The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples

Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 139-161

  Frese, Michael ^a   Fay, Doris ^b   Hilburger, Tanja ^b   Leng, Karena ^b   Tag, Almut ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031507891     PISSN: 09631798     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Abelson, R. P. (1985). A variance explanation paradox: When a little is a lot. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 129-133.
2. Baron, J. (1981). Reflective thinking as a goal in education. Intelligence, 5, 291-309.
3. Bateman, T. S. & Crant, J. M. (1993). The pro-active component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 103-118.
4. Borman, W. C. & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds), Personnel Selection in Organizations, pp. 71-98. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
5. Bruggemann, A. (1974). Zur Unterscheidung verschiedener Formen von 'Arbeitszufriedenheit' (Towards a differentiation of different forms of job satisfaction). Arbeit und Leistung, 28, 281-284.
6. Büssing, A. (1992). A dynamic view of job satisfaction in psychiatric nurses in Germany. Work and Stress, 6, 239-259.
7. Campbell, D. T. & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
8. Cook, T. D. (1985). Postpositivist critical multiplism. R. L. Shorrland & M. M. Mark (Eds), Social Science and Social Policy, pp. 21-62. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
9. Dickenberger, D., Holtz, S. & Gniech, G. (1978). Bedürfnis nach sozialer Anerkennung: Validierung der 'Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale' über ein Konzept individuell relevanter Gruppen (Need for social approval: Validation of the 'Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale' with a concept of individually relevant groups). Diagnostica, 24, 24-38.
10. Eastman, K. K. (1994). In the eyes of the beholder: An attributional approach to ingratiation and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1379-1391.
11. Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
12. Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
13. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A. & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 992-1003.
14. Frese, M. (1985). Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: A causal interpretation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 314-328.
15. Frese, M. (1995). Entrepreneurship in East Europe: A general model and empirical findings. In C. L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds), Trends in Organizational Behavior, pp. 65-83. Chichester: Wiley.
16. Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A. & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: differences berween East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 37-63.
17. Frese, M. & Sabini, J. (Eds) (1985). Goal-directed Behavior: The Concept of Action in Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Frese, M., Stewart, J. & Hannover, B. (1987). Goal orientation and planfulness: Action styles as personality concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1182-1194.
19. Frese, M. & Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette & J. M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 4, 2nd ed., pp. 271-340. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
20. George, J. M. & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 310-329.
21. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds), European Review of Social Psychology, vol. 4, pp. 141-185.
22. Hacker, W. (1985). Activity: A fruitful concept in industrial psychology. In M. Frese & J. Sabini (Eds), Goal Directed Behavior: The Concept of Action in Psychology, pp. 262-284. Hillsdale, NJ/London: Erlbaum.
23. Hacker, W. (1992). Expertenkönnen (Expert knowledge). Göttingen: Verlag für Angewandte Psychologie.
24. Hackman, J. R. (1970). Tasks and task performance in research on stress. In J. E. McGrath (Ed.), Social and Psychological Factors in Stress, pp. 202-237. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
25. Heckhausen, H. (1980). Motivation und Handeln (Motivation and action). Berlin: Springer.
26. Hermans, H. (1970). A questionnaire measure of achievement motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 353-363.
27. Hisrich, R. D. (1990). Entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship. American Psychologist, 45, 209-222.
28. Hunt, S. T., Hansen, T. L. & Paajanen, G. E. (1994). Generic work behaviors: The components of non-job specific performance. Paper presented in a symposium on 'The construct of job performance' at SIOP, Nashville, Tennessee.
29. Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-146.
30. Kuhl, J. (1982). Action vs. state-orientation as a mediator between motivation and action. In W. Hacker, W. Volpert & M. v. Cranach (Eds), Cognitive and Motivational Aspects of Action, pp. 67-98. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
31. Kuhl, J. (1992). A theory of self-regulation: Action versus state orientation, self-discrimination and some applications. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41, 97-129.
32. Latham, G. P. & Saari, L. M. (1984). Do people do what they say? Further studies on the situational interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 569-573.
33. Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, pp. 1297-1350. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
34. McClelland, D. C. (1986). Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. In Proceedings of the Third Creativity. Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Symposium. Framingham, pp. 219-235. US Small Business Administration.
35. McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human Motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Modick, H. (1977). Dreiskaliger Fragebogen zur Erfassung des Leistungsmotivs (A three-scale achievement motive questionnaire). Diagnostica, 23, 298-321.
37. Modick, H. (1978). A three-scale achievement motive questionnaire: Report on a German modification of the Prestatie Motivatie Test. German Journal of Psychology, 2, 8.
38. Mohr, G. (1986). Die Erfassung psychischer Befindensbeeinträchtigungen bei Industriearbeitern. Frankfurt: Lang.
39. Motowidlo, S. J. & Scotter, J. R. v. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 475-480.
40. Mummendey, H. D. (1981). Methoden und Problem der Kontrolle sozialer Erwünschtheit (Methods and problems in the control of social desirability). Zeitschrift für Differentielle and Diagnostische Psychologie, 2, 199-218.
41. Munene, J. C. (1995). Not-on-seat: An investigation of some correlates of organizational citizenship behavior in Nigeria. Applied Psychology. An International Review, 44, 111-122.
42. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
43. Organ, D. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
44. Organ, D. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior. vol. 12, pp. 43-72. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press.
45. Pearce, J. Branyicki, I. & Bukacsi, G. (1994). Person-based reward systems: A theory of organizational reward practices in reform-communist organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 261-282.
46. Peters, T. J. & Waterman, R. H. (1982). In Search of Excellence. New York: Warner.
47. Rifkin, J. (1995). The End of Work. New York: Putnam.
48. Rosenthal, R. & Rubin, D. B. (1979). A note on percent variance explained as a measure of the importance of effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 395-396.
49. Roth, P. S., Switzer, F. S., Campion, J. E. & Jones, S. D. (1994). The impact of missing data in criterion related validation research. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville.
50. Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 56-67.
51. Schultz-Gambard, J. & Altschuh, E. (1993). Unterschiedliche Führungsstile im geeinten Deutschland (Different leadership styles in the unified Germany). Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 24, 167-175.
52. Spencer, L. M. & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work: Models for Superior Performance. New York: Wiley.
53. Staw, B. M. & Boettger, R. D. (1990). Task revision: A neglected form of work performance. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 534-559.
54. Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W. & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.
55. Warr, P. B., Cook, J. & Wall, T. D. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 129-148.
56. Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.