Pushing the envelope: Structure, function, and dynamics of the nuclear periphery

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 21, Issue , 2005, Pages 347-380

  Hetzer, Martin W ^a   Walther, Tobias C ^b   Mattaj, Iain W ^c  

^a SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chromatin; Lamina; Membrane fusion; Nuclear envelope; Nuclear pore complex; Ran GTpase

Indexed keywords

GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; NUCLEOPORIN; RAN PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CANCER; CELL DIVISION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL NUCLEUS MEMBRANE; CHROMATIN; CYTOSKELETON; CYTOSOL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EUKARYOTE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE LOCATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HUMAN; MACROMOLECULE; MEMBRANE FUSION; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; METAZOON; MITOSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR LAMINA; NUCLEAR PORE; NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; CHROMATIN; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NUCLEAR ENVELOPE;

EUKARYOTA; METAZOA;

EID: 28444472419     PISSN: 10810706     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.090704.151152     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Akey CW. 1989. Interactions and structure of the nuclear pore complex revealed by cryoelectron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 109:955-70
2. Allen NP, Huang L, Burlingame A, Rexach M. 2001. Proteomic analysis of nucleoporin interacting proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 276:29268-74
3. Allen NP, Patel SS, Huang L, Chalkley RJ, Burlingame A, et al. 2002. Deciphering networks of protein interactions at the nuclear pore complex. Mol. Cell Proteomics 1:930-46
4. Antonin W, Franz C, Haselmann U, Antony C, Mattaj IW. 2005. The integral membrane nucleoporin pom 121 functionally links nuclear pore complex assembly and nuclear envelope formation. Mol. Cell 17:83-92
5. Apel ED, Lewis RM, Grady RM, Sanes JR. 2000. Syne-1, a dystrophin- and Klarsicht-related protein associated with synaptic nuclei at the neuromuscular junction. J. Biol. Chem. 275:31986-95
6. Askjaer P, Galy V, Hannak E, Mattaj IW. 2002. Ran GTPase cycle and importins alpha and beta are essential for spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly in living Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Mol. Biol. Cell 13:4355-70
7. Bai SW, Rouquette J, Umeda M, Faigle W, Loew D, et al. 2004. The fission yeast Nup 107-120 complex functionally interacts with the small GTPase Ran/Spi 1 and is required for mRNA export, nuclear pore distribution, and proper cell division. Mol. Cell Biol. 24:6379-92
8. Bamba C, Bobinnec Y, Fukuda M, Nishida E. 2002. The GTPase Ran regulates chromosome positioning and nuclear envelope assembly in vivo. Curr. Biol. 12:503-7
9. Bayliss R, Littlewood T, Stewart M. 2000. Structural basis for the interaction between FxFG nucleoporin repeats and importin-beta in nuclear trafficking. Cell 102:99-108
10. Bayliss R, Littlewood T, Strawn LA, Wente SR, Stewart M. 2002. GLFG and FxFG nucleoporins bind to overlapping sites on importin-beta. J. Biol. Cbem. 277:50597-606
11. Beaudouin J, Gerlich D, Daigle N, Eils R, Ellenberg J. 2002. Nuclear envelope breakdown proceeds by microtubule-induced tearing of the lamina. Cell 108:83-96
12. Beck M, Forster F, Ecke M, Plitzko JM, Melchior F, et al. 2004. Nuclear pore complex structure and dynamics revealed by cryoelectron tomography. Science 306:1387-90
13. Becskei A, Mattaj IW. 2003. The strategy for coupling the RanGTP gradient to nuclear protein export. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:1717-22
14. Belgareh N, Rabut G, Bai SW, van Overbeek M, Beaudouin J, et al. 2001. An evolutionarily conserved NPC subcomplex, which redistributes in part to kinetochores in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 154:1147-60
15. Ben-Efraim I, Gerace L. 2001. Gradient of increasing affinity of importin beta for nucleoporins along the pathway of nuclear import. J. Cell Biol. 152:411-17
16. Bernad R, van der Velde H, Fornerod M, Pickersgill H. 2004. Nup358/RanBP2 attaches to the nuclear pore complex via association with Nup88 and Nup214/CAN and plays a supporting role in CRM1-mediated nuclear protein export. Mol. Cell Biol. 24:2373-84
17. Bilbao-Cortes D, Hetzer M, Langst G, Becker PB, Mattaj IW. 2002. Ran binds to chromatin by two distinct mechanisms. Curr. Biol. 12:1151-56
18. Bischoff FR, Ponstingl H. 1991. Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange on Ran by the mitotic regulator RCC1. Nature 354:80-82
19. Bodoor K, Shaikh S, Salina D, Raharjo WH, Bastos R, et al. 1999. Sequential recruitment of NPC proteins to the nuclear periphery at the end of mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 112(Pt. 13):2253-64
