메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 119, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 628-647

Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism

Author keywords

AHA scientific statements; Child; Insulin; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; HYDROCORTISONE;

EID: 61349168366     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191394     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (633)

References (297)
  • 1
    • 0037453031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in children: An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism)
    • Steinberger J, Daniels SR. Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation. 2003;107:1448-1453.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 1448-1453
    • Steinberger, J.1    Daniels, S.R.2
  • 2
    • 27444443876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement [published corrections appear in Circulation. 2005;112:e297 and 2005;112:e298]. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752.
    • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement [published corrections appear in Circulation. 2005;112:e297 and 2005;112:e298]. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752.
  • 3
    • 0000939795 scopus 로고
    • Studien über das Hypertonie-Hyperglyka "mie- Hyperurika" miesyndrom.
    • Kylin E. Studien über das Hypertonie-Hyperglyka "mie- Hyperurika" miesyndrom. Zentralbl Inn Med. 1923;44:105-127.
    • (1923) Zentralbl Inn Med , vol.44 , pp. 105-127
    • Kylin, E.1
  • 4
    • 0027512732 scopus 로고
    • Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): An expanded definition
    • Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): an expanded definition. Annu Rev Med. 1993;44:121-131.
    • (1993) Annu Rev Med , vol.44 , pp. 121-131
    • Reaven, G.M.1
  • 5
    • 0024391834 scopus 로고
    • The deadly quartet: Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension
    • Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet: upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1514-1520.
    • (1989) Arch Intern Med , vol.149 , pp. 1514-1520
    • Kaplan, N.M.1
  • 6
    • 0026021161 scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance: A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:173-194.
    • (1991) Diabetes Care , vol.14 , pp. 173-194
    • DeFronzo, R.A.1    Ferrannini, E.2
  • 7
    • 0027092522 scopus 로고
    • Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome
    • Björntorp P. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med. 1992;24:465-468.
    • (1992) Ann Med , vol.24 , pp. 465-468
    • Björntorp, P.1
  • 8
    • 0032709705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on the provisional report from the WHO consultation: European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance
    • Balkau B, Charles MA. Comments on the provisional report from the WHO consultation: European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance. Diabet Med. 1999;16:442-443.
    • (1999) Diabet Med , vol.16 , pp. 442-443
    • Balkau, B.1    Charles, M.A.2
  • 10
    • 61349115888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. Report of a WHO Consultation: Definition of Metabolic Syndrome in Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation, Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.
    • World Health Organization, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. Report of a WHO Consultation: Definition of Metabolic Syndrome in Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation, Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.
  • 11
    • 0033214107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular risk factors clustering features of insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) in a biracial (Black-White) population of children, adolescents, and young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS. Cardiovascular risk factors clustering features of insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) in a biracial (Black-White) population of children, adolescents, and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:667-674.
    • (1999) Am J Epidemiol , vol.150 , pp. 667-674
    • Chen, W.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Elkasabany, A.3    Berenson, G.S.4
  • 12
    • 0029111790 scopus 로고
    • The role of insulin in clustering of serum lipids and blood pressure in children and adolescents: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
    • Raitakari OT, Porkka KV, Rönnemaa T, Knip M, Uhari M, Akerblom HK, Viikari JS. The role of insulin in clustering of serum lipids and blood pressure in children and adolescents: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Diabetotogia. 1995;38:1042-1050.
    • (1995) Diabetotogia , vol.38 , pp. 1042-1050
    • Raitakari, O.T.1    Porkka, K.V.2    Rönnemaa, T.3    Knip, M.4    Uhari, M.5    Akerblom, H.K.6    Viikari, J.S.7
  • 13
    • 2942670689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should C-reactive protein be added to metabolic syndrome and to assessment of global cardiovascular risk?
    • Ridker PM, Wilson PW, Grundy SM. Should C-reactive protein be added to metabolic syndrome and to assessment of global cardiovascular risk? Circulation. 2004;109:2818-2825.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 2818-2825
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Wilson, P.W.2    Grundy, S.M.3
  • 17
    • 38149068094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pediatric metabolic syndrome components in relation to adult metabolic syndrome: The Princeton LRC follow-up study
    • Huang TT, Nansel TR, Belsheim AR, Morrison JA. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pediatric metabolic syndrome components in relation to adult metabolic syndrome: the Princeton LRC follow-up study. J Pediatr. 2008;152:185-190.
    • (2008) J Pediatr , vol.152 , pp. 185-190
    • Huang, T.T.1    Nansel, T.R.2    Belsheim, A.R.3    Morrison, J.A.4
  • 18
    • 33744916524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition of metabolic syndrome in preadolescent girls
    • Chi CH, Wang Y, Wilson DM, Robinson TN. Definition of metabolic syndrome in preadolescent girls. J Pediatr. 2006;148:788-792.
    • (2006) J Pediatr , vol.148 , pp. 788-792
    • Chi, C.H.1    Wang, Y.2    Wilson, D.M.3    Robinson, T.N.4
  • 19
    • 0043240339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
    • Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:821-827.
    • (2003) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.157 , pp. 821-827
    • Cook, S.1    Weitzman, M.2    Auinger, P.3    Nguyen, M.4    Dietz, W.H.5
  • 20
    • 5144224797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting prevalence of and demographic disparities in the World Health Organization and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Tretment Panel III definitions of metabolic syndrome among adolescents
    • Goodman E, Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Huang B, Dolan LM. Contrasting prevalence of and demographic disparities in the World Health Organization and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Tretment Panel III definitions of metabolic syndrome among adolescents. J Pediatr. 2004;145:445-451.
    • (2004) J Pediatr , vol.145 , pp. 445-451
    • Goodman, E.1    Daniels, S.R.2    Morrison, J.A.3    Huang, B.4    Dolan, L.M.5
  • 21
    • 17644381994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of body mass index and insulin resistance to cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress during adolescence
    • Sinaiko A, Steinberger J, Moran A, Prineas RJ, Vessby B, Basu S, Tracy R, Jacobs DR Jr. Relation of body mass index and insulin resistance to cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress during adolescence. Circulation. 2005;111:1985-1991.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 1985-1991
    • Sinaiko, A.1    Steinberger, J.2    Moran, A.3    Prineas, R.J.4    Vessby, B.5    Basu, S.6    Tracy, R.7    Jacobs Jr., D.R.8
  • 22
    • 33845540665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dilemma of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Disease or distraction?
    • Jones KL. The dilemma of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: disease or distraction? Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7:311-321.
    • (2006) Pediatr Diabetes , vol.7 , pp. 311-321
    • Jones, K.L.1
  • 23
    • 17644387796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factor analysis of clustered cardiovascular risks in adolescence: Obesity is the predominant correlate of risk among youth
    • Goodman E, Dolan LM, Morrison JA, Daniels SR. Factor analysis of clustered cardiovascular risks in adolescence: obesity is the predominant correlate of risk among youth. Circulation. 2005;111:1970-1977.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 1970-1977
    • Goodman, E.1    Dolan, L.M.2    Morrison, J.A.3    Daniels, S.R.4
  • 25
    • 34247153385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity in the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese individuals: Effect of differences in insulin sensitivity
    • McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Heterogeneity in the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese individuals: effect of differences in insulin sensitivity. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:642-648.
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 642-648
    • McLaughlin, T.1    Abbasi, F.2    Lamendola, C.3    Reaven, G.4
  • 26
    • 0027939650 scopus 로고
    • Clustering of risk factors for coronary heart disease in children and adolescents: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
    • Raitakari OT, Porkka KV, Viikari JS, Ronnemaa T, Akerblom HK. Clustering of risk factors for coronary heart disease in children and adolescents: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Acta Paediatr. 1994;83:935-940.
    • (1994) Acta Paediatr , vol.83 , pp. 935-940
    • Raitakari, O.T.1    Porkka, K.V.2    Viikari, J.S.3    Ronnemaa, T.4    Akerblom, H.K.5
  • 27
    • 2542424815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome? Different names, different concepts, and different goals
    • Reaven G. The metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome? Different names, different concepts, and different goals. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004;33:283-303.
    • (2004) Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am , vol.33 , pp. 283-303
    • Reaven, G.1
  • 28
    • 0037116641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    • Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356-359.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 356-359
    • Ford, E.S.1    Giles, W.H.2    Dietz, W.H.3
  • 29
    • 0032482329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP III, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650-1656.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 1650-1656
    • Berenson, G.S.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Bao, W.3    Newman III, W.P.4    Tracy, R.E.5    Wattigney, W.A.6
  • 30
    • 0037062661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men
    • McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP; Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men. Circulation. 2002;105:2712-2718.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 2712-2718
    • McGill Jr, H.C.1    McMahan, C.A.2    Herderick, E.E.3    Zieske, A.W.4    Malcom, G.T.5    Tracy, R.E.6    Strong, J.P.7
  • 32
    • 24744460540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors identified in childhood and decreased carotid artery elasticity in adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
    • Juonala M, Järvisalo MJ, Mäki-Torkko N, Kähönen M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT. Risk factors identified in childhood and decreased carotid artery elasticity in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation. 2005;112:1486-1493.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 1486-1493
    • Juonala, M.1    Järvisalo, M.J.2    Mäki-Torkko, N.3    Kähönen, M.4    Viikari, J.S.5    Raitakari, O.T.6
  • 35
    • 0037463608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
    • Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:427-436.
