메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 305-320

Mechanism of somatic hypermutation: Critical analysis of strand biased mutation signatures at A:T and G:C base pairs

Author keywords

ADAR1 deaminase; AID deaminase; DNA deamination model; DNA polymerase ; Reverse transcriptase model; Somatic hypermutation (SHM); Strand biased mutation

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ALANINE; CYSTEINE; DNA POLYMERASE; GLYCINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INOSINE; PROTEIN MSH2; PROTEIN MSH6; RNA POLYMERASE II; SINGLE STRANDED DNA; THREONINE; URACIL DNA GLYCOSIDASE;

EID: 57849133053     PISSN: 01615890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.10.021     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (38)

References (122)
  • 1
    • 42449161413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The editing enzyme ADAR1 and the mRNA surveillance protein hUpf1 interact in the cell nucleus
    • Agranat L., Raitskin O., Sperling J., and Sperling R. The editing enzyme ADAR1 and the mRNA surveillance protein hUpf1 interact in the cell nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (2008) 5028-5033
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.105 , pp. 5028-5033
    • Agranat, L.1    Raitskin, O.2    Sperling, J.3    Sperling, R.4
  • 4
    • 0022386943 scopus 로고
    • Molecular events during maturation of the immune response to oxazolone
    • Berek C., Griffiths G.M., and Milstein C. Molecular events during maturation of the immune response to oxazolone. Nature 316 (1985) 412-418
    • (1985) Nature , vol.316 , pp. 412-418
    • Berek, C.1    Griffiths, G.M.2    Milstein, C.3
  • 5
    • 33646862623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transcription elongation complex directs activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated DNA deamination
    • Besmer E., Market E., and Papavasiliou F.N. The transcription elongation complex directs activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated DNA deamination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26 (2006) 4378-4385
    • (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 4378-4385
    • Besmer, E.1    Market, E.2    Papavasiliou, F.N.3
  • 6
    • 0027227311 scopus 로고
    • Discriminating intrinsic and antigen-selected mutational hotspots in immunoglobulin V genes
    • Betz A.G., Neuberger M.S., and Milstein C. Discriminating intrinsic and antigen-selected mutational hotspots in immunoglobulin V genes. Immunol. Today 14 (1993) 405-411
    • (1993) Immunol. Today , vol.14 , pp. 405-411
    • Betz, A.G.1    Neuberger, M.S.2    Milstein, C.3
  • 7
    • 0033824993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misinterpretation of DNA sequence data generated by polymerase chain reactions
    • Blanden R.V., and Steele E.J. Misinterpretation of DNA sequence data generated by polymerase chain reactions. Mol. Immunol. 37 (2000) 329
    • (2000) Mol. Immunol. , vol.37 , pp. 329
    • Blanden, R.V.1    Steele, E.J.2
  • 8
    • 2342655009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The boundaries of the distribution of somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Blanden R.V., Franklin A., and Steele E.J. The boundaries of the distribution of somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes. Immunol. Cell Biol. 82 (2004) 205-208
    • (2004) Immunol. Cell Biol. , vol.82 , pp. 205-208
    • Blanden, R.V.1    Franklin, A.2    Steele, E.J.3
  • 9
    • 0031943521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The signature of somatic hypermutation appears to be written into the germline IgV segment repertoire
    • Blanden R.V., Rothenfluh H.S., Zylstra P., Weiller G.F., and Steele E.J. The signature of somatic hypermutation appears to be written into the germline IgV segment repertoire. Immunol. Rev. 162 (1998) 117-132
    • (1998) Immunol. Rev. , vol.162 , pp. 117-132
    • Blanden, R.V.1    Rothenfluh, H.S.2    Zylstra, P.3    Weiller, G.F.4    Steele, E.J.5
  • 10
    • 0023604840 scopus 로고
    • A limited number of B cell lineages generates the heterogeneity of a secondary immune response
    • Blier P.R., and Bothwell A. A limited number of B cell lineages generates the heterogeneity of a secondary immune response. J. Immunol. 139 (1987) 3996-4006
    • (1987) J. Immunol. , vol.139 , pp. 3996-4006
    • Blier, P.R.1    Bothwell, A.2
  • 11
    • 0025148941 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of mutations around rearranged heavy-chain antibody variable-region genes
    • Both G.W., Taylor L., Pollard J.W., and Steele E.J. Distribution of mutations around rearranged heavy-chain antibody variable-region genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (1990) 5187-5196
    • (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 5187-5196
    • Both, G.W.1    Taylor, L.2    Pollard, J.W.3    Steele, E.J.4
  • 12
    • 0037388165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates deoxcytidine on single-stranded DNA but requires the action of RNase
    • Bransteitter R., Pham P., Scharff M.D., and Goodman M.F. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates deoxcytidine on single-stranded DNA but requires the action of RNase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 4102-4107
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.100 , pp. 4102-4107
    • Bransteitter, R.1    Pham, P.2    Scharff, M.D.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 13
    • 0026567277 scopus 로고
    • Use of family specific leader region primers for PCR amplification of the human heavy chain variable region gene repertoire
    • Campbell M.J., Zelenetz A.D., Levy S.S., and Levy R. Use of family specific leader region primers for PCR amplification of the human heavy chain variable region gene repertoire. Mol. Immunol. 29 (1992) 193-203
    • (1992) Mol. Immunol. , vol.29 , pp. 193-203
    • Campbell, M.J.1    Zelenetz, A.D.2    Levy, S.S.3    Levy, R.4
  • 14
    • 3142765336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class-switch recombination: interplay of transcription, DNA deamination and DNA repair
    • Chaudhuri J., and Alt F.W. Class-switch recombination: interplay of transcription, DNA deamination and DNA repair. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4 (2004) 541-552
