Digestibility of food allergens

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources

Volumn 4, Issue , 2009, Pages

  Velickovic, Tanja Cirkovic ^a   Radosavljevic, Jelena ^a   Stanic, Dragana ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

Author keywords

Allergy; Digestibility; Food; Pepsin; Processing

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449467932     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17498848     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20094034     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Lemke PJ, Taylor SL. Allergic reactions and food intolerances. In: Kotsonis FN, Mackey M, Hjelle J, editors. Nutritional Toxicology. Raven Press, New York; 1994. p. 117-137
2. Mills EN, Mackie AR, Burney P, Beyer K, Frewer K, Madsen C, et al. The prevalence, cost and basis of food allergy across Europe. Allergy 2007;62:717-722
3. Gupta RS, Kim JS, Barnathan JA, Amsden LB, Tummala LS, Holl JL. Food allergy knowledge, attitudes and beliefs: focus groups of parents, physicians and the general public. BMC Pediatrics 2008;8:36.
4. Kaza U, Knight AK, Bahna SL. Risk factors for the development of food allergy. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2007;7:182-186
5. Sampson HA. Anaphylaxis and emergency treatment. Pediatrics 2003;111:1601-1608
6. Smit DV, Cameron PA, Rainer TH. Anaphylaxis presentations to an emergency department in Hong Kong: incidence and predictors of biphasic reactions. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2005;28:381-388
7. Brown AF, McKinnon D, Chu K. Emergency department anaphylaxis: a review of 142 patients in a single year. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;108:861-866
8. Story RE. Manifestations of food allergy in infants and children. Pediatric Annals 2008;37:530-535
9. James JM, Crespo JF. Allergic reactions to foods by inhalation. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2007;7:167-174
10. Dona A, Arvanitoyannis IS. Health risks of genetically modified foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009;49:164-175
11. Hofmann A, Burks AW. Pollen food syndrome: update on the allergens. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2008;8:413-417
12. Berni Canani R, Ruotolo S, Discepolo V, Troncone R. The diagnosis of food allergy in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2008;20:584-589
13. Gellerstedt M, Bengtsson U, Niggemann B. Methodological issues in the diagnostic work-up of food allergy: a real challenge. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 2007;17:350-356
14. Niggemann B, Beyer K. Pitfalls in double-blind, placebocontrolled oral food challenges. Allergy 2007;62:729-732
15. Bindslev-Jensen C, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bengtsson U, Blanco C, Ebner C, Hourihane J, et al. Standardization of food challenges in patients with immediate reactions to foods-position paper from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004;59:690-697
16. Konstantinou GN, Giavi S, Kalobatsou A, Vassilopoulou E, Douladiris N, Saxoni-Papageorgiou P, et al. Consumption of heat-treated egg by children allergic or sensitized to egg can affect the natural course of egg allergy: hypothesisgenerating observations. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;122:414-415
17. Ando H, Moverare R, Kondo Y, Tsuge I, Tanaka A, Borres MP, et al. Utility of ovomucoid-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic egg allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;122:583-588
18. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Bloom KA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Wanich N, et al. Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;122:342-347
19. Burks AW, Laubach S, Jones SM. Oral tolerance, food allergy, and immunotherapy: implications for future treatment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:1344-1350
20. Chehade M. IgE and non-IgE-mediated food allergy: treatment in 2007. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;7:264-268
21. Thygarajan A, Burks AW. American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations on the effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2008;20:698-702.