    • (2003) Arch Intern Med , vol.163 , pp. 427-436
    • Park, Y.W.1    Zhu, S.2    Palaniappan, L.3    Heshka, S.4    Carnethon, M.R.5    Heymsfield, S.B.6
  • 38
    • 0002530486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular smooth muscle cell growth and insulin regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in hypertension
    • Begum N, Song Y, Rienzie J, Ragolia L. Vascular smooth muscle cell growth and insulin regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(pt 1):C42-C49.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.275 , Issue.PART 1
    • Begum, N.1    Song, Y.2    Rienzie, J.3    Ragolia, L.4
  • 42
    • 0034915177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: Evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect?
    • Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P, Ghanim H, Hamouda W, Assian E, Ahmad S. Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3257-3265.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 3257-3265
    • Dandona, P.1    Aljada, A.2    Mohanty, P.3    Ghanim, H.4    Hamouda, W.5    Assian, E.6    Ahmad, S.7
  • 43
    • 0036964978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression in mononuclear cells (MNC) and reduces plasma tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations
    • Aljada A, Ghanim H, Mohanty P, Kapur N, Dandona P. Insulin inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression in mononuclear cells (MNC) and reduces plasma tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1419-1422.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 1419-1422
    • Aljada, A.1    Ghanim, H.2    Mohanty, P.3    Kapur, N.4    Dandona, P.5
  • 44
    • 0024334738 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of the toxic effects of cachectin by concurrent insulin administration
    • Fraker DL, Merino MJ, Norton JA. Reversal of the toxic effects of cachectin by concurrent insulin administration. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:E725-E731.
    • (1989) Am J Physiol , vol.256
    • Fraker, D.L.1    Merino, M.J.2    Norton, J.A.3
  • 45
    • 0036311315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced endothelin activity prevents vasodilatation to insulin in insulin resistance
    • Miller AW, Tulbert C, Puskar M, Busija DW. Enhanced endothelin activity prevents vasodilatation to insulin in insulin resistance. Hypertension. 2002;40:78-82.
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 78-82
    • Miller, A.W.1    Tulbert, C.2    Puskar, M.3    Busija, D.W.4
  • 46
    • 0029037649 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease
    • Reaven GM. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev. 1995;75:473-486.
    • (1995) Physiol Rev , vol.75 , pp. 473-486
    • Reaven, G.M.1
  • 47
    • 0036224883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (I)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: Relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity
    • Sinha R, Dufour S, Petersen KF, LeBon V, Enoksson S, Ma YZ, Savoye M, Rothman DL, Shulman GI, Caprio S. Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (I)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity. Diabetes. 2002;51:1022-1027.
    • (2002) Diabetes , vol.51 , pp. 1022-1027
    • Sinha, R.1    Dufour, S.2    Petersen, K.F.3    LeBon, V.4    Enoksson, S.5    Ma, Y.Z.6    Savoye, M.7    Rothman, D.L.8    Shulman, G.I.9    Caprio, S.10
  • 49
    • 14644427890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB
    • Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med. 2005;11:183-190.
    • (2005) Nat Med , vol.11 , pp. 183-190
    • Cai, D.1    Yuan, M.2    Frantz, D.F.3    Melendez, P.A.4    Hansen, L.5    Lee, J.6    Shoelson, S.E.7
  • 51
    • 0141532189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primacy of hepatic insulin resistance in the development of the metabolic syndrome induced by an isocaloric moderate-fat diet in the dog
    • Kim SP, Ellmerer M, Van Citters GW, Bergman RN. Primacy of hepatic insulin resistance in the development of the metabolic syndrome induced by an isocaloric moderate-fat diet in the dog. Diabetes. 2003;52:2453-2460.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 2453-2460
    • Kim, S.P.1    Ellmerer, M.2    Van Citters, G.W.3    Bergman, R.N.4
  • 52
    • 0033842027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between insulin resistance and insulin secretion in the development of glucose intolerance
    • Cavaghan MK, Ehrmann DA, Polonsky KS. Interactions between insulin resistance and insulin secretion in the development of glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:329-333.
    • (2000) J Clin Invest , vol.106 , pp. 329-333
    • Cavaghan, M.K.1    Ehrmann, D.A.2    Polonsky, K.S.3
  • 53
    • 0033656589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal compensation for fat-induced insulin resistance includes reduced insulin clearance and enhanced beta-cell response
    • Mittleman SD, Van Citters GW, Kim SP, Davis DA, Dea MK, Hamilton-Wessler M, Bergman RN. Longitudinal compensation for fat-induced insulin resistance includes reduced insulin clearance and enhanced beta-cell response. Diabetes. 2000;49:2116-2125.
    • (2000) Diabetes , vol.49 , pp. 2116-2125
    • Mittleman, S.D.1    Van Citters, G.W.2    Kim, S.P.3    Davis, D.A.4    Dea, M.K.5    Hamilton-Wessler, M.6    Bergman, R.N.7
  • 54
    • 0037076025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Rieger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin RS, Caprio S. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1756]. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:802-810.
    • Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Rieger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin RS, Caprio S. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1756]. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:802-810.
  • 56
    • 0030792135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in Pima Indian children
    • Odeleye OE, de Courten M, Pettitt DJ, Ravussin E. Fasting hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in Pima Indian children. Diabetes. 1997;46:1341-1345.
    • (1997) Diabetes , vol.46 , pp. 1341-1345
    • Odeleye, O.E.1    de Courten, M.2    Pettitt, D.J.3    Ravussin, E.4
  • 57
    • 0030027671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent elevation of plasma insulin levels is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children and young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Persistent elevation of plasma insulin levels is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1996;93:54-59.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , pp. 54-59
    • Bao, W.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Berenson, G.S.3
  • 58
    • 0022652051 scopus 로고
    • Impaired insulin action in puberty: A contributing factor to poor glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes
    • Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Lauritano AA, Tamborlane WV. Impaired insulin action in puberty: a contributing factor to poor glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:215-219.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.315 , pp. 215-219
    • Amiel, S.A.1    Sherwin, R.S.2    Simonson, D.C.3    Lauritano, A.A.4    Tamborlane, W.V.5
  • 59
    • 0023100526 scopus 로고
    • Puberty decreases insulin sensitivity
    • Bloch CA, Clemons P, Sperling MA. Puberty decreases insulin sensitivity. J Pediatr. 1987;110:481-487.
    • (1987) J Pediatr , vol.110 , pp. 481-487
    • Bloch, C.A.1    Clemons, P.2    Sperling, M.A.3
  • 66
    • 0020533259 scopus 로고
    • Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study
    • Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67:968-977.
    • (1983) Circulation , vol.67 , pp. 968-977
    • Hubert, H.B.1    Feinleib, M.2    McNamara, P.M.3    Castelli, W.P.4
  • 67
    • 0027520177 scopus 로고
    • Body weight and mortality: A 26-year follow-up of middle-aged men
    • Lee IM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Body weight and mortality: a 26-year follow-up of middle-aged men. JAMA. 1993;270:2823-2828.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 2823-2828
    • Lee, I.M.1    Manson, J.E.2    Hennekens, C.H.3    Paffenbarger Jr, R.S.4
  • 69
    • 0028822823 scopus 로고
    • Effect of weight loss on blood pressure and insulin resistance in normotensive and hypertensive obese individuals
    • Su HY, Sheu WH, Chin HM, Jeng CY, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Effect of weight loss on blood pressure and insulin resistance in normotensive and hypertensive obese individuals. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:1067-1071.
    • (1995) Am J Hypertens , vol.8 , pp. 1067-1071
    • Su, H.Y.1    Sheu, W.H.2    Chin, H.M.3    Jeng, C.Y.4    Chen, Y.D.5    Reaven, G.M.6
  • 70
    • 0023236739 scopus 로고
    • Insulin and blood pressure during weight loss in obese adolescents
    • Rocchini AP, Katch V, Schork A, Kelch RP. Insulin and blood pressure during weight loss in obese adolescents. Hypertension. 1987;10:267-273.
    • (1987) Hypertension , vol.10 , pp. 267-273
    • Rocchini, A.P.1    Katch, V.2    Schork, A.3    Kelch, R.P.4
  • 72
    • 1442323883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children
    • Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2004;113(pt 1):475-482.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.113 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 475-482
    • Sorof, J.M.1    Lai, D.2    Turner, J.3    Poffenbarger, T.4    Portman, R.J.5
  • 73
    • 0029031397 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between insulin resistance and abnormal lipid profile in obese adolescents
    • Steinberger J, Moorehead C, Katch V, Rocchini AP. Relationship between insulin resistance and abnormal lipid profile in obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 1995;126:690-695.
    • (1995) J Pediatr , vol.126 , pp. 690-695
    • Steinberger, J.1    Moorehead, C.2    Katch, V.3    Rocchini, A.P.4
  • 74
    • 0035196651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood: Associations of the euglycemic insulin clamp and fasting insulin with fatness and other risk factors
    • Sinaiko AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Moran A, Luepker R, Rocchini AP, Prineas RJ. Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood: associations of the euglycemic insulin clamp and fasting insulin with fatness and other risk factors. J Pediatr. 2001;139:700-707.
    • (2001) J Pediatr , vol.139 , pp. 700-707
    • Sinaiko, A.R.1    Jacobs Jr, D.R.2    Steinberger, J.3    Moran, A.4    Luepker, R.5    Rocchini, A.P.6    Prineas, R.J.7
  • 75
    • 0029862985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin sensitivity, lipids, and body composition in childhood: Is "syndrome X" present?
    • Arslanian S, Suprasongsin C. Insulin sensitivity, lipids, and body composition in childhood: is "syndrome X" present? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:1058-1062.