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 541-552
    • Chaudhuri, J.1    Alt, F.W.2
  • 15
    • 4344700569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets
    • Chaudhuri J., Khuong C., and Alt F.W. Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets. Nature 430 (2004) 992-998
    • (2004) Nature , vol.430 , pp. 992-998
    • Chaudhuri, J.1    Khuong, C.2    Alt, F.W.3
  • 16
    • 0037452080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme
    • Chaudhuri J., Tian M., Khuong C., Chua K., Pinaud E., and Alt F.W. Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme. Nature 422 (2003) 726-730
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , pp. 726-730
    • Chaudhuri, J.1    Tian, M.2    Khuong, C.3    Chua, K.4    Pinaud, E.5    Alt, F.W.6
  • 17
    • 0029553058 scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene replacement: a mechanism of receptor editing
    • Chen C., Nagy Z., Prak E.L., and Weigert M. Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene replacement: a mechanism of receptor editing. Immunity 3 (1995) 747-755
    • (1995) Immunity , vol.3 , pp. 747-755
    • Chen, C.1    Nagy, Z.2    Prak, E.L.3    Weigert, M.4
  • 18
    • 49349112190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between antibody-diversification enzyme AID and the spliceosome-associated factor CTNNBL1
    • Conticello S.G., Ganesh K., Xue K., Lu M., Rada C., and Neuberger M.S. Interaction between antibody-diversification enzyme AID and the spliceosome-associated factor CTNNBL1. Mol. Cell 31 (2008) 474-484
    • (2008) Mol. Cell , vol.31 , pp. 474-484
    • Conticello, S.G.1    Ganesh, K.2    Xue, K.3    Lu, M.4    Rada, C.5    Neuberger, M.S.6
  • 19
    • 33846404877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase η is the sole contributor of A/T modifications during immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in the mouse
    • Delbos F., Aoufouchi S., Faili A., Weill J.-C., and Reynaud C.-A. DNA polymerase η is the sole contributor of A/T modifications during immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in the mouse. J. Exp. Med. 204 (2007) 17-23
    • (2007) J. Exp. Med. , vol.204 , pp. 17-23
    • Delbos, F.1    Aoufouchi, S.2    Faili, A.3    Weill, J.-C.4    Reynaud, C.-A.5
  • 20
    • 18244401095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of DNA polymerase η to immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in the mouse
    • Delbos F., De Smet A., Faili A., Aoufouchi S., Weill J.C., and Reynaud C.-A. Contribution of DNA polymerase η to immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in the mouse. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 1191-1196
    • (2005) J. Exp. Med. , vol.201 , pp. 1191-1196
    • Delbos, F.1    De Smet, A.2    Faili, A.3    Aoufouchi, S.4    Weill, J.C.5    Reynaud, C.-A.6
  • 21
    • 0037026482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase
    • Di Noia J., and Neuberger M.S. Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase. Nature 419 (2002) 43-48
    • (2002) Nature , vol.419 , pp. 43-48
    • Di Noia, J.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 22
    • 34249790004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of antibody somatic hypermutation
    • Di Noia J.M., and Neuberger M.S. Molecular mechanisms of antibody somatic hypermutation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 76 (2007) 1-22
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Biochem. , vol.76 , pp. 1-22
    • Di Noia, J.M.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 23
    • 0037561998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID mediates hypermutation by deaminating single stranded DNA
    • Dickerson S.K., Market E., Besmer E., and Papvasiliou F.N. AID mediates hypermutation by deaminating single stranded DNA. J. Exp. Med. 197 (2003) 1291-1296
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.197 , pp. 1291-1296
    • Dickerson, S.K.1    Market, E.2    Besmer, E.3    Papvasiliou, F.N.4
  • 24
    • 2642643710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delineation of selective influences shaping the mutated expressed human Ig heavy chain repertoire
    • Dorner T., Brezinschek H.P., Foster S.J., Brezinschek R.I., Farner N.L., and Lipsky P.E. Delineation of selective influences shaping the mutated expressed human Ig heavy chain repertoire. J. Immunol. 160 (1998) 2831-2841
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.160 , pp. 2831-2841
    • Dorner, T.1    Brezinschek, H.P.2    Foster, S.J.3    Brezinschek, R.I.4    Farner, N.L.5    Lipsky, P.E.6
  • 27
    • 0028217720 scopus 로고
    • Chimeric molecules created by gene amplification interfere with the analysis of somatic hypermutation of murine immunoglobulin genes
    • Ford J.E., McHeyzer-Williams M.G., and Lieber M.R. Chimeric molecules created by gene amplification interfere with the analysis of somatic hypermutation of murine immunoglobulin genes. Gene 142 (1994) 279-283
    • (1994) Gene , vol.142 , pp. 279-283
    • Ford, J.E.1    McHeyzer-Williams, M.G.2    Lieber, M.R.3
  • 28
    • 0032848321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting and subsequent selection of somatic hypermutations in the human Vκ repertoire
    • Foster S.J., Dorner T., and Lipsky P.E. Targeting and subsequent selection of somatic hypermutations in the human Vκ repertoire. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 3122-3132
    • (1999) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.29 , pp. 3122-3132
    • Foster, S.J.1    Dorner, T.2    Lipsky, P.E.3
  • 29
    • 33646370740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A/T-targeted somatic hypermutation: critique of the mainstream model
    • Franklin A., and Blanden R.V. A/T-targeted somatic hypermutation: critique of the mainstream model. Trends Biochem. Sci. 31 (2006) 252-258
    • (2006) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 252-258
    • Franklin, A.1    Blanden, R.V.2
  • 30
    • 41149152150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strand bias paradox of somatic hypermutation at immunoglobulin loci
    • Franklin A., and Blanden R.V. The strand bias paradox of somatic hypermutation at immunoglobulin loci. Trends Immunol. 29 (2008) 167-172
    • (2008) Trends Immunol. , vol.29 , pp. 167-172
    • Franklin, A.1    Blanden, R.V.2
  • 31
