Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: A review

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 46, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 593-619

  Kabak, Bulent ^a   Dobson, Alan D W ^b   Var, Işil ^a  

^a CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Detoxification; Mycotoxin; Prevention

Indexed keywords

MYCOTOXIN;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL FOOD; APPLE; ARTICLE; CEREAL; FOOD; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD CONTROL; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; NUT;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMALS; CEREALS; FOOD; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; MALUS; MYCOTOXINS; NUTS;

ALTERNARIA; ANIMALIA; ASPERGILLUS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI; FUSARIUM; PENICILLIUM; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 33750169104     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408390500436185     Document Type: Article

References (276)

1. Moss, M.O. 1992. Secondary metabolism and food intoxication-moulds. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Suppl., 73:80-88.
2. Sweeney, M.J., and Dobson, A.D.W. 1998. Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus. Fusarium and Penicillium species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 43:141-158, with permission from Elsevier.
3. Placinta, C.M., D'Mello, J.P.F., and Macdonald, A.M.C. 1999. A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 78:21-37. with permission from Elsevier.
4. Overy, D.P., Seifert, K.A., Savard, M.E., and Frisvad, J.C. 2003. Spoilage fungi and their mycotoxins in commercially marketed chestnuts. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 2737:1-9, with permission from Elsevier.
5. Sweeney, M.J., and Dobson, A.D.W. 1999. Molecular biology of mycotoxin biosynthesis. FEMS Micmbiol. Lett., 175:149-163, with permission from Elsevier.
6. McLean, M., and Dutton, M.F. 1995. Cellular interactions and metabolism of aflatoxin: an update. Pharmac. Ther., 65:163-192. with permission from Elsevier.
7. Wang, J., and Groopman, J.D. 1999. DNA damage by mycotoxins. Mutat. Res., 424:167-181, with permission from Elsevier.
8. Weidenbörner, M., Wieczorek, C., Appel. S., and Kunz, B. 2000. Whole wheat and white wheat flour-the mycobiota and potential mycotoxins. Food Microbiol., 17:103-107, with permission from Elsevier.
9. Cazzaniga, D., Basflico, J. C., Gonzalez, Torres, R.L., and De Greff, D.M. 2001. Mycotoxins inactivation by extrusion cooking of corn flour. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33:144-147. with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
10. Galvano, F., Piva, A., Ritieni, A., and Galvano, G. 2001. Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: A review. J.Food Prot., 64:120-131, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
11. Atroshi, F., Rizzo, A., Westermack, T., and Ali-Vehmas, T. 2002. Antioxidant nutrients and mycotoxins. Toxicol., 180:151-167, with permission from Elsevier.
12. Aziz, N.H., and Moussa, L.A.A. 2002. Influence of gamma-radiation on mycotoxin producing moulds and mycotoxins in fruits. Food Control., 13:281-288, with permission from Elsevier.
13. D'Mello, J.P.F., and Macdonald, A.M.C. 1997. Mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 69:155-166, with permission from Elsevier.
14. Bennett, J.W., and Klich, M. 2003. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 16:497-516.
15. Jay, J.M. 1992. Modern Food Microbiology. Chapman & Hall, London.
16. Deacon, J.W. 2001. Modern Mycology. 3rd ed., Blackwell Science.
17. Hussein, H.S., and Brasel, J.M. 2001. Toxicity. metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicol., 167:101-134, with permission from Elsevier.
18. Topal, S., Aran, N., and Pembezi, C. 1999. Türkiye'nin tanmsal mikroflorasinin mikotoksin profilleri. Gida Dergisi, 24:129-137.
19. Papp, E., H-Otta, G., Zaray, G., and Mincsovics, E. 2002. Liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins. Microchemical J., 73:39-46. with permission from Elsevier.
20. Rustom, I.Y.S. 1997. Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chem., 59:57-67. with permission from Elsevier.
21. Yilmaz, A., and Ozay, G. 2001. Gida ve yemlerde mikotoksinlerin detoksifikasyonu. Gida Dergisi, 7:80-84.
22. Heathcote, J.G., and Hibbert, J.R. 1978. Aflatoxin Chemical and Biological Aspects. Elseiver Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
23. EC report (European Commission report). 1999. Opinion on the relationship between the use of plant protection products on food plants and the occurrence of mycotoxins in foods. European Commission SCP/RESI/063, Belgium.
24. Ozkaya, S., Taydaş, E.E., Baa̧ran, A., Avci, B., and Hizli, S. 1999. Tarim ve Köyişleri Bakanliǧi Ankara Il Kontrol Laboratuvari aflatoksin analiz kurs notlari. 7-14 Aǧustos, Ankara.
25. Codex Alimentarius Commission 2002. Proposed draft code of practice for the prevention (reduction) of mycotoxin contamination in cereals, including annexes on ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisins and trichothecenes. CX/FAC 02/21, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
26. Klich, M.A. 1998. Soil fungi of some low-altitude desert cotton fields and ability of their extracts to inhibit Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathologia. 142:97-100.
27. Wilkinson, J.M. 1999. Silage and animal health. Nat. Toxins., 7:221-232, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
28. Cleveland, T., Dowd, P.F., Desjardins, A.E., Bhatnagar, D., and Cotty, P.J. 2003. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural research service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops. Pest Manag. Sci., 59:629-642, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
29. Aldred, D., and Magan, N. 2004. Prevention strategies for trichothecenes. Toxicol. Lett., 153:165-171.
30. Edwards, S.G. 2004. Influence of agricultural practices on Fusarium infection of cereals and subsequent contamination of grain by trichothecene mycotoxins. Toxicol. Lett., 153:29-35.
31. Tekauz, A. 2002. Fusarium head blight of oat in Western Canada-preliminary studies on Fusarium species involved and level of mycotoxin(s) in grain. J. Appl. Genet., 43:197-206.
32. Langesth, W., and Rudberget, T. 1999. The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cereals. Mycopathologia, 147:157-165.
33. Snijders, C.H.A. 2004. Resistance in wheat to Fusarium infection and trichothecene formation. Toxicol. Lett., 153:37-46.
34. Mesterhazy, A. 2002. Role of deoxynivalenol in aggressiveness of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and in resistance to Fusarium head blight. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 108:675-684.
