Making Things Happen: Reciprocal Relationships Between Work Characteristics and Personal Initiative in a Four-Wave Longitudinal Structural Equation Model

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 92, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 1084-1102

  Frese, Michael ^a   Garst, Harry ^b   Fay, Doris ^a,c  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

job characteristics; personal initiative; reciprocal relationship; self efficacy; transition economy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; JOB SATISFACTION; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; TIME; TIME PERCEPTION; WORKPLACE;

ATTITUDE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; JOB SATISFACTION; MOTIVATION; QUESTIONNAIRES; TIME FACTORS; TIME PERCEPTION; WORKPLACE;

EID: 34548863114     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1084     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Abramson L.Y., Seligman M.E.P., and Teasdale J.D. Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1978) 49-74
2. Akaike H. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 52 (1987) 317-332
3. Anderson J.C., and Gerbing D.W. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two step approach. Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988) 411-423
4. Ashford S.J., and Tsui A.S. Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking. Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991) 251-280
5. Baer M., and Frese M. Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 24 (2003) 45-68
6. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (1997), Freeman, New York
7. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
8. Bauer T.N., and Green S.G. Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal 39 (1996) 1538-1567
9. Begley T.M. Coping strategies as predictors of employee distress and turnover after an organizational consolidation: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 71 (1998) 305-329
10. Bentler P.M., and Chou C. Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods and Research 16 (1987) 78-117
11. Bollen K.A. Structural equations with latent variables (1989), Wiley, New York
12. Bollen K., and Lennox R. Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991) 305-314
13. Bridges W. Jobshift (1995), Allen & Unwin, London
14. Brown R.L. Assessing specific mediational effects in complex theoretical models. Structural Equation Modeling 4 (1997) 142-156
15. Büssing A. Can control at work and social support moderate psychological consequences of job insecurity? Results from a quasi-experimental study in the steel industry. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 8 (1999) 219-242
16. Byrne B.M., Shavelson R.J., and Muthén B. Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin 105 (1989) 456-466
17. Cohen P., Cohen J., Teresi J., Marchi M., and Velez C.N. Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models. Applied Psychological Measurement 14 (1990) 183-196
18. DeShon R.D., and Gillespie Z.J. A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (2005) 1096-1127
19. Dwyer J.H. Statistical models for the social and behavioral sciences (1983), Oxford University Press, New York
20. Edwards J.R., and Bagozzi R.P. On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods 5 (2000) 155-174
21. Fay, D. (1998). Personal initiative: Construct validation of a new concept of performance at work. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
22. Fay D., and Frese M. Conservatives' approach to work: Less prepared for future work demands?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30 (2000) 171-195
23. Fay D., and Frese M. The concept of personal initiative (PI): An overview of validity studies. Human Performance 14 (2001) 97-124
24. Fay D., and Sonnentag S. Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 7 (2002) 221-234
25. Finkel S.E. Causal analysis with panel data (1995), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
26. Frayne C., and Latham G. Application of social learning theory to employee self-management of attendance. Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (1987) 387-392
27. Frese M. Occupational socialization and psychological development: An underemphasized research perspective in industrial psychology. Journal of Occupational Psychology 55 (1982) 209-224
28. Frese M. Do workers want control at work or don't they: Some results on denial and adjustment (1984), Institut für Humanwissenschaft in Arbeit und Ausbildung der Technischen Universität, Berlin
29. Frese M. Theoretical models of control and health. In: Sauter S.L., Hurrel Jr. J.J., and Cooper C.L. (Eds). Job control and worker health (1989), Wiley, Chichester, England 107-128
30. Frese, M. (2003). Zur Konstruktvalidität von Kontrollwahrnehmung und Kontrollbewusstsein am Arbeitsplatz: Gütekriterien von Kontrollerwartung, Kontrollhoffnung, Alternativen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und Kontrollablehnung [Construct validity of control cognitions at work: Reliability and validity of control expectancy, hope for control, alternatives on the labor market, and control rejection]. Unpublished manuscript, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