    • 2342652151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human DNA polymerase-η, an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin genes, is a reverse transcriptase
    • Franklin A., Milburn P.J., Blanden R.V., and Steele E.J. Human DNA polymerase-η, an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin genes, is a reverse transcriptase. Immunol. Cell Biol. 82 (2004) 219-225
    • (2004) Immunol. Cell Biol. , vol.82 , pp. 219-225
    • Franklin, A.1    Milburn, P.J.2    Blanden, R.V.3    Steele, E.J.4
  • 32
    • 0032127811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch repair deficiency interferes with the accumulation of mutations in chronically stimulated B cells and not with the hypermutation process
    • Frey S., Bertocci B., Delbos F., Quint L., Weill J.-C., and Reynaud C.-A. Mismatch repair deficiency interferes with the accumulation of mutations in chronically stimulated B cells and not with the hypermutation process. Immunity 9 (1998) 127-134
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 127-134
    • Frey, S.1    Bertocci, B.2    Delbos, F.3    Quint, L.4    Weill, J.-C.5    Reynaud, C.-A.6
  • 33
    • 0032127810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription
    • Fukita Y., Jacobs H., and Rajewsky K. Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription. Immunity 9 (1998) 105-114
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 105-114
    • Fukita, Y.1    Jacobs, H.2    Rajewsky, K.3
  • 34
    • 48149084136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to "Mutation frequency vs. mutation patterns: a comparison of the results in spleen and Peyer's patches"
    • Gearhart P.J. Response to "Mutation frequency vs. mutation patterns: a comparison of the results in spleen and Peyer's patches". DNA Repair 7 (2008) 1411-1412
    • (2008) DNA Repair , vol.7 , pp. 1411-1412
    • Gearhart, P.J.1
  • 35
    • 0033551050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 transcripts possess alternative exon 1 structures that initiate from different promoters, one constitutively active and the other interferon inducible
    • George C.X., and Samuel C.E. Human RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 transcripts possess alternative exon 1 structures that initiate from different promoters, one constitutively active and the other interferon inducible. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 4621-4626
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.96 , pp. 4621-4626
    • George, C.X.1    Samuel, C.E.2
  • 36
    • 17644368606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of interferon-inducible RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1 during pathogen infection and mouse embryo development involves tissue-selective promoter utilization and alternative splicing
    • George C.X., Wagner M.V., and Samuel C.E. Expression of interferon-inducible RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1 during pathogen infection and mouse embryo development involves tissue-selective promoter utilization and alternative splicing. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 15020-15028
    • (2005) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.280 , pp. 15020-15028
    • George, C.X.1    Wagner, M.V.2    Samuel, C.E.3
  • 37
    • 0027364313 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of somatic hypermutation in mouse Peyer's patches using immunoglobulin κ light-chain transgenes
    • Gonzalez-Fernandez A., and Milstein C. Analysis of somatic hypermutation in mouse Peyer's patches using immunoglobulin κ light-chain transgenes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (1993) 9862-9866
    • (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.90 , pp. 9862-9866
    • Gonzalez-Fernandez, A.1    Milstein, C.2
  • 38
    • 0021711720 scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation and the maturation of immune response to 2-phenyl oxazolone
    • Griffiths G.M., Berek C., Kaartinen M., and Milstein C. Somatic mutation and the maturation of immune response to 2-phenyl oxazolone. Nature 312 (1984) 271-275
    • (1984) Nature , vol.312 , pp. 271-275
    • Griffiths, G.M.1    Berek, C.2    Kaartinen, M.3    Milstein, C.4
  • 39
    • 0035833990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of binding domains for dsRNA and Z-DNA in the in vivo editing of minimal substrates by ADAR1
    • Herbert A., and Rich A. The role of binding domains for dsRNA and Z-DNA in the in vivo editing of minimal substrates by ADAR1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 12132-12137
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.98 , pp. 12132-12137
    • Herbert, A.1    Rich, A.2
  • 40
  • 42
    • 33344468484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strand-biased defect in C/G transversions in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes in Rev1-deficient mice
    • Jansen J.G., Langerak P., Tsaalbi-Shtylik A., van den Berk P., Jacobs H., and de Wind N. Strand-biased defect in C/G transversions in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes in Rev1-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 203 (2006) 319-323
    • (2006) J. Exp. Med. , vol.203 , pp. 319-323
    • Jansen, J.G.1    Langerak, P.2    Tsaalbi-Shtylik, A.3    van den Berk, P.4    Jacobs, H.5    de Wind, N.6
  • 43
    • 0030845386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid methods for the analysis of immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: application to transgenic and gene targeted mice
    • Jolly C.J., Klix N., and Neuberger M.S. Rapid methods for the analysis of immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: application to transgenic and gene targeted mice. Nucl. Acid Res. 25 (1997) 1913-1919
    • (1997) Nucl. Acid Res. , vol.25 , pp. 1913-1919
    • Jolly, C.J.1    Klix, N.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 44
    • 33646181086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism and control of V(D)J recombination at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus
    • Jung D., Giallourakis C., Mostoslavsky R., and Alt F.W. Mechanism and control of V(D)J recombination at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24 (2006) 541-570
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.24 , pp. 541-570