35. Bai, G.H., Plattner, R., Desjardins, A., and Kolb, F. 2001. Resistance to Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat. Plant Breeding. 120:1-6.
36. Munkvold, G.P. 2003. Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 41:99-116.
37. Cullen, D., Caldwell, R.W., and Smalley, E.B. 1983. Susceptibility of maize to Giberella ear rot: relationship of host genotype, pathogen virulence, zearalenone contamination. Plant Dis., 67:89-91.
38. Gendloff, E.H., Rossmam, E.G., Casale, W.L., Isleib, T.G., and Hart, L.P. 1986. Components of resistance to Fusarium ear rot in field corn. Phytopathology, 76:684-688.
39. Reid, L.M., Mather, D.E., Bolton, A.T., and Hamilton, R.I. 1994. Evidence for a gene for silk resistance to Fusarium graminearum ear rot of maize. J. Hered., 85:118-121.
40. Dutoit, L.J., and Pataky, J.K. 1999. Reactions of processing sweet corn hybrids to Giberella ear rot. Plant Dis., 83:76-80.
41. D'Mello, J.P.F., Macdonald, A.M.C., Postel, D., Dijksma, W.T.P., Dujardin, A., and Placinta, C.M. 1998. Pesticide use and mycotoxin production in Fusarium and Aspergillus phytopathogens. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 104:741-751.
42. Widstrom, N.W., Butron, A., Guo, B.Z., Wilson, D.M., Snook, M.E., Cleveland, T.E., and Lynch, R.E. 2003. Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in maize by pyramiding QTL involved in resistance to ear-feeding insects and invasion by Aspergillus spp. Eur. J. Agronomy., 19:563-572, with permission from Elsevier.
43. Brown, R.L. Chen Z.Y., Cleveland, T.E., and Russin, J.S. 1999. Advances in the development of host resistance in corn to aflatoxin contamination by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology, 89:113-117.
44. Chen, Z.Y., Brown, R.L., Cleveland, T.E., Damann, K.E., and Russin, J.S. 2001. Comparison of constitutive and inducible maize kernel proteins of genotypes resistant or susceptible to aflatoxin production. J. Food Prot., 64:1785-1792, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
45. Guo, B.Z., Brown, R.L., Lax, A.R., Cleveland, T.E., Russin, J.S., and Widstrom, N.M. 1998. Protein profiles and antifungal activities of kernel extracts from com genotypes resistant and susceptible to Aspergillus flavus. J. Food Prot., 61:98-102, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
46. EMAN (European Mycotoxin Awaraness Network). Fact sheets on evaluation and risk issues, fact sheet 1, decontamination, processing effect and risk analysis aspects. Available online at: http://193.132.190.215/eman2/index.asp
47. Nicholson, P., Turner, J.A., Jenkinson, P., Jennings, P., Stonehouse, J., Nuttall, M., Dring, D., Weston, G., and Thomsett, M. 2003. Maximising control with fungicides of Fusarium ear blight (FEB) in order to reduce toxin contamination of wheat. Project report No. 297, HGCA, London.
48. Dill-Macky, R., and Jones, R.K. 2000. The effect of previous crop residues and tillage on Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plant Dis., 84:71-76.
49. Martin, R.A., MacLeod, J.A., and Caldwell, C. 1991. Influences of production inputs on incidence of infection by Fusarium species on cereal seed. Plant Dis., 75:784-788.
50. Lemmens, M., Haim, K., Lew, H., and Ruckenbauer, P. 2004. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on Fusarium head blight development and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat. J. Phytopathol., 152:1-8.
51. Lacey, J., Bateman, G.L., and Mirocha, C.L. 1999. Effects of infection time and moisture on the development of ear blight and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium spp. in wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol., 134:277-283.
52. Smith, J.E., Lewis, C.W., Anderson, J.G., and Solomons, G.L. 1994. Mycotoxins in Human Health, Report EUR 16048 EN. European Commission, directorate-General XII, Brussels.
53. Ioos, R., Belhadj, A., Menez, M., and Faure, A. 2005. The effects of fungicides on Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale and their associated trichothecene mycotoxins in French naturally-infected cereal grains. Crop Prot., 24:894-902.
54. EMAN. Fact sheets on HACCP-Prevention and control, fact sheet 5, wheat production in Europe 1-pre-harvest. Available online at: http://193.132.190.215/ eman2/index.asp
55. Simpson, D.R., Weston, G.E., Turner, J.A., Jennings, P., and Nicholson, P. 2001. Differential control of head blight pathogens of wheat by fungicides and consequences for mycotoxin contamination in grain. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 107:421-431.
56. Magan, N., Hope, R., Colleate, A., and Baxter, E.S. 2002. Relationship between growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium species, biocides and environment. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 108:685-690.
57. Diamond, H., and Cooke, B.M. 2003. Preliminary studies on biological control of the Fusarium ear blight complex of wheat. Crop Prot., 22:99-107.
58. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2004. Code of Practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. CAC/RCP 55:.
59. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2002. Discussion paper on aflatoxins in pistachios. CX/FAC 02/22, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
60. Boutrif, E. 1998. Prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios. Food Nutr. Agric., 21:32-39.
61. Bonjar, G.H.S. 2004. Incidence of aflatoxin producing fungi in early split pistachio nuts of Kerman. Iran. J. Biol. Sci., 4:199-202.
62. 1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus using nonaflatoxigenic strains: role of vegetative compatibility. Biol. Control., 17:147-154, with permission from Elsevier.
63. Dorner, J.W., Cole, R.J., Connick, W.J., Daigle, D.J., Mcguire, M.R., and Shasha, B.S. 2003. Evaluation of biological control formulations to reduce aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. Biol. Control., 26:318-324, with permission from Elsevier.
64. Cotty, P.J., and Bhatnagar, D. 1994. Variability among atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains in ability to prevent aflatoxin contamination and production of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Appl. Environ Microbiol., 60:2248-2251.
65. Brown, R.L., Cotty, P.J., and Cleveland, T.E. 1991. Reduction in aflatoxin content of maize by atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. J. Food Prot., 54:623-626, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
66. Dorner, J.W., Cole, R.J., and Blankenship, P.D. 1992. Use of a biocompetitive agent to control preharvest aflatoxin in drought stressed peanuts. J. Food Prot., 55:888-892, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
67. Dorner, J.W., Cole, R.J., and Wicklow, D.T. 1999. Aflatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive fungi. J.Food Prot., 62:650-656, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
68. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). 2001. Fifty-sixth meeting. 6-15 February, Geneva.
