Measurement of single-molecule conductance

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry

Volumn 58, Issue , 2007, Pages 535-564

  Chen, Fang ^a   Hihath, Joshua ^a   Huang, Zhifeng ^a   Li, Xiulan ^a   Tao, N J ^a  

^a Arizona State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Break junction; Molecular electronics; Quantum point contact

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CONDUCTANCE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES; ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; POINT CONTACTS; SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS;

BREAK JUNCTION; ELECTRODE MATERIALS; INTRINSIC PROPERTIES; QUANTUM POINT CONTACT;

MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS;

EID: 34250009816     PISSN: 0066426X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104523     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Aviram A, Ratner M. 1974. Molecular rectifiers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 29:277-83
2. Goldhaber-Gordon D, Montemerlo MS, Love JC, Opiteck GJ, Ellenbogen JC. 1997. Overview of nanoelectronic devices. Proc. IEEE 85:521-40
3. Kuznetsov AM, Ulstrup J. 1999. Electron Transfer in Chemistry and Biology: An Introduction to the Theory. Chichester: Wiley
4. Hush NS. 2003. An overview of the first half-century of molecular electronics. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1006:1-20
5. Hihath J, Xu B, Zhang P, Tao N. 2005. Study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms by means of electrical conductance measurements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:16979-83
6. Xiao X, Xu B, Tao N. 2004. Changes in the conductance of single peptide molecules upon metal-ion binding. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 43:6148-52
7. Cui XD, Primak A, Zarate X, Tomfohr J, Sankey OF, et al. 2001. Reproducible measurement of single-molecule conductivity. Science 294:571-74
8. Magoga M, Joachim C. 1997. Conductance and transparence of long molecular wires. Phys. Rev. B. 56:4722-29
9. Yaliraki SN, Kemp M, Ratner MA. 1999. Conductance of molecular wires: influence of molecule-electrode binding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121:3428-34
10. Moresco F, Gross L, Alemani M, Rieder KH, Tang H, et al. 2003. Probing the different stages in contacting a single molecular wire. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91:036601
11. McCreery RL, Viswanathan U, Kalakodium RP, Nowak AM. 2006. Carbon/molecule/metal molecular electronics junctions: the importance of "contacts". Faraday Discuss. 131:33-43
12. Xue Y, Ratner MA. 2003. Microscopic study of electrical transport through individual molecules with metallic contacts. II. Effect of the interface structure. Phys. Rev. B. 68:115406
13. Ke SH, Baranger HU, Yang WT. 2004. Molecular conductance: chemical trends of anchoring groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:15897-904
14. Muller KH. 2006, Effect of the atomic configuration of gold electrodes on the electrical conduction of alkanedithiol molecules. Phys. Rev. B. 73:045403
15. Beebe JM, Engelkes VB, Miller LL, Frisbie CD. 2002. Contact resistance in metal-molecule-metal junctions based on aliphatic sams: effects of surface linker and metal work function. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:11268-69
16. Hu YB, Zhu Y, Gao HJ, Guo H. 2005. Conductance of an ensemble of molecular wires: a statistical analysis. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95:156803
17. Basch H, Cohen R, Ratner MA. 2005. Interface geometry and molecular junction conductance: geometric fluctuation and stochastic switching. Nano Lett. 5:1668-75