    • Jung, D.1    Giallourakis, C.2    Mostoslavsky, R.3    Alt, F.W.4
  • 46
    • 0037470158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of endogenous DNA base lesions on transcription elongation by mammalian RNA polymerase II
    • Kuraoka I., Endou M., Yamaguchi Y., Wada Y., Handa H., and Tanaka K. Effects of endogenous DNA base lesions on transcription elongation by mammalian RNA polymerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 7294-7299
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 7294-7299
    • Kuraoka, I.1    Endou, M.2    Yamaguchi, Y.3    Wada, Y.4    Handa, H.5    Tanaka, K.6
  • 48
    • 0025630537 scopus 로고
    • Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, 3′ boundary is approximately 1 kb from V-D-J gene
    • Lebecque S.G., and Gearhart P.J. Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, 3′ boundary is approximately 1 kb from V-D-J gene. J. Exp. Med. 172 (1990) 1717-1727
    • (1990) J. Exp. Med. , vol.172 , pp. 1717-1727
    • Lebecque, S.G.1    Gearhart, P.J.2
  • 49
    • 0024338553 scopus 로고
    • Early onset of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin VH genes during the primary immune response
    • Levy N.S., Malipiero U.V., Lebecque S.G., and Gearhart P.J. Early onset of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin VH genes during the primary immune response. J. Exp. Med. 169 (1989) 2007-2019
    • (1989) J. Exp. Med. , vol.169 , pp. 2007-2019
    • Levy, N.S.1    Malipiero, U.V.2    Lebecque, S.G.3    Gearhart, P.J.4
  • 50
    • 36048978959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag) in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination
    • Longerich S., Meira L., Shah D., Samson L.D., and Storb U. Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag) in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. DNA Repair 6 (2007) 1764-1773
    • (2007) DNA Repair , vol.6 , pp. 1764-1773
    • Longerich, S.1    Meira, L.2    Shah, D.3    Samson, L.D.4    Storb, U.5
  • 51
    • 27944493275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The very 5′ end and the constant region of Ig genes are spared from somatic mutation because AID does not access these regions
    • Longerich S., Tanaka A., Bozek G., Nicolae D., and Storb U. The very 5′ end and the constant region of Ig genes are spared from somatic mutation because AID does not access these regions. J. Exp. Med. 202 (2005) 1443-1454
    • (2005) J. Exp. Med. , vol.202 , pp. 1443-1454
    • Longerich, S.1    Tanaka, A.2    Bozek, G.3    Nicolae, D.4    Storb, U.5
  • 53
    • 0001890305 scopus 로고
    • Regulation, timing, and mechanism of antibody V gene somatic hypermuation: lessons from the arsenate system
    • Steele E.J. (Ed), CRC Press
    • Manser T. Regulation, timing, and mechanism of antibody V gene somatic hypermuation: lessons from the arsenate system. In: Steele E.J. (Ed). Somatic Hypermutation in V-regions (1991), CRC Press 41-54
    • (1991) Somatic Hypermutation in V-regions , pp. 41-54
    • Manser, T.1
  • 54
    • 33646149669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation: subverted DNA reapir
    • Martomo S.A., and Gearhart P.J. Somatic hypermutation: subverted DNA reapir. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (2006) 243-248
    • (2006) Curr. Opin. Immunol. , vol.18 , pp. 243-248
    • Martomo, S.A.1    Gearhart, P.J.2
  • 55
    • 20444426249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deoxyuridine is generated preferentially in the nontranscribed strand of DNA from cells expressing activation-induced cytidine deaminase
    • Martomo S.A., Fu D., Yang W.W., Joshi N.S., and Gearhart P.J. Deoxyuridine is generated preferentially in the nontranscribed strand of DNA from cells expressing activation-induced cytidine deaminase. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 7787-7791
    • (2005) J. Immunol. , vol.174 , pp. 7787-7791
    • Martomo, S.A.1    Fu, D.2    Yang, W.W.3    Joshi, N.S.4    Gearhart, P.J.5
  • 56
    • 48149091758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluation of the role of DNA polymerase θ in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Martomo S.A., Saribasak H., Yokoi M., Hanaoka F., and Gearhart P.J. Reevaluation of the role of DNA polymerase θ in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. DNA Repair 7 (2008) 1603-1608
    • (2008) DNA Repair , vol.7 , pp. 1603-1608
    • Martomo, S.A.1    Saribasak, H.2    Yokoi, M.3    Hanaoka, F.4    Gearhart, P.J.5
  • 57
    • 3142663166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for MSH6 but not MSH3 in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination
    • Martomo S.A., Yang W.W., and Gearhart P.J. A role for MSH6 but not MSH3 in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. J. Exp. Med. 200 (2004) 61-68
    • (2004) J. Exp. Med. , vol.200 , pp. 61-68
    • Martomo, S.A.1    Yang, W.W.2    Gearhart, P.J.3
  • 59
    • 33750028041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of DNA polymerase θ results in decreased somatic hypermutation frequency and altered mutation patterns in Ig genes
    • Masuda K., Ouchida R., Hikida M., Nakayama M., Ohara O., Kurosaki T., and O-Wang J. Absence of DNA polymerase θ results in decreased somatic hypermutation frequency and altered mutation patterns in Ig genes. DNA Repair 5 (2006) 1384-1391
    • (2006) DNA Repair , vol.5 , pp. 1384-1391
    • Masuda, K.1    Ouchida, R.2    Hikida, M.3    Nakayama, M.4    Ohara, O.5    Kurosaki, T.6    O-Wang, J.7
  • 60
    • 34547114028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerases η and θ function in the same genetic pathway to generate mutations at A/T during somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
    • Masuda K., Ouchida R., Hikida M., Kurosaki T., Yokoi M., Masutani C., Seki M., Wood R.D., Hanaoka F., and O-Wang J. DNA polymerases η and θ function in the same genetic pathway to generate mutations at A/T during somatic hypermutation of Ig genes. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 17387-17394
    • (2007) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.282 , pp. 17387-17394
    • Masuda, K.1    Ouchida, R.2    Hikida, M.3    Kurosaki, T.4    Yokoi, M.5    Masutani, C.6    Seki, M.7    Wood, R.D.8    Hanaoka, F.9    O-Wang, J.10
  • 62
