Drug delivery systems: Advanced technologies potentially applicable in personalized treatments

EPMA Journal

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 164-209

  Coelho, Jorge F ^a,b   Ferreira, Paula C ^a   Alves, Patricia ^a   Cordeiro, Rosemeyre ^a   Fonseca, Ana C ^a   Góis, Joana R ^a   Gil, Maria H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b Portuguese Catholic University Viseu   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Controlled living radical polymerization; Drug delivery system; Polymers; Stimuliresponsive polymers

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ALGINIC ACID; BIOPOLYMER; BLEOMYCIN; CEFUROXIME; CELLULOSE; CHITOSAN; CHONDROITIN SULFATE; COLCHICINE; COLLAGEN; CYANOACRYLATE; DEXTRAN; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; GELATIN; IBUPROFEN; LYSOZYME; MACROGOL; MICROSPHERE; MITOMYCIN; MUCIN; POLY(ALKYL CYANOACRYLATE); POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYGLACTIN; POLYLACTIC ACID; POLYMER; POLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BIODEGRADABILITY; CELL BASED GENE THERAPY; CELL THERAPY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG COST; DRUG DEGRADATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG TOXICITY; DRUG UTILIZATION; ERYTHROCYTE; GENE THERAPY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; MACROPHAGE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASM; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOSENSITIVITY; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; STEM CELL; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS; URINARY EXCRETION;

EID: 77950500442     PISSN: 18785077     EISSN: 18785085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0001-x     Document Type: Review

References (343)

1. Zempsky WT. Alternative routes of drug administration—advantages and disadvantages (subject review). Pediatrics. 1998;101: 730-1.
2. Golan DE, Armen H, Tashjian J, Armstrong EJ, et al. Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiological basis of drug therapy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2008.
3. Jain KK. Drug delivery systems—an overview. In: Jain KK, editor. Drug delivery systems. New York: Humana; 2008.
4. Jeffreys D. Aspirin: the remarkable story of a wonder drug. New York: Bloomsbury; 2005.
5. Magalhães PO, Lopes AM, Mazzola PG, et al. Methods of endotoxin removal from biological preparations: a review. J Pharm Sci. 2006;10:388-404.
6. Bajpai AK, Shukla SK, Bhanu S, et al. Responsive polymers in controlled drug delivery. Prog Polym Sci. 2008;33:1088-118.
7. Gilhotra RM, Mishra DN. Polymeric systems for ocular inserts. Latest Reviews 7. 2009.
8. Kelner A, Schacht EH. Tailor-made polymers for local drug delivery: release of macromolecular model drugs from biodegradable hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide). J Control Release. 2005;101:13-20.
9. Kabanov A, Okano T. Challenges in polymer therapeutics, state of the art and prospects of polymer drugs. In: Maeda H, Kabanov A, editors. Polymer drugs in the clinical stage: advantages and prospects. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum; 2001.
10. Braunecker WA, Matyjaszewski K. Controlled/living radical polymerization: features, developments, and perspectives. Prog Polym Sci. 2007;32:93-146.
11. Robinson JR, Lee VHL. Controlled drug delivery: fundamentals and applications. New York: Dekker; 1987.
12. Koo OM, Rubinstein I, Onyuksel H. Role of nanotechnology in targeted drug delivery and imaging: a concise review. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2005;1:193-212.
13. Schmaljohann D. Thermo-and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58:1655-70.
14. Brannon-Peppas L. Polymers in controlled drug delivery. In: Medical Plastics and Biomaterials Available via. http://www.devicelink.com/mpb/archive/97/11/003.html. Cited 14 Nov 2009; 1997.
15. Chasin M, Langer RS. Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. New York: Dekker; 1990.
16. Burkersroda FV, Schedl L, Göpferich A. Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion. Biomaterials. 2002;23:4221-31.
17. Sharma S. Osmotic controlled drug delivery system. Latest Reviews 6. 2008.
18. Urbina MC, Zinoveva S, Miller T, et al. Investigation of magnetic nanoparticle-polymer composites for multiplecontrolled drug delivery. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112:11102-8.
19. Liu T-Y, Hu S-H, Liu K-H, et al. Preparation and characterization of smart magnetic hydrogels and its use for drug release. J Magn Magn Mater. 2006;304:397-9.
20. Craciunescu I, Nan A, Turcu R, et al. Synthesis, characterization and drug delivery application of the temperature responsive pNIPA hydrogel. J Phys Conf Ser. 2009;182:1-4.
21. Huang J, Huang Z, Bao Y, et al. Thermosensitive poly(Nisopropylacrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) hydrogels with rapid response. Chin J Chem Eng. 2006;14:87-92.
22. Hergt R, Dutz S. Magnetic particle hyperthermia-biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy. J Magn Magn Mater. 2007;311:187-92.
23. Hergt R, Dutz S, Muller R, et al. Magnetic particle hyperthermia: nanoparticle magnetism and materials development for cancer therapy. J Phys Condens Matter. 2006;18:S2919-34.
24. Shinkai M, Ito A. Functional magnetic particles for medical application. In: Kobayashi T, editor. Recent progress of biochemical and biomedical engineering in Japan II. Berlin: Springer Berlin/Heidelberg; 2004.
25. Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Polymers as biomaterials for tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2006;102:47-90.
26. Pillai O, Panchagnula R. Polymers in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2001;5:447-51.
27. Uchegbu IF, Schatzlein AG. Polymers in drug delivery. New York: CRC; 2006.
28. Sahoo S, Sasmala A, Nanda R, et al. Synthesis of chitosan-polycaprolactone blend for control delivery of ofloxacin drug. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;79:106-13.
29. Cascone MG, Sim B, Downes S. Blends of synthetic and natural polymers as drug delivery systems for growth hormone. Biomaterials. 1995;16:569-74.
30. Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci. 2007;32:762-98.
31. MaHam A, Tang ZW, Wu H, et al. Protein-based nanomedicine platforms for drug delivery. Small. 2009;5:1706-21.
32. Berthold A, Cremer K, Kreuter J. Collagen microparticles: carriers for glucocorticosteroids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1998;45:23-9.
33. Metzmacher I, Radu F, Bause M, et al. A model describing the effect of enzymatic degradation on drug release from collagen minirods. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;67:349-60.
34. Kanematsu A, Yamamoto S, Ozeki M, et al. Collagenous matrices as release carriers of exogenous growth factors. Biomaterials. 2004;25:4513-20.
35. Kuijpers AJ, Engbers GHM, Feijen J, et al. Characterization of the network structure of carbodiimide cross-linked gelatin gels. Macromolecules. 1999;32:3325-33.
36. Lin M, Meng S, Zhong W, et al. Novel drug-loaded gelatin films and their sustained-release performance. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2009;90B:939-44.
37. Muvaffak A, Gurhan I, Hasirci N. Prolonged cytotoxic effect of colchicine released from biodegradable microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2004;71B:295-304.
38. Leo E, Vandelli MA, Cameroni R, Forni F. Doxorubicin-loaded gelatin nanoparticles stabilized by glutaraldehyde: Involvement of the drug in the crosslinking process. Int J Pharm. 1997;155:75-82.