20. Boehmer T, Enninga J, Dales S, Blobel G, Zhong H. 2003. Depletion of a single nucleoporin, Nup107, prevents the assembly of a subset of nucleoporins into the nuclear pore complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:981-85
21. Brizzio V, Khalfan W, Huddler D, Beh CT, Andersen SS, et al. 1999. Genetic interactions between KAR7/SEC71, KAR8/JEM1, KAR5, and KAR2 during nuclear fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:609-26
22. Burke B. 2001. The nuclear envelope: filling in gaps. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:E273-74
23. Burke B, Ellenberg J. 2002. Remodelling the walls of the nucleus. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3:487-97
24. Burke B, Gerace L. 1986. A cell free system to study reassembly of the nuclear envelope at the end of mitosis. Cell 44:639-52
25. Burke B, Stewart CL. 2002. Life at the edge: the nuclear envelope and human disease. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:575-85
26. Byrne RD, Barona TM, Garnier M, Koster G, Katan M, et al. 2004. Nuclear envelope assembly is promoted by phosphoinositide-specific PLC with selective recruitment of phosphatidylinositol enriched membranes. Biochem. J. 387:393-400
27. Callan HG, Tomlin SG. 1950. Experimental studies on amphibian oocyte nuclei. I. Investigation of the structure of the nuclear membrane by means of the electron microscope. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 137:367-78
28. Campbell MS, Chan GK, Yen TJ. 2001. Mitotic checkpoint proteins HsMAD1 and HsMAD2 are associated with nuclear pore complexes in interphase. J. Cell Sci. 114:953-63
29. Carazo-Salas RE, Gruss OJ, Mattaj IW, Karsenti E. 2001. Ran-GTP coordinates regulation of microtubule nucleation and dynamics during mitotic-spindle assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:228-34
30. Chaudhary N, Courvalin JC. 1993. Stepwise reassembly of the nuclear envelope at the end of mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 122:295-306
31. Chial HJ, Rout MP, Giddings TH, Winey M. 1998. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ndc1 p is a shared component of nuclear pore complexes and spindle pole bodies. J. Cell Biol. 143:1789-800
32. Cohen M, Feinstein N, Wilson KL, Gruenbaum Y. 2003. Nuclear pore protein gp210 is essential for viability in HeLa cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:4230-37
33. Collas I, Courvalin JC. 2000. Sorting nuclear membrane proteins at mitosis. Trends Cell Biol. 10:5-8
34. Collas P, Courvalin JC, Poccia D. 1996. Targeting of membranes to sea urchin sperm chromatin is mediated by a lamin B receptor-like integral membrane protein. J. Cell Biol. 135:1715-25
35. Collas P, Poccia D. 1996a. Distinct egg membrane vesicles differing in binding and fusion properties contribute to sea urchin male pronuclear envelopes formed in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 109(Pt. 6):1275-83
36. Collas P, Poccia D. 1998. Methods for studying in vitro assembly of male pronuclei using oocyte extracts from marine invertebrates: sea urchins and surf clams. Methods Cell Biol. 53:417-52
37. Collas P, Poccia D. 2000. Membrane fusion events during nuclear envelope assembly. Subcell. Biochem. 34:273-302
38. Courvalin JC, Segil N, Blobel G, Worman HJ. 1992. The lamin B receptor of the inner nuclear membrane undergoes mitosis-specific phosphorylation and is a substrate for p34cdc2-type protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 267:19035-38
39. Cronshaw JM, Krutchinsky AN, Zhang W, Chait BT, Matunis MJ. 2002. Proteomic analysis of the mammalian nuclear pore complex. J. Cell Biol. 158:915-27
40. Cronshaw JM, Matunis MJ. 2003. The nuclear pore complex protein ALADIN is mislocalized in triple A syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:5823-27
41. Dabauvalle MC, Loos K, Merkert H, Scheer U. 1991. Spontaneous assembly of pore complex-containing membranes ("annulate lamellae") in Xenopus egg extract in the absence of chromatin. J. Cell Biol. 112:1073-82
42. Daigle N, Beaudouin J, Hartnell L, Imreh G, Hallberg E, et al. 2001. Nuclear pore complexes form immobile networks and have a very low turnover in live mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 154:71-84
43. Danker T, Oberleithner H. 2000. Nuclear pore function viewed with atomic force microscopy. Pflugers Arch. 439:671-81
44. Dasso M. 2002. The Ran GTPase: theme and variations. Curr: Biol. 12:R502-8
45. Dechat T, Gajewski A, Korbei B, Gerlich D, Daigle N, et al. 2004. LAP2α and BAF transiently localize to telomeres and specific regions on chromarin during nuclear assembly. J. Cell Sci. 117:6117-28
46. Delphin C, Guan T, Melchior F, Gerace L. 1997. RanGTP targets p97 to RanBP2, a filamentous protein localized at the cytoplasmic periphery of the nuclear pore complex. Mol. Biol. Cell 8:2379-90