22. Mayer L, Shao L. Therapeutic potential of oral tolerance. Nature Reviews: Immunology 2004;4:407-419
23. Fujihashi K, Dohi T, Rennert PD, Yamamoto M, Koga T, Kiyono H, et al. Peyer's patches are required for oral tolerance to proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2001;98:3310-3315
24. Spahn TW, Fontana A, Faria AM, Slavin AJ, Eugster HP, Zhang X, et al. Induction of oral tolerance to cellular immune responses in the absence of Peyer's patches. European Journal of Immunology 2001;31:1278-1287
25. Kunkel D, Kirchhoff D, Nishikawa S, Radbruch A, Alexander S. Visualization of peptide presentation following oral application of antigen in normal and Peyer's patches-deficient mice. European Journal of Immunology 2003;33:1292-1301
26. Mowat AM. Dendritic cells and immune responses to orally administered antigens. Vaccine 2005;23:1797-1799
27. Rimoldi M, Rescigno M. Uptake and presentation of orally administered antigens. Vaccine 2005;23:1793-1796
28. Bilsborough J, Viney JL. Gastrointestinal dendritic cells play a role in immunity, tolerance, and disease. Gastroenterology 2004;127:300-309
29. Allez M, Brimnes J, Dotan I, Mayer L. Expansion of CD8+ T cells with regulatory function after interaction with intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1516-1526
30. Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2003;18:479-497
31. Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nature Biotechnology 1996;14:1269-1273
32. Bannon GA. What makes a food protein an allergen? Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2004;4:43-46
33. Maier I, Okun VM, Pittner F, Lindner W. Changes in peptic digestibility of bovine beta-lactoglobulin as a result of food processing studied by capillary electrophoresis and immunochemical methods. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2006;841:160-167
34. Sen M, Kopper R, Pons L, Abraham EC, Burks AW, Bannon GA. Protein structure plays a critical role in peanut allergen stability and may determine immunodominant IgE-binding epitopes. Journal of Immunology 2002;169:882-887
35. Jensen-Jarolim E, Wiedermann U, Ganglberger E, Zurcher A, Stadler BM, Boltz-Nitulescu G, et al. Allergen mimotopes in food enhance type I allergic reactions in mice. FASEB Journal 1999;13:1586-1592
36. Vieths S, Scheurer S, Ballmer-Weber B. Current understanding of cross-reactivity of food allergens and pollen. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;964:47-68.
37. Burastero SE. Pollen-cross allergenicity mediated by panallergens: a clue to the pathogenesis of multiple sensitizations. Inflammation and Allergy Drug Targets 2006;5:203-209
38. Chardin H, Senechal H, Wal JM, Desvaux FX, Godfrin D, Peltre G. Characterization of peptidic and carbohydrate cross-reactive determinants in pollen polysensitization. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2008;38:680-685
39. Guilloux L, Morisset M, Codreanu F, Parisot L, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Peanut allergy diagnosis in the context of grass pollen sensitization for 125 patients: roles of peanut and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants specific IgE. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2009;149:91-97
40. Foetisch K, Westphal S, Lauer I, Retzek M, Altmann F, Kolarich D, et al. Biological activity of IgE specific for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;111:889-896
41. Westphal S, Kolarich D, Foetisch K, Lauer I, Altmann F, Conti A, et al. Molecular characterization and allergenic activity of Lyc e 2 (beta-fructofuranosidase), a glycosylated allergen of tomato. European Journal of Biochemistry 2003;270:1327-1337
42. Bublin M, Radauer C, Wilson IB, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H, et al. Cross-reactive N-glycans of Api g 5, a high molecular weight glycoprotein allergen from celery, are required for immunoglobulin E binding and activation of effector cells from allergic patients. FASEB Journal 2003;17:1697-1699
43. Leonard R, Petersen BO, Himly M, Kaar W, Wopfner N, Kolarich D, et al. Two novel types of O-glycans on the mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1 and their role in antibody binding. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005;280:7932-7940
44. Weber RW. Patterns of pollen cross-allergenicity. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;112:229-239; quiz 240.
45. Bohle B, Zwolfer B, Heratizadeh A, Jahn-Schmid B, Antonia YD, Alter M, et al. Cooking birch pollen-related food: divergent consequences for IgE-and T cell-mediated reactivity in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006;118:242-249
46. Radauer C, Breiteneder H. Evolutionary biology of plant food allergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;120:518-525
47. Breiteneder H, Radauer C. A classification of plant food allergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004;113:821-30; quiz 831.