18. Schmickler W, Widrig C. 1992. The investigation of redox reactions with a scanning tunneling microscope. J. Electroanal. Chem. 336:213-21
19. Kuznetsov AM, Sommer-Larsen P, Ulstrup J. 1992. Resonance and environmental fluctuation effects in STM currents through large adsorbed molecules. Surf. Sci. 275:52-64
20. Weiss EA, Tauber MJ, Kelley RF, Ahrens MJ, Ratner M, Wasielewski MR. 2005. Conformationally gated switching between superexchange and hopping within oligo-p-phenylene-based molecular wires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:11842-50
21. Nitzan A. 2001. Electron transmission through molecules and molecular interfaces, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52:681-750
22. Selzer Y, Cabassi MA, Mayer TS, Allara DL. 2004. Thermally activated conduction in molecular junctions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:4052-53
23. Haiss W, Van Zalinge H, Bethell D, Ulstrup J, Schiffrin DJ, Nichols RJ. 2006. Thermal gating of the single molecule conductance of alkanedithiols. Faraday Discuss. 131:253-64
24. Di Ventra M, Kim SG, Pantelides ST, Lang ND. 2001. Temperature effects on the transport properties of molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86:288-91
25. Salomon A, Cahen D, Lindsay S, Tomfohr J, Engelkes VB, Frisbie CD. 2003. Comparison of electronic transport measurements on organic molecules. Adv. Mater. 15:1881-90
26. Tomfohr J, Ramachandran G, Sankey OF, Lindsay SM. 2005. Making Contacts to Single Molecules: Are We Nearly There Yet? Berlin: Springer
27. Gimzewski JK, Moller R. 1987. Transition from the tunneling regime to point contact studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 36:1284-87
28. Pascual JI, Mendez J, Gomez-Herrero J, Baro AM, Garcia N, Binh VT. 1993. Quantum contact in gold nanostructures by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71:1852-55
29. Krans JM, van Ruitenbeek JM, Fisun W, Yanson IK, de Jongh LJ. 1995. The signature of condutance quantization in metallic point contacts. Nature 375:767-69
30. Agrait N, Rodrigo JG, Vieira S. 1993. Conductance steps and quantization in atomic-size contacts. Phys. Rev. B 52:12345-48
31. Yanson AI, Rubio Bollinger G, van den Brom HE, Agrait N, van Ruitenbeek JM. 1998. Formation and manipulation of a metallic wire of single gold atoms. Nature 395:783-85
32. Agrait N, Yeyati AL, van Ruitenbeek JM. 2003. Quantum properties of atomic-sized conductors. Phys. Rep. 377:81-279
33. Joachim C, Gimzewski JK, Aviram A. 2000. Electronics using hybrid-molecular and mono-molecular devices. Nature 408:541-48
34. Nitzan A, Ratner MA. 2003. Electron transport in molecular wire junctions. Science 300:1384-89
35. Carroll Rl, German CB. 2002. The genesis of molecular electronics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 41:4379-99
36. McCreery RL. 2004. Molecular electronic junctions. Chem. Mater. 16:4477-96
37. Seideman T, Guo H. 2003. Quantum transport and current-triggered dynamics in molecular tunnel junctions. J. Theor. Comp. Chem. 2:439-58
38. Xue Y, Ratner M. 2005. Theoretical principles of single-molecule electronics: a chemical and mesoscopic view. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 102:911-24
39. Selzer Y, Allant DL. 2006. Single-molecule electrical junctions. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 57:593-623
40. Mantooth BA, Weiss PS. 2003. Fabrication, assembly, and characterization of molecular electronic components. Proc. IEEE 91:1785-802
41. Wang WY, Lee TH, Reed MA. 2005. Electronic transport in molecular self-assembled monolayer devices. Proc. IEEE 93:1815-24
42. Metzger RM. 2003. Unimolecular electrical rectifiers. Chem. Rev. 103:3803-34
43. Opila RL, Eng J. 2002. Thin films and interfaces in microelectronics: composition and chemistry as function of depth. Prog. Surf. Sci. 69:125-63