47. Denning DP, Patel SS, Uversky V, Fink AL, Rexach M. 2003. Disorder in the nuclear pore complex: the FG repeat regions of nucleoporins are natively unfolded. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:2450-55
48. De Souza CP, Osmani AH, Hashmi SB, Osmani SA. 2004. Partial nuclear pore complex disassembly during closed mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans. Curr: Biol. 14:1973-84
49. Devos D, Dokudovskaya S, Alber F, Williams R, Chait BT, et al. 2004. Components of coated vesicles and nuclear pore complexes share a common molecular architecture. PLoS Biol. 2:e380
50. Dilworth DJ, Suprapto A, Padovan JC, Chait BT, Wozniak RW, et al. 2001. Nup2p dynamically associates with the distal regions of the yeast nuclear pore complex. J. Cell Biol. 153:1465-78
51. Doye V, Hurt E. 1997. From nucleoporins to nuclear pore complexes. Curr: Opin. Cell Biol. 9:401-11
52. Dreger M, Bengtsson L, Schoneberg T, Otto H, Hucho F. 2001. Nuclear envelope proteomics: novel integral membrane proteins of the inner nuclear membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11943-48
53. Dreier L, Rapoport TA. 2000. In vitro formation of the endoplasmic reticulum occurs independently of microtubules by a controlled fusion reaction. J. Cell Biol. 148:883-98
54. Drummond S, Ferrigno P, Lyon C, Murphy J, Goldberg M, et al. 1999. Temporal differences in the appearance of NEP-B78 and an LBR-like protein during Xenopus nuclear envelope reassembly reflect the ordered recruitment of functionally discrete vesicle types. J. Cell Biol. 144:225-40
55. Drummond SP, Wilson KL. 2002. Interference with the cytoplasmic tail of gp210 disrupts "close apposition" of nuclear membranes and blocks nuclear pore dilation. J. Cell Biol. 158:53-62
56. Ellenberg J, Siggia ED, Moreira JE, Smith CL, Presley JF, et al. 1997. Nuclear membrane dynamics and reassembly in living cells: targeting of an inner nuclear membrane protein in interphase and mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 138:1193-206
57. Englmeier L, Olivo JC, Mattaj IW. 1999. Receptor-mediated substrate translocation through the nuclear pore complex without nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis. Curr. Biol. 9:30-41
58. Enninga J, Levay A, Fontoura BM. 2003. Sec 13 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and stably interacts with Nup96 at the nuclear pore complex. Mol. Cell Biol. 23:7271-84
59. Enoch T, Peter M, Nurse P, Nigg EA. 1991. p34cdc2 acts as a lamin kinase in fission yeast. J. Cell Biol. 112:797-807
60. Fahrenkrog B, Aris JP, Hurt EC, Pante N, Aebi U. 2000. Comparative spatial localization of protein-A-tagged and authentic yeast nuclear pore complex proteins by immunogold electron microscopy. J. Struct. Biol. 129:295-305
61. Favreau C, Bastos R, Cartaud J, Courvalin JC, Mustonen P. 2001. Biochemical characterization of nuclear pore complex protein gp210 oligomers. Eur. J. Biochem. 268:3883-89
62. Fischer-Vize JA, Mosley KL. 1994. Marbles mutants: uncoupling cell determination and nuclear migration in the developing Drosophila eye. Development 120:2609-18
63. Fontoura BM, Blobel G, Matunis MJ. 1999. A conserved biogenesis pathway for nucleoporins: proteolytic processing of a 186-kilodalton precursor generates Nup98 and the novel nucleoporin, Nup96. J. Cell Biol. 144:1097-112
64. Forbes DJ, Kirschner MW, Newport JW. 1983. Spontaneous formation of nucleus-like structures around bacteriophage DNA microinjected into Xenopus eggs. Cell 34:13-23
65. Franke WW, Scheer U, Krohne G, Jarasch ED. 1981. The nuclear envelope and the architecture of the nuclear periphery. J. Cell Biol. 91:839-50
66. Fridkin A, Mills E, Margalit A, Neufeld E, Lee KK, et al. 2004. Matefin, a Caenorhabditis elegans germ line-specific SUN-domain nuclear membrane protein, is essential for early embryonic and germ cell development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:6987-92
67. Frosst P, Guan T, Subauste C, Hahn K, Gerace L. 2002. Tpr is localized within the nuclear basket of the pore complex and has a role in nuclear protein export. J. Cell Biol. 156:617-30
68. Furukawa K, Hotta Y. 1993. cDNA cloning of a germ cell specific lamin B3 from mouse spermatocytes and analysis of its function by ectopic expression in somatic cells. EMBO J. 12:97-106
69. Gartenberg MR, Neumann FR, Laroche T, Blaszczyk M, Gasser SM. 2004. Sir-mediated repression can occur independently of chromosomal and subnuclear contexts. Cell 119:955-67
70. Gerace L, Burke B. 1988. Functional organization of the nuclear envelope. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4:335-74
71. Goldberg MW, Allen TD. 1993. The nuclear pore complex: three-dimensional surface structure revealed by field emission, in-lens scanning electron microscopy, with underlying structure uncovered by proteolysis. J. Cell Sci. 106(Pt. 1):261-74