    • 0037169495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of dCMP transferase reactions catalyzed by mouse Rev1 protein
    • Masuda Y., Takahashi M., Fukuda S., Sumii M., and Kamiya K. Mechanisms of dCMP transferase reactions catalyzed by mouse Rev1 protein. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 3040-3046
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 3040-3046
    • Masuda, Y.1    Takahashi, M.2    Fukuda, S.3    Sumii, M.4    Kamiya, K.5
  • 63
    • 43049105810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA editing, DNA recoding and the evolution of human cognition
    • Mattick J.S., and Mehler M.F. RNA editing, DNA recoding and the evolution of human cognition. Trends Neurosci. 31 (2008) 227-233
    • (2008) Trends Neurosci. , vol.31 , pp. 227-233
    • Mattick, J.S.1    Mehler, M.F.2
  • 64
    • 20444427642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase η contributes to strand bias of mutations of A versus T in immunoglobulin genes
    • Mayorov V.L., Rogozin I.B., Adkison L.R., and Gearhart P.J. DNA polymerase η contributes to strand bias of mutations of A versus T in immunoglobulin genes. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 7781-7786
    • (2005) J. Immunol. , vol.174 , pp. 7781-7786
    • Mayorov, V.L.1    Rogozin, I.B.2    Adkison, L.R.3    Gearhart, P.J.4
  • 65
    • 28444470501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human DNA polymerase η promotes DNA synthesis from strand invasion intermediates of homologous recombination
    • McIlwraith M.J., Vaisman A., Liu Y., Fanning E., Woodgate R., and West S.C. Human DNA polymerase η promotes DNA synthesis from strand invasion intermediates of homologous recombination. Mol. Cell 20 (2005) 783-792
    • (2005) Mol. Cell , vol.20 , pp. 783-792
    • McIlwraith, M.J.1    Vaisman, A.2    Liu, Y.3    Fanning, E.4    Woodgate, R.5    West, S.C.6
  • 67
    • 0032561135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A supraspliceosome model for large ribonucleoprotein particles based on mass determinations by scanning transmission electron microscopy
    • Muller S., Wolpensinger B., Angenitzki M., Engel A., Sperling J., and Sperling R. A supraspliceosome model for large ribonucleoprotein particles based on mass determinations by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J. Mol. Biol. 283 (1998) 383-394
    • (1998) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.283 , pp. 383-394
    • Muller, S.1    Wolpensinger, B.2    Angenitzki, M.3    Engel, A.4    Sperling, J.5    Sperling, R.6
  • 68
    • 0034268780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme
    • Muramatsu M., Kinoshita K., Fagarasan S., Yamada S., Shinkai Y., and Honjo T. Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102 (2000) 553-563
    • (2000) Cell , vol.102 , pp. 553-563
    • Muramatsu, M.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Fagarasan, S.3    Yamada, S.4    Shinkai, Y.5    Honjo, T.6
  • 69
    • 33748992038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance
    • Nemazee D. Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 (2006) 728-740
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.6 , pp. 728-740
    • Nemazee, D.1
  • 71
    • 33645856486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen recognition strength regulates the choice between extrafollicular plasma cell and germinal center B cell differentiation
    • Paus D., Phan T.G., Chan T.D., Gardam S., Basten A., and Brink R. Antigen recognition strength regulates the choice between extrafollicular plasma cell and germinal center B cell differentiation. J. Exp. Med. 203 (2006) 1081-1091
    • (2006) J. Exp. Med. , vol.203 , pp. 1081-1091
    • Paus, D.1    Phan, T.G.2    Chan, T.D.3    Gardam, S.4    Basten, A.5    Brink, R.6
  • 72
    • 0037162552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of somatic hypermutation specificity and A-T base pair substitution errors by DNA polymerase η during copying of a mouse immunoglobulin κ light chain transgene
    • Pavlov Y.I., Rogozin I.B., Galkin A.P., Aksenova A.V., Hanaoka F., Rada C., and Kunkel T.A. Correlation of somatic hypermutation specificity and A-T base pair substitution errors by DNA polymerase η during copying of a mouse immunoglobulin κ light chain transgene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 9954-9959
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.99 , pp. 9954-9959
    • Pavlov, Y.I.1    Rogozin, I.B.2    Galkin, A.P.3    Aksenova, A.V.4    Hanaoka, F.5    Rada, C.6    Kunkel, T.A.7
  • 74
    • 0037019315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification
    • Petersen-Mahrt S.K., Harris R.S., and Neuberger M.S. AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification. Nature 418 (2002) 99-104
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 99-104
    • Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.1    Harris, R.S.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 75
    • 0037926476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation
    • Pham P., Bransteitter R., Petruska J., and Goodman M.F. Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation. Nature 424 (2003) 103-107
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 103-107
    • Pham, P.1    Bransteitter, R.2    Petruska, J.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 76
    • 33750502877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High affinity germinal center B cells are actively selected into the plasma cell compartment
    • Phan T.G., Paus D., Chan T.D., Turner M.L., Nutt S.L., Basten A., and Brink R. High affinity germinal center B cells are actively selected into the plasma cell compartment. J. Exp. Med. 203 (2006) 2419-2424
    • (2006) J. Exp. Med. , vol.203 , pp. 2419-2424
    • Phan, T.G.1    Paus, D.2    Chan, T.D.3    Turner, M.L.4    Nutt, S.L.5    Basten, A.6    Brink, R.7
  • 77
    • 0032101611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in MSH2 mismatch repair protein
    • Phung Q.H., Winter D.B., Cranston A., Tarone R.E., Bohr V.A., Fishel R., and Gearhart P.J. Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in MSH2 mismatch repair protein. J. Exp. Med. 187 (1998) 1745-1751
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.187 , pp. 1745-1751
    • Phung, Q.H.1    Winter, D.B.2    Cranston, A.3    Tarone, R.E.4    Bohr, V.A.5    Fishel, R.6    Gearhart, P.J.7
