Effects of dietary factors on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles

Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

Volumn 17, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 645-658

  Lapointe, Annie ^a   Couillard, Charles ^a   Lemieux, Simone ^a  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Tocopherol; 3 Fatty acids; Ascorbic acid; Flavonoids; Mediterranean diet; Oxidized low density lipoprotein

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; FATTY ACID; FISH OIL; FLAVONOID; FLAVONOL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; OLIVE OIL; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; POLYPHENOL; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; VITAMIN;

ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROGENIC DIET; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIET; FRUIT; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; MORTALITY; OXIDATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RED WINE; REVIEW; SOYBEAN; TEA; VEGETABLE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANTIOXIDANTS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; DIET, MEDITERRANEAN; FATTY ACIDS, MONOUNSATURATED; FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED; FLAVONOIDS; FRUIT; HUMANS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; PARTICLE SIZE; PHENOLS; RISK FACTORS; VEGETABLES; VITAMINS;

EID: 33748631839     PISSN: 09552863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.01.001     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. LaRosa J.C., and Gotto Jr. A.M. Past, present, and future standards for management of dyslipidemia. Am J Med 116 Suppl 6A (2004) 3S-8S
2. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285 (2001) 2486-2497
3. St Pierre A.C., Ruel I.L., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., Bernard P.M., Despres J.P., et al. Comparison of various electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles and their relationship to the risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation 104 (2001) 2295-2299
4. Ridker P.M., Buring J.E., Shih J., Matias M., and Hennekens C.H. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 98 (1998) 731-733
5. Ehara S., Ueda M., Naruko T., Haze K., Itoh A., Otsuka M., et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 103 (2001) 1955-1960
6. Meisinger C., Baumert J., Khuseyinova N., Loewel H., and Koenig W. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation 112 (2005) 651-657
7. Holvoet P., Mertens A., Verhamme P., Bogaerts K., Beyens G., Verhaeghe R., et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 844-848
8. Holvoet P., Kritchevsky S.B., Tracy R.P., Mertens A., Rubin S.M., Butler J., et al. The metabolic syndrome, circulating oxidized LDL, and risk of myocardial infarction in well-functioning elderly people in the health, aging, and body composition cohort. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1068-1073
9. Toshima S., Hasegawa A., Kurabayashi M., Itabe H., Takano T., Sugano J., et al. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels. A biochemical risk marker for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 2243-2247
10. Suzuki T., Kohno H., Hasegawa A., Toshima S., Amaki T., Kurabayashi M., et al. Diagnostic implications of circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels as a biochemical risk marker of coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 35 (2002) 347-353
11. Sigurdardottir V., Fagerberg B., and Hulthe J. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and LDL size in clinically healthy 58-year-old men (AIR study). J Intern Med 252 (2002) 440-447
12. Nordin F.G., Hedblad B., Berglund G., and Nilsson J. Plasma oxidized LDL: a predictor for acute myocardial infarction?. J Intern Med 253 (2003) 425-429
13. Shimada K., Mokuno H., Matsunaga E., Miyazaki T., Sumiyoshi K., Miyauchi K., et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein is an independent predictor for cardiac event in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 174 (2004) 343-347
14. Kris-Etherton P.M., Pearson T.A., Wan Y., Hargrove R.L., Moriarty K., Fishell V., et al. High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 70 (1999) 1009-1015
15. Oh K., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., and Willett W.C. Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses' health study. Am J Epidemiol 161 (2005) 672-679
16. Ascherio A. Epidemiologic studies on dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Am J Med 113 Suppl 9B (2002) 9S-12S
