2003). Counseling for new careers. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 3, 55-69. doi:10.1023/A:1022635909614
33. Conlon, E., Devaraj, S., & Matta, K. F. (2001). The relationship between initial quality perceptions and maintenance behavior: The case of the automotive industry. Management Science, 47, 1191-1202. doi:10.1287/mnsc.47.9.1191.9788
34. Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). NEO-PI-R and NEO-FFI professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
35. Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 63-75. doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1<63::AID-JOB8 >3.0.CO;2-J
36. Crant, M. C. (1995). The Proactive Personality Scale and objective performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 532-537. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.532
37. Crant, M. J. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435-462. doi:10.1177/014920630002600304
38. Cunningham, C. J. L., & De La Rosa, G. M. (2008). The interactive effects of proactive personality and work-family interference on well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 271-282. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.271
39. Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1964). A theory of work adjustment. Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 23, 1-14. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Industrial Relations Center.
40. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627-668. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627
41. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The 'what' and 'why' of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. doi:10.1207/S15327965-PLI1104_01
42. Deckop, J. R., Cirka, C. C., & Andersson, L. M. (2003). Doing unto others: The reciprocity of helping behavior in organziations. Journal of Business Ethics, 47, 101-113. doi:10.1023/A:1026060419167
43. Deluga, R. J. (1998). American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership, and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly, 9, 265-291. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90030-3
44. Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2007). Personal initiative, commitment and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 601-622. doi:10.1348/096317906X171442
45. Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, J. P. E. F., & Paauwe, J. (2004). Performance management: A model and research agenda. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 556-569. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00188.x
46. Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Abdalla, I. A., et al. (1999). Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? Leadership Quarterly, 10, 219-256. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1
47. Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50, 869-884.
48. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
49. Dutton, J. E., & Ashford, S. J. (1993). Selling issues to top management. Academy of Management Review, 18, 397-428. doi:10.2307/258903
50. Eby, L., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 689-708. doi:10.1002/job.214
51. Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2005). Enhancing career benefits of employee proactive personality: The role of fit with jobs and organizations. Personnel Psychology, 58, 859-891. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00772.x
52. Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2000). Conservatives' approach to work: Less prepared for future work demands? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 171-195. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02310.x
53. Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14, 97-124. doi:10.1207/S15327043HUP1401_06
54. Fay, D., Luhrmann, H., & Kohl, C. (2004). Proactive climate in a post-organization setting: When staff compensate managers' weakness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 241-267. doi:10.1080/13594320444000083
55. Finkelstein, L. M., Kulas, J. T., & Dages, K. D. (2003). Age differences in proactive newcomer socialization strategies in two populations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 473-500. doi:10.1023/A:1023400201387
56. Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. (1996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. New York: West.
57. Fischer, R., & Smith, P. B. (2006). Who cares about justice? The moderating effect of values on the link between organisational justice and work behaviour. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 541-562. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00243.x
58. Ford, K. J., Schechtman, S. L., & Kraiger, K. (1986). Study of race effects in objective indices and subjective evaluations of performance: A meta-analysis of performance criteria. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 330-337. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.330
59. Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability, and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 139-161.
60. Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1084-1102. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1084
61. Frese, M., Krauss, S. I., Keith, N. K., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., ... Friedrich, C. (2007). Business owners' action planning and its relationship to business siccess in three african countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1481-1498. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1481
62. Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 1, 37-63. doi:10.2307/256630
63. Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Picador.
64. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2005). Recovery, health, and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 187-199. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.187
65. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Antecedents of day-level proactive behavior: A look at job stressors and positive affect during the workday. Journal of Management, 35, 94-111. doi:10.1177/0149206307308911
66. Fuller, J. B., Barnett, T., Hester, K., Relyea, C., & Frey, L. (2007). An exploratory examination of voice behavior from an impression management perspective. Journal of Managerial Issues, 1, 134-151.
67. Fuller, J. B., Hester, K., Barnett, T., Frey, L., Relyea, C., & Beu, D. (2006). Perceived external prestige and internal respect: New insights into the organizational identification process. Human Relations, 59, 815-846. doi:10.1177/0018726706067148
68. Fuller, B. J., Marler, L. E., & Hester, K. (2006). Promoting felt respnsibility for constructive change and proactive behavior: Exploring aspects of an elaborated model of work design. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1089-1120. doi:10.1002/job.408
69. Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality Psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7-28). Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
70. Graham, J.W., & Van Dyne, L. (2006). Gathering information and exercising influence: Two forms of civic virtue organizational citizenship behavior. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 18, 89-109. doi:10.1007/s10672-006-9007-x
71. Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3-34. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002
72. Grant, A. M., Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2009). Getting credit for proactive behavior: Supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel. Personnel Psychology, 62, 31-55.
73. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Career management (3rd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press.
74. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2007). Why does proactive personality predict employee attitudes and behaviors? A field investigation of the mediating role of the self-concordance model. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York City, NY.
75. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170. doi:10.1037/h0076546
76. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
77. Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative, and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 78-91. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
78. Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A., & Roth, P. L. (2006). How important are job attitudes? Metaanalytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 305-325.
79. Harvey, S., Blouin, C., & Stout, D. (2006). Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1063-1074. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.021
80. Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14, 75-89. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490867
81. Hough, L. M., & Ones, D. S. (2001). The structure, measurement, validity, and use of personality variables in industrial, work, and organizational psychology. In N. R. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of work psychology (pp. 233-377). New York: Sage.
82. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. New York: Sage Publications.
83. Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Judiesch, M. K. (1990). Individual differences in output variability as a function of job complexity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 28-42. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.28
84. Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-879. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.869
85. Islam, G., & Zyphur, M. J. (2005). Power, voice, and hierarchy: Exploring the antecedents of speaking up in groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9, 93-103. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.93
86. Janssen, O., Vries, T., Cozijnsen, A. J., &, (1998). Voicing by adapting and innovating employees: An empirical study on how personality and environment interact to affect voice behavior. Human Relations, 51, 945-967.
87. Joireman, J., Kamdar, D., Daniels, D., & Deull, B. (2006). Good citizens to the end? It depends: Empathy and concern with consequences moderate the impact of a short-term time horizon on organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1307-1320. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1307
88. Judge, T. A., Jackson, C. L., Shaw, J. C., Scott, B. A., & Rich, B. L. (2007). Self efficacy and work related performance: The integral role of individual differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 107-127. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.107
89. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 376-407. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
90. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., &Wanberg, C. R. (2003). Unwrapping the organizational entry process: Disentangling multiple antecedents and their pathways to adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 779-794. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.779
91. Kickul, J., & Gundry, L. J. (2002). Prospecting for strategic advantage: The proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 40, 85-97. doi:10.1111/1540-627X.00042
92. Kim, T., & Wang, J. (2008). Proactive personality and feedback seeking behaviors: The effects of supervisor feedback and overall fairness. Unpublished manuscript, City University of Hong Kong.
93. Kirby, E. G., & Kirby, S. L. (2006). Improving task performance: The relationship between morningness and proactive thinking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 36, 2715-2729. doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00124.x
94. Kirby, E. G., Kirby, S. L., & Lewis, M. A. (2002). A study of the effectiveness of training proactive thinking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1538-1549. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01451.x
95. Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 254-284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254
96. Konig, C., Steinmetz, H., Frese, M., Rauch, A., &Wang, Z. (2007). Scenario-based scales measuring cultural orientations of business owners. Journal of Evolutaionary Economics, 17, 211-239. doi:10.1007/s00191-006-0047-z
97. Krauss, S. I., Frese, M., Friedrich, C., & Unger, J. M. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation: A psychological model of success among southern African small business owners. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 315-344. doi:10.1080/13594320500170227
98. Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and personsupervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58, 281-342.
99. Kuhl, J. (1981). Motivational and functional helplessness: The moderating effect of state versus action orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 155-170.
100. Kuncel, N. R., Hezlett, S. A., & Ones, D. S. (2004). Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 148-161. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.148
101. Lambert, T. A., Eby, L. T., & Reeves, M. P. (2006). Predictors of networking intensity and network quality among white-collar job seekers. Journal of Career Development, 32, 351-365. doi:10.1177/0894845305282767
102. LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (1998). Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 854-868. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.853
103. LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (2001). Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: Evidence of differential relationships with Big Five personality characteristics and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 326-336. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.2.326
104. Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., Erdogan, B., Gavino, M., & Maslyn, J. M. (2002). The role of proactive characteristics and behaviors on exchange relationship and outcomes. Paper presented at the Annual 2002 Academy of Management Conference, Denver, CO.