  • 79
  • 80
    • 6344256944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch recognition and uracil excision provide complementary paths to both Ig switching and the A/T-focused phase of somatic mutation
    • Rada C., Di Noia J.M., and Neuberger M.S. Mismatch recognition and uracil excision provide complementary paths to both Ig switching and the A/T-focused phase of somatic mutation. Mol. Cell 16 (2004) 163-171
    • (2004) Mol. Cell , vol.16 , pp. 163-171
    • Rada, C.1    Di Noia, J.M.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 81
    • 0032127804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hot spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting
    • Rada C., Ehrenstein M.R., Neuberger M.S., and Milstein C. Hot spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting. Immunity 9 (1998) 135-141
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 135-141
    • Rada, C.1    Ehrenstein, M.R.2    Neuberger, M.S.3    Milstein, C.4
  • 82
    • 0028243803 scopus 로고
    • The 5′ boundary of somatic hypermutation in a V kappa gene is in the leader intron
    • Rada C., Gonzalez-Fernandez A., Jarvis J., and Milstein C. The 5′ boundary of somatic hypermutation in a V kappa gene is in the leader intron. Eur. J. Immunol. 24 (1994) 1453-1457
    • (1994) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.24 , pp. 1453-1457
    • Rada, C.1    Gonzalez-Fernandez, A.2    Jarvis, J.3    Milstein, C.4
  • 83
    • 0037108463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice
    • Rada C., Williams G.T., Nilsen H., Barnes D.E., Lindahl T., and Neuberger M.S. Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 1748-1755
    • (2002) Curr. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 1748-1755
    • Rada, C.1    Williams, G.T.2    Nilsen, H.3    Barnes, D.E.4    Lindahl, T.5    Neuberger, M.S.6
  • 84
    • 0038293484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription enhances AID-mediated cytidine deamination by exposing single stranded DNA on the nontemplate strand
    • Ramiro A.R., Stavropoulos P., Jankovic M., and Nussenzweig M.C. Transcription enhances AID-mediated cytidine deamination by exposing single stranded DNA on the nontemplate strand. Nat. Immunol. 4 (2003) 452-456
    • (2003) Nat. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 452-456
    • Ramiro, A.R.1    Stavropoulos, P.2    Jankovic, M.3    Nussenzweig, M.C.4
  • 85
    • 28444468127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologous recombination is promoted by translesion polymerase Pol η
    • Rattray A.J., and Strathern J.N. Homologous recombination is promoted by translesion polymerase Pol η. Mol. Cell 20 (2005) 658-659
    • (2005) Mol. Cell , vol.20 , pp. 658-659
    • Rattray, A.J.1    Strathern, J.N.2
  • 86
    • 0037866984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HSAX is required for recombination between immunoglobulin switch regions but not for intra-switch region recombination or somatic hypermutation
    • Reina-San-Martin B., Difilippantonio S., Hanitsch L., Masilamani R.F., Nussenzweig A., and Nussenzweig M.C. HSAX is required for recombination between immunoglobulin switch regions but not for intra-switch region recombination or somatic hypermutation. J. Exp. Med. 197 (2003) 1767-1778
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.197 , pp. 1767-1778
    • Reina-San-Martin, B.1    Difilippantonio, S.2    Hanitsch, L.3    Masilamani, R.F.4    Nussenzweig, A.5    Nussenzweig, M.C.6
  • 88
    • 0035379581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation hotspots correlate with DNA polymerase eta error spectrum
    • Rogozin I.B., Pavlov Y.I., Bebenek K., Matsuda T., and Kunkel T.A. Somatic mutation hotspots correlate with DNA polymerase eta error spectrum. Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 530-536
    • (2001) Nat. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 530-536
    • Rogozin, I.B.1    Pavlov, Y.I.2    Bebenek, K.3    Matsuda, T.4    Kunkel, T.A.5
  • 89
    • 0025726597 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. I. Correlation between somatic mutations and repeats. Somatic mutation properties and clonal selection
    • Rogozin I.B., Solovyov V.V., and Kolchanov N.A. Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. I. Correlation between somatic mutations and repeats. Somatic mutation properties and clonal selection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1089 (1991) 175-182
    • (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1089 , pp. 175-182
    • Rogozin, I.B.1    Solovyov, V.V.2    Kolchanov, N.A.3
  • 90
    • 0027194781 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in 5′ flanking regions of heavy chain antibody variable genes
    • Rothenfluh H.S., Taylor L., Bothwell A.L.M., Both G.W., and Steele E.J. Somatic hypermutation in 5′ flanking regions of heavy chain antibody variable genes. Eur. J. Immunol. 23 (1993) 2152-2159
    • (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.23 , pp. 2152-2159
    • Rothenfluh, H.S.1    Taylor, L.2    Bothwell, A.L.M.3    Both, G.W.4    Steele, E.J.5
  • 91
    • 0034818310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the reverse transcriptase model of somatic mutation
    • Sack S.Z., Bardwell M.D., and Scharff M.D. Testing the reverse transcriptase model of somatic mutation. Mol. Immunol. 38 (2001) 303-311
    • (2001) Mol. Immunol. , vol.38 , pp. 303-311
    • Sack, S.Z.1    Bardwell, M.D.2    Scharff, M.D.3
  • 93
    • 4444239054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) can target both DNA strands when the DNA is supercoiled
    • Shen H.M., and Storb U. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) can target both DNA strands when the DNA is supercoiled. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 12997-13002
    • (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.101 , pp. 12997-13002
    • Shen, H.M.1    Storb, U.2
  • 94
    • 33749519393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in msh6-/-ung-/- double-knockout mice
    • Shen H.M., Tanaka A., Bozek G., Nicolae D., and Storb U. Somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in msh6-/-ung-/- double-knockout mice. J. Immunol. 177 (2006) 5386-5392
    • (2006) J. Immunol. , vol.177 , pp. 5386-5392