17. Joshipura K.J., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E.B., Speizer F.E., et al. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 134 (2001) 1106-1114
18. Joshipura K.J., Ascherio A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E.B., Speizer F.E., et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 282 (1999) 1233-1239
19. Liu S., Manson J.E., Lee I.M., Cole S.R., Hennekens C.H., Willett W.C., et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 72 (2000) 922-928
20. Huxley R.R., and Neil H.A. The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 57 (2003) 904-908
21. Lagiou P., Samoli E., Lagiou A., Tzonou A., Kalandidi A., Peterson J., et al. Intake of specific flavonoid classes and coronary heart disease-a case-control study in Greece. Eur J Clin Nutr 58 (2004) 1643-1648
22. Nishi K., Itabe H., Uno M., Kitazato K.T., Horiguchi H., Shinno K., et al. Oxidized LDL in carotid plaques and plasma associates with plaque instability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 (2002) 1649-1654
23. Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 20963-20966
24. Osterud B., and Bjorklid E. Role of monocytes in atherogenesis. Physiol Rev 83 (2003) 1069-1112
25. Stocker R., and Keaney Jr. J.F. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 84 (2004) 1381-1478
26. Parthasarathy S., Santanam N., Ramachandran S., and Meilhac O. Oxidants and antioxidants in atherogenesis. An appraisal. J Lipid Res 40 (1999) 2143-2157
27. Mashima R., Witting P.K., and Stocker R. Oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 12 (2001) 411-418
28. Cushing S.D., Berliner J.A., Valente A.J., Territo M.C., Navab M., Parhami F., et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 (1990) 5134-5138
29. Villa-Colinayo V., Shi W., Araujo J., and Lusis A.J. Genetics of atherosclerosis: the search for genes acting at the level of the vessel wall. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2 (2000) 380-389
30. Brown M.S., and Goldstein J.L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem 52 (1983) 223-261
31. Takei A., Huang Y., and Lopes-Virella M.F. Expression of adhesion molecules by human endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low density lipoprotein. Influences of degree of oxidation and location of oxidized LDL. Atherosclerosis 154 (2001) 79-86
32. Khan B.V., Parthasarathy S.S., Alexander R.W., and Medford R.M. Modified low density lipoprotein and its constituents augment cytokine-activated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95 (1995) 1262-1270
33. Hulthe J., and Fagerberg B. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis development and inflammatory cytokines (AIR Study). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 (2002) 1162-1167
34. Metso S., Loimaala A., Mercuri M.F., Nenonen A., Vuori I., Oja P., et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and common carotid artery intima-media thickness in a random sample of middle-aged men. J Biomed Sci 11 (2004) 356-361
35. Wallenfeldt K., Fagerberg B., Wikstrand J., and Hulthe J. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in plasma is a prognostic marker of subclinical atherosclerosis development in clinically healthy men. J Intern Med 256 (2004) 413-420
36. Grundy S.M., Pasternak R., Greenland P., Smith Jr. S., and Fuster V. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 100 (1999) 1481-1492
37. Abuja P.M., and Albertini R. Methods for monitoring oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and oxidation resistance of lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 306 (2001) 1-17
38. Pedersen H., Petersen M., Major-Pedersen A., Jensen T., Nielsen N.S., Lauridsen S.T., et al. Influence of fish oil supplementation on in vivo and in vitro oxidation resistance of low-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 57 (2003) 713-720
39. Sorensen N.S., Marckmann P., Hoy C.E., van Duyvenvoorde W., and Princen H.M. Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 68 (1998) 235-241
40. Itabe H., Yamamoto H., Imanaka T., Shimamura K., Uchiyama H., Kimura J., et al. Sensitive detection of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein using a monoclonal antibody. J Lipid Res 37 (1996) 45-53
41. Itabe H. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins: what is understood and what remains to be clarified. Biol Pharm Bull 26 (2003) 1-9
42. Ehara S., Ueda M., Naruko T., Haze K., Matsuo T., Ogami M., et al. Pathophysiological role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in plaque instability in coronary artery diseases. J Diabetes Complications 16 (2002) 60-64