69. Bhatnagar, D., Payne, G.A., Cleveland, T.E., and Robens, J.F. 2004. Mycotoxins: Current issues in USA. In: Barug, D., van Egmond, H., Lopez-Garcia, R., van Osenbruggen, T., Visconti, A. Eds., Meeting the Mycotoxin Menace. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 17-47.
70. Hua, S.S.T., Grosjean, O.K., and Baker, J.L. 1999. Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthisis by phenolic compounds. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 29:289-291, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
71. 1 biotransformation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49:5171-5177.
72. Delage, N., D'Harlingue, A., Ceccaldi, B.C., and Bompeix, G. 2003. Occurrence of mycotoxins in fruit juices and wine. Food Control, 14:225-227, with permission from Elsevier.
73. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2002. Proposed draft code of practice for the prevention of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages, CX/FAC 02/20. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
74. EMAN, Fact sheets on HACCP-Prevention and control, fact sheet 6, wheat production in Europe 1-post harvest. Available online at: http://193.132.190. 215/eman2/index.asp
75. Guerzoni, M.E. 2003. Position paper on some aspects concerning food-borne disease and food toxicity in the mediterranean areas, Personal communication, Universita degli studi di Bologna-dipartimento di protezione e valorizzazione agroalimentare. Via San Giacomo. 7-40126. Bologna, Italy.
76. Mehan, V.K., Ramakrishna, N., Nageswara, R., and McDonald, D. 1995. Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of groudnuts subjected to terminal drought stress in postrainy season. Mycotoxin Res., 11:103-109.
77. Bertelsen, D., Harwood, J., Lee, H., Somwaru, A., and Zepp, G. 1995. Pistachios: An economic assessment of the feasibility of providing multiple-peril crop insurance. Prepared by the Economic Research Service, US-DSA for the Consolidated Farm Service Agency, Office of Risk Management.
78. Var, I. 2002. Antepfistiǧi ve aflatoksin sorunu, Tanm ve Köy Işleri Bakanliǧi Gaziantep Il Müdürlüǧü Eǧitim Semineri. 19 Haziran, Gaziantep.
79. Moake, M.M., Padilla-Zakour, O.I., and Worobo, R.W. 2005. Comprehensive review of patulin control methods in foods. Comprehensive Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety. 1:8-20.
80. Jackson, L.S., Beacham-Bowden, T., Keller, S.E., Adhikari, C., Taylor, K.T., Chirtel, S.J., and Merker, R.I. 2003. Apple quality, storage, and washing treatments affect patulin levels in apple cider, J. Food Prot., 66:618-624.
81. Abramson, D. 1998. Mycotoxin formation and environmental factors. In: Sinha, K.K., and Bhatnagar, D., Eds., Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 255-277.
82. Hell, K., Cardwell, K.F., Setamou, M., and Poehling, H-M. 2000. The influence of storage practices on aflatoxin contamination in maize in four agroecological zones in Benin, West Africa. J. Stored Prod. Res., 36:365-382, with permission from Elsevier.
83. Lund, F., and Frisvad, J.C. 2003. Penicillium verrucosum in wheat and barley indicates presence of ochratoxin A. J. Appl. Microbiol., 95:1117-1123.
84. Atalla, M.M., Hassanein, N.M., El-Beith, A.A., and Youssef, Y.A. 2003. Mycotoxin production in wheat grains by different Aspergilli in relation to different relative humidities and storage periods. Nahrung, 47:6-10.
85. Abramson, D., Sinha, R.N., and Mills, J.T. 1985. Mycotoxin formation and quality changes in granary-stored corn at 16 and 18% moisture content. Sci. Aliment., 5:653-656.
86. ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods). 1996. Toxigenic Fungi: Aspergillus. In: Microorganisms in Foods. 5. Characteristics of Food Pathogens. Academic Press, London, 347-381.
87. Olsen, M., Jonsson, N., Magan, N., Banks, J., Fanelli, C., Rizzo, A., Haikara, A. Dobson, A., Frisvad, J., Holmes, S., Olkku, J., Persson, S.J., and Börjesson, T. 2003. Prevention of ochratoxin A in cereals. Quality of Life Management of Living Resources, Project No. QLK1-CT-1999-00433, Final Report.
88. Magnoli, C., Violante, M., Combina, M., Palacio, G., and Dalcero, A. 2003. Mycoflora and ochratoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus section nigri in wine grapes in Argentina. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 37:179-184. with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
89. Soufleros, E.H., Tricard, C., and Bouloumpassi, E.C. 2003. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Greek wines. J. Sci. Food Agric., 83:173-179, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
90. Magan, N., Hope, R., Cairns, V., and Aldred, D. 2003. Post-harvest fungal ecology: impact of fungal growth and myotoxin accumulation in stored grain. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 109:723-730.
91. Hope, R., and Magan, N. 2003. Two-dimensional environmental profiles of growth, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol production production by Fusarium culmorum on a wheat-based substrate. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 37:1-5.
92. Abdulkadar, A.H.W., Al-Ali, A., and Al-Jedah, J. 2000. Aflatoxin contamination in edible nuts imported in Qatar. Food Control, 11:157-160.
93. Bracket, R.E. 1989. Strategies for dealing with aflatoxins in peanuts. In: Yam, T.C., Tan, C., Eds., Trends in Food Product Development. Singapore Institute of Food Science and Technology, Singapore. 83-91
94. Lacey, J. 1989. Prevention of mould growth and mycotoxin production through control of environmental factors. In: Natori, S., Hashimoto, K., and Ueno, Y. Eds., Mycotoxins and Phycoloxins 1988. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 161-168.
95. Dock, L.L., Nielsen, P.V., and Floros, J.D. 1998. Biological control of Botrytis cinerea growth on apples stored under modified atmospheres. J. Food Prot., 61:1661-1665, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
96. Hoogerwerf, S.W., Kets, E.P.W., and Dijksterhuis, J. 2002. High-oxygen and high-carbon dioxide containing atmospheres inhibit growth of food associated moulds. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 35:419-422. with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
97. Moodley, R.S., Govinden, R., and Odhav, B. 2002. The effect of modified atmospheres and packaging on patulin production in apples. J. Food Prot., 65:867-871.