48. Mills EN, Jenkins JA, Alcocer MJ, Shewry PR. Structural, biological, and evolutionary relationships of plant food allergens sensitizing via the gastrointestinal tract. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2004;44:379-407.
49. van Loon LC, Rep M, Pieterse CM. Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2006;44:135-162
50. Breiteneder H, Ebner C. Molecular and biochemical classification of plant-derived food allergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;106:27-36.
51. Breiteneder H, Mills C. Structural bioinformatic approaches to understand cross-reactivity. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2006;50:628-632
52. Varjonen E, Vainio E, Kalimo K. Antigliadin IgE: indicator of wheat allergy in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2000;55:386-391
53. Takizawa T, Arakawa H, Tokuyama K, Morikawa A. Identification of allergen fractions of wheat flour responsible for anaphylactic reactions to wheat products in infants and young children. International Archives in Allergy and Immunology 2001;125:51-56
54. Maruyama N, Ichise K, Katsube T, Kishimoto T, Kawase S-I, Matsumura Y, et al. Identification of major wheat allergens by means of the Escherichia coli expression system. European Journal of Biochemistry 1998;255:739-745
55. Varjonen E, Vainio E, Kalimo K. Life-threatening, recurrent anaphylaxis caused by allergy to gliadin and exercise. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1997;27:162-166
56. Palosuo K, Alenius H, Varjonen E, Koivuluhta M, Mikkola J, Keskinen H, et al. A novel wheat gliadin as a cause of exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999;103:912-917
57. Varjonen E, Vainio E, Kalimo K, Juntunen-Backman K, Savolainen J. Skin-prick test and RAST responses to cereals in children with atopic dermatitis. Characterization of IgE-binding components in wheat and oats by an immunoblotting method. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1995;25:1100-1107
58. Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ortolani C, Ispano M, Monza M, et al. The major allergen of peach (Prunus persica) is a lipid transfer protein. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999;103:520-526 (Pubitemid 29136308)
59. Pastorello EA, Ortolani C, Baroglio C, Pravettoni V, Ispano M, Giuffrida MG, et al. Complete amino acid sequence determination of the major allergen of peach (Prunus persica) Pru p 1. Biological Chemistry 1999;380:1315-20.
60. Pastorello EA, Pravettoni V, Farioli L, Ispano M, Fortunato D, Monza M, et al. Clinical role of a lipid transfer protein that acts as a new apple-specific allergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999;104:1099-1106
61. Sánchez-Monge R, Lombardero M, Garcia-Selles FJ, Barber D, Salcedo G. Lipid-transfer proteins are relevant allergens in fruit allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999;103:514-519
62. Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ispano M, Scibola E, Trambaioli C, et al. The maize major allergen, which is responsible for food-induced allergic reactions, is a lipid transfer protein. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;106:744-751
63. Pastorello EA, D'Ambrosio FP, Pravettoni V, Farioli L, Giuffrida G, Monza M, et al. Evidence for a lipid transfer protein as the major allergen of apricot. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;105:371-377
64. Scheurer S, Pastorello EA, Wangorsch A, Kastner M, Haustein D, Vieths S. Recombinant allergens Pru av 1 and Pru av 4 and a newly identified lipid transfer protein in the in vitro diagnosis of cherry allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;107:724-731
65. James JM, Sixbey JP, Helm RM, Bannon GA, Burks AW. Wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor: a second route of allergic sensitization. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1997;99:239-244
66. Curioni A, Santucci B, Cristaudo A, Canistraci C, Pietravalle M, Simonato B, et al. Urticaria from beer: an immediate hypersensitivity reaction due to a 10-kDa protein derived from barley. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1999;29:407-413