39. Jeyanthi R, Panduranga RK. Release characteristics of bleomycin, mitomycin C, and 5-fluorouracil from gelatin microspheres. Int J Pharm. 1989;55:31-37.
40. Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU. Formulation and evaluation of microspheres based on gelatin-mucin admixtures for the rectal delivery of cefuroxime sodium. Trop J Pharmaceut Res. 2007;6:825-32.
41. Kuijpers AJ, Van Wachem PB, Van Luyn MJA, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gelatin-chondroitin sulphate hydrogels for controlled release of antibacterial proteins. Biomaterials. 2000;21:1763-72.
42. Kuijpers AJ, van Wachem PB, van Luyn MJA, et al. In vivo and in vitro release of lysozyme from cross-linked gelatin hydrogels: a model system for the delivery of antibacterial proteins from prosthetic heart valves. J Control Release. 2000;67:323-36.
43. Chuang VTG, Kragh-Hansen U, Otagiri M. Pharmaceutical strategies utilizing recombinant human serum albumin. Pharm Res. 2002;19:569-77.
44. Wunder A, Muller-Ladner U, Stelzer EHK, et al. Albumin-based drug delivery as novel therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol. 2003;170:4793-801.
45. Almond BA, Hadba AR, Freeman ST, et al. Efficacy of mitoxantrone-loaded albumin microspheres for intratumoral chemotherapy of breast cancer. J Control Release. 2003;91:147-55.
46. Doughty JC, Anderson JH, Willmott N, et al. Intra-arterial administration of adriamycin-loaded albumin microspheres for locally advanced breast cancer. Postgrad Med J. 1995;71:47-9.
47. Sinha VR, Singla AK, Wadhawan S, et al. Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs. Int J Pharm. 2004;274:1-33.
48. Denkbas EB. Perspectives on: chitosan drug delivery systems based on their geometries. J Bioact Compat Polym. 2006;21:351-68.
49. Xu Y, Du Y. Effect of molecular structure of chitosan on protein delivery properties of chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2003;250:215-26.
50. Gan Q, Wang T. Chitosan nanoparticle as protein delivery carrier-systematic examination of fabrication conditions for efficient loading and release. Colloids Surf, B. 2007;59:24-34.
51. Campos AMD, Diebold Y, Carvalho ELS, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles as new ocular drug delivery systems: in vitro stability, in vivo fate, and cellular toxicity. Pharm Res. 2004;21: 803-10.
52. Salamanca AED, Diebold Y, Calonge M, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery system for the ocular surface: toxicity, uptake mechanism and in vivo tolerance. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1416-25.
53. Yuan Y, Tan J, Wang Y, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles as non-viral gene delivery vehicles based on atomic force microscopy study. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2009;41:515-26.
54. Mao H-Q, Roy K, Troung-Le VL, et al. Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as gene carriers: synthesis, characterization and transfection efficiency. J Control Release. 2001;70:399-421.
55. Ta HT, Dass CR, Dunstan DE. Injectable chitosan hydrogels for localised cancer therapy. J Control Release. 2008;126:205-16.
56. Augst AD, Kong HJ, Mooney DJ. Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials. Macromol Biosci. 2006;6:623-33.
57. Ohta M, Suzuki Y, Chou H, et al. Novel heparin/alginate gel combined with basic fibroblast growth factor promotes nerve regeneration in rat sciatic nerve. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2004;71A:661-8.
58. Tanihara M, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto E, et al. Sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor and angiogenesis in a novel covalently crosslinked gel of heparin and alginate. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;56:216-21.
59. Gadad AP, Patil MB, Naduvinamani SN, et al. Sodium alginate polymeric floating beads for the delivery of cefpodoxime proxetil. J Appl Polym Sci. 2009;114:1921-6.
60. Hornig S, Bunjes H, Heinze T. Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles based on dextran-drug conjugates. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009;338:56-62.
61. Chiellini E, Sunamoto J, Migliaresi C, et al. Biomedical polymers and polymer therapeutics. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum; 2001.
62. Vlugt-Wensink KDF, Vlugt TJH, Jiskoot W, et al. Modeling the release of proteins from degrading crosslinked dextran microspheres using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. J Control Release. 2006;111:117-27.
63. Cadee JA, Brouwer LA, den Otter W, et al. A comparative biocompatibility study of microspheres based on crosslinked dextran or poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid after subcutaneous injection in rats. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;56:600-9.
64. Casadei MA, Cerreto F, Cesa S, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles incorporated in dextran hydrogels: a new drug delivery system for oral formulations. Int J Pharm. 2006;325:140-6.
65. Raemdonck K, Naeye B, Buyens K, et al. Biodegradable dextran nanogels for RNA interference: focusing on endosomal escape and intracellular siRNA delivery. Adv Funct Mater. 2009;19:1406-15.
66. Kamel S, Ali N, Jahangir K, et al. Pharmaceutical significance of cellulose: a review. Express Polymer Lett. 2008;2:758-78.
67. Kavanagh N, Corrigan OI. Swelling and erosion properties of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Hypromellose) matricesinfluence of agitation rate and dissolution medium composition. Int J Pharm. 2004;279:141-52.
68. Gong K, Rehman IU, Darr JA. Characterization and drug release investigation of amorphous drug-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composites made via supercritical carbon dioxide assisted impregnation. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008;48:1112-9.
69. Murthy TEGK, Chowdary KPR. Formulation and evaluation of ethyl cellulose-coated diclofenac sodium microcapsules: Influence of solvents. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2005;67:216-9.
70. Yamada T, Onishi H, Machida Y. Sustained release ketoprofen microparticles with ethylcellulose and carboxymethylethylcellulose. J Control Release. 2001;75:271-82.
71. Santhi K, Venkatesh D, Dhanaraj S, et al. Development and invitro evaluation of a tropical drug delivery system containing betamethazone loading ethyl cellulose nanospheres. Trop J Pharmaceut Res. 2005;4:495-500.
72. Ravikumara NR, Madhusudhan B, Nagaraj TS, et al. Preparation and evaluation of nimesulide-loaded ethylcellulose and methylcellulose nanoparticles and microparticles for oral delivery. J Biomater Appl. 2009;24:47-64.
73. Mundargi RC, Babu VR, Rangaswamy V, et al. Nano/micro technologies for delivering macromolecular therapeutics using poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) and its derivatives. J Control Release. 2008;125:193-209.
74. Kumari A, Yadav SK, Yadav SC. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf B. 2009;75:1-18.
75. Kumar PS, Saini TR, Chandrasekar D, et al. Novel approach for delivery of insulin loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles using a combination of stabilizers. Drug Deliv. 2007;14:517-23.
76. Bilati U, Allémann E, Doelker E. Poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) protein-loaded nanoparticles prepared by the double emulsion method-processing and formulation issues for enhanced entrapment efficiency. J Microencapsul. 2005;22:205-14.
77. Sandor M, Enscore D, Weston P, et al. Effect of protein molecular weight on release from micron-sized PLGA microspheres. J Control Release. 2001;76:297-311.