98. Taniwaki, M.H., Hocking, A.D., Pitt, J.I., and Fleet, G.H. 2001. Growth of fungi and mycotoxin production on cheese under modified atmospheres. Int. J. Food Miciobiol., 68:125-133, with permission from Elsevier.
99. Fernanda, M., De Castro, P.P.M., Pachelo, I.A., Soares, M.V., Furlant, R.P.Z., De Paula, D.C., and Bolonhezi, S. 1996. Warehouse control of Aspergillus flavus link and Aspergillus parasiticus speare on peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) by phosphine fumigation and its effect on aflatoxin production J. Food Prot., 59:407-411. with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
100. Antonacci, L., Salvat, A.E., Faifer, C., and Godoy, H.M. 1999. Suppression of spore germination and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus during and after exposure to high levels of phosphine. Mycopathologia, 147:83-87.
101. Dutton, M.F., and Anderson, M.S. 1980. Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by organophosphorus compounds. J. Food Prot., 43:381-384, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
102. Arino, A.A., and Bullerman, L.B. 1993. Growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 as affected by the fungicide iprodione. J. Food Prot., 56:718-721, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
103. Munimbazi, C., Saxena, J., Tsai, W.J., and Bullerman, L.B. 1997. Inhibition of production of cyclopiazonic acid and ochratoxin A by the fungicide iprodione. J. Food Prot., 60:849-852, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
104. 1 production by Aspergillus flavus. J. Food Prot., 65:1483-1487, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
105. LoCurto, R., Pellicanò, Vilasi, F., Munafò. P., and Dugo, G. 2004. Ochratoxin A occurrence in experimental wines in relationship with different pesticide treatments on grapes. Food Chem., 84:71-75, with permission from Elsevier.
106. Bullerman, L.B. 1983. Effects of potassium sorbate on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. J. Food Prot., 46:940-942, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
107. El-Gazzar, F.E., and Marth, E.H. 1987. Sodium benzoate in the control of growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. J.Food Prot., 50:305-309, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
108. Rusul, G., and Marth, E.H. 1987. Growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in the presence of potassium benzoate or potassium sorbate and at different initial pH values. J. Food Prot., 50:820-825. with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
109. Eltern, R. 1993. Fungal gelişmeyi engelleyici çeş itli maddelerin aflatoksin üreten küfler üzerine etkileri. Doǧa Dergisi, 17:285-291.
110. Ova, G., Koruyuclar. 2001. In: Altuǧ, T. Ed. Gida Katki Maddeleri. Meta Basim, Bornova, Izmir, 107-142.
111. Bullerman, L.B. 1984. Effects of potassium sorbate on growth and patulin production by Penicillium patulum and Penicillium roqueforti. J. Food Prot., 47:312-316, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
112. Chourasia, H.K. 1993. Growth, sclerotia and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus:influence of food preservatives. Lett Appl Microbiol., 17:204-207. with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
113. Paster, N., Lelong, Z., Menashrov, M., and Shapira, R. 1999. Possible synergistic effect of nisin and propionic acid on the growth of the mycotoxigenic fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Fusarium moniliforme. J. Food Prot., 62:1223-1227, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
114. Rao, J.P., Sashidhar, R.B., and Subramanyam, C. 1998. Inhibition of aflatoxin production by trifluoperazine in Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 14:71-75.
115. Rodriguez, S.B., and Mahoney, N.B. 1994. Inhibition of aflatoxin production by surfactants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60:106-110.
116. Zohri, A.A., Saber, S.M., and Mostafa, E. 1997. Effect of selenite and tellurite on the morphological growth and toxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus IMI 120920. Mycopathologia, 139:51-57.
117. Petersson, S., and Schnürer, J. 1995. Biocontrol of mold in high-moisture wheat storage under airtight conditions by Pichia anomala, Pichia guillermondii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61:1027-1032.
118. Petersson, S., Hansen, M.W., Axberg, K., Huit, K., and Schnürer, J. 1998. Ochratoxin A accumulation in cultures of Penicillium verrucosum with the antagonistic yeast Pichia anomala and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mycol. API., 102:1003-1008.
119. 1. Nat. Toxins, 7:175-178, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
120. 1 in mixed cultures of Aspergillus flavus and Fusanum proliferatum on maize. Nat. Toxins, 7:331-336. with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
121. Evidente, A., Amalfitano, C., Pengue, R., and Altomare, C. 1999. High performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone. two antifungal α-pyrones from Fusarium semitectum. Nat. Toxins., 7:133-137, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
122. Sakuda, A., Ono, M., Furihata, K., Nakayama, J., Suzuki, A., and Isogai, A. 1996. Aflastatin A, a novel inhibitor of aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus, from Streptomyces. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118:7855-7856.
123. Munimbazi, C., and Bullerman, L.B. 1998. Inhibition of aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 by Bacillus pumilus. Mycopathologia, 140:163-169.
124. El-Gendy, S.M., and Marth, E.H. 1981. Growth of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of Lactobacillus casei. J.Food Prot., 44:211-212, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
125. Coallier-Ascah, J., and Idziak, E.S. 1985. Interaction between Streptococcus lactis and Aspergillus flavus on production of aflatoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49:163-167.
126. Karunaratne, A., Wezenberg, E., and Bullerman, L.B. 1990. Inhibition of mold growth and aflatoxin production by Lactobacillus spp. J. Food Prot., 53:230-236. with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
127. Luchese, R.H., Martins, J.F.P., and Harrigan, W.F. 1992. Aflatoxin production in a meat mix model system in the presence of Pediococcus and Lactobacillus. J. Food Prot., 55: 538-587, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
128. Roy, U., Batish, V.K., Grover, S., and Neelakantan, S. 1996. Production of antifungal substance by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CHD-28.3. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 32:27-34. with permission from Elsevier.
129. Batish, V.K., Roy, U., and Grover, S. 1997. Antifungal attributes of lactic acid bacteria -A review. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 17:209-225.
130. Gourama, H. 1997. Inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production of Penicillium by Lactobacillus species. Lebensm-Wiss, u.-Technol., 30:279-283, with permission from Elsevier.