72. Goldberg MW, Wiese C, Allen TD, Wilson KL. 1997. Dimples, pores, star-rings, and thin rings on growing nuclear envelopes: evidence for structural intermediates in nuclear pore complex assembly. J. Cell Sci. 110(Pt. 4):409-20
73. Gorlich D, Kutay U. 1999. Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15:607-60
74. Gorlich D, Seewald MJ, Ribbeck K. 2003. Characterization of Ran-driven cargo transport and the RanGTPase system by kinetic measurements and computer simulation. EMBO J. 22:1088-100
75. Greber UF, Senior A, Gerace L. 1990. A major glycoprotein of the nuclear pore complex is a membrane-spanning polypeptide with a large lumenal domain and a small cytoplasmic tail. EMBO J. 9:1495-502
76. Griffis ER, Xu S, Powers MA. 2003. Nup98 localizes to both nuclear and cytoplasmic sides of the nuclear pore and binds to two distinct nucleoporin subcomplexes. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:600-10
77. Gruenbaum Y, Margalit A, Goldman RD, Shumaker DK, Wilson KL. 2005. The nuclear lamina comes of age. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:21-31
78. Hachet V, Kocher T, Wilm M, Mattaj IW. 2004. Importin alpha associates with membranes and participates in nuclear envelope assembly in vitro. EMBO J. 23:1526-35
79. Hallberg E, Wozniak RW, Blobel G. 1993. An integral membrane protein of the pore membrane domain of the nuclear envelope contains a nucleoporin-like region. J. Cell Biol. 122:513-21
80. Haraguchi T, Koujin T, Hayakawa T, Kaneda T, Tsutsumi C, et al. 2000. Live fluorescence imaging reveals early recruitment of emerin, LBR, RanBP2, and Nup153 to reforming functional nuclear envelopes. J. Cell Sci. 113(Pt. 5):779-94
81. Harel A, Chan RC, Lachish-Zalait A, Zimmerman E, Elbaum M, Forbes DJ. 2003 a. Importin beta negatively regulates nuclear membrane fusion and nuclear pore complex assembly. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:4387-96
82. Harel A, Forbes DJ. 2004. Importin beta: conducting a much larger cellular symphony. Mol. Cell 16:319-30
83. Harel A, Orjalo AV, Vincent T, Lachish-Zalait A, Vasu S, et al. 2003b. Removal of a single pore subcomplex results in vertebrate nuclei devoid of nuclear pores. Mol. Cell 11:853-64
84. Hetzer M, Bilbao-Cortes D, Walther TC, Gruss OJ, Mattaj IW. 2000. GTP hydrolysis by Ran is required for nuclear envelope assembly. Mol. Cell 5:1013-24
85. Hetzer M, Gruss OJ, Mattaj IW. 2002. The Ran GTPase as a marker of chromosome position in spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:E177-84
86. Hetzer M, Meyer HH, Walther TC, Bilbao-Cortes D, Warren G, Mattaj IW. 2001. Distinct AAA-ATPase p97 complexes function in discrete steps of nuclear assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:1086-91
87. Hinkle B, Rolls MM, Stein P, Rapoport T, Terasaki M. 2000. Ran is associated with chromosomes during starfish oocyte meiosis and embryonic mitoses. Zygote 8(Suppl. 1):S91
88. Hinkle B, Slepchenko B, Rolls MM, Walther TC, Stein PA, et al. 2002. Chromosomal association of Ran during meiotic and mitotic divisions. J. Cell Sci. 115:4685-93
89. Hinshaw JE. 2000. Dynamin and its role in membrane fission. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16:483-519
90. Hinshaw JE, Milligan RA. 2003. Nuclear pore complexes exceeding eightfold rotational symmetry. J. Struct. Biol. 141:259-68
91. Holaska JM, Lee KK, Kowalski AK, Wilson KL. 2003. Transcriptional repressor germ cell-less (GCL) and barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) compete for binding to emerin in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 278:6969-75
92. Holmer L, Worman HJ. 2001. Inner nuclear membrane proteins: functions and targeting. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 58:1741-47
93. Huang L, Baldwin MA, Maltby DA, Medzihradszky KF, Baker PR, et al. 2002. The identification of protein-protein interactions of the nuclear pore complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using high throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Mol. Cell Proteomics 1:434-50
94. Hutchison CJ, Alvarez-Reyes M, Vaughan OA. 2001. Lamins in disease: why do ubiquitously expressed nuclear envelope proteins give rise to tissue-specific disease phenotypes? J. Cell Sci. 114:9-19
95. Imai S, Nishibayashi S, Takao K, Tomifuji M, Fujino T, et al. 1997. Dissociation of Oct-1 from the nuclear peripheral structure induces the cellular aging-associated collagenase gene expression. Mol. Biol. Cell 8:2407-19
96. Iouk T, Kerscher O, Scott RJ, Basrai MA, Wozniak RW. 2002. The yeast nuclear pore complex functionally interacts with components of the spindle assembly checkpoint. J. Cell Biol. 159:807-19
97. Iovine MK, Watkins JL, Wente SR. 1995. The GLFG repetitive region of the nucleoporin Nup116p interacts with Kap95p, an essential yeast nuclear import factor. J. Cell Biol. 131:1699-713