    • Shen, H.M.1    Tanaka, A.2    Bozek, G.3    Nicolae, D.4    Storb, U.5
  • 95
    • 0037901850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations
    • Sohail A., Klapacz J., Samaranayake M., Ullah A., and Ghagwat A.S. Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations. Nucl. Acids Res. 31 (2003) 299-2994
    • (2003) Nucl. Acids Res. , vol.31 , pp. 299-2994
    • Sohail, A.1    Klapacz, J.2    Samaranayake, M.3    Ullah, A.4    Ghagwat, A.S.5
  • 96
    • 2642534271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase-η as a reverse transcriptase: implications for mechanisms of hypermutation in innate anti-retroviral defences and antibody SHM systems
    • Steele E.J. DNA polymerase-η as a reverse transcriptase: implications for mechanisms of hypermutation in innate anti-retroviral defences and antibody SHM systems. DNA Repair 3 (2004) 687-692
    • (2004) DNA Repair , vol.3 , pp. 687-692
    • Steele, E.J.1
  • 97
    • 57849091085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processed switch-region transcripts and retrotranscripts as possible generators of heteroduplex 'R-loop' targets for AID deamination
    • 10.1038/nri1395-c1 (Published online correspondence 1 November 2004)
    • Steele E.J. Processed switch-region transcripts and retrotranscripts as possible generators of heteroduplex 'R-loop' targets for AID deamination. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4 (2004) 11 10.1038/nri1395-c1 (Published online correspondence 1 November 2004)
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 11
    • Steele, E.J.1
  • 98
    • 41949142835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the state of play in somatic hypermutation
    • Steele E.J. Reflections on the state of play in somatic hypermutation. Mol. Immunol. 45 (2008) 2723-2726
    • (2008) Mol. Immunol. , vol.45 , pp. 2723-2726
    • Steele, E.J.1
  • 99
    • 2342570833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis of the strand biased signature in somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Steele E.J., Franklin A., and Blanden R.V. Genesis of the strand biased signature in somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes. Immunol. Cell Biol. 82 (2004) 208-218
    • (2004) Immunol. Cell Biol. , vol.82 , pp. 208-218
    • Steele, E.J.1    Franklin, A.2    Blanden, R.V.3
  • 100
    • 33749984278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational analyses show A-to-G mutations correlate with nascent mRNA hairpins at somatic hypermutation hotspots
    • Steele E.J., Lindley R.A., Wen J., and Weiller G.F. Computational analyses show A-to-G mutations correlate with nascent mRNA hairpins at somatic hypermutation hotspots. DNA Repair 5 (2006) 1346-1363
    • (2006) DNA Repair , vol.5 , pp. 1346-1363
    • Steele, E.J.1    Lindley, R.A.2    Wen, J.3    Weiller, G.F.4
  • 101
    • 0023267995 scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis: somatic hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to DNA information loop
    • Steele E.J., and Pollard J.W. Hypothesis: somatic hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to DNA information loop. Mol. Immunol. 24 (1987) 667-673
    • (1987) Mol. Immunol. , vol.24 , pp. 667-673
    • Steele, E.J.1    Pollard, J.W.2
  • 102
    • 57849142623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storb, U. (Ed.), 1998. Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes. Immunol. Rev. 162.
    • Storb, U. (Ed.), 1998. Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes. Immunol. Rev. 162.
  • 103
    • 0032541394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hypermutatable insert in an immunoglobulin transgene contains hotspots of somatic mutation and sequences predicting highly stable structures in the RNA transcript
    • Storb U., Klotz E.L., Hacket J., Kage K., Bozek G., and Martin T.E. A hypermutatable insert in an immunoglobulin transgene contains hotspots of somatic mutation and sequences predicting highly stable structures in the RNA transcript. J. Exp. Med. 188 (1998) 689-698
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.188 , pp. 689-698
    • Storb, U.1    Klotz, E.L.2    Hacket, J.3    Kage, K.4    Bozek, G.5    Martin, T.E.6
  • 105
    • 0027480884 scopus 로고
    • Extensive somatic mutation in the Ig heavy chain V genes in a late primary anti-hapten immune response
    • Tao W., Hardardottir F., and Bothwell A.L.M. Extensive somatic mutation in the Ig heavy chain V genes in a late primary anti-hapten immune response. Mol. Immunol. 30 (1993) 593-602
    • (1993) Mol. Immunol. , vol.30 , pp. 593-602
    • Tao, W.1    Hardardottir, F.2    Bothwell, A.L.M.3
  • 106
    • 39049145798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation
    • Teng G., and Papavasiliou F.N. Immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 41 (2007) 107-120
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.41 , pp. 107-120
    • Teng, G.1    Papavasiliou, F.N.2
  • 107
    • 33645222739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis: transcript-templated repair of DNA double-strand breaks
    • Trott D.A., and Porter A.C. Hypothesis: transcript-templated repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Bioessays 28 (2006) 78-83
    • (2006) Bioessays , vol.28 , pp. 78-83
    • Trott, D.A.1    Porter, A.C.2
  • 108
    • 48149095489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation frequency vs. mutation patterns: a comparison of the results in spleen and Peyer's patches
    • Wang J.-Y. Mutation frequency vs. mutation patterns: a comparison of the results in spleen and Peyer's patches. DNA Repair 7 (2008) 1408-1410
    • (2008) DNA Repair , vol.7 , pp. 1408-1410
    • Wang, J.-Y.1
  • 110
    • 0034614916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern
    • Wiesendanger M., Kneitz B., Edelman W., and Scharff M.D. Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern. J. Exp. Med. 191 (2000) 579-584
    • (2000) J. Exp. Med. , vol.191 , pp. 579-584
    • Wiesendanger, M.1    Kneitz, B.2    Edelman, W.3    Scharff, M.D.4
  • 112
    • 57849094219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wood, R.D., Gearhart, P.J., Neuberger, M.S. (Eds.), 2001. Hypermutation in Antibody Genes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.), Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 356.