131. Ozçelik, N., and Ozçelik, S. 2000. Laktik asit bakterilerinin antifungal ve antiaflatoksijenik etkileri. Kükem Dergisi, 24:9-13.
132. Stiles, J., Penkar, S., Plocková, M., Chumchalová, J., and Bullerman, L.B. 2002. Antifungal activity of sodium acetate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J. Food Prot., 65:1188-1191, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
133. Magnusson, J., Strom, K., Roos, S., Sjogren, J., and Schnurer, J. 2003. Broad and complex antifungal activity among environmental isolates of lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Letts., 219:129-135. with permission from Elsevier.
134. Gourama, H., and Bullerman, L.B. 1995. Antimycotic and antiaflatoxigenic effect of lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot., 58:1275-1280, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
135. Gourama, H., and Bullerman, L.B. 1997. Anti-aflatoxigenic activity of Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum. Int. J.Food Microbiol., 34:131-143, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
136. Rees, T.J. 1997. The development of a novel antifungal silage inoculant. PhD thesis. Cranfield University Biotechnology Centre, United Kingdom.
137. Laitila, A., Alakomi, H-L. Raaska, L., Mattila-Sandholm, T., and Haikara, A. 2002. Antifungal activities of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains against Fusarium moulds in vitro and in malting of barley. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93:566-576, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
138. Suzuki, I., Nomura, M., and Morachi, T. 1991. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria which suppress mold growth and show antifungal action. Milchwissenschaft, 70:635-639.
139. Corsetti, A., Gobbetti, M., Rossi, J., and Damiani, P. 1998. Antimould activity of sourdough lactic acid bacteria: identification of a mixture of organic acids produced by Lactobacillus sanfrancisco CB1. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50:253-256.
140. Niku-Paavola, M.-L., Laitila, A., Mattila-Sandholm, T., and Haikara, A. 1999. New types of antimicrobial compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Appl. Microbiol., 86:29-35, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
141. Strom, K., Sjogren, J., Broberg, A., and Schnurer, J. 2002. Lactobacillus plantamm MILAB329 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro) and phenyl-lactic acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68:4322-4327.
142. Croci, L., Toti, L., Pasqualle, S.D., Miraglia, M., and Brera, C. 1995. Lactic acid bacteria influence in variability of production and biotransformation of aflatoxins from Aspergillus parasiticus. Rivista di Scienza Dell Alimentazione. 24:59-66.
143. Florianowicz, T. 2001. Antifungal activity of some microorganisms against Penicillium expansum. Eur. Food Technol., 212:282-286.
144. Magnusson, J., and Schnürer, J. 2001. Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. corynifoimis strain Si3 produces a broad-spectrum proteinaceous compound. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67:1-5.
145. Osman, M.M. 2004. Factors affecting the antifungal properties of Brevibacterium linens. Int. Dairy J., 14:713-722, with permission from Elsevier.
146. Emara, H.A. 1997.Production of of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus and its control. Mycotoxin Res., 13:51.
147. Yin, M.-C., and Cheng, W-S. 1998. Inhibition of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus by some herbs and spices. J. Food Prot., 61:123-125, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
148. Basílico, M. Z., and Basílico, J. C. 1999. Inhibitory effects of some spice essential oils on Aspergillus ochmceus NRRL 3174 growth and ochratoxin A production. Lett. Appl. Micmbiol., 29:238-241, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
149. Dobson, A.D.W. 2002. Aspergillus flavus. In: Roginski, H., Fuquay, J.W., and Fox, P.P., Eds., Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Academic Press, 116-122.
150. Juglal, S., Govinden, R., and Odhav, B. 2002. Spice oils for the control of co-occurring mycotoxin-producing fungi. J. Food Prot., 65:683-687, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
151. Paranagama, P.A., Abeysekera, K.H.T., Abeywickrama, K., and Nugaliyadde, L. 2003. Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, (lemongrass) against Aspergillus flavus link isolated from stored rice. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 37:86-90, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
152. Mahmoud, A.L. 1999. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus by extracts of some Egyptian plants. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 29:334-336, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
153. Montes-Belmont, R., and Carvajal, M. 1998. Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components. J. Food Prot., 61:616-619, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
154. Solimar, K.M., and Badeaa, R.I. 2002. Effect of oil extracted fromsome medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food Chem. Toxicol., 40:1669-1675, with permission from Elsevier.
155. Fan, J.J., and Chen, J.H. 1999. Inhibition of aflatoxin-producing fungi by welsh onion extracts. J. Food Prot., 62:414-417, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
156. Ito, H., Chen, H., and Bunnak, J. 1994. Aflatoxin production by microorganisms of the Aspergillus flavus group in spices and the effect of irradiation. J. Sci. Food Agric., 65:141-142, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
157. Hasan, H.A.H. 2000. Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 16:607-612.
158. Selvi, A.T., Joseph, G.S., and Jayaprakasha, G.K. 2003. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus by Garcinia indica extract and its antioxidant activity. Food Microbiol., 20:455-460, with permission from Elsevier.
159. Raso, J., and Barbosa-Canovas, G.V. 2003. Nonthermal preservation of foods using combined processing techniques. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43:265-285.
160. Molins, R.A., Motarjemi, Y., and Käferstein, F. K. 2001. Irradiation: a critical control point in ensuring the microbiological safety of raw foods. Food Control, 12:347-356, with permission from Elsevier.
161. El-Bazza Zeinab, E.M., Hala, A.F., El-Fouly Mohie, E.D.Z., and El-Tkblawy Seham, Y.M. 2001. Inhibitory effect of gamma radiation and Nigella sativa seeds oil on growth, spore germination and toxin production of fungi. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 60:181-189, with permission from Elsevier.
162. 1 by Aspergillus flavus. Nahrung, 5:327-331.
163. Refai, M.K., Aziz, N.H., El-Far, F., and Hassan, A.A. 1996. Detection of ochratoxin produced by Aspergillus ochmceus in feedstuffs and its control by γ-radiation. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 47:617-621, with permission from Elsevier.
164. Deberghes, P., Betbeder, A.M., Boisard, F., Blanc, R., Delaby, J.F., Krivobok, S., Steiman, R., Seigle-Murandi, F., and Creppy, E.E. 1995. Detoxification of ochratoxin A, afood contaminant: prevention of growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and its production of ochratoxin A. Mycotoxin Res., 11:37-47.