105. Liu, Y., Ferris, G. R., Zinko, R., Perrewe, P. L., Weitz, B., & Xu, J. (2007). Dispositional antecedents and outcomes of political skill in organizations: A four-study investigation with convergence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 146-165. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.003
106. MacAllister, D. J., Kamdar, D., Morrison, E. W., & Turban, D. B. (2007). Disentangling role perceptions: How perceived role breadth, discretion, instrumentality, and efficacy relate to helping and taking charge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1200-1211. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1200
107. Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the Big Five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 927-935. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.927
108. Markus, H., & Whurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299-337. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503
109. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 171-194. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171
110. Mayhew, M. G., Ashkanasy, N. M., Bramble, T., & Gardner, J. (2007). A study of the antecedents and consequences of psychological ownership in organizational settings. Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 477-500. doi:10.3200/SOCP.147.5.477-500
111. McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity, and human and social capital. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 247-264. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.06.003
112. McCrate, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1999). A Five-Factor Theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2nd ed., pp. 139-153). New York: The Guilford.
113. Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 991-1007. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.991
114. Miller, V. D., & Jablin, F. M. (1991). Information seeking during organizational entry: Influences, tactics, and a model of the process. Academy of Management Review, 16, 92-120. doi:10.2307/258608
115. Miron, E., Erez, M., & Naveh, E. (2004). Do personal characteristics and cultural values that promote innovation, quality, and efficiency compete or complement each other? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 175-199. doi:10.1002/job.237
116. Moon, H., Kamdar, D., Mayer, D. M., & Takeuchi, R. (2008). Me or we? The role of personality and justice as other-centered antecedents to innovative citizenship behaviors within organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1, 84-94. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.84
117. Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (1997). Social and cognitive sources of potential inaccuracy in job analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 627-655. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.627
118. Morrison, E. W. (2006). Doing the job well: An investigation of pro-social rule breaking. Journal of Management, 32, 5-28. doi:10.1177/0149206305277790
119. Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 403-419. doi:10.2307/257011
120. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(79) 90072-1
121. Myers, K. K., & McPhee, R. D. (2006). Influences on member assimilation in workgroups in high-reliability organizations: A multilevel-analysis. Human Communication Research, 32, 440-468. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00283.x
122. O'Driscoll, M. P., Pierce, J. L., & Coghlan, A. (2006). The psychology of ownership: Work environment structure, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors. Group and Organization Management, 31, 388-416. doi:10.1177/1059601104273066
123. Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S., & Pluntke, F. (2006). Routinization, work characteristics, and their relationships with creative and proactive behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 257-279. doi:10.1002/job.376
124. Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Integrity tests and other Criterion-Focused Occupational Personality Scales (COPS) used in personnel selection. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 31-39. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00161
125. Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Reiss, A. D. (1996). Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: The red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 660-679. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.660
126. Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities: Findings and implications for personnel selection and theoreis of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 679-703. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.679
127. Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835-852. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835
128. Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36, 633-662.
129. Parker, S. K., Mohr, P. B., & Wilson, C. (2003). Attitudinal and personality predictors of diversionary behavior by police. Criminal Justice Periodicals, 27, 9-21.
130. Parker, S. K., & Ohly, S. (2008). Designing motivating jobs. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. Prichard (Eds.),Work motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 233-284). The organizational frontiers series, New York: Routledge.
131. Parker, S. K., & Sprigg, C. A. (1999). Minimizing strain and maximizing learning. The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 925-939. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.925
132. Parker, S. K.,Wall, T. D., & Jackson, P. R. (1997). "That's not my job": Developing flexible employee work orientations. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 899-929.
133. Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 636-652. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
134. Paunonen, S. V., & Jackson, D. N. (2000). What is beyond the Big Five? Plenty! Journal of Personality, 68, 821-835. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00117
135. Peiro, J. M., Garcia-Montalvo, J., & Gracia, F. (2002). How do young people cope with job flexibility? Demographic and psychological antecedents of the resistance to accept a job with non-preferred flexibility features. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 43-66. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.0078z
136. Pitt, L., Ewing, M. T., & Berthon, P. R. (2002). Proactive behavior and industrial salesforce performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31, 639-644. doi:10.1016/S0019-8501(01)00171-7
137. Porath, C. L., & Bateman, T. S. (2006). Self-regulation: From goal orientation to job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 185-192. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.185
138. Quinones, M. A., Ford, J. K., & Teachout, M. S. (1995). The relationship between work experience and job performance: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 48, 887-910. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01785.x
139. Rank, J., Carsten, J. M., Unger, J. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Proactive customer service performance: Relationships with indivdiual, task, and leadership variables. Human Performance, 20, 363-390.