67. Alvarez AM, Adachi T, Nakase M, Aoki N, Nakamura R, Matsuda T. Classification of rice allergenic protein cDNAs belonging to the alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor gene family. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1995;1251:201-204
68. Izumi H, Adachi T, Fujii N, Matsuda T, Nakamura R, Tanaka K, et al. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding a major allergenic protein in rice seeds. Homology of the deduced amino acid sequence with members of alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family. FEBS Letters 1992;302:213-216
69. Nakase M, Adachi T, Urisu A, Miyashita T, Alvarez AM, Nagasaka S, et al. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) a-amylase inhibitors of 14-16 kDa are potential allergens and products of a multigene family. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1996;44:2624-2628
70. Teuber SS, Dandekar AM, Peterson WR, Sellers CL. Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a 2S albumin seed storage protein precursor from English walnut (Juglans regia), a major food allergen. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;101:807-814
71. Menendez-Arias L, Moneo I, Dominguez J, Rodriguez R. Primary structure of the major allergen of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed, Sin a I. European Journal of Biochemistry 1988;177:159-166
72. Monsalve RI, Gonzalez de la Pena MA, Menendez-Arias L, Lopez-Otin C, Villalba M, Rodriguez R. Characterization of a new oriental-mustard (Brassica juncea) allergen, Bra j IE: detection of an allergenic epitope. Biochemical Journal 1993;293(Pt 3):625-632
73. Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ispano M, Conti A, Ansaloni R, et al. Sensitization to the major allergen of Brazil nut is correlated with the clinical expression of allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;102:1021-1027
74. Burks AW, Williams LW, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O'Brien TJ, Helm RM. Identification and characterization of a second major peanut allergen, Ara h II, with use of the sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenge. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1992;90:962-969
75. Kleber-Janke T, Crameri R, Appenzeller U, Schlaak M, Becker W-M. Selective cloning of peanut allergens, including profilin and 2S albumins, by phage display technology. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 1999;119:265-274 (Pubitemid 29401695)
76. Stanley JS, King N, Burks AW, Huang SK, Sampson H, Cockrell G, et al. Identification and mutational analysis of the immunodominant IgE binding epitopes of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1997;342:244-253 (Pubitemid 27251245)
77. Pastorello EA, Varin E, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ortolani C, Trambaioli C, et al. The major allergen of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) is a 2S albumin. Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Science Applications 2001;756:85-93.
78. Kelly JD, Hlywka JJ, Hefle SL. Identification of sunflower seed IgE-binding proteins. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2000;121:19-24.
79. Burks AW, Williams LW, Helm RM, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O'Brien T. Identification of a major peanut allergen, Ara h I, in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenges. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1991;88:172-179
80. Schuler MA, Ladin BF, Pollaco JC, Freyer G, Beachy RN. Structural sequences are conserved in the genes coding for the alpha, alpha0 and beta-subunits of the soybean 7S seed storage protein. Nucleic Acids Research 1982;10:8245-8261
81. Rabjohn P, Helm EM, Stanley JS, West CM, Sampson HA, Burks AW, et al. Molecular cloning and epitope analysis of the peanut allergen Ara h 3. Journal of Clinical Investigations 1999;103:535-542
82. Beardslee TA, Zeece MG, Sarath G, Markwell JP. Soybean glycinin G1 acidic chain shares IgE epitopes with peanut allergen Ara h 3. International Archives Allergy and Immunology 2000;123:299-307.