165. Aziz, N.H., and Smyk, B. 2002. Influence of UV radiation and nitrosamines on the induction of mycotoxins synthesis by nontoxigenic moulds isolated from
166. Bata, A., and Lásztity, R. 1999. Detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed by microorganisms. Tiends Food Sci. Technol., 10:223-228, with permission from Elsevier.
167. Samarajeewa, U., Sen, A.C., Cohen, M.D., and Wei, C.I. 1990. Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and chemical methods. J. Food Prot., 53:489-501, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
168. Sinha, K.K. 1998. Detoxification of mycotoxins and food safety. In: Sinha, U.K., and Bhatnagar, D. Eds., Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 381-405
169. Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March, 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, Brussel.
170. Piva, G., Galvano, F., Pietri, A., and Piva, A. 1995. Detoxification methods of aflatoxins. A review. Nutr. Res., 15:767-776, with permission from Elsevier.
171. Scott, P.M. 1998. Industrial and farm detoxification processes for mycotoxins. In: Le Bars, J., and Galtier, P. Eds., Mycotox'98 International symposium. 2-4 July, Toulouse, France, 543-548.
172. Goldblatt, L. A., and Dollear, F.G. 1977. Review of prevention, elimination and detoxification of aflatoxins. Pure Appl. Chem., 49:1959-1968.
173. Karadeniz, F., and Ekşi, A. 2002. Gidalarda mikotoksin oluşumu ve azaltilmasi. Gida Dergisi, 7:104-110.
174. Schatzki, T.F. 1995. Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 1. Lot distribution. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43:1561-1565.
175. Schatzki, T.F. 1995. Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 2. Distribution in freshly harvested pistachios. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43:1566-1569.
176. Schatzki, T.F., and Pan, J.L. 1996. Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 3. Distribution in pistachio process streams. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44:1076-1084.
177. Schatzki, T.F., and Pan, J.L. 1997. Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 4. Distribution in small pistachios. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45:205-207.
178. Schatzki, T.F. 1998. Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 5. Sampling and testing U. S. pistachios for aflatoxin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46:2-4.
179. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2001. Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control, Rome.
180. Hocking, A.D. 1997. Toxigenic Aspergillus species. In: Doyle M. P., Beuchat, L.R., and Montville, T.J., Eds., Food Microbiology, Fundamentals and Frontiers. ASM press, Washington DC., 393-405.
181. Coksöyler, N. 1994. Turkiye'de mikotoksin problemi. In: Dalgiç, A. C., Maskan, M. Eds., II. Gida Mühendisliǧi Kongresi, 21-23 Eylül, Gaziantep, 234-239.
182. Huff, W.E., and Hagler, W.M.J. 1985. Density segregation of corn and wheat naturally contaminated with aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. J. Food Prot., 48:416-420, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
183. EMAN, Evaluation and Risk-Training Course 1, Decontamination of mycotoxin contaminated raw materials. Available online at: http://193.132.190.215/eman2/ index.asp
184. Sydenham, E.W., Vismer, H.F., Marasas, W.F.O., Brown, N., Schlechter, M.W.L., and Rheeder, J.P. 1995. Reduction of patulin in apple juice samples-influence of initial processing. Food Control, 6:195-200, with permission from Elsevier.
185. Acar, J., Gökmen, V., and Taydaş, E.E. 1998. The effects of processing technology on the patulin content of juice during commercial apple juice concentrate production, Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A, 207:328-331.
186. Rayner, E.T., Koltun, S.P., and Dollear, F.G. 1977. Solvent extraction of aflatoxins from contaminated agricultural products. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 54:242A.
187. Kadakal, C., and Nas, S. 2002. Effect of activated charcoal on patulin, fumaric acid and some other properties of apple juice. Nahrung, 1:31-33.
188. Doyle, M.P., Applebaum, R.S., Brackett, R.E., and Marth, E.M. 1982. Physical, chemical and biological degradation mycotoxins in foods and agricultural commodities, J. Food Prot., 45:964-971, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
189. Artik, N., Cemeroǧlu, B., Aydar, G., and Saglam, N. 1995. Elma suyu konsantresinde aktif kömür kullanimi üzerinde araştirmalar. Tr. J. Agric. Forestry, 19:259-265.
190. Huebner, H.J., Mayura, K., Pallaroni, L., Ake, C.L., Lemke, S.L., Herrera, P., and Phillips, T.D. 2000. Development and characterization of a carbon-based composite material for reducing patulin levels in apple juice. J. Food Prot., 63:106-110, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
191. 1 from crude peanut oil. In: Le Bars, J., and Galtier, P., Eds., Mycotox'98.International Symposium, 2-4 July, Toulose France.
192. Scott, P.M. 1984. Effects of food processing on mycotoxins. J. Food Prot., 47:489-499, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
193. Tunail, N. 2000. Mikrobiyel enfeksiyonlar ve intoksikasyonlar. In: Gida Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamalan. Ankara, 81-184.
194. Ozay, G. 1988. Gidalarda mikotoksinlerin detoksiflkasyonu. Gida Dergisi, 13:137-141.
195. Pluyer, H.R., Ahmed, E.M., and Wei, C.I. 1987. Destructions of aflatoxins on peanuts by oven-and microwave-roasting. J. Food Prot., 50:504-508, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
196. 1 üzerine geleneksel ve mikrodalgada kavurmanm etkisi. Cukurova Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstiülsü Yüksek Lisam Tezi, Adana.
197. Trucksess, M.W., and Tang, Y. 1999. Solid-phase extraction method for patulin in apple juice and unfiltered apple juice. J. AOAC Int., 82:1109-1113.
198. Kadakal, C., and Nas, S. 2003. Effect of heat treatment and evaporation on patulin and some other properties of apple juice. J. Sci. Food Agric., 83:987-990, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
199. Ryu, D., Hanna, M.A., Eskridge, K.M., and Bullerman, L.B. 2003. Heat stability of zearalenone in an aqueous buffered model system. J.Agric. Food Chem., 51:1746-1748.
200. Wolf, C.E., and Bullerman, L.B. 1998. Heat and pH the concentration of deoxynivalenol in an aqueous environment. J. Food Prot., 61:365-367, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
201. Pineda-Valdes, G., and Bullerman, L.B. 2000. Thermal stability of moniliformin at varying temperature, pH, and time in an aqueous environment.J. Food Prot., 63:1598-1601, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
202. Prasongsidh, B.C., Kailasapathy, K., Skurray, G.R., and Breyden, W.L. 1998. Kinetic study of cyclopiazonic acid during the heat-processing of milk. Food Chem., 62:467-472, with permission from Elsevier.