78. Csaba N, Caamano P, Sanchez A, et al. PLGA: poloxamer and PLGA: poloxamine blend nanoparticles: new carriers for gene delivery. Biomacromolecules. 2005;6:271-8.
79. He Q, Liu J, Sun X, et al. Preparation and characteristics of DNA-nanoparticles targeting to hepatocarcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:660-3.
80. Patil Y, Panyam J. Polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery and gene silencing. Int J Pharm. 2009;367:195-203.
81. Sinha VR, Bansal K, Kaushik R, et al. Poly-[epsilon]-caprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview. Int J Pharm. 2004;278:1-23.
82. Heller J, Barr J, Ng SY, et al. Poly(ortho esters)—their development and some recent applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000;50:121-8.
83. Heller J, Barr J. Poly(ortho esters)—From concept to reality. Biomacromolecules. 2004;5:1625-32.
84. Heller J, Barr J, Ng SY, et al. Poly(ortho esters): synthesis, characterization, properties and uses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:1015-39.
85. Vauthier C, Labarre D, Ponchel G. Design aspects of poly (alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Drug Target. 2007;15:641-63.
86. Graf A, McDowell A, Rades T. Poly(alkycyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of therapeutics—is there real potential? Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009;6:371-84.
87. Lin M, Wang H, Meng S, et al. Structure and release behavior of PMMA/silica composite drug delivery system. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96:1518-26.
88. Anguita-Alonso P, Giacometti A, Cirioni O, et al. RNAIIIinhibiting-peptide-loaded in vivo Polymethylmethacrylate prevents in vivo Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:2594-6.
89. Tao SL, Lubeley MW, Desai TA. Bioadhesive poly(methyl methacrylate) microdevices for controlled drug delivery. J Control Release. 2003;88:215-28.
90. Singhal R, Datta M. Studies on the development of biodegradable poly(HEMA)/cloisite nanocomposites. Polym Compos. 2009;30:887-90.
91. Chouhan R, Bajpai AK. An in vitro release study of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from swellable poly-(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) nanoparticles. J Mater Sci, Mater Med. 2009;20: 1103-14.
92. Anderson EM, Noble ML, Garty S, et al. Sustained release of antibiotic from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) to prevent blinding infections after cataract surgery. Biomaterials. 2009;30:5675-81.
93. Nyangoga H, Zecheru T, Filmon R, et al. Synthesis and use of pHEMA microbeads with human EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2009;89B:501-7.
94. Jhaveri SJ, Hynd MR, Dowell-Mesfin N, et al. Release of nerve growth factor from HEMA hydrogel-coated substrates and its effect on the differentiation of neural cells. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10:174-83.
95. Hobabi M-R, Hassanzadeh D, Azarmi S, et al. Effect of synthesis method and buffer composition on the LCST of a smart copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid. Polym Adv Technol. 2007;18:986-92.
96. Li Q, Wang J, Shahani S, et al. Biodegradable and photocrosslinkable polyphosphoester hydrogel. Biomaterials. 2006;27: 1027-34.
97. Chang C, Duan B, Cai J et al. Superabsorbent hydrogels based on cellulose for smart swelling and controllable delivery. Eur Polym J. 2010; 46:92-100.
98. Ahn SK, Kasi RM, Kim SC, et al. Stimuli-responsive polymer gels. Soft Matter. 2008;4:1151-7.
99. Li L, Aoki Y. Rheological images of poly(vinyl chloride) gels. 1. The dependence of sol-gel transition on concentration. Macromolecules. 1997;30:7835-41.
100. Knoben W, Besseling NAM, Stuart MAC. Rheology of a reversible supramolecular polymer studied by comparison of the effects of temperature and chain stoppers. J Chem Phys. 2007;126:024907.
101. Jeong HS, Huh KM, Park K. Hydrogel drug delivery systems. In: Uchegbu IF, Schatzlein AG, editors. Polymers in drug delivery. Boca Raton: Taylor&Francis; 2006.
102. Roy I, Gupta MN. Smart polymeric materials: emerging biochemical applications. Chem Biol. 2003;10:1161-71.
103. Geever LM, Minguez CM, Devine DM, et al. The synthesis, swelling behaviour and rheological properties of chemically crosslinked thermosensitive copolymers based on Nisopropylacrylamide. J Mater Sci. 2007;42:4136-48.
104. Geever LM, Nugent MJD, Higginbotham CL. The effect of salts and pH buffered solutions on the phase transition temperature and swelling of thermoresponsive pseudogels based on Nisopropylacrylamide. J Mater Sci. 2007;42:9845-54.
105. Mano JF. Stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for biomedical applications. Adv Eng Mater. 2008;10:515-27.
106. Yue YM, Sheng X, Wang PX. Fabrication and characterization of microstructured and pH sensitive interpenetrating networks hydrogel films and application in drug delivery field. Eur Polym J. 2009;45:309-15.
107. Zhang JP, Wang L, Wang AQ. Preparation and swelling behavior of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels based on starch-g-poly (acrylic acid-co-sodium acrylate). Macromol Mater Eng. 2006;291:612-20.
108. D’Erricot G, De Lellis M, Mangiapia G, et al. Structural and mechanical properties of UV-photo-cross-linked poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) hydrogels. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9:231-40.
109. Marandi GB, Esfandiari K, Biranvand F, et al. pH sensitivity and swelling behavior of partially hydrolyzed formaldehydecrosslinked poly(acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008;109:1083-92.
110. El-Rehim HAA, Hegazy ES, El-Mohdy HLA. Effect of various environmental conditions on the swelling property of PAAm/ PAAcK superabsorbent hydrogel prepared by ionizing radiation. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006;101:3955-62.
111. Kopecek J, Yang JY. Revie—hydrogels as smart biomaterials. Polym Int. 2007;56:1078-98.
112. Oh JK, Drumright R, Siegwart DJ, et al. The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog Polym Sci. 2008;33:448-77.
113. Hoffman AS. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2002;54:3-12.
114. Ebara M, Yamato M, Hirose M, et al. Copolymerization of 2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide with N-isopropylacrylamide accelerates cell detachment from grafted surfaces by reducing temperature. Biomacromolecules. 2003;4:344-9.
115. Schmaljohann D, Oswald J, Jorgensen B, et al. Thermoresponsive PNiAAm-g-PEG films for controlled cell detachment. Biomacromolecules. 2003;4:1733-9.
116. Xu FJ, Kang ET, Neoh KG. pH-and temperature-responsive hydrogels from crosslinked triblock copolymers prepared via consecutive atom transfer radical polymerizations. Biomaterials. 2006;27:2787-97.
117. Peppas NA, Bures P, Leobandung W, et al. Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000;50: 27-46.
118. Schild HG. Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide)—experiment, theory and application. Prog Polym Sci. 1992;17:163-249.
119. Gil ES, Hudson SA. Stimuli-reponsive polymers and their bioconjugates. Prog Polym Sci. 2004;29:1173-222.
120. Jeong B, Choi YK, Bae YH et al. New biodegradable polymers for injectable drug delivery systems. In: Conference on challenges for drug delivery and pharmaceutical technology. Tokyo: Elsevier Science Bv; 1998.