83. Nielsen NC, Dickinson CD, Cho TJ, Thanh VH, Scallon BJ, Fischer RL, et al. Characterization of the glycinin gene family in soybean. Plant Cell 1989;1:313-328
84. Pastorello EA, Conti A, Pravettoni V, Farioli L, Rivolta F, Ansaloni R, et al. Identification of actinidin as the major allergen of kiwi fruit. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;101:531-537
85. Ogawa T, Tsuji H, Bando N, Kitamura K, Zhu Y-L, Hirano H, et al. Identification of the soyabean allergenic proteins, Gly m Bd 30K, with the soybean seed 34 kDa oil-body-associated protein. Bioscience, Biotechnology and BIochemistry 1993;57:1030-1033
86. Jenkins JA, Breiteneder H, Mills EN. Evolutionary distance from human homologs reflects allergenicity of animal food proteins. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;120:1399-1405
87. Kanduc D, Lucchese A, Mittelman A. Individuation of monoclonal anti-HPV16 E7 antibody linear peptide epitope by computational biology. Peptides 2001;22:1981-1985
88. Bannon GA, Martino-Catt S. Application of current allergy assessment guidelines to next-generation biotechnologyderived crops. Journal of AOAC International (Association of Analytical Communities) 2007;90:1492-1499
89. Taylor SL, Lehrer SB. Principles and characteristics of food allergens. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1996;36(Suppl):S91-118.
90. Becker WM. Characterization of Ara h 1 by two-dimensional electrophoresis immunoblot and recombinant techniques: new digestion experiments with peanuts imitating the gastrointestinal tract. International Archives Allergy and Immunology 1997;113:118-121
91. Besler M, Steinhart H, Paschke A. Stability of food allergens and allergenicity of processed foods. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Science Applications 2001;756:207-228
92. Fu TJ, Abbott UR, Hatzos C. Digestibility of food allergens and nonallergenic proteins in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid: a comparative study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002;50:7154-7160
93. Herman RA, Woolhiser MM, Ladics GS, Korjagin VA, Schafer BW, Storer NP, et al. Stability of a set of allergens and non-allergens in simulated gastric fluid. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 2007;58:125-141
94. Diem K, Lentner C, editors. Documenta Geigy. Gastric juice. In: Scientific Tables. Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK; 1973. p. 646-651
95. Fu TJ. Digestion stability as a criterion for protein allergenicity assessment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;964:99-110.
96. Robbins RC. Effect of ratio of enzymes to substrate on amino acid patterns released from proteins in vitro. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 1978;48:44-53.
97. Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Cirkovic T, Vuckovic O, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Petersen A, Gojgic G, et al. Isolation and biochemical characterization of a thaumatin-like kiwi allergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2002;110:805-810
98. Bublin M, Radauer C, Knulst A, Wagner S, Scheiner O, Mackie Alan R, et al. Effects of gastrointestinal digestion and heating on the allergenicity of the kiwi allergens Act d 1, actinidin, and Act d 2, a thaumatin-like protein. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2008;52:1130-1139
99. Thomas K, Aalbers M, Bannon GA, Bartels M, Dearman RA, Esdaile DJ, et al. A multi-laboratory evaluation of a common in vitro pepsin digestion assay protocol used in assessing the safety of novel proteins. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2004;39:87-98.
100. Choisnard L, Bigan M, Blondeau D, Dhulster P, Leman B, Guillochon D. Application of the method of the experimental design to the study of a processing of unshrinkableness of wool fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003;89:535-547
101. Sachdev GP, Fruton JS. Kinetics of action of pepsin on fluorescent peptide substrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 1975;72:3424-3427
102. Marciniszyn Jr J, Hartsuck JA, Tang J. Mode of inhibition of acid proteases by pepstatin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1976;251:7088-7094
103. Jiang B, Qu H, Hu Y, Ni T, Lin Z. Computational analysis of the relationship between allergenicity and digestibility of allergenic proteins in simulated gastric fluid. BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8:375.
104. Untersmayr E, Jensen-Jarolim E. The role of protein digestibility and antacids on food allergy outcomes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:1301-8; quiz 1309-1310
105. Yagami T, Haishima Y, Nakamura A, Osuna H, Ikezawa Z. Digestibility of allergens extracted from natural rubber latex and vegetable foods. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;106:752-762
106. Ofori-Anti AO, Ariyarathna H, Chen L, Lee HL, Pramod SN, Goodman RE. Establishing objective detection limits for the pepsin digestion assay used in the assessment of genetically modified foods. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2008;52:94-103.