    • (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.81 , pp. 1058-1062
    • Arslanian, S.1    Suprasongsin, C.2
  • 76
    • 0029857625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-existence of severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in pre-adolescent obese children
    • Caprio S, Bronson M, Sherwin RS, Rife S, Tamborlane WV. Co-existence of severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in pre-adolescent obese children. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1489-1497.
    • (1996) Diabetologia , vol.39 , pp. 1489-1497
    • Caprio, S.1    Bronson, M.2    Sherwin, R.S.3    Rife, S.4    Tamborlane, W.V.5
  • 78
    • 0035046226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
    • Ford ES, Galuska DA, Gillespie C, Will JC, Giles WH, Dietz WH. C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Pediatr. 2001;138:486-492.
    • (2001) J Pediatr , vol.138 , pp. 486-492
    • Ford, E.S.1    Galuska, D.A.2    Gillespie, C.3    Will, J.C.4    Giles, W.H.5    Dietz, W.H.6
  • 80
    • 0041816214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. C-reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000
    • Ford ES; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. C-reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Circulation. 2003;108:1053-1058.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1053-1058
    • Ford, E.S.1
  • 81
    • 0035960440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: A prospective study
    • Tounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B, Varille V, Guy-Grand B, Sidi D, Girardet JP, Bonnet D. Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358:1400-1404.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1400-1404
    • Tounian, P.1    Aggoun, Y.2    Dubern, B.3    Varille, V.4    Guy-Grand, B.5    Sidi, D.6    Girardet, J.P.7    Bonnet, D.8
  • 82
    • 0035046270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adiposity in childhood predicts obesity and insulin resistance in young adulthood
    • Steinberger J, Moran A, Hong CP, Jacobs DR Jr, Sinaiko AR. Adiposity in childhood predicts obesity and insulin resistance in young adulthood. J Pediatr. 2001;138:469-473.
    • (2001) J Pediatr , vol.138 , pp. 469-473
    • Steinberger, J.1    Moran, A.2    Hong, C.P.3    Jacobs Jr, D.R.4    Sinaiko, A.R.5
  • 83
    • 0029940891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescents overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Adolescents overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism. 1996;45:235-240.
    • (1996) Metabolism , vol.45 , pp. 235-240
    • Srinivasan, S.R.1    Bao, W.2    Wattigney, W.A.3    Berenson, G.S.4
  • 84
    • 0033596888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of weight and rate of increase in weight during childhood and adolescence to body size, blood pressure, fasting insulin, and lipids in young adults: The Minneapolis Children's Blood Pressure Study
    • Sinaiko AR, Donahue RP, Jacobs DR, Prineas RJ. Relation of weight and rate of increase in weight during childhood and adolescence to body size, blood pressure, fasting insulin, and lipids in young adults: the Minneapolis Children's Blood Pressure Study. Circulation. 1999;99:1471-1476.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 1471-1476
    • Sinaiko, A.R.1    Donahue, R.P.2    Jacobs, D.R.3    Prineas, R.J.4
  • 86
    • 0033756465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibáñez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3S26-3530.
    • Ibáñez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3S26-3530.
  • 88
    • 0029947796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescent girls: Importance of the intraabdominal fat depot
    • Caprio S, Hyman LD, McCarthy S, Lange R, Bronson M, Tamborlane WV. Fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescent girls: importance of the intraabdominal fat depot. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:12-17.
    • (1996) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.64 , pp. 12-17
    • Caprio, S.1    Hyman, L.D.2    McCarthy, S.3    Lange, R.4    Bronson, M.5    Tamborlane, W.V.6
  • 89
    • 0026538546 scopus 로고
    • Abdominal fat distribution and disease: An overview of epidemiological data
    • Björntorp P. Abdominal fat distribution and disease: an overview of epidemiological data. Ann Med. 1992;24:15-18.
    • (1992) Ann Med , vol.24 , pp. 15-18
    • Björntorp, P.1
  • 90
    • 0027062816 scopus 로고
    • Abdominal fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome
    • Björntorp P. Abdominal fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;20(suppl 8):S26-S28.
    • (1992) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 8
    • Björntorp, P.1
  • 91
    • 0025998979 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of deep abdominal adipose-tissue accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in men
    • Després J-P, Prud'homme D, Pouliot MC, Tremblay A, Bouchard C. Estimation of deep abdominal adipose-tissue accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:471-477.
    • (1991) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.54 , pp. 471-477
    • Després, J.-P.1    Prud'homme, D.2    Pouliot, M.C.3    Tremblay, A.4    Bouchard, C.5
  • 92
    • 33344462343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waist circumference is an independent predictor of insulin resistance in black and white youths
    • Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. Waist circumference is an independent predictor of insulin resistance in black and white youths. J Pediatr. 2006;148:188-194.
    • (2006) J Pediatr , vol.148 , pp. 188-194
    • Lee, S.1    Bacha, F.2    Gungor, N.3    Arslanian, S.A.4
  • 93
    • 0025299388 scopus 로고
    • Portal adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes
    • Björntorp P. "Portal" adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10:493-496.
    • (1990) Arteriosclerosis , vol.10 , pp. 493-496
    • Björntorp, P.1
  • 95
    • 33746863303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated C-reactive protein in Native Canadian children: An ominous early complication of childhood obesity
    • Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Harris SB, Zinman B. Elevated C-reactive protein in Native Canadian children: an ominous early complication of childhood obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8:483-491.
    • (2006) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.8 , pp. 483-491
    • Retnakaran, R.1    Hanley, A.J.2    Connelly, P.W.3    Harris, S.B.4    Zinman, B.5
  • 97
    • 17844385849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of serum adiponectin level as a diagnostic marker of metabolic syndrome in obese Japanese children
    • Ogawa Y, Kikuchi T, Nagasaki K, Hiura M, Tanaka Y, Uchiyama M. Usefulness of serum adiponectin level as a diagnostic marker of metabolic syndrome in obese Japanese children. Hypertens Res. 2005;28:51-57.
    • (2005) Hypertens Res , vol.28 , pp. 51-57
    • Ogawa, Y.1    Kikuchi, T.2    Nagasaki, K.3    Hiura, M.4    Tanaka, Y.5    Uchiyama, M.6
  • 98
    • 33750936958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent trends in waist circumference and waist-height ratio among US children and adolescents
    • Li C, Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Cook S. Recent trends in waist circumference and waist-height ratio among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e1390-e1398.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.118
    • Li, C.1    Ford, E.S.2    Mokdad, A.H.3    Cook, S.4
  • 99
    • 38449095758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report
    • Barlow SE; Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(suppl 4):S164-S192.
    • (2007) Pediatrics , vol.120 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Barlow, S.E.1
  • 100
    • 0036616582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance and beta-cell function: Potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
    • Greenberg AS, McDaniel ML. Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance and beta-cell function: potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32(suppl 3):24-34.
    • (2002) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 24-34
    • Greenberg, A.S.1    McDaniel, M.L.2
  • 102
    • 0032943709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: Associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue?
    • Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 1999;19:972-978.
    • (1999) Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol , vol.19 , pp. 972-978
    • Yudkin, J.S.1    Stehouwer, C.D.2    Emeis, J.J.3    Coppack, S.W.4
  • 103
    • 33846201363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells
    • Fain J. Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. Vitam Horm. 2006;74:443-477.
    • (2006) Vitam Horm , vol.74 , pp. 443-477
    • Fain, J.1
  • 104
    • 0035091266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and insulin resistance
    • Le Roith D, Zick Y. Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:588-597.
    • (2001) Diabetes Care , vol.24 , pp. 588-597
    • Le Roith, D.1    Zick, Y.2
  • 105
    • 0034125220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins
    • Khovidhunkit W, Memon RA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(suppl 3):S462-S472.
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.181 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Khovidhunkit, W.1    Memon, R.A.2    Feingold, K.R.3    Grunfeld, C.4
  • 106
    • 0027459878 scopus 로고
    • Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance
    • Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 1993;259:87-91.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 87-91
    • Hotamisligil, G.S.1    Shargill, N.S.2    Spiegelman, B.M.3
  • 107
    • 0036632631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediators of cytokine-induced insulin resistance in obesity and other inflammatory settings
    • Marette A. Mediators of cytokine-induced insulin resistance in obesity and other inflammatory settings. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:377-383.
    • (2002) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.5 , pp. 377-383
    • Marette, A.1
  • 109
    • 0025190892 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response
    • Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J. 1990;265:621-636.
    • (1990) Biochem J , vol.265 , pp. 621-636
    • Heinrich, P.C.1    Castell, J.V.2    Andus, T.3
  • 111
    • 0029147996 scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical localization of C-reactive protein-binding sites in human atherosclerotic aortic lesions by a modified streptavidin-biotin-staining method
    • Hatanaka K, Li XA, Masuda K, Yutani C, Yamamoto A. Immunohistochemical localization of C-reactive protein-binding sites in human atherosclerotic aortic lesions by a modified streptavidin-biotin-staining method. Pathol Int. 1995;45:635-641.