121. Shibayama M, Mizutani S, Nomura S. Thermal properties of copolymer gels containing N-isopropylacrylamide. Macromolecules. 1996;29:2019-24.
122. Shibayama M, Suetoh Y, Nomura S. Structure relaxation of hydrophobically aggregated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in water. Macromolecules. 1996;29:6966-8.
123. Shibayama M, Morimoto M, Nomura S. Phase-separation induced mechanical transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) water isochore gels. Macromolecules. 1994;27:5060-6.
124. Bromberg LE, Ron ES. Temperature-responsive gels and thermogelling polymer matrices for protein and peptide delivery. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 1998;31:197-221.
125. Kikuchi A, Okano T. Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels. In: Kwon GS, editor. Polymeric drug delivery systems. Boca Raton: Taylor&-Francis; 2005.
126. Pelah A, Seemann R, Jovin TM. Reversible cell deformation by a polymeric actuator. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:468-9.
127. Kurkuri MD, Aminabhavi TM. Poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly (acrylic acid) sequential interpenetrating network pH-sensitive microspheres for the delivery of diclofenac sodium to the intestine. J Control Release. 2004;96:9-20.
128. Kim B, La Flamme K, Peppas NA. Dynamic swelling behavior of pH-sensitive anionic hydrogels used for protein delivery. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;89:1606-13.
129. Ramkissoon-Ganorkar C, Liu F, Baudys M, et al. Modulating insulin-release profile from pH thermosensitive polymeric beads through polymer molecular weight. J Control Release. 1999;59:287-98.
130. Asoh T, Kaneko T, Matsusaki M, et al. Rapid deswelling of semi-IPNs with nanosized tracts in response to pH and temperature. J Control Release. 2006;110:387-94.
131. Qiu Y, Park K. Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;53:321-39.
132. Kim SJ, Park SJ, Kim IY, et al. Electric stimuli responses to poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel in NaCl solutions. J Appl Polym Sci. 2002;86: 2285-9.
133. Tanaka T, Nishio I, Sun ST, et al. Collapse of gels in a electricfield. Science. 1982;218:467-9.
134. Bajpai AK, Bajpai J, Soni SN. Preparation and characterization of electrically conductive composites of poly(vinyl alcohol)-gpoly(acrylic acid) hydrogels impregnated with polyaniline (PANI). Express Polymer Lett. 2008;2:26-39.
135. Blakemore RP, Frankel RB. Magnetic navigation in bacteria. Sci Am. 1981;245:58-65.
136. Bahadur D, Giri J. Biomaterials and magnetism. Sadhana-Acad P Eng S. 2003;28:639-56.
137. Jordan A, Scholz R, Wust P, et al. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): Cancer treatment with AC magnetic field induced excitation of biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater. 1999;201:413-9.
138. Shinkai M, Yanase M, Suzuki M, et al. Intracellular hyperthermia for cancer using magnetite cationic liposomes. J Magn Magn Mater. 1999;194:176-84.
139. Kim DK, Zhang Y, Kehr J, et al. Characterization and MRI study of surfactant-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles administered into the rat brain. J Magn Magn Mater. 2001;225:256-61.
140. Mykhaylyk O, Cherchenko A, Ilkin A, et al. Glial brain tumor targeting of magnetite nanoparticles in rats. J Magn Magn Mater. 2001;225:241-7.
141. Rabin Y. Cancer treatment by electromagnetic activator nanoheaters. In: Eureka alert! Nanotechnology in context. Available via. http://www.me.cmu.edu/faculty1/rabin/Rabin_Pub/Rabin_Pub501.pdf. Cited 14 Nov 2009; 2002.
142. Qiu J, Charleux B, Matyjaszewski K. Controlled/living radical polymerization in aqueous media: homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Prog Polym Sci. 2001;26:2083-134.
143. Cunliffe D, Pennadam S, Alexander C. Synthetic and biological polymers-merging the interface. Eur Polym J. 2004;40:5-25.
144. Klok HA. Biological-synthetic hybrid block copolymers: combining the best from two worlds. J Polym Sci, A Polym Chem. 2005;43:1-17.
145. Lutz JF, Borner HG. Modern trends in polymer bioconjugates design. Prog Polym Sci. 2008;33:1-39.
146. Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky NV. Nanostructured functional materials prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Nat Chem. 2009;1:276-88.
147. Cunningham MF. Controlled/living radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed systems. Prog Polym Sci. 2008;33:365-98.
148. Hadjichristidis N, Iatrou H, Pitsikalis M, et al. Macromolecular architectures by living and controlled/living polymerizations. Prog Polym Sci. 2006;31:1068-132.
149. Georges MK, Veregin RPN, Kazmaier PM, et al. Narrow molecular-weight resins by a free radical polymerization process. Macromolecules. 1993;26:2987-8.
150. Chiefari J, Chong YK, Ercole F, et al. Living free-radical polymerization by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer: the RAFT process. Macromolecules. 1998;31:5559-62.
151. Matyjaszewski K, Gaynor S, Wang JS. Controlled radical polymerizations—the use of akyl iodides in degenerative transfer. Macromolecules. 1995;28:2093-5.
152. Percec V, Popov AV, Ramirez-Castillo E, et al. Non-transition metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated with iodoform in water at 25 degrees C. J Polym Sci, A Polym Chem. 2004;42:6267-82.
153. Cunningham MF. Living/controlled radical polymerizations in dispersed phase systems. Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27:1039-67.
154. Perrier S, Takolpuckdee P. Macromolecular design via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/Xanthates (MADIX) polymerization. J Polym Sci, A Polym Chem. 2005;43:5347-93.
155. Matyjaszewski K, Xia JH. Atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Rev. 2001;101:2921-90.
156. Fischer H. The persistent radical effect: a principle for selective radical reactions and living radical polymerizations. Chem Rev. 2001;101:3581-610.
157. Kamigaito M, Ando T, Sawamoto M. Metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization. Chem Rev. 2001;101:3689-745.
158. Zetterlund PB, Kagawa Y, Okubo M. Controlled/living radical polymerization in dispersed systems. Chem Rev. 2008;108: 3747-94.
159. Save M, Guillaneuf Y, Gilbert RG. Controlled radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media. Aust J Chem. 2006;59:693-711.
160. Cunningham MF. Recent progress in nitroxide-mediated polymerizations in miniemulsion. C R Chim. 2003;6:1351-74.
161. McLeary JB, Klumperman B. RAFT mediated polymerisation in heterogeneous media. Soft Matter. 2006;2:45-53.
162. Schork FJ, Luo YW, Smulders W, et al. Miniemulsion polymerization. In: Okubo M, editor. Polymer particles. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin; 2005.
163. Hawker CJ, Bosman AW, Harth E. New polymer synthesis by nitroxide mediated living radical polymerizations. Chem Rev. 2001;101:3661-88.
164. Golas PL, Matyjaszewski K. Click chemistry and ATRP: a beneficial union for the preparation of functional materials. QSAR Comb Sci. 2007;26:1116-34.