98. Ishii K, Arib G, Lin C, Van Houwe G, Laemmli UK. 2002. Chromatin boundaries in budding yeast: the nuclear pore connection. Cell 109:551-62
99. Jahn R, Grubmuller H. 2002. Membrane fusion. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14:488-95
100. Jakel S, Mingot JM, Schwarzmaier P, Hartmann E, Gorlich D. 2002. Importins fulfill a dual function as nuclear import receptors and cytoplasmic chaperones for exposed basic domains. EMBO J. 21:377-86
101. Joseph J, Liu ST, Jablonski SA, Yen TJ, Dasso M. 2004. The RanGAP1-RanBP2 complex is essential for microtubule-kinetochore interactions in vivo. Curr. Biol. 14:611-17
102. Joseph J, Tan SH, Karpova TS, McNally JG, Dasso M. 2002. SUMO-1 targets RanGAP1 to kinetochores and mitotic spindles. J. Cell Biol. 156:595-602
103. Kalab P, Pu RT, Dasso M. 1999. The ran GTPase regulates mitotic spindle assembly. Curr. Biol. 9:481-84
104. Kalab P, Weis K, Heald R. 2002. Visualization of a Ran-GTP gradient in interphase and mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. Science 295:2452-56
105. Kau TR, Way JC, Silver PA. 2004. Nuclear transport and cancer: from mechanism to intervention. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4:106-17
106. Kessel RG. 1992. Annulate lamellae: a last frontier in cellular organelles. Int. Rev. Cytol. 133:43-120
107. Kimura T, Ito C, Watanabe S, Takahashi T, Ikawa M, et al. 2003. Mouse germ cell-less as an essential component for nuclear integrity. Mol. Cell Biol. 23:1304-15
108. Kiseleva E, Allen TD, Rutherford S, Bucci M, Wente SR, Goldberg MW. 2004. Yeast nuclear pore complexes have a cytoplasmic ring and internal filaments. J. Struct. Biol. 145:272-88
109. Kiseleva E, Rutherford S, Cotter LM, Allen TD, Goldberg MW. 2001. Steps of nuclear pore complex disassembly and reassembly during mitosis in early Drosophila embryos. J. Cell Sci. 114:3607-18
110. Krull S, Thyberg J, Bjorkroth B, Rackwitz HR, Cordes VC. 2004. Nucleoporins as components of the nuclear pore complex core structure and tpr as the architectural element of the nuclear basket. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:4261-77
111. Kubitscheck U, Grunwald D, Hoekstra A, Rohleder D, Kues T, et al. 2005. Nuclear transport of single molecules: dwell times at the nuclear pore complex. J. Cell Biol. 168:233-43
112. Kurihara LJ, Beh CT, Latterich M, Schekman R, Rose MD. 1994. Nuclear congression and membrane fusion: two distinct events in the yeast karyogamy pathway. J. Cell Biol. 126:911-23
113. Larijani B, Barona TM, Poccia DL. 2001. Role for phosphatidylinositol in nuclear envelope formation. Biochem. J. 356:495-501
114. Latterich M, Frohlich KU, Schekman R. 1995. Membrane fusion and the cell cycle: Cdc48p participates in the fusion of ER membranes. Cell 82:885-93
115. Latterich M, Schekman R. 1994. The karyogamy gene KAR2 and novel proteins are required for ER-membrane fusion. Cell 78:87-98
116. Lau CK, Giddings TH Jr, Winey M. 2004. A novel allele of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NDC1 reveals a potential role for the spindle pole body component Ndc1p in nuclear pore assembly. Eukaryot. Cell 3:447-58
117. Lee KK, Starr D, Cohen M, Liu J, Han M, et al. 2002. Lamin-dependent localization of UNC-84, a protein required for nuclear migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol. Biol. Cell 13:892-901
118. Lee MC, Miller EA, Goldberg J, Orci L, Schekman R. 2004. Bi-directional protein transport between the ER and Golgi. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20:87-123
119. Lemaitre JM, Geraud G, Mechali M. 1998. Dynamics of the genome during early Xenopus laevis development: karyomeres as independent units of replication. J. Cell Biol. 142:1159-66
120. Lenart P, Rabut G, Daigle N, Hand AR, Terasaki M, Ellenberg J. 2003. Nuclear envelope breakdown in starfish oocytes proceeds by partial NPC disassembly followed by a rapidly spreading fenestration of nuclear membranes. J. Cell Biol. 160:1055-68
121. Liu J, Lee KK, Segura-Totten M, Neufeld E, Wilson KL, Gruenbaum Y. 2003a. MAN1 and emerin have overlapping function(s) essential for chromosome segregation and cell division in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:4598-603
122. Liu J, Prunuske AJ, Fager AM, Ullman KS. 2003b. The COPI complex functions in nuclear envelope breakdown and is recruited by the nucleoporin Nup153. Dev. Cell 5:487-98
123. Lohka MJ, Masui Y. 1983. Formation in vitro of sperm pronuclei and mitotic chromosomes induced by amphibian ooplasmic components. Science 220:719-21
124. Loiodice I, Alves A, Rabut G, VanOverbeek M, Ellenberg J, et al. 2004. The entire Nup107-160 complex, including three new members, is targeted as one entity to kinetochores in mitosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:3333-44
125. Luo K, Vega-Palas MA, Grunstein M. 2002. Rap1-Sir4 binding independent of other Sir, yKu, or histone interactions initiates the assembly of telomeric heterochromatin in yeast. Genes Dev. 16:1528-39