    • (1995) Pathol Int , vol.45 , pp. 635-641
    • Hatanaka, K.1    Li, X.A.2    Masuda, K.3    Yutani, C.4    Yamamoto, A.5
  • 113
    • 0037469255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: An 8-year follow-up of 14719 initially healthy American women
    • Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107:391-397.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 391-397
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Buring, J.E.2    Cook, N.R.3    Rifai, N.4
  • 114
    • 0029866045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C reactive protein and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: A population based cross sectional study
    • Mendall MA, Patel P, Ballam L, Strachan D, Northfield TC. C reactive protein and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: a population based cross sectional study. BMJ. 1996;312:1061-1065.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 1061-1065
    • Mendall, M.A.1    Patel, P.2    Ballam, L.3    Strachan, D.4    Northfield, T.C.5
  • 115
    • 0033537013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
    • Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA. 1999;282:2131-2135.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 2131-2135
    • Visser, M.1    Bouter, L.M.2    McQuillan, G.M.3    Wener, M.H.4    Harris, T.B.5
  • 117
  • 118
    • 33750607467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intakes of fat and antioxidant vitamins are predictors of subclinical inflammation in overweight Swiss children
    • Aeberli I, Molinari L, Spinas G, Lehmann R, L'Allemand D, Zimmermann MB. Dietary intakes of fat and antioxidant vitamins are predictors of subclinical inflammation in overweight Swiss children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:748-755.
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.84 , pp. 748-755
    • Aeberli, I.1    Molinari, L.2    Spinas, G.3    Lehmann, R.4    L'Allemand, D.5    Zimmermann, M.B.6
  • 120
    • 0037219409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction?
    • Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM. Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction? Diabetes. 2003;52:1-8.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 1-8
    • Evans, J.L.1    Goldfine, I.D.2    Maddux, B.A.3    Grodsky, G.M.4
  • 121
    • 0031683542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged oxidative stress impairs insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
    • Rudich A, Tirosh A, Potashnik R, Hemi R, Kanety H, Bashan N. Prolonged oxidative stress impairs insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetes. 1998;47:1562-1569.
    • (1998) Diabetes , vol.47 , pp. 1562-1569
    • Rudich, A.1    Tirosh, A.2    Potashnik, R.3    Hemi, R.4    Kanety, H.5    Bashan, N.6
  • 122
    • 0033857531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The missing link: A single unifying mechanism for diabetic complications
    • Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. The missing link: a single unifying mechanism for diabetic complications. Kidney Int Suppl. 2000;77:S26-S30.
    • (2000) Kidney Int Suppl , vol.77
    • Nishikawa, T.1    Edelstein, D.2    Brownlee, M.3
  • 126
    • 0142120539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wallerius S, Rosmond R, Ljung T, Holm G, Björntorp P. Rise in morning saliva cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: a preliminary report. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26:616-619.
    • Wallerius S, Rosmond R, Ljung T, Holm G, Björntorp P. Rise in morning saliva cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: a preliminary report. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26:616-619.
  • 127
    • 0036916687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: Antecedent or consequence?
    • Räikkönen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: antecedent or consequence? Metabolism. 2002;51:1573-1577.
    • (2002) Metabolism , vol.51 , pp. 1573-1577
    • Räikkönen, K.1    Matthews, K.A.2    Kuller, L.H.3
  • 128
    • 33644904316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study
    • Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M. Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. BMJ. 2006;332:521-525.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 521-525
    • Chandola, T.1    Brunner, E.2    Marmot, M.3
  • 129
    • 4444376006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • INTERHEART Investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study
    • Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, Blackett KN, Sitthi-amorn C, Sato H, Yusuf S; INTERHEART Investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:953-962.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 953-962
    • Rosengren, A.1    Hawken, S.2    Ounpuu, S.3    Sliwa, K.4    Zubaid, M.5    Almahmeed, W.A.6    Blackett, K.N.7    Sitthi-amorn, C.8    Sato, H.9    Yusuf, S.10
  • 130
    • 3442876736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case-control study
    • Souverein PC, Berard A, Van Staa TP, Cooper C, Egberts AC, Leufkens HG, Walker BR. Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case-control study. Heart. 2004;90:859-865.
    • (2004) Heart , vol.90 , pp. 859-865
    • Souverein, P.C.1    Berard, A.2    Van Staa, T.P.3    Cooper, C.4    Egberts, A.C.5    Leufkens, H.G.6    Walker, B.R.7
  • 135
    • 0008883562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidation-sensitive transcription and gene expression in atherosclerosis
    • Keaney JF, ed, Boston, Mass: Kluwer;
    • Kunsch C, Medford RM. Oxidation-sensitive transcription and gene expression in atherosclerosis. In: Keaney JF, ed. Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease. Boston, Mass: Kluwer; 2000:135-154.
    • (2000) Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease , pp. 135-154
    • Kunsch, C.1    Medford, R.M.2
  • 136
    • 0025731835 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide: An endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion
    • Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger D. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:4651-4655.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.88 , pp. 4651-4655
    • Kubes, P.1    Suzuki, M.2    Granger, D.3
  • 137
    • 0025366847 scopus 로고
    • An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation
    • Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:5193-5197.
    • (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.87 , pp. 5193-5197
    • Radomski, M.W.1    Palmer, R.M.2    Moncada, S.3
  • 138
    • 0024553336 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:1774-1777.
    • (1989) J Clin Invest , vol.83 , pp. 1774-1777
    • Garg, U.C.1    Hassid, A.2
  • 139
    • 0030000582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial nitric oxide production and insulin sensitivity: A physiological link with implications for pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease
    • Petrie JR, Ueda S, Webb DJ, Elliott HL, Connell JM. Endothelial nitric oxide production and insulin sensitivity: a physiological link with implications for pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1996;93:1331-1333.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , pp. 1331-1333
    • Petrie, J.R.1    Ueda, S.2    Webb, D.J.3    Elliott, H.L.4    Connell, J.M.5
  • 140
    • 9744226459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: The role of exercise
    • Kelly AS, Wetzsteon RJ, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, Bank AJ, Dengel DR. Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. J Pediatr. 2004;145:731-736.
    • (2004) J Pediatr , vol.145 , pp. 731-736
    • Kelly, A.S.1    Wetzsteon, R.J.2    Kaiser, D.R.3    Steinberger, J.4    Bank, A.J.5    Dengel, D.R.6
  • 141
    • 25444453177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial distensibility in adolescents: The influence of adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and classic risk factors
    • Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Donald AE, Katterhorn M, Oliver C, Cook DG, Deanfield JE. Arterial distensibility in adolescents: the influence of adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and classic risk factors. Circulation. 2005;112:1789-1797.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 1789-1797
    • Whincup, P.H.1    Gilg, J.A.2    Donald, A.E.3    Katterhorn, M.4    Oliver, C.5    Cook, D.G.6    Deanfield, J.E.7
  • 142
    • 0028936702 scopus 로고
    • Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
    • Burke GL, Evans GW, Riley WA, Sharrett AR, Howard G, Barnes RW, Rosamond W, Crow RS, Rautaharju PM, Heiss G. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke. 1995;26:386-391.
    • (1995) Stroke , vol.26 , pp. 386-391
    • Burke, G.L.1    Evans, G.W.2    Riley, W.A.3    Sharrett, A.R.4    Howard, G.5    Barnes, R.W.6    Rosamond, W.7    Crow, R.S.8    Rautaharju, P.M.9    Heiss, G.10
  • 143
    • 0030826182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: The Rotterdam Study
    • Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997;96:1432-1437.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 1432-1437
    • Bots, M.L.1    Hoes, A.W.2    Koudstaal, P.J.3    Hofman, A.4    Grobbee, D.E.5
  • 145
    • 0033531215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults
    • O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14-22.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 14-22
    • O'Leary, D.H.1    Polak, J.F.2    Kronmal, R.A.3    Manolio, T.A.4    Burke, G.L.5    Wolfson Jr, S.K.6
  • 151
    • 0036791702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity hypertension in children: A problem of epidemic proportions
    • Sorof J, Daniels S. Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension. 2002;40:441-447.
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 441-447
    • Sorof, J.1    Daniels, S.2
  • 153
    • 0026569449 scopus 로고
    • Hyperinsulinemia: Possible role in obesity-induced hypertension
    • Landsberg L. Hyperinsulinemia: possible role in obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19(suppl):I61-I66.
    • (1992) Hypertension , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Landsberg, L.1
  • 154
    • 0016659653 scopus 로고
    • The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man
    • DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, Faloona GR, Davis PJ. The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest. 1975;55:845-855.
    • (1975) J Clin Invest , vol.55 , pp. 845-855
    • DeFronzo, R.A.1    Cooke, C.R.2    Andres, R.3    Faloona, G.R.4    Davis, P.J.5
  • 155
    • 0016605726 scopus 로고
    • Effect of insulin on the proliferation of cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells
    • Stout RW, Bierman EL, Ross R. Effect of insulin on the proliferation of cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1975;36:319-327.
    • (1975) Circ Res , vol.36 , pp. 319-327
    • Stout, R.W.1    Bierman, E.L.2    Ross, R.3
  • 156
    • 0030681320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of fasting insulin to blood pressure and lipids in adolescents and parents
    • Sinaiko AR, Gomez-Marin O, Prineas RJ. Relation of fasting insulin to blood pressure and lipids in adolescents and parents. Hypertension. 1997;30:1554-1559.
    • (1997) Hypertension , vol.30 , pp. 1554-1559
    • Sinaiko, A.R.1    Gomez-Marin, O.2    Prineas, R.J.3
  • 157
    • 33749487087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of leptin in the cardiovascular and endocrine complications of metabolic syndrome
    • Correia ML, Rahmouni K. Role of leptin in the cardiovascular and endocrine complications of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8:603-610.
    • (2006) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.8 , pp. 603-610
    • Correia, M.L.1    Rahmouni, K.2
  • 159
  • 160
    • 0036217052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
    • Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A. Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:201-229.