165. Min K, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media. Cent Eur J Chem. 2009;7:657-74.
166. Tang W, Matyjaszewski K. Kinetic Modeling of Normal ATRP, Normal ATRP with [Cu-II](o), Reverse ATRP and SR&NI ATRP. Macromol Theory Simul. 2008;17:359-75.
167. Riess G. Micellization of block copolymers. Prog Polym Sci. 2003;28:1107-70.
168. Gohy JF. Block copolymer micelles. In: Abetz V, editor. Block copolymers II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin; 2005.
169. Read ES, Armes SP. Recent advances in shell cross-linked micelles. Chem Commun 3021-3035. 2007.
170. McCormack CL, Lowe AB. Aqueous RAFT polymerization: recent developments in synthesis of functional water-soluble (Co)polymers with controlled structures. Acc Chem Res. 2004;37:312-25.
171. Allen C, Maysinger D, Eisenberg A. Nano-engineering block copolymer aggregates for drug delivery. Colloid Surf, B Biointerfaces. 1999;16:3-27.
172. McCormick CL, Kirkland SE, York AW. Synthetic routes to stimuli-responsive micelles, vesicles, and surfaces via controlled/ living radical polymerization. Polym Rev. 2006;46:421-43.
173. Boyer C, Bulmus V, Davis T, et al. Bioapplications of RAFT polymerization. Chem Rev. 2009;1009:5402-36.
174. Masci G, Giacomelli L, Crescenzi V. Atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide. Macromol Rapid Comm. 2004;25:559-64.
175. Ma YH, Tang YQ, Billingham NC, et al. Synthesis of biocompatible, stimuli-responsive, physical gels based on ABA triblock copolymers. Biomacromolecules. 2003;4:864-8.
176. Li CM, Buurma NJ, Haq I, et al. Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible, thermoresponsive ABC and ABA triblock copolymer gelators. Langmuir. 2005;21:11026-33.
177. Li GY, Shi LQ, An YL, et al. Double-responsive core-shellcorona micelles from self-assembly of diblock copolymer of poly (t-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid)-b-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide). Polymer. 2006;47:4581-7.
178. Schilli C, Lanzendorfer MG, Muller AHE. Benzyl and cumyl dithiocarbamates as chain transfer agent in the RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide. In situ FT-NIR and MALDITOF MS investigation. Macromolecules. 2002;35:6819-27.
179. Ganachaud F, Monteiro MJ, Gilbert RG, et al. Molecular weight characterization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) prepared by living free-radical polymerization. Macromolecules. 2000;33: 6738-45.
180. Kujawa P, Segui F, Shaban S, et al. Impact of end-group association and main-chain hydration on the thermosensitive properties of hydrophobically modified telechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) in water. Macromolecules. 2006;39:341-8.
181. Ray B, Isobe Y, Morioka K, et al. Synthesis of isotactic poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) by RAFT polymerization in the presence of Lewis acid. Macromolecules. 2003;36:543-5.
182. Li YT, Lokitz BS, McCormick CL. RAFT synthesis of a thermally responsive ABC triblock copolymer incorporating Nacryloxysuccinimide for facile in situ formation of shell crosslinked micelles in aqueous media. Macromolecules. 2006;39: 81-9.
183. Hong CY, Pan CY. Direct synthesis of biotinylated stimuliresponsive polymer and diblock copolymer by RAFT polymerization using biotinylated trithiocarbonate as RAFT agent. Macromolecules. 2006;39:3517-24.
184. Kulkarni S, Schilli C, Grin B, et al. Controlling the aggregation of conjugates of streptavidin with smart block copolymers prepared via the RAFT copolymerization technique. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7:2736-41.
185. Patten TE, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical polymerization and the synthesis of polymeric materials. Adv Mater. 1998;10:901-15.
186. Ashford EJ, Naldi V, O’Dell R et al. First example of the atom transfer radical polymerisation of an acidic monomer: direct synthesis of methacrylic acid copolymers in aqueous media. Chem Commun 1285-1286. 1999.
187. Zhang X, Xia JH, Matyjaszewski K. Controlled/“living” radical polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Macromolecules. 1998;31:5167-9.
188. Lokaj J, Vlcek P, Kriz J. Synthesis of polystyrene-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) block copolymers by stable free-radical polymerization. Macromolecules. 1997;30:7644-6.
189. Tang YQ, Liu SY, Armes SP, et al. Solubilization and controlled release of a hydrophobic drug using novel micelleforming ABC triblock copolymers. Biomacromolecules. 2003;4:1636-45.
190. Ma YH, Tang YQ, Billingham NC, et al. Well-defined biocompatible block copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine in protic media. Macromolecules. 2003;36:3475-84.
191. Liu H, Jiang XZ, Fan J, et al. Aldehyde surface-functionalized shell cross-linked micelles with pH-tunable core swellability and their bioconjugation with lysozyme. Macromolecules. 2007;40:9074-83.
192. Xu FJ, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Bioactive surfaces and biomaterials via atom transfer radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci. 2009;34:719-61.
193. Zhang X, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of well-defined amphiphilic block copolymers with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate by controlled radical polymerization. Macromolecules. 1999;32:1763-6.
194. Yuan WZ, Yuan JY, Zheng SX, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and controllable drug release of dendritic star-block copolymer by ring-opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. Polymer. 2007;48:2585-94.
195. Licciardi M, Tang Y, Billingham NC, et al. Synthesis of novel folic acid-functionalized biocompatible block copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization for gene delivery and encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs. Biomacromolecules. 2005;6:1085-96.
196. Karanikolopoulos N, Pitsikalis M, Hadjichristidis N, et al. pHresponsive aggregates from double hydrophilic block copolymers carrying zwitterionic groups. Encapsulation of antiparasitic compounds for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Langmuir. 2007;23:4214-24.
197. Ravi P, Wang C, Tam KC, et al. Association behavior of poly (methacrylic acid)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) in aqueous medium: potentiometric and laser light scattering studies. Macromolecules. 2003;36:173-9.
198. Yao H, Ravi P, Tam KC, et al. Association behavior of poly (methyl methacrylate-b-methacrylic acid-b-methyl methacrylate) in aqueous medium. Polymer. 2004;45:2781-91.
199. Dai S, Ravi P, Tam KC, et al. Novel pH-responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers with reversible micellization properties. Langmuir. 2003;19:5175-7.
200. Lewis AL. Phosphorylcholine-based polymers and their use in the prevention of biofouling. Colloids Surf, B. 2000;18:261-75.
201. Teoh SK, Ravi P, Dai S, et al. Self-assembly of stimuliresponsive water-soluble [60]fullerene end-capped ampholytic block copolymer. J Phys Chem B. 2005;109:4431-8.
202. Liu SY, Armes SP. Synthesis and aqueous solution behavior of a pH-responsive schizophrenic diblock copolymer. Langmuir. 2003;19:4432-38.
203. Jones MC, Ranger M, Leroux JC. pH-sensitive unimolecular polymeric micelles: synthesis of a novel drug carrier. Bioconjug Chem. 2003;14:774-81.