43. Holvoet P., Vanhaecke J., Janssens S., de Van W.F., and Collen D. Oxidized LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in patients with acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 98 (1998) 1487-1494
44. Duthie G.G., and Bellizzi M.C. Effects of antioxidants on vascular health. Br Med Bull 55 (1999) 568-577
45. Stephens N.G., Parsons A., Schofield P.M., Kelly F., Cheeseman K., and Mitchinson M.J. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 347 (1996) 781-786
46. Rapola J.M., Virtamo J., Ripatti S., Huttunen J.K., Albanes D., Taylor P.R., et al. Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 349 (1997) 1715-1720
47. Boaz M., Smetana S., Weinstein T., Matas Z., Gafter U., Iaina A., et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 1213-1218
48. Salonen J.T., Nyyssonen K., Salonen R., Lakka H.M., Kaikkonen J., Porkkala-Sarataho E., et al. Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study: a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 248 (2000) 377-386
49. Fang J.C., Kinlay S., Beltrame J., Hikiti H., Wainstein M., Behrendt D., et al. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Lancet 359 (2002) 1108-1113
50. Yusuf S., Dagenais G., Pogue J., Bosch J., and Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 154-160
51. Lonn E., Yusuf S., Hoogwerf B., Pogue J., Yi Q., Zinman B., et al. Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in high-risk patients with diabetes: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Diabetes Care 25 (2002) 1919-1927
52. Virtamo J., Rapola J.M., Ripatti S., Heinonen O.P., Taylor P.R., Albanes D., et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 158 (1998) 668-675
53. Greenberg E.R., Baron J.A., Karagas M.R., Stukel T.A., Nierenberg D.W., Stevens M.M., et al. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 275 (1996) 699-703
54. Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Manson J.E., Stampfer M., Rosner B., Cook N.R., et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1145-1149
55. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 23-33
56. Miller III E.R., Pastor-Barriuso R., Dalal D., Riemersma R.A., Appel L.J., and Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 142 (2005) 37-46
57. Guthrie H.A., and Pcciano M.F. Human nutrition (1995), WCB/McGraw Hill, Boston, MA 419
58. Suzukawa M., Ishikawa T., Yoshida H., and Nakamura H. Effect of in-vivo supplementation with low-dose vitamin E on susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. J Am Coll Nutr 14 (1995) 46-52
59. Princen H.M., van Duyvenvoorde W., Buytenhek R., van der L.A., van Poppel G., Gevers Leuven J.A., et al. Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 325-333
60. Jialal I., Fuller C.J., and Huet B.A. The effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on LDL oxidation. A dose-response study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 190-198
61. Mol M.J., de Rijke Y.B., Demacker P.N., and Stalenhoef A.F. Plasma levels of lipid and cholesterol oxidation products and cytokines in diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking: effects of vitamin E treatment. Atherosclerosis 129 (1997) 169-176
62. Devaraj S., and Jialal I. Low-density lipoprotein postsecretory modification, monocyte function, and circulating adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetic patients with and without macrovascular complications: the effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation. Circulation 102 (2000) 191-196
63. Upritchard J.E., Sutherland W.H., and Mann J.I. Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23 (2000) 733-738
64. Reaven P.D., Herold D.A., Barnett J., and Edelman S. Effects of vitamin E on susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subfractions to oxidation and on protein glycation in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 18 (1995) 807-816
65. Fuller C.J., Chandalia M., Garg A., Grundy S.M., and Jialal I. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at pharmacologic doses decreases low-density-lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility but not protein glycation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 63 (1996) 753-759
66. Reaven P.D., and Witztum J.L. Comparison of supplementation of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and racemic alpha-tocopherol in humans. Effects on lipid levels and lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb 13 (1993) 601-608
67. Wen Y., Killalea S., Norris L.A., Cooke T., and Feely J. Vitamin E supplementation in hyperlipidaemic patients: effect of increasing doses on in vitro and in vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Eur J Clin Invest 29 (1999) 1027-1034
68. Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., La Bree L., Mahrer P.R., Sevanian A., Liu C.R., et al. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation 106 (2002) 1453-1459
69. van Tits L.J., de Waart F., Hak-Lemmers H.L., van Heijst P., de Graaf J., Demacker P.N., et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol on superoxide production and plasma intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and antibodies to oxidized LDL in chronic smokers. Free Radic Biol Med 30 (2001) 1122-1129
70. Earnest C.P., Wood K.A., and Church T.S. Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr 22 (2003) 400-407
71. Meraji S., Ziouzenkova O., Resch U., Khoschsorur A., Tatzber F., and Esterbauer H. Enhanced plasma level of lipid peroxidation in Iranians could be improved by antioxidants supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr 51 (1997) 318-325
72. Steinberg F.M., and Chait A. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation and lipid peroxidation in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 68 (1998) 319-327
73. Anderson J.W., Gowri M.S., Turner J., Nichols L., Diwadkar V.A., Chow C.K., et al. Antioxidant supplementation effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 18 (1999) 451-461
74. Bunout D., Garrido A., Suazo M., Kauffman R., Venegas P., de la M.P., et al. Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients. Nutrition 16 (2000) 107-110
75. Munteanu A., Zingg J.M., and Azzi A. Anti-atherosclerotic effects of vitamin E-myth or reality?. J Cell Mol Med 8 (2004) 59-76
76. Carr A.C., Zhu B.Z., and Frei B. Potential antiatherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ Res 87 (2000) 349-354
77. Abudu N., Miller J.J., Attaelmannan M., and Levinson S.S. Vitamins in human arteriosclerosis with emphasis on vitamin C and vitamin E. Clin Chim Acta 339 (2004) 11-25
78. Kinlay S., Behrendt D., Fang J.C., Delagrange D., Morrow J., Witztum J.L., et al. Long-term effect of combined vitamins E and C on coronary and peripheral endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 629-634
79. Upritchard J.E., Schuurman C.R., Wiersma A., Tijburg L.B., Coolen S.A., Rijken P.J., et al. Spread supplemented with moderate doses of vitamin E and carotenoids reduces lipid peroxidation in healthy, nonsmoking adults. Am J Clin Nutr 78 (2003) 985-992
80. Harats D., Chevion S., Nahir M., Norman Y., Sagee O., and Berry E.M. Citrus fruit supplementation reduces lipoprotein oxidation in young men ingesting a diet high in saturated fat: presumptive evidence for an interaction between vitamins C and E in vivo. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (1998) 240-245
81. Fuller C.J., Grundy S.M., Norkus E.P., and Jialal I. Effect of ascorbate supplementation on low density lipoprotein oxidation in smokers. Atherosclerosis 119 (1996) 139-150
82. Van Hoydonck P.G., Schouten E.G., Manuel Y.K., van Campenhout A., Hoppenbrouwers K.P., and Temme E.H. Does vitamin C supplementation influence the levels of circulating oxidized LDL, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and vWF-antigen in healthy male smokers?. Eur J Clin Nutr 58 (2004) 1587-1593
83. Ashidate K., Kawamura M., Tohda H., Miyazaki S., Hayashi H., Teramoto T., et al. Ascorbic acid augments cytotoxicity induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Atheroscler Thromb 10 (2003) 7-12
84. Reaven P.D., Khouw A., Beltz W.F., Parthasarathy S., and Witztum J.L. Effect of dietary antioxidant combinations in humans. Protection of LDL by vitamin E but not by beta-carotene. Arterioscler Thromb 13 (1993) 590-600
85. Levy Y., Zaltsberg H., Ben Amotz A., Kanter Y., and Aviram M. Dietary supplementation of a natural isomer mixture of beta-carotene inhibits oxidation of LDL derived from patients with diabetes mellitus. Ann Nutr Metab 44 (2000) 54-60
86. Aguilera C.M., Mesa M.D., Ramirez-Tortosa M.C., Nestares M.T., Ros E., and Gil A. Sunflower oil does not protect against LDL oxidation as virgin olive oil does in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Clin Nutr 23 (2004) 673-681
87. Nestel P.J., Pomeroy S.E., Sasahara T., Yamashita T., Liang Y.L., Dart A.M., et al. Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant n-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 1163-1170
88. Abbey M., Belling G.B., Noakes M., Hirata F., and Nestel P.J. Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins: intraindividual variability and the effect of dietary linoleate supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 57 (1993) 391-398