    • Wood, R.D., Gearhart, P.J., Neuberger, M.S. (Eds.), 2001. Hypermutation in Antibody Genes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.), Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 356.
  • 113
    • 2442425574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms by which transcription can regulate somatic hypermutation
    • Wright B.E., Schmidt K.H., and Minnick M.F. Mechanisms by which transcription can regulate somatic hypermutation. Genes Immun. 5 (2004) 176-182
    • (2004) Genes Immun. , vol.5 , pp. 176-182
    • Wright, B.E.1    Schmidt, K.H.2    Minnick, M.F.3
  • 114
    • 46749142830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • II. Correlations between secondary structure stability and mutation frequency during somatic hypermutation
    • Wright B.E., Schmidt K.H., Davis N., Hunt A.T., and Minnick M.F. II. Correlations between secondary structure stability and mutation frequency during somatic hypermutation. Mol. Immunol. 45 (2008) 3600-3608
    • (2008) Mol. Immunol. , vol.45 , pp. 3600-3608
    • Wright, B.E.1    Schmidt, K.H.2    Davis, N.3    Hunt, A.T.4    Minnick, M.F.5
  • 115
    • 46749122571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VH gene transcription creates stabilised secondary structures for coordinated mutagenesis during somatic hypermutation
    • Wright B.E., Schmidt K.H., Minnick M.F., and Davis N.I. VH gene transcription creates stabilised secondary structures for coordinated mutagenesis during somatic hypermutation. Mol. Immunol. 45 (2008) 3589-3599
    • (2008) Mol. Immunol. , vol.45 , pp. 3589-3599
    • Wright, B.E.1    Schmidt, K.H.2    Minnick, M.F.3    Davis, N.I.4
  • 116
    • 33748443257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The in vivo pattern of AID targeting to immunoglobulin switch regions deduced from mutation spectra in msh2-/- ung-/- mice
    • Xue K., Rada C., and Neuberger M.S. The in vivo pattern of AID targeting to immunoglobulin switch regions deduced from mutation spectra in msh2-/- ung-/- mice. J. Exp. Med. 203 (2006) 2084-2085
    • (2006) J. Exp. Med. , vol.203 , pp. 2084-2085
    • Xue, K.1    Rada, C.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 117
    • 0036786471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of polymerase η in somatic hypermutation determined by analysis of mutations in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum variant
    • Yavuz S., Yavuz A.S., Kraemer K.H., and Lipsky P.E. The role of polymerase η in somatic hypermutation determined by analysis of mutations in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum variant. J. Immunol. 169 (2002) 3825-3830
    • (2002) J. Immunol. , vol.169 , pp. 3825-3830
    • Yavuz, S.1    Yavuz, A.S.2    Kraemer, K.H.3    Lipsky, P.E.4
  • 118
    • 27744483444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The translesion DNA polymerase θ plays a dominant role in immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation
    • Zan H., Shima N., Xu Z., Al-Qahtani A., Evinger III A.J., Zhong Y., Schimenti J.C., and Casali P. The translesion DNA polymerase θ plays a dominant role in immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation. EMBO J. 24 (2005) 3757-3769
    • (2005) EMBO J. , vol.24 , pp. 3757-3769
    • Zan, H.1    Shima, N.2    Xu, Z.3    Al-Qahtani, A.4    Evinger III, A.J.5    Zhong, Y.6    Schimenti, J.C.7    Casali, P.8
  • 119
    • 1842732235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of DNA polymerase η reveals targeting of C mutations on the nontranscribed strand in immunoglobulin switch regions
    • Zeng X., Negrete G.A., Kasmer C., Yang W.W., and Gearhart P.J. Absence of DNA polymerase η reveals targeting of C mutations on the nontranscribed strand in immunoglobulin switch regions. J. Exp. Med. 199 (2004) 917-924
    • (2004) J. Exp. Med. , vol.199 , pp. 917-924
    • Zeng, X.1    Negrete, G.A.2    Kasmer, C.3    Yang, W.W.4    Gearhart, P.J.5
  • 120
    • 0035377269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase η is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Zeng X., Winter D.B., Kasmer C., Kraemer K.H., Lehmann A.R., and Gearhart P.J. DNA polymerase η is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes. Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 537-541
    • (2001) Nat. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 537-541
    • Zeng, X.1    Winter, D.B.2    Kasmer, C.3    Kraemer, K.H.4    Lehmann, A.R.5    Gearhart, P.J.6
  • 121
    • 0036529562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of human REV1 to different DNA damage: preferential dCMP insertion opposite the lesion
    • Zhang Y., Wu X., Rechkoblit O., Geacintov J.S., Taylor J.S., and Wang Z. Response of human REV1 to different DNA damage: preferential dCMP insertion opposite the lesion. Nucl. Acids Res. 30 (2002) 1630-1638
    • (2002) Nucl. Acids Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1630-1638
    • Zhang, Y.1    Wu, X.2    Rechkoblit, O.3    Geacintov, J.S.4    Taylor, J.S.5    Wang, Z.6
  • 122
    • 0031727088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR amplification of murine germline V genes: strategies for minimization of recombinant artefacts
    • Zylstra P., Rothenfluh H.S., Weiller G.F., Blanden R.V., and Steele E.J. PCR amplification of murine germline V genes: strategies for minimization of recombinant artefacts. Immunol. Cell Biol. 76 (1998) 395-405
    • (1998) Immunol. Cell Biol. , vol.76 , pp. 395-405
    • Zylstra, P.1    Rothenfluh, H.S.2    Weiller, G.F.3    Blanden, R.V.4    Steele, E.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.