44. Martin AS, Sambles JR, Ashwell GJ. 1993. Molecular rectifier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70:218-21
45. 3O-terminated organic monolayers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:5528-41
46. Akkerman HB, Blom PWM, de Leeuw DM, de Boer B. 2006. Towards molecular electronics with large-area molecular junctions. Nature 441:69-72
47. Loo Y-L, Lang DV, Rogers JA, Hsu JWP. 2003. Electrical contacts to molecular layers by nanotransfer printing. Nano Lett. 3:913-17
48. Ojima K, Otsuka Y, Matsumoto T, Kawai T, Nakamatsu K, Matsui S. 2005. Printing electrode for top-contact molecular junction. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87:234110
49. Deng W, Yang L, Fujita D, Nejoh H, Bai C. 2000. Silver ions adsorbed to self-assembled monolayers of alkanedithiols on gold surfaces form Ag-dithiol-Au multilayer structures. Appl. Phys. A 71:639-42
50. Qu D, Uosaki K. 2006. Platinum layer formation on a self-assembled monolayer by electrochemical deposition. Chem. Lett. 35:258-59
51. Epple M, Bittner AM, Kuhnke A, Kern K, Zheng WQ, Tadjeddine A. 2002. Alkanethiolate reorientation during metal electrodeposition. Langmuir 18:773-84
52. Manolova M, Ivanova V, Kolb D, Boyen H, Ziemann P, et al. 2005. Metal deposition onto thiol-covered gold: platinum on a 4-mercaptopyridine SAM. Surf Sci. 590:146-53
53. Slowinski K, Chamberlain RV, Miller CJ, Majda M. 1997. Through-bond and chain-to-chain coupling two pathways in electron tunneling through liquid alkanethiol monolayers on mercury electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:11910-19
54. Tran E, Rampi MA, Whitesides GM. 2004. Electron transfer in a HgSAM//SAM-Hg junction mediated by redox centers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 43:3835-39
55. Ranganathan S, Steidel I, Anariba F, McCreery RL. 2001. Covalently bonded organic monolayers on a carbon substrate: a new paradigm for molecular electronics. Nano Lett. 1:491-94
56. Salomon A, Arad-Yellin R, Shanzer A, Karton A, Cahen D. 2004. Stable roomtemperature molecular negative differential resistance based on molecule-electrode interface chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:11648-57
57. Liu Y, Yu H. 2003. Molecular passivation of classical mercury-silicon (p-type) diode junctions: alkylation, oxidation, and alkylsilation. J. Phys. Chem. 5107:7803-11
58. Wold DJ, Frisbie CD. 2000. Formation of metal-molecule-metal tunnel junctions: microcontacts to alkanethiol monolayers with a conducting AFM tip. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:2970-71
59. Fan FRF, Yang JP, Cai LT, Price DW, Dirk SM, et al. 2002. Charge transport through self-assembled monolayers of compounds of interest in molecular electronics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:5550-60
60. Kushmerick JG, Holt DB, Pollack SK, Ratner MA, Yang JC, et al. 2002. Effect of bond-length alternation in molecular wires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:10654-55
61. Stewart DR, Ohlberg DAA, Beck PA, Chen Y, Williams RS, et al. 2004. Molecule-independent electrical switching in Pt/organic monolayer/Ti devices. Nano Lett. 4:133-36
62. Collier CP, Mattersteig G, Wong EW, Luo Y, Beverly K, et al. 2000. A [2]catenane-based solid state electronically reconfigurable switch. Science 289:1172-75
63. Chen J, Reed MA, Rawlett AM, Tour JM. 1999. Large on-off ratios and negative differential resistance in a molecular electronic device. Science 286:1550-52
64. Petta JR, Slater SK, Ralph DC. 2004. Spin-dependent transport in molecular tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93:136601