203. Castelo, M.M., Sumner, S.S., and Bullerman, L.B. 1998. Stability of fumonisins in thermally processed corn products. J. Food Prof., 61:1030-1033, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
204. Ryu, D., Hanna, M.A., and Bullerman, L.B. 1999. Stability of zearalenone during extrusion of corn grits. J. Food Prot., 62:1482-1484, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
205. 1 detoxification on the physicochemical properties and quality of ground nut meal. Food Chem., 70:483-487, with permission from Elsevier.
206. 1 in the Egyptian cured meat basterma and control by γ-irradiation. Nahrung, 6:377-382.
207. Yousef, A.E., and Marth, E.H. 1986. Use of ultraviolet energy to degrade aflatoxin MI in raw or heated milk with and without added peroxide. J. Dairy Sci., 69:2243-2247.
208. 1 in dried figs by sodium bisulfite with or without heat, ultraviolet energy or hydrogen peroxide. J. Food Prot., 53:581-582, with permission from Journal of Food protection.
209. Shantha, T., and Murthy, V.S. 1977. Photo-destruction of aflatoxin in groundnut oil. Indian J. Technol., 18:346-347.
210. Ozer, Ç., and Altuǧ, T. 1995. Aflatoksin detoksifikasyonu amaciyla geliştirilen teknikler. Ege Universitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 13:119-138.
211. Adegoke, G.O., Allamu, A.E., Akingbala, J.O., and Akanni, A.O. 1996. Influence of sundrying on the chemical composition, aflatoxin content and fungal counts of two pepper varieties-Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutescens. Plant Food Hum. Nutr., 49:113-117.
212. Tabata, S., Kamimura, H., Ibe, A., Hashimoto, H., and Tamura, Y. 1994. Degradation of aflatoxins by food additives. J. Food Prot., 57:42-47, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
213. Norred, W.P. 1982. Ammonia treatment to destroy aflatoxins in corn. J. Food Prot., 45:972-976, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
214. Jemmali, M. 1990. Decontamination and detoxification of mycotoxins. J. Environ. Pathol. Oncol., 10:154-159.
215. 1. J. Dairy Sci., 76:880-891.
216. Gomaa, M.N.E., Ayesh, A.M., Abdel Galil, M.M., and Naguib, K. 1997. Effect of pressure ammoniation procedure on the detoxification of aflatoxins. Mycotoxin Res., 13:23-34.
217. Unlütürk, A., and Turantaş, F. 1998. Gida Mikrobiyolojisi. Mengi tan basimevi, Çnarli, Izmir.
218. 1-contaminated corn by ammonium persulphate during fermentation. J.Sci. Food Agric., 82:546-552, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
219. Norred, W.P., Voss, K.A., Bacon, C.W., and Riley, R.T. 1991. Effectiveness of ammonia treatment in detoxification in detoxification of fumonisin-contaminated contaminated corn. Food Chem. Toxicol., 29:815-819, with permission from Elsevier.
220. McKenzie, K.S., Sarr, A.B., Mayura, K., Bailey, R.H., Miller, D.R., Rogers, T.D., Norred, W.P., Voss, K.A., Plattner, R.D., Kubena, L.F., and Phillips, T.D. 1997. Oxidative degradation and detoxification using a novel source of ozone. Food Chem. Toxicol., 35:807-820, with permission from Elsevier.
221. Beuchat, L.R., Chmielewski, R., Keswani, J., Law, S.E., and Frank, J.F. 1999. Inactivation of aflatoxigenic Aspergilli by treatment with ozone. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 29:202-205, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
222. 1 by ozone. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 17:52-54, with permission from Blackwell Publishing.
223. Fouler, S.G., Triverdi, A.B., and Kitabatake, N. 1994. Detoxification of citrinin and ochratoxin A by hydrogen peroxide. J. AOAC Int., 77:631-636.
224. 1 residues during biscuit processing with or without leavening agents. Mycotoxin Res., 12:99-104.
225. Içibal, N., and Altuǧ, T. 1992. Degradation of aflatoxins in dried figs by sulphur dioxide alone and in combination with heat, ultraviolet energy and hydrogen peroxide.Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol., 25:294-296, with permission from Elsevier.
226. Aytaç, S.A., and Acar, J. 1992. Elma suyu üretim ve depolanmasi sirasinda kükürtdioksit ve L-askorbik asidin patulin stabilitesine etkisi. Kükem Dergisi, 15:11-17.
227. 1 by chlorine gas treatment. Food Chem.Toxicol., 26:745-752, with permission from Elsevier.
228. Yazici, S. and Velioglu, Y.S. 2002. Effect of thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride and calcium-d-pantothenate on the patulin content of apple juice concentrate. Nahrung, 4:256-257.
229. 1 in corn meal, copra meal and peanuts by chlorine gas treatment. Food Chem. Toxicol., 29:41-47, with permission from Elsevier.
230. Karlovsky, P. 1999. Biological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feet, and food production. Nat. Toxins, 7:1-23, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
231. Varga, J., Rigo, K., and Teren, J. 2000. Degradation of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 59:1-7, with permission from Elsevier.
232. Hwang, C-A., and Draughon, F.A. 1994. Degradation of ochratoxin A by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J. Food. Prot., 57:410-414, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
233. Sawinski-Acsadi, J. 1983. Utilization of corn containing F-2 toxin by microbiological treatment. Acta Alimentaria (Budapest), 12:249-263.
234. Bennett, G.A., and Richard, J.L. 1996. Influence of processing on Fusarium mycotoxins in contaminated grains. Food Technol., (May):235-238.
235. Cabanes, F.J., Accensi, F., Bragulat, M.R., Abarca. M. L., Castellá, G., Minguez, S., and Pons, A. 2002. What is the source of ochratoxin A in wine?, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 79:213-215, with permission from Elsevier.
236. Lopez de Cerain, A., Gonzalez-Penas, E., Jimenez, A.M., and Bello, J. 2002. Contribution to the study of ochratoxin A in Spanish wines. Food Addit. Contam., 19:1058-1064.