    • (2002) Endocr Rev , vol.23 , pp. 201-229
    • Lewis, G.F.1    Carpentier, A.2    Adeli, K.3    Giacca, A.4
  • 161
    • 0028897395 scopus 로고
    • In vivo effects of hyperinsulinemia on lipogenic enzymes and glucose transporter expression in rat liver and adipose tissues
    • Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Brichard S, Rencurel F, Cusin I, Jeanrenaud B. In vivo effects of hyperinsulinemia on lipogenic enzymes and glucose transporter expression in rat liver and adipose tissues. Metabolism. 1995;44:228-233.
    • (1995) Metabolism , vol.44 , pp. 228-233
    • Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F.1    Brichard, S.2    Rencurel, F.3    Cusin, I.4    Jeanrenaud, B.5
  • 162
    • 0033995603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese children
    • Csábi G, Török K, Jeges S, Molnár D. Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:91-94.
    • (2000) Eur J Pediatr , vol.159 , pp. 91-94
    • Csábi, G.1    Török, K.2    Jeges, S.3    Molnár, D.4
  • 163
    • 0028851140 scopus 로고
    • Association of fasting insulin level with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in children, adolescents, and young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Jiang X, Srinivasan SR, Webber LS, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Association of fasting insulin level with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in children, adolescents, and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:190-196.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 190-196
    • Jiang, X.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Webber, L.S.3    Wattigney, W.A.4    Berenson, G.S.5
  • 164
    • 0033038810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999;103(pt 1):1175-1182.
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.103 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 1175-1182
    • Freedman, D.S.1    Dietz, W.H.2    Srinivasan, S.R.3    Berenson, G.S.4
  • 165
    • 0035941937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdominal obesity and the "hypertriglyceridaemic waist" phenotype
    • Little P, Byrne CD. Abdominal obesity and the "hypertriglyceridaemic waist" phenotype. BMJ. 2001;322:687-689.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 687-689
    • Little, P.1    Byrne, C.D.2
  • 166
    • 33644857591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clustering of metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype
    • Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Clustering of metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:36-46.
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.83 , pp. 36-46
    • Esmaillzadeh, A.1    Mirmiran, P.2    Azizi, F.3
  • 168
    • 0027502421 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B
    • Chait A, Brazg RL, Tribble DL, Krauss RM. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am J Med. 1993;94:350-356.
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.94 , pp. 350-356
    • Chait, A.1    Brazg, R.L.2    Tribble, D.L.3    Krauss, R.M.4
  • 169
    • 0031890581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherogenic, dense low-density lipoproteins: Pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches
    • Chapman MJ, Guérin M, Bruckert E. Atherogenic, dense low-density lipoproteins: pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches. Eur Heart J. 1998;19(suppl A):A24-A30.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Chapman, M.J.1    Guérin, M.2    Bruckert, E.3
  • 170
    • 0345620788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertriglyceridemia: Changes in the plasma lipoproteins associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Brewer HB Jr. Hypertriglyceridemia: changes in the plasma lipoproteins associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:3F-12F.
    • (1999) Am J Cardiol , vol.83
    • Brewer Jr., H.B.1
  • 171
    • 0032939137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of low-density lipoprotein particle size and measures of adiposity
    • Rainwater DL, Mitchell BD, Comuzzie AG, Haffner SM. Relationship of low-density lipoprotein particle size and measures of adiposity. Int J Obes. 1999;23:180-189.
    • (1999) Int J Obes , vol.23 , pp. 180-189
    • Rainwater, D.L.1    Mitchell, B.D.2    Comuzzie, A.G.3    Haffner, S.M.4
  • 172
    • 0036343094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-density lipoprotein particle size, central obesity, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin resistance syndrome markers in obese youths
    • Kang HS, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Litaker MS, Allison J, Le NA. Low-density lipoprotein particle size, central obesity, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin resistance syndrome markers in obese youths. Int J Obes. 2002;26:1030-1035.
    • (2002) Int J Obes , vol.26 , pp. 1030-1035
    • Kang, H.S.1    Gutin, B.2    Barbeau, P.3    Litaker, M.S.4    Allison, J.5    Le, N.A.6
  • 173
    • 33644816559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LDL particle size, fat distribution and insulin resistance in obese children
    • Miyashita M, Okada T, Kuromori Y, Harada K. LDL particle size, fat distribution and insulin resistance in obese children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:416-420.
    • (2006) Eur J Clin Nutr , vol.60 , pp. 416-420
    • Miyashita, M.1    Okada, T.2    Kuromori, Y.3    Harada, K.4
  • 174
    • 0031767148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markedly high prevalence of coronary risk factors in apparently healthy African-American and white siblings of persons with premature coronary heart disease
    • Becker DM, Yook RM, Moy TF, Blumenthal RS, Becker LC. Markedly high prevalence of coronary risk factors in apparently healthy African-American and white siblings of persons with premature coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1046-1051.
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.82 , pp. 1046-1051
    • Becker, D.M.1    Yook, R.M.2    Moy, T.F.3    Blumenthal, R.S.4    Becker, L.C.5
  • 176
    • 33746521929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased apolipoprotein C-III levels associated with insulin resistance contribute to dyslipidemia in normoglycemic and diabetic subjects from a trieihnic population
    • Florez H, Mendez A, Casanova-Romero P, Larreal-Urdaneta C, Castillo-Florez S, Lee D, Goldberg R. Increased apolipoprotein C-III levels associated with insulin resistance contribute to dyslipidemia in normoglycemic and diabetic subjects from a trieihnic population. Atherosclerosis. 2006;188:134-141.
    • (2006) Atherosclerosis , vol.188 , pp. 134-141
    • Florez, H.1    Mendez, A.2    Casanova-Romero, P.3    Larreal-Urdaneta, C.4    Castillo-Florez, S.5    Lee, D.6    Goldberg, R.7
  • 177
    • 19344371369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of low-density lipoprotein particle size in a high-risk African-American population
    • Benton JL, Blumenthal RS, Becker DM, Yanek LR, Moy TF, Post W. Predictors of low-density lipoprotein particle size in a high-risk African-American population. Am J Cordial. 2005;95:1320-1323.
    • (2005) Am J Cordial , vol.95 , pp. 1320-1323
    • Benton, J.L.1    Blumenthal, R.S.2    Becker, D.M.3    Yanek, L.R.4    Moy, T.F.5    Post, W.6
  • 178
    • 0038305833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity, regional fat distribution, and syndrome X in obese black versus white adolescents: Race differential in diabetogenic and atherogenic risk factors
    • Bacha F, Saad R, Gungor N, Janosky J, Arslanian S. Obesity, regional fat distribution, and syndrome X in obese black versus white adolescents: race differential in diabetogenic and atherogenic risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2534-2540.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 2534-2540
    • Bacha, F.1    Saad, R.2    Gungor, N.3    Janosky, J.4    Arslanian, S.5
  • 179
    • 23944468246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues in minority health: Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in African Americans
    • Clark LT. Issues in minority health: atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in African Americans. Med Clin North Am. 2005;89:977-1001.
    • (2005) Med Clin North Am , vol.89 , pp. 977-1001
    • Clark, L.T.1
  • 180
    • 0025341763 scopus 로고
    • Fasting serum insulin concentration and early insulin response as risk determinants for developing diabetes
    • Lundgren H, Bengtsson C, Blohmé G, Lapidus L, Waldenstrom I. Fasting serum insulin concentration and early insulin response as risk determinants for developing diabetes. Diabet Med. 1990;7:407-413.
    • (1990) Diabet Med , vol.7 , pp. 407-413
    • Lundgren, H.1    Bengtsson, C.2    Blohmé, G.3    Lapidus, L.4    Waldenstrom, I.5
  • 181
    • 0025125772 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution
    • Haffner SM, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Patterson JK. Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution. Diabetes. 1990;39:283-288.
    • (1990) Diabetes , vol.39 , pp. 283-288
    • Haffner, S.M.1    Stern, M.P.2    Mitchell, B.D.3    Hazuda, H.P.4    Patterson, J.K.5
  • 182
    • 20544438585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes in a population-based screening of adolescents
    • Dolan LM, Bean J, D'Alessio D, Cohen RM, Morrison JA, Goodman E, Daniels SR. Frequency of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes in a population-based screening of adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005;146:751-758.
    • (2005) J Pediatr , vol.146 , pp. 751-758
    • Dolan, L.M.1    Bean, J.2    D'Alessio, D.3    Cohen, R.M.4    Morrison, J.A.5    Goodman, E.6    Daniels, S.R.7
  • 184
    • 0025886525 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic subjects
    • Wing RR, Marcus MD, Salata R, Epstein LH, Miaskiewicz S, Blair EH. Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1334-1340.
    • (1991) Arch Intern Med , vol.151 , pp. 1334-1340
    • Wing, R.R.1    Marcus, M.D.2    Salata, R.3    Epstein, L.H.4    Miaskiewicz, S.5    Blair, E.H.6
  • 185
    • 11844299586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus
    • American Diabetes Association
    • American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(suppl 1):S37-S42.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
  • 188
    • 0036252054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: Treatment considerations
    • Rosenbloom AL. Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: treatment considerations. Paediatr Drugs. 2002;4:209-221.
    • (2002) Paediatr Drugs , vol.4 , pp. 209-221
    • Rosenbloom, A.L.1
  • 190
    • 1842334456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
    • Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1183-1197.
    • (1997) Diabetes Care , vol.20 , pp. 1183-1197
  • 192
    • 0034088992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents
    • American Diabetes Association
    • American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:381-389.