65. Mbindyo JKN, Mallouk TE, Mattzela JB, Kratochvilova, Irena R, et al. 2002. Template synthesis of metal nanowires containing monolayer molecular junctions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:4020-26
66. Wang W, Lee T, Reed MA. 2004. Elastic and inelastic electron tunneling in alkane self-assembled monolayers. J. Phys. Cbem. B. 108:18398-407
67. Kushmerick JG, Lazorcik J, Patterson CH, Shashidhar R, Seferos DS, Bazan GC. 2004. Vibronic contributions to charge transport across molecular junctions. Nano Lett. 4:639-42
68. Chabinyc ML, Chen X, Holmlin RE, Jacobs H, Skulason H, et al. 2002. Molecular rectification in a metal-insulator-metal junction based on self-assembled monolayers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:11730-36
69. Jiang P, Morales GM, You W, Yu L. 2004. Synthesis of diode molecules and their sequential assembly to control electron transport. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 43:4471-75
70. Metzger RM. 1999. Electrical rectification by a molecule: the advent of unimolecular electronic devices. Acc. Chem. Res. 32:950-57
71. Blum AS, Kushmerick JG, Long DP, Patterson CH, Yang JC, et al. 2005. Molecularly inherent voltage-controlled conductance switching. Nat. Mater. 4:167-72
72. Chen J, Wang W, Klemic MA, Reed MA, Axelrod BW, et al. 2002. Molecular wires, switches and memories. Ann. NYAcad. Sci. 960:69-99
73. Kiehl RA, LeJD, Candra P, Hoye RC, Hoye TR. 2006. Charge storage model for hysteretic negative-differential resistance in metal-molecule-metal junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88:172102-4
74. Slzer Y, Cai LT, Cabassi MA, Yao YX, Tour JM, et al. 2005. Effect of local environment on molecular conduction: single molecule versus self-assembled monolayer. Nano Lett. 5:61-65
75. Gimzewski JK, Joachim C. 1999. Nanoscale science of single molecules using local probes. Science 283:1683-88
76. Stipe BC, Rezaei MA, Ho W. 1998. Inducing and viewing the rotation motion of a single molecule. Science 279:1907-9
77. Mazur U, Hipps KW. 1999. Orbital-mediated tunneling, inelastic electron tunneling, and electrochemical potentials for metal phthalocyanine thin films. J. Phys. Chem. B. 103:9721-27
78. Datta S, Tian WD, Hong SH, Reifenberger R, Henderson JI, Kubiak CP. 1997. Current-voltage characteristics of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79:2530-33
79. Moresco F. 2004. Manipulation of large molecules by low-temperature STM: model systems for molecular electronics. Phys. Rep. 399:175-25
80. Xu BQ, Xiao XY, Tao NJ. 2003. Measurement of single molecule electromechanical properties. J. Am, Chem. Soc. 125:16164-65
81. Xu B, Li X, Xiao X, Sakaguchi H, Tao N. 2005. Electromechanical and conductance switching properties of single oligothiophene molecules. Nano Lett. 5:1491-95
82. Tao NJ. 1996. Probing potential-tuned resonant tunneling through redox molecules with scanning tunneling mircoscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76:4066-69
83. Albrecht T, Guckian A, Ulstrup J, Vos JG. 2005. Transistor-like behavior of transition metal complexes. Nano Lett. 5:1451-55
84. Gittins DI, Bethell D, Schiffrin DJ, Nichols RJ. 2000. A nanometer-scale electronic switch consisting of a metal cluster and redox-addressable groups. Nature 408:67-69
85. Li Z, Han B, Meszaros G, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, et al. 2006. Two-dimensional assembly and local redox-activity of molecular hybrid structures in an electrochemical environment. Faraday Discuss. 131:121-43
86. Joachim C, Gimzewski JK. 1997. An electromechanical amplifier using a single molecule. Chem. Phys. Lett. 265:353-57
87. Zeng C, Wang H, Wang B, Yang J, Hou JG. 2000. Negative differential-resistance device involving two C60 molecules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77:3595-97