31. Frese M., Erbe-Heinbokel M., Grefe J., Rybowiak V., and Weike A. "Mir ist es lieber, wenn ich genau gesagt bekomme, was ich tun muβ"-Probleme der Akzeptanz von Verantwortung und Handlungsspielraum in Ost und West ["I prefer to be told exactly what to do"-Acceptance of responsibility and job discretion in East and West Germany]. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 38 (1994) 22-38
32. Frese M., and Fay D. Personal initiative (PI): An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. In: Staw B.M., and Sutton R.M. (Eds). Research in organizational behavior 23 (2001), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam 133-187
33. Frese M., Fay D., Hilburger T., Leng K., and Tag A. The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 70 (1997) 139-161
34. Frese M., Kring W., Soose A., and Zempel J. Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal 39 (1996) 37-63
35. Graen G.B., and Scandura T.A. Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in Organizational Behavior 9 (1987) 175-208
36. Hacker W. Allgemeine Arbeits-und Ingenieurpsychologie [General work and engineering psychology] (1973), VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin
37. Hacker W. Expertenkönnen. Erkennen und Vermitteln [Expertise - cognition and communication] (1992), Hogrefe, Göttingen
38. Hackman J.R., and Oldham G.R. Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (1975) 259-270
39. Hackman J.R., and Oldham G.R. Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 16 (1976) 250-279
40. Hall D.T. Protean careers of the 21st century. Academy of Management Executive 10 4 (1996) 8-16
41. Heckhausen J., and Schulz R. A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 284-304
42. Holman D.J., and Wall T.D. Work characteristics, learning-related outcomes, and strain: A test of competing direct effects, mediated, and moderated models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 7 (2002) 283-301
43. Hu L., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1999) 1-55
44. Ilgen D.R., and Hollenbeck J.R. The structure of work: Job design and roles. In: Dunnette M.D., and Hough L.M. (Eds). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (1991), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 165-208
45. Jackson D.L. Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N:q hypothesis. Structural Equation Modeling 10 (2003) 128-141
46. Karasek R.A., and Theorell T. Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life (1990), Basic Books, New York
47. Kenny D.A., and Campbell D.T. On the measurement of stability in over-time data. Journal of Personality 57 (1989) 445-481
48. Kohn M.L., and Schooler C. The reciprocal effects of the substantive complexity of work and intellectual flexibility: A longitudinal assessment. American Journal of Sociology 84 (1978) 24-52
49. Latham G.P. Behavioral approaches to the training and learning process. In: Goldstein I. (Ed). Training and development in work organizations: Frontiers of industrial and organizational psychology (1989), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 256-295
50. Latham G.P., and Saari L.M. Do people do what they say? Further studies on the Situational Interview. Journal of Applied Psychology 69 (1984) 569-573
51. Lawler III E.E. The ultimate advantage: Creating the high involvement organization (1992), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
52. London M., and Mone E.M. Continuous learning. In: Ilgen D.R., and Pulakos E.D. (Eds). The changing nature of performance (1999), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 119-153
53. MacCallum R.C., and Browne M.C. The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) 533-541
54. Marsh H.W., Hau K., Balla J.R., and Grayson D. Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavior Behavioral Research 33 (1998) 181-220
55. McDonald R.P. Path analysis with composite variables. Multivariate Behavioral Research 31 (1996) 239-270
56. Meyer G.J., Finn S.E., Eyde L.D., Kay G.G., Moreland K.L., Dies R.R., et al. Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist 56 (2001) 128-165
57. Mitchell T., and James L.R. Building better theory: Time and the specification of when things happen. Academy of Management Review 26 (2001) 530-547
58. Morgeson F.P., and Campion M.C. Minimizing tradeoffs when redesigning work: Evidence from a longitudinal quasi-experiment. Personnel Psychology 55 (2002) 589-612
59. Morrison E.W. Longitudinal study of the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization. Journal of Applied Psychology 78 (1993) 173-183
60. Neck C.P., and Manz C.C. Thought self-leadership: The impact of mental strategies training on employee cognition, behavior, and affect. Journal of Organizational Behavior 17 (1996) 445-467