89. Reaven P., Parthasarathy S., Grasse B.J., Miller E., Almazan F., Mattson F.H., et al. Feasibility of using an oleate-rich diet to reduce the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 54 (1991) 701-706
90. Reaven P.D., Grasse B.J., and Tribble D.L. Effects of linoleate-enriched and oleate-enriched diets in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the susceptibility of LDL and LDL subfractions to oxidative modification in humans. Arterioscler Thromb 14 (1994) 557-566
91. Mata P., Varela O., Alonso R., Lahoz C., de Oya M., and Badimon L. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acid-enriched diets modify LDL oxidation and decrease human coronary smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 2088-2095
92. Kratz M., Cullen P., Kannenberg F., Kassner A., Fobker M., Abuja P.M., et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein. Eur J Clin Nutr 56 (2002) 72-81
93. Nielsen N.S., Pedersen A., Sandstrom B., Marckmann P., and Hoy C.E. Different effects of diets rich in olive oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower-seed oil on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and on lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. Br J Nutr 87 (2002) 489-499
94. Schwab U.S., Sarkkinen E.S., Lichtenstein A.H., Li Z., Ordovas J.M., Schaefer E.J., et al. The effect of quality and amount of dietary fat on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (1998) 452-458
95. Carmena R., Ascaso J.F., Camejo G., Varela G., Hurt-Camejo E., Ordovas J.M., et al. Effect of olive and sunflower oils on low density lipoprotein level, composition, size, oxidation and interaction with arterial proteoglycans. Atherosclerosis 125 (1996) 243-255
96. Castro P., Miranda J.L., Gomez P., Escalante D.M., Segura F.L., Martin A., et al. Comparison of an oleic acid enriched-diet vs NCEP-I diet on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modifications. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 (2000) 61-67
97. Hargrove R.L., Etherton T.D., Pearson T.A., Harrison E.H., and Kris-Etherton P.M. Low fat and high monounsaturated fat diets decrease human low density lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility in vitro. J Nutr 131 (2001) 1758-1763
98. Ashton E.L., Best J.D., and Ball M.J. Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr 20 (2001) 320-326
99. Ahuja K.D., Ashton E.L., and Ball M.J. Effects of two lipid-lowering, carotenoid-controlled diets on the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins in free-living humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 105 (2003) 355-361
100. Brude I.R., Drevon C.A., Hjermann I., Seljeflot I., Lund-Katz S., Saarem K., et al. Peroxidation of LDL from combined-hyperlipidemic male smokers supplied with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 2576-2588
101. Higgins S., Carroll Y.L., McCarthy S.N., Corridan B.M., Roche H.M., Wallace J.M., et al. Susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in healthy volunteers supplemented with low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr 85 (2001) 23-31
102. Piolot A., Blache D., Boulet L., Fortin L.J., Dubreuil D., Marcoux C., et al. Effect of fish oil on LDL oxidation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in health. J Lab Clin Med 141 (2003) 41-49
103. Lee Y.S., and Wander R.C. Reduced effect on apoptosis of 4-hydroxyhexenal and oxidized LDL enriched with n-3 fatty acids from postmenopausal women. J Nutr Biochem 16 (2005) 213-221
104. Oostenbrug G.S., Mensink R.P., Hardeman M.R., De Vries T., Brouns F., and Hornstra G. Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E. J Appl Physiol 83 (1997) 746-752
105. Leigh-Firbank E.C., Minihane A.M., Leake D.S., Wright J.W., Murphy M.C., Griffin B.A., et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oils: differential associations with lipid responses. Br J Nutr 87 (2002) 435-445
106. Finnegan Y.E., Minihane A.M., Leigh-Firbank E.C., Kew S., Meijer G.W., Muggli R., et al. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 77 (2003) 783-795
107. Mesa M.D., Buckley R., Minihane A.M., and Yaqoob P. Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on the oxidizability and thrombogenicity of low-density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 175 (2004) 333-343
108. Wander R.C., Du S.H., and Thomas D.R. Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 59 (1998) 143-151
109. Turini M.E., Crozier G.L., Donnet-Hughes A., and Richelle M.A. Short-term fish oil supplementation improved innate immunity, but increased ex vivo oxidation of LDL in man-a pilot study. Eur J Nutr 40 (2001) 56-65