88. Guisinger NP, Greene ME, Basu R, Baluch AS, Hersam MC. 2004. Room temperature negative differential resistance through individual organic molecules on silicon surfaces. Nano Lett. 4:55-59
89. Wassel RA, Credo GM, Fuierer RR, Feldheim DL, Gorman CB. 2004. Attenuating negative differential resistance in an electroactive self-assembled monolayer-based junction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:295-300
90. Bumm LA., Arnold JJ, Cygan MT, Dunbar TD, Burgin TP, et al. 1996. Are single molecular wires conducting? Science 271:1705-7
91. Qiu XH, Nazin GV, Ho W. 2004. Mechanisms of reversible conformational transitions in a single molecule. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93:196806
92. Piva PG, DiLabio GA, Pitters JL, Zikovsky J, Rezeq M, et al. 2005. Field regulation of single-molecule conductivity by a charged surface atom. Nature 435:658-61
93. Langlais VJ, Schlittler RR, Tang H, Gourdon A, Joachim C, Gimzewski JK. 1999. Spatially resolved tunneling along a molecular wire. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:2809-12
94. Andres RP, Bein T, Dorogi M, Feng S, Henderson JI, et al. 1996. "Coulomb staircase" at room temperature in a self-assembled molecular nanostructure. Science 272:1323-25
95. Ramachandran GK, Tomfohr JK, Li J, Sankey OF, Zarate X, et al. 2003. Electron transport properties of a carotene molecule in a metal-(single molecule)-metal junction. J. Phys. Chem. 107:6162-69
96. Samanta MP, Tian W, Datta S, Henderson JI, Kubiak CP. 1996. Electronic conduction through organic molecules. Phys. Rev. B. 53:R7626-29
97. Nazin GV, Qiu XH, Ho W. 2003. Visualization and spectroscopy of a metal-molecule-metal bridge. Science 302:77-81
98. Repp J, Meyer G, Paavilainen S, Olsson FE, Persson M. 2006. Imaging bond formation between a gold atom and pentacene on an insulating surface. Science 312:1196-99
99. Park J, Pasupathy AN, Goldsmith JL, Chang C, Yaish Y, et al. 2002. Coulomb blockade and the Kondo effect in single-atom transistors. Nature 417:722-25
100. Liang WJ, Shores M, Bockrath M, Long JR, Park H. 2002. Kondo resonance in a single-molecule transistor. Nature 417:725-29
101. Li CZ, Bogozi A, Huang W, Tao NJ. 1999. Fabrication of stable metallic nanowires with quantized conductance. Nanotechnology 10:221-23
102. Morpurgo AF, Marcus CM, Robinson DB. 1999. Controlled fabrication of metallic electrodes with atomic separation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 14:2084-86
103. Kervennic YV, Thijssen JM, Vanmaekelbergh D, Dabirian R, Jenneskens LW, et al. 2006. Charge transport in three-terminal molecular junctions incorporating sulfur-end-functionalized tercyclohexylidene spacers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45:2540-42
104. Li XL, He HX, Xu BQ, Xiao X, Tsui R, et al. 2 004. Electron transport properties of electrochemically and mechanically formed molecular junctions. Surf. Sci. 573:1-10
105. LeeJ-O, Lientschnig G, Wiertz F, Struijk M, Janssen RAJ, et al. 2003. Absence of strong gate effects in electrical measurements on phenylene-based conjugated molecules. Nano Lett. 3:113-17
106. Luber SM, Strobel S, Tranitz HP, Wegscheider W, Schuh D, Tornow M. 2005. Nanometre spaced electrodes on a cleaved AlGaAs surface. Nanotechnology 16:1182-85
107. Kubatkin S, Danilov A, Hjort M, Cornil J, Bredas J-L, et al. 2003. Single-electron transistor of a single organic molecule with access to several redox states. Nature 425:698-701
108. Zhitenev NB, Meng H, Bao Z. 2002. Conductance of small molecular junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92:186805
109. Ghosh S, Halimun H, Mahapatro AK, Choi J, Lodha S, Janes D. 2005. Device structure for electronic transport through individual molecules using nanoelectrodes.Appl. Phys. Lett. 87:233509