204. Sant VP, Smith D, Leroux JC. Novel pH-sensitive supramolecular assemblies for oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs: preparation and characterization. J Control Release. 2004;97: 301-12.
205. Satturwar P, Eddine MN, Ravenelle F, Leroux JC. pH-responsive polymeric micelles of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alkyl(meth) acrylate-co-methacrylic acid): Influence of the copolymer composition on self-assembling properties and release of candesartan cilexetil. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;65:379-387.
206. Tian Y, Bromberg L, Lin SN, et al. Complexation and release of doxorubicin from its complexes with pluronic P85-b-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers. J Control Release. 2007;121:137-45.
207. Tian Y, Ravi P, Bromberg L, et al. Synthesis and aggregation behavior of Pluronic F87/poly(acrylic acid) block copolymer in the presence of doxorubicin. Langmuir. 2007;23:2638-46.
208. Mitsukami Y, Donovan MS, Lowe AB, et al. Water-soluble polymers. 81. Direct synthesis of hydrophilic styrenic-based homopolymers and block copolymers in aqueous solution via RAFT. Macromolecules. 2001;34:2248-56.
209. Yusa S, Shimada Y, Mitsukami Y, et al. pH-responsive micellization of amphiphilic diblock copolymers synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Macromolecules. 2003;36:4208-15.
210. Sumerlin BS, Lowe AB, Thomas DB, et al. Aqueous solution properties of pH-responsive AB diblock acrylamido copolymers synthesized via aqueous RAFT. Macromolecules. 2003;36:5982-7.
211. Sumerlin BS, Lowe AB, Thomas DB, et al. Aqueous solution properties of pH-responsive AB diblock acrylamido-styrenic copolymers synthesized via aqueous reversible additionfragmentation chain transfer. J Polym Sci, A Polym Chem. 2004;42:1724-34.
212. Schilli CM, Zhang MF, Rizzardo E, et al. A new doubleresponsive block copolymer synthesized via RAFT polymerization: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid). Macromolecules. 2004;37:7861-6.
213. Lee SM, Chen H, Dettmer CM, et al. Polymer-caged liposomes: a pH-Responsive delivery system with high stability. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:15096-7.
214. Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless KB. Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2001;40:2004-21.
215. Huisgen R. 1.3-dipolare cycloadditionen—ruckschau und ausblick. Angew Chem Int Ed. 1963;75:604-37.
216. Rostovtsev VV, Green LG, Fokin VV, et al. A stepwise Huisgen cycloaddition process: copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective “ligation” of azides and terminal alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2002;41:2596-9.
217. Agut W, Taton D, Lecommandoux S. A versatile synthetic approach to polypeptide based rod-coil block copolymers by click chemistry. Macromolecules. 2007;40:5653-61.
218. Jiang X, Lok MC, Hennink WE. Degradable-brushed pHEMApDMAEMA synthesized via ATRP and click chemistry for gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem. 2007;18:2077-84.
219. Persson EM, Gustafsson AS, Carlsson AS, et al. The effects of food on the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in human and in model small intestinal fluids. Pharm Res. 2005;22:2141-51.
220. Lysik MA, Wu-Pong S. Innovations in oligonucleotide drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92:1559-73.
221. Kingsley JD, Dou HY, Morehead J, et al. Nanotechnology: a focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. J Neuroimmune Pharm. 2006;1:340-50.
222. Pinto Reis C, Neufeld RJ, Ribeiro AJ, et al. Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2006;2:8-21.
223. Lee LY, Wang CH, Smith KA. Supercritical antisolvent production of biodegradable micro-and nanoparticles for controlled delivery of paclitaxel. J Control Release. 2008;125: 96-106.
224. Birnbaum DT, Brannon-Peppas L. Microparticle drug delivery systems. In: Brown DM, editor. Drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. Totowa: Humana; 2004.
225. PAS 71:2005, Vocabulary—nanoparticles.
226. Tirelli N. (Bio)Responsive nanoparticles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;11:210-6.
227. Kohane DS. Microparticles and nanoparticles for drug delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007;96:203-9.
228. Kohane DS, Tse JY, Yeo Y, et al. Biodegradable polymeric microspheres and nanospheres for drug delivery in the peritoneum. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;77A:351-61.
229. Yang Y, Bajaj N, Xu P, et al. Development of highly porous large PLGA microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2009;30:1947-53.
230. Thiele L, Diederichs JE, Reszka R, et al. Competitive adsorption of serum proteins at microparticles affects phagocytosis by dendritic cells. Biomaterials. 2003;24:1409-18.
231. Kumar MNVR. Nano and microparticles as controlled drug delivery devices. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2000;3:234-58.
232. Jong WHD, Borm PJA. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int J Nanomedicine. 2008;3:133-49.
233. Mu L, Feng SS. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol®): PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS. J Control Release. 2003;86:33-48.
234. Coester C, Kreutera J, von Briesen H, Langer K. Preparation of avidin-labelled gelatin nanoparticles as carriers for biotinylated peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Int J Pharm. 2000; 196:147-9.
235. Damgé C, Maincent P, Ubrich N. Oral delivery of insulin associated to polymeric nanoparticles in diabetic rats. J Control Release. 2007;117:163-70.
236. Date AA, Joshi MD, Patravale VB. Parasitic diseases: liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles versus lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59:505-21.
237. Ahmad Z, Pandey R, Sharma S, et al. Alginate nanoparticles as antituberculosis drug carriers: formulation development, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2006;48:171-6.
238. Calvo P, Gouritin B, Brigger I, et al. PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles as vector for drug delivery in prion diseases. J Neurosci Methods. 2001;111:151-5.
239. Sharma A, Sharma US. Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. Int J Pharm. 1997;154:123-40.
240. Jesorka A, Orwar O. Liposomes: technologies and analytical applications. Annu Rev Anal Chem. 2008;1:801-32.
241. Mozafari MR. Liposomes: an overview of manufacturing techniques. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2005;10:711-9.
242. Paasonen L, Romberg B, Storm G, et al. Temperature-sensitive poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide mono/dilactate)-coated liposomes for triggered contents release. Bioconjug Chem. 2007;18:2131-6.
243. Jones MN. The surface-properties of phospholipid liposome systems and their characterization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 1995;54:93-128.
244. Sulkowski WW, Pentak D, Nowak K, et al. The influence of temperature, cholesterol content and pH on liposome stability. J Mol Struct. 2005;744:737-47.
245. Takeuchi H, Kojima H, Yamamoto H, et al. Polymer coating of liposomes with a modified polyvinyl alcohol and their systemic circulation and RES uptake in rats. J Control Release. 2000;68:195-205.
246. Ulrich AS. Biophysical aspects of using liposomes as delivery vehicles. Biosci Rep. 2002;22:129-50.
247. Semple SC, Chonn A, Cullis PR. Interactions of liposomes and lipid-based carrier systems with blood proteins: relation to clearance behaviour in vivo. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;32:3-17.
248. Bondurant B, Mueller A, O’Brien DF. Photoinitiated destabilization of sterically stabilized liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2001;1511:113-22.
249. Coderch L, Fonollosa J, Estelrich J, et al. Influence of cholesterol on liposome fluidity by EPR—relationship with percutaneous absorption. J Control Release. 2000;68:85-95.