126. Lusk CP, Makhnevych T, Marelli M, Aitchison JD, Wozniak RW. 2002. Karyopherins in nuclear pore biogenesis: a role for Kap121p in the assembly of Nup53p into nuclear pore complexes. J. Cell Biol. 159:267-78
127. Lutzmann M, Kunze R, Buerer A, Aebi U, Hurt E. 2002. Modular self-assembly of a Y-shaped multiprotein complex from seven nucleoporins. EMBO J. 21:387-97
128. Macaulay C, Forbes DJ. 1996. Assembly of the nuclear pore: biochemically distinct steps revealed with NEM, GTP gamma S, and BAPTA. J. Cell Biol. 132:5-20
129. Macaulay C, Meier E, Forbes DJ. 1995. Differential mitotic phosphorylation of proteins of the nuclear pore complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270:254-62
130. Makhnevych T, Lusk CP, Anderson AM, Aitchison JD, Wozniak RW. 2003. Cell cycle regulated transport controlled by alterations in the nuclear pore complex. Cell 115:813-23
131. Malone CJ, Misner L, Le Bot N, Tsai MC, Campbell JM, et al. 2003. The C. elegans hook protein, ZYG-12, mediates the essential attachment between the centrosome and nucleus. Cell 115:825-36
132. Mans BJ, Anantharaman V, Aravind L, Koonin EV. 2004. Comparative genomics, evolution and origins of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex. Cell Cycle 3:1612-37
133. Maraldi NM, Lattanzi G, Sabatelli P, Ognibene A, Squarzoni S. 2002. Functional domains of the nucleus: implications for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul. Disord. 12:815-23
134. Marelli M, Lusk CP, Chan H, Aitchison JD, Wozniak RW. 2001. A link between the synthesis of nucleoporins and the biogenesis of the nuclear envelope. J. Cell Biol. 153:709-24
135. Markiewicz E, Dechat T, Foisner R, Quinlan RA, Hutchison CJ. 2002. Lamin A/C binding protein LAP2 alpha is required for nuclear anchorage of retinoblastoma protein. Mol. Biol. Cell 13:4401-13
136. Mattaj IW. 2004. Sorting out the nuclear envelope from the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:65-69
137. Mattaj IW, Englmeier L. 1998. Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the soluble phase. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:265-306
138. Maul GG. 1977. Nuclear pore complexes. Elimination and reconstruction during mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 74:492-500
139. Maul GG, Maul HM, Scogna JE, Lieberman MW, Stein GS, et al. 1972. Time sequence of nuclear pore formation in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes and in HeLa cells during the cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 55:433-47
140. Maul GG, Price JW, Lieberman MW. 1971. Formation and distribution of nuclear pore complexes in interphase. J. Cell Biol. 51:405-18
141. Meier E, Miller BR, Forbes DJ. 1995. Nuclear pore complex assembly studied with a biochemical assay for annulate lamellae formation. J. Cell Biol. 129:1459-72
142. Mislow JM, Holaska JM, Kim MS, Lee KK, Segura-Totten M, et al. 2002a. Nesprin-1 alpha self-associates and binds directly to emerin and lamin A in vitro. FEBS Lett. 525:135-40
143. Mislow JM, Kim MS, Davis DB, McNally EM. 2002b. Myne-1, a spectrin repeat transmembrane protein of the myocyte inner nuclear membrane, interacts with lamin A/C. J. Cell Sci. 115:61-70
144. Miyachi K, Hirano Y, Horigome T, Mimori T, Miyakawa H, et al. 2004. Autoantibodies from primary biliary cirrhosis patients with anti-p95c antibodies bind to recombinant p97/VCP and inhibit in vitro nuclear envelope assembly. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 136:568-73
145. Mounkes L, Kozlov S, Burke B, Stewart CL. 2003. The laminopathies: nuclear structure meets disease. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 13:223-30
146. Mutvei A, Dihlmann S, Herth W, Hurt EC. 1992. NSP1 depletion in yeast affects nuclear pore formation and nuclear accumulation. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 59:280-95
147. Nachury MV, Weis K. 1999. The direction of transport through the nuclear pore can be inverted. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:9622-27
148. Nanduri J, Mitra S, Andrei C, Liu Y, Yu Y, et al. 1999. An unexpected link between the secretory path and the organization of the nucleus. J. Biol. Chem. 274:33785-89
149. Nehrbass U, Fabre E, Dihlmann S, Herth W, Hurt EC. 1993. Analysis of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport in a thermosensitive mutant of nuclear pore protein NSP1. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 62:1-12
150. Nemergut ME, Mizzen CA, Stukenberg T, Allis CD, Macara IG. 2001. Chromatin docking and exchange activity enhancement of RCC1 by histones H2A and H2B. Science 292:1540-43
151. Newport J, Dunphy W. 1992. Characterization of the membrane binding and fusion events during nuclear envelope assembly using purified components. J. Cell Biol. 116:295-306