61. Organ D.W. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome (1988), Lexington Books, Lexington, MA
62. Parker S.K. Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998) 835-852
63. Parker S.K., Wall T.D., and Jackson P.R. "That's not my job": Developing flexible employee work orientations. Academy of Management Journal 40 (1997) 899-929
64. Pentzt M.A., and Chou C.P. Measurement invariance in longitudinal research assuming change from development and intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (1994) 450-462
65. Rohrmann B. Empirische Studien zur Entwicklung von Antwortskalen für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung [Empirical studies for the development of answer scales in social science research]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 9 (1978) 222-245
66. Rothbaum F.W., Weisz J.R., and Snyder S.S. Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (1982) 5-37
67. Rotter J.B. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. In: Rotter J.B., Chance J.E., and Phares E.J. (Eds). Applications of a social learning theory of personality (1972), Holt, New York 260-294
68. Schafer J.L. Analysis of incomplete multivariate data (1997), Chapman & Hall, London
69. Schopenhauer A. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung [The world as will and idea] (1998), Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, Germany (Original work published 1819)
70. Schwarzer R., Baessler J., Kwiatek P., Schroeder K., and Zhang J.X. The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46 (1997) 69-88
71. Seibert S.E., Kraimer M.L., and Crant J.M. What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology 54 (2001) 845-874
72. Seligman M. Helplessness: On depression, development and death (1975), Freeman, San Francisco
73. Semmer N. Stress at work, stress in private life and psychological well-being. In: Bachmann W., and Udris I. (Eds). Mental load and stress in activity: European approaches (1982), Elsevier, Amsterdam 42-55
74. Spector P.E. Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relations 11 (1986) 1005-1016
75. Spector P.E. A consideration of the validity and meaning of self-report measures of job conditions. In: Cooper C.L., and Robertson I.T. (Eds). International review of industrial and organizational psychology (1992), Wiley, Chichester, England 123-151
76. Spector P.E., and Jex S.M. Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal Conflicts at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 3 (1998) 356-367
77. Speier C., and Frese M. Generalized self-efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human Performance 10 (1997) 171-192
78. Staw B.M., and Boettger R.D. Task revision: A neglected form of work performance. Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990) 534-559
79. Thompson J.A. Proactive personality and job performance: A social capital perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (2005) 1011-1017
80. Vancouver J.B. The application of HLM to the analysis of the dynamic interaction of environment, person and behavior. Journal of Management 23 (1997) 795-818
81. Van Maanen J. Breaking in: Socialization to work. In: Dubin R. (Ed). Handbook of work, organization, and society (1976), Rand McNally, Chicago 67-130
82. Vroom V.H. Work and motivation (1964), Wiley, New York
83. Wall T.D., Clegg C.W., and Jackson P.R. An evaluation of the job characteristics model. Journal of Occupational Psychology 51 (1978) 183-196
84. Wall T.D., Cordery J.L., and Clegg C. Empowerment, performance, and operational uncertainty: A theoretical integration. Applied Psychology: An International Review 51 (2002) 146-169
85. Wilk S.L., Desmarais L.B., and Sackett P.R. Gravitation to jobs commensurate with ability: Longitudinal and cross-sectional tests. Journal of Applied Psychology 80 (1995) 79-85
86. Wood R.E. Task complexity: Definition of the construct. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 37 (1986) 60-82
87. Wortman C.B., and Brehm J.W. Responses to uncontrollable outcomes: An integration of reactance theory and the learned helplessness model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 8 (1975) 277-336
88. Wrzesniewski A., and Dutton J.E. Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review 26 (2001) 179-201
89. Zapf D. Stress-oriented job analysis of computerized office work. European Work and Organizational Psychologist 3 (1993) 85-100
90. Zapf D., Dormann C., and Frese M. Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1 (1996) 145-169
91. Zempel J. Selbstaendigkeit in den neuen Bundeslaendern: Praediktoren, Erfolgsfaktoren und Folgen - Ergebnisse einer Laengsschnittuntersuchung [self-employment in East Germany: Predictors, success factors, and outcomes]. In: Moser K., Batinic B., and Zempel J. (Eds). Unternehmerisch erfolgreiches Handeln [Entrepreurially successful actions] (1999), Verlag fuer Angewandte Psychologie, Goettingen, Germany 69-91