107. Ladics GS. Current codex guidelines for assessment of potential protein allergenicity. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 2008;46(Suppl. 10):S20-3.
108. Ladics GS, Selgrade MK. Identifying food proteins with allergenic potential: Evolution of approaches to safety assessment and research to provide additional tools. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.10.010.
109. Moreno FJ. Gastrointestinal digestion of food allergens: effect on their allergenicity. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2007;61:50-60.
110. Murtagh GJ, Archer DB, Dumoulin M, Ridout S, Matthews S, Arshad SH, et al. In vitro stability and immunoreactivity of the native and recombinant plant food 2S albumins Ber e 1 and SFA-8. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2003;33:1147-1152
111. Moreno FJ, Maldonado BM, Wellner N, Mills ENC. Thermostability and in vitro digestibility of a purified major allergen 2S albumin (Ses i 1) from white sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics 2005;1752:142-153
112. Díaz-Perales A, Blanco C, Sánchez-Monge R, Varela J, Carrillo T, Salcedo G. Analysis of avocado allergen (Prs a 1) IgE-binding peptides generated by simulated gastric fluid digestion. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;112:1002-1007
113. Kreis M, Forde BG, Rahman S, Miflin BJ, Shewry PR. Molecular evolution of the seed storage proteins of barley, rye and wheat. Journal of Molecular Biology 1985;183:499-502.
114. Shewry PR, Napier JA, Tatham AS. Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. Plant Cell 1995;7:945-956
115. Mills EN, Jenkins J, Marigheto N, Belton PS, Gunning AP, Morris VJ. Allergens of the cupin superfamily. Biochemical Society Transactions 2002;30:925-929
116. Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, de Vries SC, Gautier M-F, Ciurana CLF, et al. Lipid transfer protein: a pan-allergen in plant-derived foods that is highly resistant to pepsin digestion. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2001;124:67-69
117. Vassilopoulou E, Rigby N, Moreno FJ, Zuidmeer L, Akkerdaas J, Tassios I, et al. Effect of in vitro gastric and duodenal digestion on the allergenicity of grape lipid transfer protein. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006;118:473-480
118. Scheurer S, Lauer I, Foetisch K, San Miguel Moncin M, Retzek M, Hartz C, et al. Strong allergenicity of Pru av 3, the lipid transfer protein from cherry, is related to high stability against thermal processing and digestion. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004;114:900-907
119. Mittag D, Akkerdaas J, Ballmer-Weber BK, Vogel L, Wensing M, Becker W, et al. Ara h 8, a Bet v 1-homologous allergen from peanut, is a major allergen in patients with combined birch pollen and peanut allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004;114:1410-1417
120. Moreno FJ, Clemente A. 2S albumin storage proteins: what makes them food allergens? Open Biochemistry Journal 2008;2:16-28.