110. Amlani I, Rawlett AM, Nagahara LA, Tsui RK. 2002. An approach to transport measurements of electronic molecules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80:2761-63
111. Dadosh T, Gordin Y, Krahne R, Khivrich I, Mahalu D, et al. 2005. Measurement of the conductance of single conjugated molecules. Nature 436:677-80
112. Chae DH, BerryJF, Jung S, Cotton FA, Murillo CA, Yao Z. 2006. Vibrational excitations in single trimetal-molecule transistors. Nano Lett. 6:165-68
113. Yu LH, KeaneZK, CiszekJW, Cheng L, TourJM, etal. 2005. Kondo resonances and anomalous gate dependence in the electrical conductivity of single-molecule transistors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95:256803
114. de Picciotto A, Klare JE, Nuckolls C, Baldwin K, Erbe A, Willett R. 2005. Prevalence of Coulomb blockade in electro-migrated junctions with conjugated and nonconjugated molecules. Nanotechnology 16:3110-14
115. MorelandJ, Ekin JW. 1985. Electron tunneling experiments using Nb-Sn break junctions. J. Appl. Phys. 58:3888-95
116. Muller CJ, van Ruitenbeek JM, de Jongh LJ. 1992. Conductance and supercurrent discontinuities in atomic-scale metallic constrictions of variable width. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69:140-43
117. Ruitenbeek JMV, Allvarez A, Pineyro I, Grahmann C, Joyez P, et al. 1996. Adjustable nanofabricated atomic size contacts. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67:108-11
118. Reed MA, Zhou C, Muller CJ, Burgin TP, Tour JM. 1997. Conductance of a molecular junction. Science 278:252-54
119. Kergueris C, Bourgoin JP, Palacin S, Esteve D, Urbina C, et al. 1999. Electron transport through a metal-molecule-metal junction. Phys. Rev. B. 59:12505-13
120. Reichert J, Ochs R, Beckmann D, Weber HB, Mayor M, Löhneysen HV. 2002. Driving current through single organic molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88:176804
121. Weber HB, Reichert J, Weigend F, Ochs R, Beckmann D, et al. 2002. Electronic transport through single conjugated molecules. Chem. Phys. 281:113-25
122. Smit RHM, Noat Y, Untiedt C, Lang ND, van Hemert MC, van Ruitenbeek JM. 2002. Measurement of the conductance of a hydrogen molecule. Nature 419:906-9
123. Djukic D, Thygesen KS, Untiedt C, Smit RHM, Jacobsen KW, van Ruitenbeek JM. 2005. Stretching dependence of the vibration modes of a single-molecule Pt-H2-Pt bridge. Phys. Rev. B 71:161402
124. Xu BQ, Tao NJ. 2003. Measurement of single molecule conductance by repeated formation of molecular junctions. Science 301:1221-23
125. He J, Chen F, Li J, Sankey OF, Terazono Y, et al. 2005. Electronic decay constant of carotenoid polyenes from single-molecule measurements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:1384-85
126. Ishizuka K, Suzuki M, Fuju S, Takayama Y, Sato F, Fujihira M. 2006. Effect of molecule-electrode contacts on single-molecule conductivity of μ-conjugated system measured by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45:2037-40
127. Venkataraman L, Klare JE, Tarn IW, Nuckolls C, Hybertsen MS, Steigerwald ML. 2006. Single-molecule circuits with well-defined molecular conductance. Nano Lett. 6:458-62
128. Rubio G, Agrait N, Vieira S. 1996. Atomic-sized metallic contacts: mechanical properties and electronic transport. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76:2302-5
129. Haiss W, Nichols RJ, van Zalinge H, Higgins SJ, Bethell D, Schiffrin DJ. 2004. Measurement of single molecule conductivity using the spontaneous formation of molecular wires. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6:4330-37