110. Kris-Etherton P.M., Hecker K.D., Bonanome A., Coval S.M., Binkoski A.E., Hilpert K.F., et al. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 113 Suppl 9B (2002) 71S-88S
111. Kris-Etherton P.M., Lefevre M., Beecher G.R., Gross M.D., Keen C.L., and Etherton T.D. Bioactive compounds in nutrition and health-research methodologies for establishing biological function: the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids on atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Nutr 24 (2004) 511-538
112. Aherne S.A., and O'Brien N.M. Dietary flavonols: chemistry, food content, and metabolism. Nutrition 18 (2002) 75-81
113. Fuhrman B., and Aviram M. Flavonoids protect LDL from oxidation and attenuate atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 12 (2001) 41-48
114. Aviram M., and Fuhrman B. Polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL and attenuate atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 137 Suppl (1998) S45-S50
115. Chopra M., O'Neill M.E., Keogh N., Wortley G., Southon S., and Thurnham D.I. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Chem 46 (2000) 1818-1829
116. Hininger I., Chopra M., Thurnham D.I., Laporte F., Richard M.J., Favier A., et al. Effect of increased fruit and vegetable intake on the susceptibility of lipoprotein to oxidation in smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr 51 (1997) 601-606
117. Ruel G., Pomerleau S., Couture P., Lamarche B., and Couillard C. Changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels in men after short-term cranberry juice consumption. Metabolism 54 (2005) 856-861
118. Gimeno E., Fito M., Lamuela-Raventos R.M., Castellote A.I., Covas M., Farre M., et al. Effect of ingestion of virgin olive oil on human low-density lipoprotein composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 56 (2002) 114-120
119. Weinbrenner T., Fito M., de la T.R., Saez G.T., Rijken P., Tormos C., et al. Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. J Nutr 134 (2004) 2314-2321
120. Ramirez-Tortosa M.C., Urbano G., Lopez-Jurado M., Nestares T., Gomez M.C., Mir A., et al. Extra-virgin olive oil increases the resistance of LDL to oxidation more than refined olive oil in free-living men with peripheral vascular disease. J Nutr 129 (1999) 2177-2183
121. Marrugat J., Covas M.I., Fito M., Schroder H., Miro-Casas E., Gimeno E., et al. Effects of differing phenolic content in dietary olive oils on lipids and LDL oxidation-a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 43 (2004) 140-147
122. Fito M., Cladellas M., de la T.R., Marti J., Alcantara M., Pujadas-Bastardes M., et al. Antioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trial. Atherosclerosis 181 (2005) 149-158
123. Vissers M.N., Zock P.L., Wiseman S.A., Meyboom S., and Katan M.B. Effect of phenol-rich extra virgin olive oil on markers of oxidation in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 55 (2001) 334-341
124. McAnlis G.T., McEneny J., Pearce J., and Young I.S. Black tea consumption does not protect low density lipoprotein from oxidative modification. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (1998) 202-206
125. Princen H.M., van Duyvenvoorde W., Buytenhek R., Blonk C., Tijburg L.B., Langius J.A., et al. No effect of consumption of green and black tea on plasma lipid and antioxidant levels and on LDL oxidation in smokers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998) 833-841
126. het Hof K.H., de Boer H.S., Wiseman S.A., Lien N., Westrate J.A., and Tijburg L.B. Consumption of green or black tea does not increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 66 (1997) 1125-1132
127. Ishikawa T., Suzukawa M., Ito T., Yoshida H., Ayaori M., Nishiwaki M., et al. Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Am J Clin Nutr 66 (1997) 261-266
128. Lee W., Min W.K., Chun S., Lee Y.W., Park H., Lee d.H., et al. Long-term effects of green tea ingestion on atherosclerotic biological markers in smokers. Clin Biochem 38 (2005) 84-87
129. Aviram M., and Fuhrman B. Wine flavonoids protect against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 957 (2002) 146-161
130. Tsang C., Higgins S., Duthie G.G., Duthie S.J., Howie M., Mullen W., et al. The influence of moderate red wine consumption on antioxidant status and indices of oxidative stress associated with CHD in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 93 (2005) 233-240
131. Fuhrman B., Lavy A., and Aviram M. Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 61 (1995) 549-554