121. Suhr M, Wicklein D, Lepp U, Becker WM. Isolation and characterization of natural Ara h 6: evidence for a further peanut allergen with putative clinical relevance based on resistance to pepsin digestion and heat. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2004;48:390-399
122. Lehmann K, Schweimer K, Reese G, Randow S, Suhr M, Becker W-M, et al. Structure and stability of 2S albumin-type peanut allergens: implications for the severity of peanut allergic reactions. Biochemical Journal 2006;395:463-472
123. Moreno FJ, Mellon FA, Wickham MS, Bottrill AR, Mills ENC. Stability of the major allergen Brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e 1) to physiologically relevant in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. FEBS Journal 2005;272:341-352
124. Kopper RA, Odum NJ, Sen M, Helm RM, Stanley JS, Burks AW. Peanut protein allergens: gastric digestion is carried out exclusively by pepsin. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004;114:614-618
125. Burks AW, Shin D, Cockrell G, Stanley JS, Helm RM, Bannon GA. Mapping and mutational analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes on Ara h 1, a legume vicilin protein and a major allergen in peanut hypersensitivity. European Journal of Biochemistry 1997;245:334-339 (Pubitemid 27171255)
126. Maleki SJ, Kopper RA, Shin DS, Park CW, Compadre CM, Sampson H, et al. Structure of the major peanut allergen Ara h 1 may protect IgE-binding epitopes from degradation. Journal of Immunology 2000;164:5844-5849
127. Breiteneder H. Thaumatin-like proteins: a new family of pollen and fruit allergens. Allergy 2004;59:479-481
128. Smole U, Bublin M, Radauer C, Ebner C, Breiteneder H. Mal d 2, the thaumatin-like allergen from apple, is highly resistant to gastrointestinal digestion and thermal processing. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2008;147:289-298
129. Ho VS, Wong JH, Ng TB. A thaumatin-like antifungal protein from the emperor banana. Peptides 2007;28:760-766
130. Dall'Antonia Y, Pavkov T, Fuchs H, Breiteneder H, Keller W. Crystallization and preliminary structure determination of the plant food allergen Pru av 2. Acta Crystallographica. Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 2005;61:186-188
131. Fuchs HC, Bohle B, Dall'Antonia Y, Radauer C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Mari A, et al. Natural and recombinant molecules of the cherry allergen Pru av 2 show diverse structural and B cell characteristics but similar T cell reactivity. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2006;36:359-368
132. Polovic N, Blanusa M, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Burazer L, Jankov R, et al. A matrix effect in pectin-rich fruits hampers digestion of allergen by pepsin in vivo and in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2007;37:764-771
133. Takagi K, Teshima R, Okunuki H, Itoh S, Kawasaki N, Kawanishi T, et al. Kinetic analysis of pepsin digestion of chicken egg white ovomucoid and allergenic potential of pepsin fragments. International Archives in Allergy and Immunology 2005;136:23-32.
134. Fu T-J, Abbott UR, Hatzos C. Digestibility of food allergens and nonallergenic proteins in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid: a comparative study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002;50:7154-7160
135. van Beresteijn EC, Meijer RJ, Schmidt DG. Residual antigenicity of hypoallergenic infant formulas and the occurrence of milk-specific IgE antibodies in patients with clinical allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1995;96:365-374
136. Huby RD, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Why are some proteins allergens? Toxicological Science 2000;55:235-246
137. Mills ENC MJ, Sancho A, Jenkins JA, Wichers HJ. Processing approaches to reducing the allergenicity of foods. In: Yada R, editor. Proteins in Food Processing. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge; 2004. p. 396-418.
138. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Appendix III, Guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNA plants and Appendix IV, Annex on the assessment of possible allergenicity. In: Alinorm 03/34: Joint FAO/WHOFood Standard Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Twenty-Fifth Session, Rome, Italy; 2003. p. 47-60.
139. Eiwegger T, Rigby N, Mondoulet L, Bernard H, Krauth MT, Boehm A, et al. Gastro-duodenal digestion products of the major peanut allergen Ara h 1 retain an allergenic potential. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2006;36:1281-1288
140. Moreno FJ, Mackie AR, Mills EN. Phospholipid interactions protect the milk allergen alpha-lactalbumin from proteolysis during in vitro digestion. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:9810-9816
141. Mouecoucou J, Villaume C, Sanchez C, Mejean L. Beta-lactoglobulin/ polysaccharide interactions during in vitro gastric and pancreatic hydrolysis assessed in dialysis bags of different molecular weight cut-offs. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta: General Subjects 2004;1670:105-112
142. Polovic ND, Pjanovic RV, Burazer LM, Velickovic SJ, Jankov RM, Cirkovic Velickovic TD. Acid-formed pectin gel delays major incomplete kiwi fruit allergen Act c 1 proteolysis in in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2009;89:8-14.