250. Hayashi H, Kono K, Takagishi T. Temperature sensitization of liposomes using copolymers of N-ispopropylacrylamide. Bioconjug Chem. 1999;10:412-8.
251. Cho EC, Lim HJ, Kim HJ, et al. Role of pH-sensitive polymerliposome complex in enhancing cellular uptake of biologically active drugs. Mat Sci Eng C-Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems. 2009;29:774-8.
252. Kono K, Henmi A, Yamashita H, et al. Improvement of temperature-sensitivity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-modified liposomes. J Control Release. 1999;59:63-75.
253. Kono K. Thermosensitive polymer-modified liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;53:307-19.
254. Hayashi H, Kono K, Takagishi T. Temperature-controlled release property of phospholipid vesicles bearing a thermosensitive polymer. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 1996; 1280:127-34.
255. Han HD, Shin BC, Choi HS. Doxorubicin-encapsulated thermosensitive liposomes modified with poly(N-isopropylacrylamideco-acrylamide): drug release behavior and stability in the presence of serum. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2006;62:110-6.
256. Seki K, Tirrell DA. Interactions of synthetic-polymers with cellmembrane and model membrane systems. 5. pH-dependent complexation of poly(acrylic acid) derivatives with phospholipid vesicle membranes. Macromolecules. 1984;17:1692-8.
257. Drummond DC, Zignani M, Leroux JC. Current status of pHsensitive liposomes in drug delivery. Progr Lipid Res. 2000;39:409-60.
258. Kono K, Igawa T, Takagishi T. Cytoplasmic delivery of calcein mediated by liposomes modified with a pH-sensitive poly (ethylene glycol) derivative. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 1997;1325:143-54.
259. Sakaguchi N, Kojima C, Harada A, et al. Preparation of pHsensitive poly(glycidol) derivatives with varying hydrophobicities: their ability to sensitize stable liposomes to pH. Bioconjug Chem. 2008;19:1040-8.
260. Leroux JC, Roux E, Le Garrec D, et al. N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers for the preparation of pH-sensitive liposomes and polymeric micelles. J Control Release. 2001;72:71-84.
261. Pierige F, Serafini S, Rossi L, et al. Cell-based drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60:286-95.
262. Schmidt JJ, Rowley J, Kong HJ. Hydrogels used for cell-based drug delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008;87A:1113-22.
263. Walker PA, Aroom KR, Jimenez F, et al. Advances in progenitor cell therapy using scaffolding constructs for central nervous system injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2009;5:283-300.
264. Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Schmidt NO, et al. Targeting of melanoma brain metastases using engineered neural stem/ progenitor cells. Neuro-Oncology. 2006;8:119-26.
265. Weissman IL. Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution. Cell. 2000;100:157-68.
266. Cha JS, Falanga V. Stem cells in cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:73-8.
267. Branski LK, Gauglitz GG, Herndon DN, et al. A review of gene and stem cell therapy in cutaneous wound healing. Burns. 2009;35:171-80.
268. Quattrocelli M, Cassano M, Crippa S et al. Cell therapy strategies and improvements for muscular dystrophy. Cell Death Differ. (in press). 2009. doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.160.
269. Nakagawa H, Akita S, Fukui M, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells successfully improve skin-substitute wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:29-36.
270. Krause DS, Theise ND, Collector MI, et al. Multi-organ, multilineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell. 2001;105:369-77.
271. Huss R. Isolation of primary and immortalized CD34(-) hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells from various sources. Stem Cells. 2000;18:1-9.
272. Hows JM. Status of umbilical cord blood transplantation in the year 2001. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:428-34.
273. Kim WS, Park BS, Sung JH, et al. Wound heating effect of adipose-derived stem cells: a critical role of secretory factors on human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 2007;48:15-24.
274. Lu W, Zhang YJ, Jin Y. Potential of stem cells for skin regeneration following burns. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2009;4:97-9.
275. Orive G, Anitua E, Pedraz JL, et al. Biomaterials for promoting brain protection, repair and regeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:682-92.
276. Weber LM, Hayda KN, Haskins K, et al. The effects of cellmatrix interactions on encapsulated beta-cell function within hydrogels functionalized with matrix-derived adhesive peptides. Biomaterials. 2007;28:3004-11.
277. Cruise GM, Hegre OD, Lamberti FV, et al. In vitro and in vivo performance of porcine islets encapsulated in interfacially photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate membranes. Cell Transplant. 1999;8:293-306.
278. Cruise GM, Scharp DS, Hubbell JA. Characterization of permeability and network structure of interfacially photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels. Biomaterials. 1998;19:1287-94.
279. Khademhosseini A, Eng G, Yeh J, et al. Micromolding of photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid for cell encapsulation and entrapment. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;79A:522-32.
280. Kong HJ, Smith MK, Mooney DJ. Designing alginate hydrogels to maintain viability of immobilized cells. Biomaterials. 2003;24:4023-9.
281. Sawhney AS, Hubbell JA. Poly(ethylene oxide)-graft-poly(L-lysine) copolymers to enhance the biocompatibility of poly(L-lysine)-alginate microcapsules membranes. Biomaterials. 1992;13:863-70.
282. Keshaw H, Forbes A, Day RM. Release of angiogenic growth factors from cells encapsulated in alginate beads with bioactive glass. Biomaterials. 2005;26:4171-9.
283. Darrabie MD, Kendall WF, Opara EC. Characteristics of poly-Lornithine-coated alginate microcapsules. Biomaterials. 2005;26: 6846-52.
284. Chae SY, Lee M, Kim SW, et al. Protection of insulin secreting cells from nitric oxide induced cellular damage by crosslinked hemoglobin. Biomaterials. 2004;25:843-50.
285. Bloch J, Bachoud-Levi AC, Deglon N, et al. Neuroprotective gene therapy for Huntington’s disease, using polymerencapsulated cells engineered to secrete human ciliary neurotrophic factor: results of a phase I study. Hum Gene Ther. 2004;15:968-75.
286. Hamidi M, Zarrin A, Foroozesh M, et al. Applications of carrier erythrocytes in delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J Control Release. 2007;118:145-60.
287. Dou H, Destache CJ, Morehead JR, et al. Development of a macrophage-based nanoparticle platform for antiretroviral drug delivery. Blood. 2006;108:2827-35.
288. Gorantla S, Dou HY, Boska M, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance and SPECT imaging for macrophage tissue migration and nanoformulated drug delivery. J Leukoc Biol. 2006;80: 1165-74.
289. Rossi L, Serafini S, Pierigé F, et al. Erythrocyte-based drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2005;2:311-22.
290. Beutler E, Dale GL, Guinto E, et al. Enzyme replacement therapy in gauchers-disease—preliminary clinical-trial of a new enzyme preparation. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1977;74: 4620-3.
291. National Academy of Engineering. Frontiers of engineering: reports on leading-edge engineering from the 2008 symposium. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2009.