    • (2000) Diabetes Care , vol.23 , pp. 381-389
  • 193
    • 0000233243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes in Pima Indian children: Cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis and 10 years later
    • 47(suppl I):A155. Abstract
    • Fagot-Campagna A, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. Type 2 diabetes in Pima Indian children: cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis and 10 years later. Diabetes. 1998;47(suppl I):A155. Abstract.
    • (1998) Diabetes
    • Fagot-Campagna, A.1    Knowler, W.C.2    Pettitt, D.J.3
  • 194
    • 0027054884 scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and coronary artery disease: A complex metabolic web
    • DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and coronary artery disease: a complex metabolic web. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;20:S1-S16.
    • (1992) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.20
    • DeFronzo, R.A.1
  • 195
    • 0028867593 scopus 로고
    • Body fat distribution and steroid hormone concentrations in obese adolescent girls before and after weight reduction
    • Wabitsch M, Hauner H, Heinze E, Böckmann A, Benz R, Mayer H, Teller W. Body fat distribution and steroid hormone concentrations in obese adolescent girls before and after weight reduction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3469-3475.
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.80 , pp. 3469-3475
    • Wabitsch, M.1    Hauner, H.2    Heinze, E.3    Böckmann, A.4    Benz, R.5    Mayer, H.6    Teller, W.7
  • 197
    • 0028786656 scopus 로고
    • Serine phosphorylation of human P450c17 increases 17,20-lyase activity: Implications for adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome
    • Zhang LH, Rodriguez H, Ohno S, Miller WL. Serine phosphorylation of human P450c17 increases 17,20-lyase activity: implications for adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:10619-10623.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.92 , pp. 10619-10623
    • Zhang, L.H.1    Rodriguez, H.2    Ohno, S.3    Miller, W.L.4
  • 198
    • 0037920345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of fatty liver in obese children and the relationship of serum aminotransferases to severity of steatosis
    • Fishbein MH, Miner M, Mogren C, Chalekson J. The spectrum of fatty liver in obese children and the relationship of serum aminotransferases to severity of steatosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:54-61.
    • (2003) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.36 , pp. 54-61
    • Fishbein, M.H.1    Miner, M.2    Mogren, C.3    Chalekson, J.4
  • 199
    • 28844509166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underdiagnosis of pediatric obesity and underscreening for fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome by pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists
    • Riley MR, Bass NM, Rosenthal P, Merriman RB. Underdiagnosis of pediatric obesity and underscreening for fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome by pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists. J Pediatr. 2005;147:839-842.
    • (2005) J Pediatr , vol.147 , pp. 839-842
    • Riley, M.R.1    Bass, N.M.2    Rosenthal, P.3    Merriman, R.B.4
  • 201
    • 33645966187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
    • Alfire ME, Treem WR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatr Ann. 2006;35:290-294, 297-299.
    • (2006) Pediatr Ann , vol.35 , Issue.290-294 , pp. 297-299
    • Alfire, M.E.1    Treem, W.R.2
  • 202
    • 33745107554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of disease: Hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes: pathogenesis and clinical relevance
    • Roden M. Mechanisms of disease: hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes: pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2:335-348.
    • (2006) Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab , vol.2 , pp. 335-348
    • Roden, M.1
  • 205
    • 0031019562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental architecture of the features of the insulin- resistance syndrome
    • Hong Y, Pedersen NL, Brismar K, de Faire U. Genetic and environmental architecture of the features of the insulin- resistance syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60:143-152.
    • (1997) Am J Hum Genet , vol.60 , pp. 143-152
    • Hong, Y.1    Pedersen, N.L.2    Brismar, K.3    de Faire, U.4
  • 206
    • 0017716152 scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery disease and its risk factors in families of young men with angina pectoris and in controls
    • Rissanen AM, Nikkilä EA. Coronary artery disease and its risk factors in families of young men with angina pectoris and in controls. Br Heart J. 1977;39:875-883.
    • (1977) Br Heart J , vol.39 , pp. 875-883
    • Rissanen, A.M.1    Nikkilä, E.A.2
  • 207
    • 0022467805 scopus 로고
    • Family history of heart attack: A modifiable risk factor?
    • Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Family history of heart attack: a modifiable risk factor? Circulation. 1986;74:239-244.
    • (1986) Circulation , vol.74 , pp. 239-244
    • Khaw, K.T.1    Barrett-Connor, E.2
  • 208
    • 0022387535 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between parental history of vascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Shear CL, Webber LS, Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relationship between parental history of vascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122:762-771.
    • (1985) Am J Epidemiol , vol.122 , pp. 762-771
    • Shear, C.L.1    Webber, L.S.2    Freedman, D.S.3    Srinivasan, S.R.4    Berenson, G.S.5
  • 209
    • 0027243348 scopus 로고
    • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)
    • Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP
    • Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA. 1993;269:3015-3023.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 3015-3023
  • 210
    • 0026542685 scopus 로고
    • National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents
    • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • American Academy of Pediatrics. National Cholesterol Education Program: report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 1992;89(pt 2):525-584.
    • (1992) Pediatrics , vol.89 , Issue.PART 2 , pp. 525-584
  • 211
    • 0030725170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal changes in cardiovascular risk from childhood to young adulthood in offspring of parents with coronary artery disease: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Valdez R, Greenlund KJ, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Longitudinal changes in cardiovascular risk from childhood to young adulthood in offspring of parents with coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study. JAMA. 1997;278:1749-1754.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 1749-1754
    • Bao, W.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Valdez, R.3    Greenlund, K.J.4    Wattigney, W.A.5    Berenson, G.S.6
  • 212
    • 0025996643 scopus 로고
    • Racial (black-white) differences in serum lipoprotein(a) distribution and its relation to parental myocardial infarction in children: Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Srinivasan SR, Dahlen GH, Jarpa RA, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Racial (black-white) differences in serum lipoprotein(a) distribution and its relation to parental myocardial infarction in children: Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1991;84:160-167.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 160-167
    • Srinivasan, S.R.1    Dahlen, G.H.2    Jarpa, R.A.3    Webber, L.S.4    Berenson, G.S.5
  • 213
    • 0028897166 scopus 로고
    • The relation of parental cardiovascular disease to risk factors in children and young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. The relation of parental cardiovascular disease to risk factors in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1995;91:365-371.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 365-371
    • Bao, W.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Wattigney, W.A.3    Berenson, G.S.4
  • 214
    • 0033609087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma homocysteine distribution and its association with parental history of coronary artery disease in black and white children: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Greenlund KJ, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Dalferes E Jr, Myers L, Pickoff A, Berenson GS. Plasma homocysteine distribution and its association with parental history of coronary artery disease in black and white children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99:2144-2149.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 2144-2149
    • Greenlund, K.J.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Xu, J.H.3    Dalferes Jr, E.4    Myers, L.5    Pickoff, A.6    Berenson, G.S.7
  • 215
    • 0030901985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric obesity: An overview of etiology and treatment
    • Schonfeld-Warden N, Warden CH. Pediatric obesity: an overview of etiology and treatment. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;44:339-361.
    • (1997) Pediatr Clin North Am , vol.44 , pp. 339-361
    • Schonfeld-Warden, N.1    Warden, C.H.2
  • 216
  • 219
    • 0025730802 scopus 로고
    • Insulin and glucose levels and prevalence of glucose intolerance in pedigrees with multiple diabetic siblings
    • Elbein S, Maxwell TM, Schumacher MC. Insulin and glucose levels and prevalence of glucose intolerance in pedigrees with multiple diabetic siblings. Diabetes. 1991;40:1024-1032.
    • (1991) Diabetes , vol.40 , pp. 1024-1032
    • Elbein, S.1    Maxwell, T.M.2    Schumacher, M.C.3
  • 220
    • 0024334374 scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in nondiabetic relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    • Laws A, Stefanick M, Reaven G. Insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in nondiabetic relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;69:343-347.
    • (1989) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.69 , pp. 343-347
    • Laws, A.1    Stefanick, M.2    Reaven, G.3
  • 221
    • 0032801249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin sensitivity in African-American children with and without family history of type 2 diabetes
    • Danadian K, Balasekaran G, Lewy V, Meza MP, Robertson R, Arslanian SA. Insulin sensitivity in African-American children with and without family history of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1325-1329.
    • (1999) Diabetes Care , vol.22 , pp. 1325-1329
    • Danadian, K.1    Balasekaran, G.2    Lewy, V.3    Meza, M.P.4    Robertson, R.5    Arslanian, S.A.6
  • 222
    • 1442348814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children of parents with the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome
    • Pankow JS, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Moran A, Sinaiko AR. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children of parents with the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:775-780.
    • (2004) Diabetes Care , vol.27 , pp. 775-780
    • Pankow, J.S.1    Jacobs Jr, D.R.2    Steinberger, J.3    Moran, A.4    Sinaiko, A.R.5
  • 223
    • 0037048695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000
    • Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-1732.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 1728-1732
    • Ogden, C.L.1    Flegal, K.M.2    Carroll, M.D.3    Johnson, C.L.4
  • 224
    • 0035852037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998
    • Strauss RS, Pollack HA. Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998. JAMA. 2001;286:2845-2848.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 2845-2848
    • Strauss, R.S.1    Pollack, H.A.2
  • 225
    • 2942554887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002
    • Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847-2850.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2847-2850
    • Hedley, A.A.1    Ogden, C.L.2    Johnson, C.L.3    Carroll, M.D.4    Curtin, L.R.5    Flegal, K.M.6
  • 226
    • 4644290315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among US adolescents, 1999-2000
    • Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among US adolescents, 1999-2000. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2438-2443.