143. van Wijk F, Nierkens S, Hassing I, Feijen M, Koppelman SJ, de Jong GAH, et al. The effect of the food matrix on in vivo immune responses to purified peanut allergens. Toxicological Sciences 2005;86:333-341
144. Dearman RJ, Alcocer MJ, Kimber I. Influence of plant lipids on immune responses in mice to the major Brazil nut allergen Ber e 1. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2007;37:582-591
145. Weangsripanaval T, Moriyama T, Kageura T, Ogawa T, Kawada T. Dietary fat and an exogenous emulsifier increase the gastrointestinal absorption of a major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in mice. Journal of Nutrition 2005;135:1738-1744
146. Penas E, Restani P, Ballabio C, Prestamo G, Fiocchi A, Gomez R. Evaluation of the residual antigenicity of dairy whey hydrolysates obtained by combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and high-pressure treatment. Journal of Food Protection 2006;69:1707-1712
147. Chicon R, Lopez-Fandino R, Alonso E, Belloque J. Proteolytic pattern, antigenicity, and serum immunoglobulin E binding of beta-lactoglobulin hydrolysates obtained by pepsin and high-pressure treatments. Journal of Dairy Science 2008;91:928-938
148. Tesaki S, Watanabe J, Tanabe S, Sonoyama K, Fukushi E, Kawabata J, et al. An active compound against allergen absorption in hypoallergenic wheat flour produced by enzymatic modification. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2002;66:1930-1935
149. Smiddy MA, Martin JE, Kelly AL, de Kruif CG, Huppertz T. Stability of casein micelles cross-linked by transglutaminase. Journal of Dairy Science 2006;89:1906-1914
150. Augustin MA, Udabage P. Influence of processing on functionality of milk and dairy proteins. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2007;53:1-38.
151. Malandain H. Transglutaminases: a meeting point for wheat allergy, celiac disease, and food safety. European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005;37:397-403.
152. Halaouli S, Asther M, Sigoillot JC, Hamdi M, Lomascolo A. Fungal tyrosinases: new prospects in molecular characteristics, bioengineering and biotechnological applications. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2006;100:219-232
153. Rodriguez Couto S, Toca Herrera JL. Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review. Biotechnology Advances 2006;24:500-513
154. Clare DA, Gharst G, Sanders TH. Transglutaminase polymerization of peanut proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007;55:432-438
155. Chung SY, Maleki SJ, Champagne ET. Allergenic properties of roasted peanut allergens may be reduced by peroxidase. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004;52:4541-4545
156. van Boxtel EL, van den Broek LA, Koppelman SJ, Gruppen H. Legumin allergens from peanuts and soybeans: effects of denaturation and aggregation on allergenicity. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2008;52:674-682
157. Kopper RA, Odum NJ, Sen M, Helm RM, Stanley JS, Burks AW. Peanut protein allergens: the effect of roasting on solubility and allergenicity. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2005;136:16-22.
158. De La Barca AM, Wall A, Lopez-Diaz JA. Allergenicity, trypsin inhibitor activity and nutritive quality of enzymatically modified soy proteins. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 2005;56:203-211
159. Bernasconi E, Fritsche R, Corthesy B. Specific effects of denaturation, hydrolysis and exposure to Lactococcus lactis on bovine beta-lactoglobulin transepithelial transport, antigenicity and allergenicity. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2006;36:803-814
160. Niggemann B, Nies H, Renz H, Herz U, Wahn U. Sensitizing capacity and residual allergenicity of hydrolyzed cow's milk formulae: results from a murine model. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2001;125:316-321
161. Roth-Walter F, Berin MC, Arnaboldi P, Escalante CR, Dahan S, Rauch J, et al. Pasteurization of milk proteins promotes allergic sensitization by enhancing uptake through Peyer's patches. Allergy 2008;63:882-890