132. Nigdikar S.V., Williams N.R., Griffin B.A., and Howard A.N. Consumption of red wine polyphenols reduces the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in vivo. Am J Clin Nutr 68 (1998) 258-265
133. de Rijke Y.B., Demacker P.N., Assen N.A., Sloots L.M., Katan M.B., and Stalenhoef A.F. Red wine consumption does not affect oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins in volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 63 (1996) 329-334
134. Wiseman H., O'Reilly J.D., Adlercreutz H., Mallet A.I., Bowey E.A., Rowland I.R., et al. Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F(2)-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 72 (2000) 395-400
135. Jenkins D.J., Kendall C.W., Jackson C.J., Connelly P.W., Parker T., Faulkner D., et al. Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 365-372
136. Jenkins D.J., Kendall C.W., D'Costa M.A., Jackson C.J., Vidgen E., Singer W., et al. Soy consumption and phytoestrogens: effect on serum prostate specific antigen when blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are reduced in hyperlipidemic men. J Urol 169 (2003) 507-511
137. Ashton E.L., Dalais F.S., and Ball M.J. Effect of meat replacement by tofu on CHD risk factors including copper induced LDL oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr 19 (2000) 761-767
138. Engelman H.M., Alekel D.L., Hanson L.N., Kanthasamy A.G., and Reddy M.B. Blood lipid and oxidative stress responses to soy protein with isoflavones and phytic acid in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005) 590-596
139. Vega-Lopez S., Yeum K.J., Lecker J.L., Ausman L.M., Johnson E.J., Devaraj S., et al. Plasma antioxidant capacity in response to diets high in soy or animal protein with or without isoflavones. Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005) 43-49
140. Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Matalas A.L., Chrysohoou C., and Stefanadis C. Geographical influences on the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the prevalence of acute coronary syndromes, in Greece: the CARDIO2000 study. Int J Cardiol 100 (2005) 135-142
141. de Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.L., Monjaud I., Delaye J., and Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 99 (1999) 779-785
142. Trichopoulou A., Orfanos P., Norat T., Bueno-de-Mesquita B., Ocke M.C., Peeters P.H., et al. Modified Mediterranean diet and survival: EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study. BMJ 330 (2005) 991
143. Willett W.C., Sacks F., Trichopoulou A., Drescher G., Ferro-Luzzi A., Helsing E., et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr 61 (1995) 1402S-1406S
144. Trichopoulou A., and Lagiou P. Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle. Nutr Rev 55 (1997) 383-389
145. de Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.L., Mamelle N., Monjaud I., Touboul P., et al. Effect of a Mediterranean type of diet on the rate of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease. Insights into the cardioprotective effect of certain nutriments. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 (1996) 1103-1108
146. Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Chrysohoou C., Skoumas J., and Stefanadis C. Status and management of blood lipids in Greek adults and their relation to socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors: the ATTICA Study. Blood lipids distribution in Greece. Atherosclerosis 173 (2004) 353-361
147. Lapointe A., Goulet J., Couillard C., Lamarche B., and Lemieux S. A nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern is associated with a decrease in circulating oxidized LDL particles in healthy women from the Quebec City metropolitan area. J Nutr 135 (2005) 410-415
148. Carpenter K.L., Kirkpatrick P.J., Weissberg P.L., Challis I.R., Dennis I.F., Freeman M.A., et al. Oral alpha-tocopherol supplementation inhibits lipid oxidation in established human atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radic Res 37 (2003) 1235-1244
149. Dimitriadis E., Griffin M., Collins P., Johnson A., Owens D., and Tomkin G.H. Lipoprotein composition in NIDDM: effects of dietary oleic acid on the composition, oxidisability and function of low and high density lipoproteins. Diabetologia 39 (1996) 667-676
150. Puiggros C., Chacon P., Armadans L.I., Clapes J., and Planas M. Effects of oleic-rich and omega-3-rich diets on serum lipid pattern and lipid oxidation in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients. Clin Nutr 21 (2002) 79-87
151. Rodriguez-Villar C., Perez-Heras A., Mercade I., Casals E., and Ros E. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 21 (2004) 142-149