152. Newport JW, Forbes DJ. 1987. The nucleus: structure, function, and dynamics. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:535-65
153. Newport JW, Wilson KL, Dunphy WG. 1990. A lamin-independent pathway for nuclear envelope assembly. J. Cell Biol. 111:2247-59
154. Ohtsubo M, Okazaki H, Nishimoto T. 1989. The RCC1 protein, a regulator for the onset of chromosome condensation locates in the nucleus and binds to DNA. J. Cell Biol. 109:1389-97
155. Olsson M, Scheele S, Ekblom P. 2004. Limited expression of nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210 in cell lines and tissues suggests cell-type specific nuclear pores in metazoans. Exp. Cell Res. 292:359-70
156. Onischenko EA, Gubanova NV, Kieselbach T, Kiseleva EV, Hallberg E. 2004. Annulate lamellae play only a minor role in the storage of excess nucleoporins in Drosophila embryos. Traffic 5:152-64
157. Osada S, Ohmori SY, Taira M. 2003. XMAN1, an inner nuclear membrane protein, antagonizes BMP signaling by interacting with Smad1 in Xenopus embryos. Development 130:1783-94
158. Padmakumar VC, Abraham S, Braune S, Noegel AA, Tunggal B, et al. 2004. Enaptin, a giant actin-binding protein, is an element of the nuclear membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Exp. Cell Res. 295:330-39
159. Patterson K, Molofsky AB, Robinson C, Acosta S, Cater C, Fischer JA. 2004. The functions of Klarsicht and nuclear lamin in developmentally regulated nuclear migrations of photoreceptor cells in the Drosophila eye. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:600-10
160. Peter M, Nakagawa J, Doree M, Labbe JC, Nigg EA. 1990. In vitro disassembly of the nuclear lamina and M phase-specific phosphorylation of lamins by cdc2 kinase. Cell 61:591-602
161. Prufert K, Vogel A, Krohne G. 2004. The lamin CxxM motif promotes nuclear membrane growth. J. Cell Sci. 117:6105-16
162. Pyrpasopoulou A, Meier J, Maison C, Simos G, Georgatos SD. 1996. The lamin B receptor (LBR) provides essential chromatin docking sites at the nuclear envelope. EMBO J. 15:7108-19
163. Rabut G, Doye V, Ellenberg J. 2004. Mapping the dynamic organization of the nuclear pore complex inside single living cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 6:1114-21
164. Reichelt R, Holzenburg A, Buhle EL Jr, Jarnik M, Engel A, Aebi U. 1990. Correlation between structure and mass distribution of the nuclear pore complex and of distinct pore complex components. J. Cell Biol. 110:883-94
165. Ribbeck K, Gorlich D. 2002. The permeability barrier of nuclear pore complexes appears to operate via hydrophobic exclusion. EMBO J. 21:2664-71
166. Ribbeck K, Kutay U, Paraskeva E, Gorlich D. 1999. The translocation of transportin-cargo complexes through nuclear pores is independent of both Ran and energy. Curr. Biol. 9:47-50
167. Roos UP. 1973. Light and electron microscopy of rat kangaroo cells in mitosis. II. Kinetochore structure and function. Chromosoma 41:195-220
168. Rose M. 1996. Nuclear fusion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 12:663-95
169. Rout MP, Aitchison JD. 2001. The nuclear pore complex as a transport machine. J. Biol. Chem. 276:16593-96
170. Rout MP, Aitchison JD, Magnasco MO, Chait BT. 2003. Virtual gating and nuclear transport: the hole picture. Trends Cell Biol. 13:622-28
171. Rout MP, Aitchison JD, Suprapto A, Hjertaas K, Zhao Y, Chait BT. 2000. The yeast nuclear pore complex: composition, architecture, and transport mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 148:635-51
172. Rout MP, Blobel G. 1993. Isolation of the yeast nuclear pore complex. J. Cell Biol. 123:771-83
173. Roy R, Meier B, McAinsh AD, Feldmann HM, Jackson SP. 2004. Separation-of-function mutants of yeast Ku80 reveal a Yku80p-Sir4p interaction involved in telomeric silencing. J. Biol. Chem. 279:86-94
174. Ryan KJ, McCafferyJM, Wente SR. 2003. The Ran GTPase cycle is required for yeast nuclear pore complex assembly. J. Cell Biol. 160:1041-53
175. Ryan KJ, Wente SR. 2002. Isolation and characterization of new Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants perturbed in nuclear pore complex assembly. BMC Genet. 3:17
176. Saitoh H, Sparrow DB, Shiomi T, Pu RT, Nishimoto T, et al. 1998. Ubc9p and the conjugation of SUMO-1 to RanGAP1 and RanBP2. Curr. Biol. 8:121-24
177. Salina D, Bodoor K, Ecldey DM, Schroer TA, Rattner JB, Burke B. 2002. Cytoplasmic dynein as a facilitator of nuclear envelope breakdown. Cell 108:97-107
178. Salina D, Enarson P, Rattner JB, Burke B. 2003. Nup358 integrates nuclear envelope breakdown with kinetochore assembly. J. Cell Biol. 162:991-1001
179. Sasagawa S, Yamamoto A, Ichimura T, Omata S, Horigome T. 1999. In vitro nuclear assembly with affinity-purified nuclear envelope precursor vesicle fractions, PV1 and PV2. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78:593-600
180. Schirmer EC, Florens L, Guan T, Yates JR 3rd, Gerace L. 2003. Nuclear membrane proteins with potential disease links found by subtractive proteomics. Science 301:1380-82