130. Yasuda S, Yoshida S, Sasaki J, Okutsu Y, Nakamura T, et al. 2006. Bond fluctuation of S/Se anchoring observed in single-molecule conductance measurements using the point contact method with scanning tunneling microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128:7746-47
131. Ulrich J, Esrail D, Pontius W, Venkataraman L, Millar D, Doerrer LH. 2006. Variability of conductance in molecular junctions. J. Phys. Chem. B 110:2462-66
132. Xiao X, Brune D, He J, Lindsay SM, German CB, Tao NJ. 2006. Redoxgated electron transport in electrically wired ferrocene molecules. Chem. Phys. 326:138-43
133. Li X, He J, Hihath J, Xu B, Lindsay SM, Tao N. 2006. Conductance of single alkanedithiols: conduction mechanism and effect of moleculeelectrode contacts. J. Am. Cbem. Soc. 128:2135-41
134. He J, Sankey OF, Meyong L, Li XL, Tao NJ, Lindsay SM. 2006. Measuring single molecule conductance with break junctions. Faraday Discuss. 31:145-54
135. Xue Y, Datta S, Ratner MA. 2001. Charge transfer and "band lineup" in molecular electronic devices: a chemical and numerical interpretation. J. Chem. Phys. 115:4292-99
136. Heimel G, Romaner L, Bredas J-L, Zojer E. 2006. Interface energetics and level alignment at covalent metal-molecule junctions: conjugated thiols on gold. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96:196806
137. Kim B, Beebe JM, Jun Y, Zhu XY, Frisbie CD. 2006. Correlation between HOMO alignment and contact resistance in molecular junctions: aromatic thiols versus aromatic isocyanides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128:4970-71
138. Scudiero L, Barlow DE, Mazur U, Hipps KW. 2001. Scanning tunneling microscopy, orbital-mediated tunneling spectroscopy, and UV photoelectron spectroscopy of metal(II) tetraphenylporphyrins deposited from vapor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123:4073-80
139. Fan FRF, Lai RY, Cornil J, Karzazi Y, Bredas JL, et al. 2004. Electrons are transported through phenylene-ethynylene oligomer monolayers via localized molecular orbitals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:2568-73
140. Haiss W, Van Zalinge H, Higgins SJ, Bethell D, Hoebenreich H, et al. 2003. Redox state dependence of single molecule conductivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125:15294-95
141. Xu B, Xiao X, Yang X, Zang L, Tao N. 2005. Large gate modulation in the current of a room temperature single molecule transistor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:2386-87
142. Chi Q, Farver Q, Ulstrup J. 2005. Long-range protein electron transfer observed at the single-molecule level: in situ mapping of redox-gated tunneling resonance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:16203-8
143. Alessandrini A, Salerno M, Frabboni S, Facci P. 2005. Single-metalloprotein wet biotransistor. App. Phys. Lett. 86:133902
144. Xiao X, Xu B, Tao N. 2004. Conductance titration of single-peptide molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:5370-71
145. Chen F, He J, Nuckolls C, Roberts T, Klare JE, Lindsay S. 2005. A molecular switch based on potential-induced changes of oxidation state. Nano Lett. 5:503-6
146. Smit RHM, Untiedt C, van Ruitenbeek JM. 2004. The high-bias stability of monatomic chains. Nanotechnology 15:8472-78
147. Tsutsui M, Taninouchi Y, Kurokawa S, Sakai A. 2005. Effective temperature of Au nanocontacts under high biases. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44:5188-90
148. Segal D, Nitzan A. 2002. Heating in current carrying molecular junctions. J. Chem. Phys. 117:3915-27
149. Chen Y-C, Zwolak M, Di Ventra M. 2003. Local heating in nanoscale conductors. Nano Lett. 3:1691-94
150. Huang ZF, Xu BQ, Chen YC, Di Ventra M, Tao NJ. 2006. Measurement of current-induced local heating in a single molecule junction. Nano Lett. 6:1240-44