140. Rode, J. C., Arthaud-Day, M. L., Mooney, C. H., Near, J. P., & Baldwin, T. T. (2008). Ability and personality predictors of salary, perceived job success, and perceived career success in the initial career stage. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16, 292-299. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2008.00435.x
141. Rohde, T. E., & Thompson, L. A. (2007). Predicting academic achievement with cognitive ability. Intelligence, 35, 83-92. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.05.004
142. Rusbult, C. E., Farell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 599-627. doi:10.2307/256461
143. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
144. Rybowiak, V., Garst, H., Frese, M., & Batinic, B. (1999). Error Orientation Questionnaire (EOQ): Reliability, validity, and different language equivalence. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 527-547. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199907)20:4,527::AID-JOB886.3.0.CO;2-G
145. Sackett, P. R., Kuncel, N. R., Arneson, J. J., Cooper, S. R., & Waters, S. D. (2009). Does socioeconomic status explain the relationship between admissions tests and post-secondary academic performance? Psychological Bulletin, 135, 1-22. doi:10.1037/a0013978
146. Sackett, P. R., & Roth, L. (1996). Multi-stage selection strategies: A Monte Carlo investigation of effects on performance and minority hiring. Personnel Psychology, 49, 549-572. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01584.x
147. Salgado, J. F. (2003). Predicting job performance using FFM and non-FFM personality measures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 323-346. doi:10.1348/096317903769647201
148. Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., & Koopman, P. L. (2007). Reflexivity in teams: A measure and correlates. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 189-211. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00250.x
149. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 262-274. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262
150. Schneider, B. (1983). An interactionist perspetcive on organizational effectiveness. In K. S. Cameron & D. S. Whetten (Eds.), Organizational effectiveness: A comparison of multimple models (pp. 27-54). New York: Academic Press.
151. Searle, B. J. (2008). Does personal initiative training work as a stress management intervention. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 259-270. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.259
152. Seibert, S. E., Crant, M. J., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 416-427. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416
153. Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, M. J. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54, 845-874. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00234.x
154. Settles, I. H., Cortina, L. M., Stewart, A. J., & Malley, J. (2007). Voice matters: Buffering the impact of a negative climate for women in science. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 270-281. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00370.x
155. Simms, L. J., Yufik, T., Thomas, J. P., & Simms, E. N. (2008). Exploring the nature of evaluative person descriptors through scale development. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1271-1284. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.003
156. Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 518-528. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.518
157. Stamper, C. L., & Van Dyne, L. (2001). Work status and organizational citizenship behavior: A field study of restaurant employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 517-536. doi:10.1002/job.100
158. Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008). Exploring nonlinearity in employee voice: The effects of personal control and organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 1189-1203.
159. Thompson, J. A. (2005). Proactive personality and performance: A social capital perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1011-1017. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.1011
160. Timmerman, P. D., & Harrison, W. (2007). Resiliency: Measurement model and antidote for coping with work stress. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York City, New York.
161. Van Den Berg, P. T., & van der Vekde, M. E. G. (2005). Relationships of functional flexibility with individdual and work factors. Journal of Business Psychology, 20, 111-129. doi:10.1007/s10869-005-6994-9
162. Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1359-1392. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00384
163. Van Dyne, L., Kamdar, D., & Joireman, J. (2008). In-role perceptions buffer the negative impact of low LMX on helping and enhance the positive impact of high LMX on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1195-1207.
164. Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119. doi:10.2307/256902
165. Van Rooy, D. L., Viswesvaran, C., & Pluta, P. (2005). An evaluation of construct validity: What is this thing called emotional intelligence? Human Performance, 18, 445-462. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1804_9
166. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (1995). Theory testing: Combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. Personnel Psychology, 48, 865-885. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01784.x
167. Viswesvaran, C., Ones, D. S., & Schmidt, F. L. (1996). Comparative analysis of the reliability of job performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 557-574. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.5.557
168. Wanberg, C. R., Kammeyer-Mueller, J., & Marchese, M. (2006). Mentor and protégé predictors and outcomes of mentoring in a formal mentoring program. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 410-423. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.05.010
169. Whitener, E. M. (1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315-321. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.315
170. Wonderlic & Associates (1992). Wonderlic Personnel Test manual. Libertlyville, IL: Author.
171. Wu, S. Y., Turban, D. B., & Cheung, Y. H. (2007). Examining the antecedents and consequences of mentoring relationships. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA.
172. Yang, J. X., & Gong, Y. (2008). When proactive personality begets social capital: A longitudinal investigation. Presented at the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, San Francisco, CA.
173. Zhao, X., Frese, M., & Giardini, A. (2008). Business owners' network size and business growth in China: The role of comprehensive social competency. Unpublished manuscript.