    • (2004) Diabetes Care , vol.27 , pp. 2438-2443
    • Duncan, G.E.1    Li, S.M.2    Zhou, X.H.3
  • 227
    • 33748876221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bogalusa Heart Study Group. Racial (black-white) contrasts of risk for hypertensive disease in youth have implications for preventive care: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Berenson G, Srinivasan S, Chen W, Li S, Patel D; Bogalusa Heart Study Group. Racial (black-white) contrasts of risk for hypertensive disease in youth have implications for preventive care: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Ethn Dis. 2006;16(suppl 4):S4-S9.
    • (2006) Ethn Dis , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Berenson, G.1    Srinivasan, S.2    Chen, W.3    Li, S.4    Patel, D.5
  • 228
    • 34247590487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic 6th graders
    • Tarlton PA. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic 6th graders. J Sch Nurs. 2007;23:47-52.
    • (2007) J Sch Nurs , vol.23 , pp. 47-52
    • Tarlton, P.A.1
  • 229
    • 0031439406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary measures of the insulin resistance syndrome are adverse among Mexican-American versus non-Hispanic white children: The Corpus Christi Child Heart Study
    • Batey LS, Goff DC Jr, Tortolero SR, Nichaman MZ, Chan W, Chan FA, Grunbaum J, Hanis CL, Labarthe DR. Summary measures of the insulin resistance syndrome are adverse among Mexican-American versus non-Hispanic white children: the Corpus Christi Child Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96:4319-4325.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 4319-4325
    • Batey, L.S.1    Goff Jr, D.C.2    Tortolero, S.R.3    Nichaman, M.Z.4    Chan, W.5    Chan, F.A.6    Grunbaum, J.7    Hanis, C.L.8    Labarthe, D.R.9
  • 230
    • 0031158813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin secretion and sensitivity in black versus white prepubertal healthy children
    • Arslanian S, Suprasongsin C, Janosky JE. Insulin secretion and sensitivity in black versus white prepubertal healthy children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1923-1927.
    • (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.82 , pp. 1923-1927
    • Arslanian, S.1    Suprasongsin, C.2    Janosky, J.E.3
  • 231
    • 0026585910 scopus 로고
    • Black-white contrasts in insulin levels during pubertal development: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Svec F, Nastasi K, Hilton C, Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Black-white contrasts in insulin levels during pubertal development: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes. 1992;41:313-317.
    • (1992) Diabetes , vol.41 , pp. 313-317
    • Svec, F.1    Nastasi, K.2    Hilton, C.3    Bao, W.4    Srinivasan, S.R.5    Berenson, G.S.6
  • 232
    • 0030391836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the in vivo insulin secretion and sensitivity of healthy black versus white adolescents
    • Arslanian S, Suprasongsin C. Differences in the in vivo insulin secretion and sensitivity of healthy black versus white adolescents. J Pediatr. 1996;129:440-443.
    • (1996) J Pediatr , vol.129 , pp. 440-443
    • Arslanian, S.1    Suprasongsin, C.2
  • 233
    • 0034087399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made up of black and white subjects: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Chen W, Bao W, Begum S, Elkasabany A, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made up of black and white subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes. 2000;49:1042-1048.
    • (2000) Diabetes , vol.49 , pp. 1042-1048
    • Chen, W.1    Bao, W.2    Begum, S.3    Elkasabany, A.4    Srinivasan, S.R.5    Berenson, G.S.6
  • 234
    • 0035090328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
    • Crespo CJ, Smit E, Troiano RP, Bartlett SJ, Macera CA, Anderson RE. Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:360-365.
    • (2001) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.155 , pp. 360-365
    • Crespo, C.J.1    Smit, E.2    Troiano, R.P.3    Bartlett, S.J.4    Macera, C.A.5    Anderson, R.E.6
  • 237
    • 61349085157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental body mass index and television watching is associated with offspring body mass index and television: The Minnesota Heart Survey
    • Presented at: October 14, Fort Lauderdale, Fla
    • Steffen LM, Harnack LJ, Lin E, Luepker RV, Arnett DK. Parental body mass index and television watching is associated with offspring body mass index and television: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Presented at: North American Association for the Study of Obesity annual meeting; October 14, 2003; Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
    • (2003) North American Association for the Study of Obesity annual meeting
    • Steffen, L.M.1    Harnack, L.J.2    Lin, E.3    Luepker, R.V.4    Arnett, D.K.5
  • 238
    • 60549104374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical Activity and Health
    • US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion;
    • US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
    • (1996) A Report of the Surgeon General
  • 239
    • 33746274987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a diet and exercise intervention on oxidatiye stress, inflammation and monocyte adhesion in diabetic men
    • Roberts CK, Won D, Pruthi S, Lin SS, Barnard RJ. Effect of a diet and exercise intervention on oxidatiye stress, inflammation and monocyte adhesion in diabetic men. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;73:249-259.
    • (2006) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.73 , pp. 249-259
    • Roberts, C.K.1    Won, D.2    Pruthi, S.3    Lin, S.S.4    Barnard, R.J.5
  • 240
    • 33646429745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation, MMP-9, and monocyte chemotactic activity in men with metabolic syndrome factors
    • Roberts CK, Won D, Pruthi S, Kurtovic S, Sindhu RK, Vaziri ND, Barnard RJ. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation, MMP-9, and monocyte chemotactic activity in men with metabolic syndrome factors. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100:1657-1665.
    • (2006) J Appl Physiol , vol.100 , pp. 1657-1665
    • Roberts, C.K.1    Won, D.2    Pruthi, S.3    Kurtovic, S.4    Sindhu, R.K.5    Vaziri, N.D.6    Barnard, R.J.7
  • 242
    • 15744362572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise training is not associated with improved levels of C-reactive protein or adiponectin
    • Marcell TJ, McAuley KA, Traustadottir T, Reaven PD. Exercise training is not associated with improved levels of C-reactive protein or adiponectin. Metabolism. 2005;54:533-541.
    • (2005) Metabolism , vol.54 , pp. 533-541
    • Marcell, T.J.1    McAuley, K.A.2    Traustadottir, T.3    Reaven, P.D.4
  • 243
    • 27344456029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls
    • Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, Chrousos GP, Sidossis LS. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism. 2005;54:1472-1479.
    • (2005) Metabolism , vol.54 , pp. 1472-1479
    • Nassis, G.P.1    Papantakou, K.2    Skenderi, K.3    Triandafillopoulou, M.4    Kavouras, S.A.5    Yannakoulia, M.6    Chrousos, G.P.7    Sidossis, L.S.8
  • 245
    • 0141608668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of whole grain, refined grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with all-cause mortality and incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
    • Steffen LM, Jacobs DR, Stevens J, Shahar E, Carithers T, Folsom AR. Associations of whole grain, refined grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with all-cause mortality and incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:383-390.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.78 , pp. 383-390
    • Steffen, L.M.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Stevens, J.3    Shahar, E.4    Carithers, T.5    Folsom, A.R.6
  • 247
    • 33644827143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, carbohydrate and fiber intake, and measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and adiposity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
    • Liese AD, Schulz M, Fang F, Wolever TM, D'Agostino RB Jr, Sparks KC, Mayer-Davis EJ. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, carbohydrate and fiber intake, and measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and adiposity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2832-2838.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 2832-2838
    • Liese, A.D.1    Schulz, M.2    Fang, F.3    Wolever, T.M.4    D'Agostino Jr, R.B.5    Sparks, K.C.6    Mayer-Davis, E.J.7
  • 248
    • 33644864454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole-grain intake is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults
    • Sahyoun NR, Jacques PF, Zhang XL, Juan W, McKeown NM. Whole-grain intake is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:124-131.
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.83 , pp. 124-131
    • Sahyoun, N.R.1    Jacques, P.F.2    Zhang, X.L.3    Juan, W.4    McKeown, N.M.5
  • 249
    • 0036076622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study
    • McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Wilson PW, Jacques PF. Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:390-398.
    • (2002) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.76 , pp. 390-398
    • McKeown, N.M.1    Meigs, J.B.2    Liu, S.3    Wilson, P.W.4    Jacques, P.F.5
  • 250
    • 0842333082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort
    • McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Saltzman E, Wilson PW, Jacques PF. Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:538-546.
    • (2004) Diabetes Care , vol.27 , pp. 538-546
    • McKeown, N.M.1    Meigs, J.B.2    Liu, S.3    Saltzman, E.4    Wilson, P.W.5    Jacques, P.F.6
  • 251
    • 27744606415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A place for dietary fibre in the management of the metabolic syndrome
    • Delzenne NM, Cani PD. A place for dietary fibre in the management of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8:636-640.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.8 , pp. 636-640
    • Delzenne, N.M.1    Cani, P.D.2
  • 252
    • 0037133270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of coronary heart disease by diet and lifestyle: Evidence from prospective cross-cultural, cohort, and intervention studies
    • Kromhout D, Menotti A, Kesteloot H, Sans S. Prevention of coronary heart disease by diet and lifestyle: evidence from prospective cross-cultural, cohort, and intervention studies. Circulation. 2002;105:893-898.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 893-898
    • Kromhout, D.1    Menotti, A.2    Kesteloot, H.3    Sans, S.4
  • 253
    • 0035160023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity
    • Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity. Lipids. 2001;36:1007-1024.