292. Mulligan RC. The basic science of gene-therapy. Science. 1993;260:926-32.
293. Anderson WF. Human gene therapy. Nature. 1998;392:25-30.
294. Cavazzana-Calvo M, Hacein-Bey S, Basile CD, et al. Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease. Science. 2000;288:669-72.
295. Li S, Huang L. Nonviral gene therapy: promises and challenges. Gene Ther. 2000;7:31-4.
296. Li SD, Huang L. Non-viral is superior to viral gene delivery. J Control Release. 2007;123:181-3.
297. Davidson BL, Breakefield XO. Viral vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4:353-64.
298. Kay MA, Glorioso JC, Naldini L. Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into vehicles of therapeutics. Nat Med. 2001;7:33-40.
299. Gardlik R, Palffy R, Hodosy J, et al. Vectors and delivery systems in gene therapy. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11:RA110-21.
300. Edelstein ML, Abedi MR, Wixon J. Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2007—an update. J Gene Med. 2007;9:833-42.
301. Edelstein M, Abedi M, Wixon J. Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide In: J. Gene Med. Available via. http://www.wiley.co.uk/genetherapy/clinical/. Cited 13 Nov 2009; 2009.
302. Suda T, Suda K, Liu DX. Computer-assisted hydrodynamic gene delivery. Mol Ther. 2008;16:1098-104.
303. Nguyen DN, Green JJ, Chan JM, et al. Polymeric materials for gene delivery and DNA vaccination. Adv Mat. 2009;21:847-67.
304. Seow WY, Yang YY. Functional polycarbonates and their selfassemblies as promising non-viral vectors. J Control Release. 2009;139:40-7.
305. Cai X, Conley S, Naash M. Nanoparticle applications in ocular gene therapy. Vis Res. 2008;48:319-24.
306. Andrieu-Soler C, Bejjani RA, de Bizemont T, et al. Ocular gene therapy: a review of nonviral strategies. Mol Vis. 2006;12:1334-47.
307. Tseng YC, Mozumdar S, Huang L. Lipid-based systemic delivery of siRNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61:721-31.
308. Chen JL, Wang H, Gao JQ, et al. Liposomes modified with polycation used for gene delivery: preparation, characterization and transfection in vitro. Int J Pharm. 2007;343:255-61.
309. McNeil SE, Perrie Y. Gene delivery using cationic liposomes. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2006;16:1371-82.
310. Oliveira AC, Ferraz MP, Monteiro FJ, et al. Cationic liposome-DNA complexes as gene delivery vectors: development and behaviour towards bone-like cells. Acta Biomater. 2009;5:2142-51.
311. Juliano R, Alam MR, Dixit V, et al. Mechanisms and strategies for effective delivery of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36:4158-71.
312. Yoo HS, Lee JE, Chung H, et al. Self-assembled nanoparticles containing hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan for gene delivery. J Control Release. 2005;103:235-43.
313. Zhao J, Gou ML, Dai M, et al. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity study of cationic PCL-Pluronic-PCL (PCFC) nanoparticles for gene delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009;90A:506-13.
314. Gao K, Huang L. Nonviral methods for siRNA Delivery. Mol Pharmacol. 2009;6:651-8.
315. Kim DH, Rossi JJ. Strategies for silencing human disease using RNA interference. Nat Rev Genet. 2007;8:173-84.
316. De Fougerolles AR. Delivery vehicles for small interfering RNA in vivo. Hum Gene Ther. 2008;19:125-32.
317. Ziady AG, Davis PB, Konstan NW. Non-viral gene transfer therapy for cystic fibrosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003;3:449-58.
318. Felgner PL, Gadek TR, Holm M, et al. Lipofection—a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:7413-7.
319. Moreira JN, Santos A, Moura V, et al. Non-viral lipid-based nanoparticles for targeted cancer systemic gene silencing. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2008;8:2187-204.
320. Li WJ, Szoka FC. Lipid-based nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery. Pharm Res. 2007;24:438-49.
321. Aigner A. Delivery systems for the direct application of siRNAs to induce RNA interference (RNAi) in vivo. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2006;2006:1-15.
322. Kawakami S, Hashida M. Targeted delivery systems of small interfering RNA by systemic administration. Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet. 2007;22:142-51.
323. Fire A, Xu SQ, Montgomery MK, et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998;391:806-11.
324. Rao DD, Vorhies JS, Senzer N, et al. siRNAvs. shRNA: similarities and differences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61:746-59.
325. Hannon GJ. RNA interference. Nature. 2002;418:244-51.
326. Silva JM, Hammond SM, Hannon GJ. RNA interference: a promising approach to antiviral therapy? Trends Mol Med. 2002;8:505-8.
327. Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Nonviral vectormediated RNA interference: its gene silencing characteristics and important factors to achieve RNAi-based gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61:760-6.
328. Miyagishi M, Hayashi M, Taira K. Comparison of the suppressive effects of antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs directed against the same targets in mammalian cells. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2003;13:1-7.
329. Dorsett Y, Tuschl T. siRNAs: applications in functional genomics and potential as therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;3:318-29.
330. Pushparaj PN, Aarthi JJ, Manikandan J, et al. siRNA, miRNA, and shRNA: in vivo applications. J Dent Res. 2008;87:992-1003.
331. Rao DD, Senzer N, Cleary MA, et al. Comparative assessment of siRNA and shRNA off target effects: what is slowing clinical development. Cancer Gene Ther. 2009;16:807-9.
332. Manfredsson FP, Okun MS, Mandel RJ. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: challenges and future prospects for the use of growth factors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Gene Ther. 2009;9:375-88.
333. Candolfi M, Kroeger KM, Muhammad A, et al. Gene therapy for brain cancer: combination therapies provide enhanced efficacy and safety. Curr Gene Ther. 2009;9:409-21.
334. Davidson BL, Paulson HL. Molecular medicine for the brain: silencing of disease genes with RNA interference. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:145-9.
335. He S, Zhang DC, Cheng F, et al. Applications of RNA interference in cancer therapeutics as a powerful tool for suppressing gene expression. Mol Biol Rep. 2009;36:2153-63.
336. Kumar S, Nagy TR, Ponnazhagan S. Therapeutic potential of genetically modified adult stem cells for osteopenia. Gene Ther. 2010;17:105-16.
337. Fink D, Mata M, Glorioso JC. Cell and gene therapy in the treatment of pain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2003;55:1055-64.
338. Soldner F, Hockemeyer D, Beard C, et al. Parkinson’s disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Cell. 2009;136:964-77.
339. Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Prospects of stem cell therapy for replacing dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009;30:260-7.
340. Willmon C, Harrington K, Kottke T, et al. Cell carriers for oncolytic viruses: Fed Ex for cancer therapy. Mol Ther. 2009;17:1667-76.
341. Power AT, Bell JC. Cell-based delivery of oncolytic viruses: a new strategic alliance for a cancer. Mol Ther. 2007;15:660-5.
342. Josiah DT, Zhu D, Dreher F et al. Adipose-derived stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles of an oncolytic virus for glioblastoma. Mol Ther. 2010;18:377-85.
343. Menasche P. Cell-based therapy for heart disease: a clinically oriented perspective. Mol Ther. 2009;17:758-66.