237. Hosoda, M., Hashimoto, H., Fang, H., Yamazaki, K., and Hosono, A. 1997. Inhibitory effect of milk cultured with Lactobacillus strains on the aflatoxin mutagenity. Anim. Sci. Technol., 68:555-562, with permission from Elsevier.
238. 1. Jpn. J. Dairy Food Sci., 42:1-5.
239. Park, H. and Rhee, C. 2001. Antimutagenic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum KLAB21 isolated from Korean fermented vegetables. Biotechnol. Lett., 23:1583-1589.
240. 1 by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot., 57:788-791, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
241. 1 removal by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot., 58:91-94, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
242. 1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J. Food Prot., 61:1666-1669, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
243. 1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum in the presence of reducing conditions and seryl and sulfhydryl group inhibitors. J.Food Prot., 64:268-271, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
244. 1' in azaltilmasi veya giderilmesinde Flavobacterium aurantiacum' un etkinliǧinin araştirilmasi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi. Ankara.
245. 1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum. J.Food Prot., 63:102-105, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
246. Galvano, F., Pietri, A., Beituzzi, T., Fusconi, G., Galvano, M., Piva, A., and Piva, G. 1996. Reduction of carryover of aflatoxin from cow feed to milk by addition of activated carbons. J.Food Prot., 59:551-554, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
247. Ramos, A.J., and Hernández, E. 1997. Prevention of aflatoxicosis in farm animals by means of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate addition to feedstuffs: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 65:197-206, with permission from Elsevier.
248. 1 excretion in milk of goats. Small Ruminant Res., 41:203-213, with permission from Elsevier.
249. Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., Nada, S.A., and Khalil, F.A. 2002. Physiological and toxicological responses in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet with or without sorbent materials. Anim. Feed Sci. and TechnoL, 97: 209-219, with permission from Elsevier.
250. Avantaggiato, G., Havenaar, R., and Visconti, A. 2003. Assessing the zearalenone-binding activity of adsorbent materials during passage through a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Food Chem. Toxicol., 41:1283-1290, with permission from Elsevier.
251. Ramos, A.J., Fink-Gremmels, J., and Hernández, E. 1996. Prevention of toxic effects of mycotoxins by means of nonnutritive adsorbent compounds. J. Food Prot., 59:631-641, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
252. Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Kappeli, O., and Dutler, H. 2001. Mycotoxin detoxification of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol. Lett., 122: 179-188, with permission from Elsevier.
253. 1 by several potential sequestering agents. Mycopathologia, 156:223-226.
254. Tomašević-Čanović, M., Daković, A., Rottinghaus, G., Matijašević, S., Duričić, M. 2003. Surfectant modified zeolites-new efficient adsorbents for mycotoxins. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 61:173-180, with permission from Elsevier.
255. Lemke, S.L., Ottinger, S.E., Mayura, K., Ake, C.L., Pimpukdee, K., Wang, N., and Phillips, T.D. 2001. Development of a multi-tierid approach to the in vitro prescreening of clay-based enterosorbents. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 93:17-29, with permission from Elsevier.
256. Galvano, F., Pietri, A., Beituzzi, T., Piva, A., Chies, L., and Galvano, M. 1998. Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. J. Food Prot., 61:469-475, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
257. 1 in turkey poults. Lack of effect by activated charcoal on aflatoxicosis. Toxicol. Lett., 89:115-122, with permission from Elsevier.
258. 1 in Fischer-344 rats. Toxicol. Lett., 75:145-151, with permission from Elsevier.
259. 1 in Sprangue-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Lett., 95:153-154, with permission from Elsevier.
260. Oǧuz, H., Keçeci, T., Birdane, Y.O., Onder, F., and Kurtoǧlu, V. 2000. Effect of clinoptilolite on serum biochemical and haematoligical characters of broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Res. Vet. Sci., 69:89-93, with permission from Elsevier.
261. Daković, A., Tomašević-Čanović, M., Rottinghaus, G., Dondur, V., and Mašić, Z. 2003. Adsorption of ochratoxin A on octadecyldimethyl benzyl ammonium exchanged-clinoptilolite- heulandite tuff. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 30:157-165, with permission from Elsevier.
262. Ellis, R.W., Clements, M., Tibbetts, A., and Winfree, R. 2000. Reduction of the bioavailability of 20 μg / kg aflatoxin in trout feed containing clay. Aquaculture, 183:179-188, with permission from Elsevier.
263. Mayura, K., Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., McKenzie, K.S., Sarr, A.B., Edwards, J.F., Naguib, K., and Phillips, T.D. 1998. Prevention of maternal and developmental toxicity in rats via dietary inclusion of common aflatoxin sorbents: potential for hidden risks. Tax. Sci., 41:175-182.
264. 1 alters the adhesion properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG in a caco-2 model. J. Food Prot., 63:412-414, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
265. 1. Food Chem. Toxicol., 36:321-326, with permission from Elsevier.
266. El-Nezami, H., Kankaanpää, P., Salminen, S., and Ahokas, J. 1998. Physicochemical alterations enhance the ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to remove aflatoxin from contaminated media. J. Food Prot., 61:466-468, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
267. 1 from the chicken duodenum. J. Food Prot., 63:549-552, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
268. 1 to Bifidobacteria in vitro. J. Food Prot., 63:1133-1136, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
269. 1 by probiotic bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80:1942-1945, with permission from John Wiley & Sons.
270. Haskard, C., Binnion, C., and Ahokas, J. 2000. Factors affecting the sequestration of aflatoxin by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG. Chem. Biol. Interact., 128:39-49, with permission from Elsevier.
271. Bolognani, F., Rumney, C.J., and Rowland, I.R. 1997. Influence of carcinogen binding by lactic acid-producing bacteria on tissue distribution and in vivo mutagenity of dietary carcinogens. Food Chem. Toxicol., 35:535-545, with permission from Elsevier.
272. 1 in a food model. J. Food Prot., 63:645-650, with permission from Journal of Food Protection.
273. 1 binding by dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. J. Daily Sci., 84:2152-2156.
274. 1 binding abilities of probiotic bacteria. Bioscience and Microflora, 18:43-48.
275. 1 by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Milchwissenschaft, 59:301-303.
276. 1 by lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67:3086-3091.