    • (2001) Lipids , vol.36 , pp. 1007-1024
    • Calder, P.C.1
  • 254
    • 19944384589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women
    • Song Y, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1438-1444.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 1438-1444
    • Song, Y.1    Ridker, P.M.2    Manson, J.E.3    Cook, N.R.4    Buring, J.E.5    Liu, S.6
  • 256
    • 0034531809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary patterns are associated with body mass index in multiethnic women
    • Maskarinec G, Novotny R, Tasaki K. Dietary patterns are associated with body mass index in multiethnic women. J Nutr. 2000;130:3068-3072.
    • (2000) J Nutr , vol.130 , pp. 3068-3072
    • Maskarinec, G.1    Novotny, R.2    Tasaki, K.3
  • 258
    • 61349202517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deleted in proof
    • Deleted in proof.
  • 260
    • 25444475589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gillman MW, Lichenstein AH, Rattay KT, Steinberger J, Settler N, Van Horn L; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners: consensus statement from the American Heart Association [published corrections appear in Circulation. 2005;112:2375 and 2006;113:e857]. Circulation. 2005;112:2061-2075.
    • Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gillman MW, Lichenstein AH, Rattay KT, Steinberger J, Settler N, Van Horn L; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners: consensus statement from the American Heart Association [published corrections appear in Circulation. 2005;112:2375 and 2006;113:e857]. Circulation. 2005;112:2061-2075.
  • 261
    • 23244458093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- and long-term beneficial effects of a combined dietary-behavioral-physical activity intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity
    • Nemet D, Barkan S, Epstein Y, Friedland O, Kowen G, Eliakim A. Short- and long-term beneficial effects of a combined dietary-behavioral-physical activity intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e443-e449.
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.115
    • Nemet, D.1    Barkan, S.2    Epstein, Y.3    Friedland, O.4    Kowen, G.5    Eliakim, A.6
  • 263
    • 0027405854 scopus 로고
    • Association of fasting insulin with blood pressure in young individuals: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Jiang X, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Berenson GS. Association of fasting insulin with blood pressure in young individuals: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:323-328.
    • (1993) Arch Intern Med , vol.153 , pp. 323-328
    • Jiang, X.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Bao, W.3    Berenson, G.S.4
  • 264
    • 0037009921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise training and the cardiovascular consequences of type 2 diabetes and hypertension: Plausible mechanisms for improving cardiovascular health
    • Stewart KJ. Exercise training and the cardiovascular consequences of type 2 diabetes and hypertension: plausible mechanisms for improving cardiovascular health. JAMA. 2002;288:1622-1631.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 1622-1631
    • Stewart, K.J.1
  • 265
    • 0035321014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes
    • Freemark M, Bursey D. The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics. 2001;107:e55.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107
    • Freemark, M.1    Bursey, D.2
  • 266
    • 0036356213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
    • Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, Park JS, Tomlinson MJ. Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:89-94.
    • (2002) Diabetes Care , vol.25 , pp. 89-94
    • Jones, K.L.1    Arslanian, S.2    Peterokova, V.A.3    Park, J.S.4    Tomlinson, M.J.5
  • 267
    • 33845886915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
    • Després JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444:881-887.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , pp. 881-887
    • Després, J.P.1    Lemieux, I.2
  • 269
    • 34548021900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clustering of long-term trends in metabolic syndrome variables from childhood to adulthood in blacks and whites: The Bogalusa Heart Study
    • Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Li S, Xu J, Berenson GS. Clustering of long-term trends in metabolic syndrome variables from childhood to adulthood in blacks and whites: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:527-533.
    • (2007) Am J Epidemiol , vol.166 , pp. 527-533
    • Chen, W.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Li, S.3    Xu, J.4    Berenson, G.S.5
  • 270
    • 34247571404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instability in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents
    • Goodman E, Daniels SR, Meigs JB, Dolan LM. Instability in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Circulation. 2007;115:2316-2322.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.115 , pp. 2316-2322
    • Goodman, E.1    Daniels, S.R.2    Meigs, J.B.3    Dolan, L.M.4
  • 271
    • 1642372210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
    • Cruz ML, Goran MI. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Curr Diab Rep. 2004;4:53-62.
    • (2004) Curr Diab Rep , vol.4 , pp. 53-62
    • Cruz, M.L.1    Goran, M.I.2
  • 272
    • 6444225081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    • de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;110:2494-2497.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 2494-2497
    • de Ferranti, S.D.1    Gauvreau, K.2    Ludwig, D.S.3    Neufeld, E.J.4    Newburger, J.W.5    Rifai, N.6
  • 273
    • 0031807677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese schoolchildren: The Taipei Children Heart Study
    • Chu NF, Rimm EB, Wang DJ, Liou HS, Shieh SM. Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese schoolchildren: the Taipei Children Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:1141-1146.
    • (1998) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.67 , pp. 1141-1146
    • Chu, N.F.1    Rimm, E.B.2    Wang, D.J.3    Liou, H.S.4    Shieh, S.M.5
  • 274
    • 14944345527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index, waist circumference, and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a biracial sample of children and adolescents
    • Katzmarzyk PT, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Malina RM, Bouchard C, Berenson GS. Body mass index, waist circumference, and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a biracial sample of children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e198-e205.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.114
    • Katzmarzyk, P.T.1    Srinivasan, S.R.2    Chen, W.3    Malina, R.M.4    Bouchard, C.5    Berenson, G.S.6
  • 275
    • 0033512890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overweight, fat patterning, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study
    • Morrison JA, Sprecher DL, Barton BA, Waclawiw MA, Daniels SR. Overweight, fat patterning, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr. 1999;135:458-464.
    • (1999) J Pediatr , vol.135 , pp. 458-464
    • Morrison, J.A.1    Sprecher, D.L.2    Barton, B.A.3    Waclawiw, M.A.4    Daniels, S.R.5
  • 276
    • 33646373934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence using six different definitions in overweight pre-pubertal children enrolled in a weight management study
    • Golley RK, Magarey AM, Steinbeck KS, Baur LA, Daniels LA. Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence using six different definitions in overweight pre-pubertal children enrolled in a weight management study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:835-860.
    • (2006) Int J Obes (Lond) , vol.30 , pp. 835-860
    • Golley, R.K.1    Magarey, A.M.2    Steinbeck, K.S.3    Baur, L.A.4    Daniels, L.A.5
  • 277
    • 5144228166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents
    • Fernández JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2004;145:439-444.
    • (2004) J Pediatr , vol.145 , pp. 439-444
    • Fernández, J.R.1    Redden, D.T.2    Pietrobelli, A.3    Allison, D.B.4
  • 278
    • 0029800129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Pediatrics. 1996;98(pt 1):649-658
    • National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Pediatrics. 1996;98(pt 1):649-658.
  • 279
    • 0018776481 scopus 로고
    • Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study
    • The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee
    • The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation. 1979;60:427-439.
    • (1979) Circulation , vol.60 , pp. 427-439
  • 280
    • 0035897696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
    • Expert Panel on Detection
    • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 2486-2497
  • 282
    • 0026492738 scopus 로고
    • Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study
    • Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1613-1620.
    • (1992) Am J Public Health , vol.82 , pp. 1613-1620
  • 283
    • 84913363841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Pediatrics Nutrition Committee
    • Kleinman RE, ed;, 5th ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics;
    • Kleinman RE, ed; American Academy of Pediatrics Nutrition Committee. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. 5th ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004.
    • (2004) Pediatric Nutrition Handbook
  • 286
    • 33845875445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kavey RE, Allada V, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Parekh RS, Steinberger J. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2006;114:2710-2738.
    • Kavey RE, Allada V, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Parekh RS, Steinberger J. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2006;114:2710-2738.
  • 287
    • 3442901072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure in children. Pediatrics. 2004;114(suppl):555-576
    • National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure in children. Pediatrics. 2004;114(suppl):555-576.
  • 288
    • 61349088926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deleted in proof
    • Deleted in proof.
  • 289
    • 1042289679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes
    • American Diabetes Association
    • American Diabetes Association. Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2194-2197.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , pp. 2194-2197
  • 290
    • 83055172414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in chronic kidney disease
    • National Kidney Foundation
    • National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(suppl 3):S1-S92.
    • (2003) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
  • 291
    • 12144290499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Kidney Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in kidney transplant patients: A report from the Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease Working Group of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative
    • Kasiske B, Cosio FG, Beto J, Bolton K, Chavers BM, Grimm R Jr, Levin A, Masri B, Parekh R, Wanner C, Wheeler DC, Wilson PW; National Kidney Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in kidney transplant patients: a report from the Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease Working Group of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(suppl 7):13-53.
    • (2004) Am J Transplant , vol.4 , Issue.SUPPL. 7 , pp. 13-53
    • Kasiske, B.1    Cosio, F.G.2    Beto, J.3    Bolton, K.4    Chavers, B.M.5    Grimm Jr, R.6    Levin, A.7    Masri, B.8    Parekh, R.9    Wanner, C.10    Wheeler, D.C.11    Wilson, P.W.12
  • 292
    • 0003187466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2003;26:972]. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S33-S50.
    • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2003;26:972]. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(suppl 1):S33-S50.
  • 294
    • 1042289679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes
    • American Diabetes Association
    • American Diabetes Association. Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2194-2197.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , pp. 2194-2197
  • 297
    • 16644364641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Pediatrics. Well-child visits in the video age: Pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' guideline for children's media use
    • Gentile DA, Oberg C, Sherwood NE, Story M, Walsh DA, Hogan M; American Academy of Pediatrics. Well-child visits in the video age: pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' guideline for children's media use. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1235-1241.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.114 , pp. 1235-1241
    • Gentile, D.A.1    Oberg, C.2    Sherwood, N.E.3    Story, M.4    Walsh, D.A.5    Hogan, M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.