181. Sheehan MA, Mills AD, Sleeman AM, Laskey RA, Blow JJ. 1988. Steps in the assembly of replication-competent nuclei in a cell-free system from Xenopus eggs. J. Cell Biol. 106:1-12
182. Siniossoglou S, Lutzmann M, Santos-Rosa H, Leonard K, Mueller S, et al. 2000. Structure and assembly of the Nup84p complex. J. Cell Biol. 149:41-54
183. Siniossoglou S, Santos-Rosa H, Rappsilber J, Mann M, Hurt E. 1998. A novel complex of membrane proteins required for formation of a spherical nucleus. EMBO J. 17:6449-64
184. Soderqvist H, Hallberg E. 1994. The large C-terminal region of the integral pore membrane protein, POM121, is facing the nuclear pore complex. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 64:186-91
185. Spann TP, Goldman AE, Wang C, Huang S, Goldman RD. 2002. Alteration of nuclear lamin organization inhibits RNApolymerase II-dependent transcription. J. Cell Biol. 156:603-8
186. Starr DA, Han M. 2002. Role of ANC-1 in tethering nuclei to the actin cytoskeleton. Science 298:406-9
187. Steen RL, Collas P. 2001. Mistargeting of B-type lamins at the end of mitosis: implications on cell survival and regulation of lamins A/C expression. J. Cell Biol. 153:621-26
188. Stoffler D, Feja B, Fahrenkrog B, Walz J, Typke D, Aebi U. 2003. Cryo-electron tomography provides novel insights into nuclear pore architecture: implications for nucleocytoplasmic transport. J. Mol. Biol. 328:119-30
189. Stoffler D, Goldie KN, Feja B, Aebi U. 1999. Calcium-mediated structural changes of native nuclear pore complexes monitored by time-lapse atomic force microscopy. J. Mol. Biol. 287:741-52
190. Strambio-de-Castillia C, Blobel G, Rout MP. 1999. Proteins connecting the nuclear pore complex with the nuclear interior. J. Cell Biol. 144:839-55
191. Strawn LA, Shen T, Shulga N, Goldfarb DS, Wente SR. 2004. Minimal nuclear pore complexes define FG repeat domains essential for transport. Nat. Cell Biol. 6:197-206
192. Sullivan T, Escalante-Alcalde D, Bhatt H, Anver M, Bhat N, et al. 1999. Loss of A-type lamin expression compromises nuclear envelope integrity leading to muscular dystrophy. J. Cell Biol. 147:913-20
193. Suntharalingam M, Wente SR. 2003. Peering through the pore: nuclear pore complex structure, assembly, and function. Dev. Cell 4:775-89
194. Taddei A, Hediger F, Neumann FR, Bauer C, Gasser SM. 2004a. Separation of silencing from perinuclear anchoring functions in yeast Ku80, Sir4 and Esc1 proteins. EMBO J. 23:1301-12
195. Taddei A, Hediger F, Neumann FR, Gasser SM. 2004b. The function of nuclear architecture: a genetic approach. Annu. Rev. Genet. 38:305-45
196. Tcheperegine SE, Marelli M, Wozniak RW. 1999. Topology and functional domains of the yeast pore membrane protein Pom152p. J. Biol. Chem. 274:5252-58
197. Thomas JH, Botstein D. 1986. A gene required for the separation of chromosomes on the spindle apparatus in yeast. Cell 44:65-76
198. Ulitzur N, Harel A, Goldberg M, Feinstein N, Gruenbaum Y. 1997. Nuclear membrane vesicle targeting to chromatin in a Drosophila embryo cell-free system. Mol. Biol. Cell 8:1439-48
199. Vasu S, Shah S, Orjalo A, Park M, Fischer WH, Forbes DJ. 2001. Novel vertebrate nucleoporins Nup133 and Nup100 play a role in mRNA export. J. Cell Biol. 155:339-54
200. Vasu SK, Forbes DJ. 2001. Nuclear pores and nuclear assembly. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13:363-75
201. Vigers GP, Lohka MJ. 1991. A distinct vesicle population targets membranes and pore complexes to the nuclear envelope in Xenopus eggs. J. Cell Biol. 112:545-56
202. Walther TC, Alves A, Pickersgill H, Loiodice I, Hetzer M, et al. 2003a. The conserved Nup107-160 complex is critical for nuclear pore complex assembly. Cell 113:195-206
203. Walther TC, Askjaer P, Gentzel M, Habermann A, Griffiths G, et al. 2003b. RanGTP mediates nuclear pore complex assembly. Nature 424:689-94
204. Walther TC, Pickersgill HS, Cordes VC, Goldberg MW, Allen TD, et al. 2002. The cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex are dispensable for selective nuclear protein import. J. Cell Biol. 158:63-77
205. Weirich CS, Erzberger JP, Berger JM, Weis K. 2004. The N-terminal domain of Nup159 forms a beta-propeller that functions in mRNA export by tethering the helicase Dbp5 to the nuclear pore. Mol. Cell 16:749-60
206. Weis K. 2002. Nucleocytoplasmic transport: cargo trafficking across the border. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14:328-35
207. Weis K. 2003. Regulating access to the genome: nucleocytoplasmic transport throughout the cell cycle. Cell 112:441-51
208. Wente SR. 2000. Gatekeepers of the nucleus. Science 288:1374-77
209. Wiese C, Goldberg MW, Allen TD, Wilson KL. 1997. Nuclear envelope assembly in Xenopus extracts visualized by scanning EM reveals a transport-dependent 'envelope smoothing' event. J. Cell Sci. 110(Pt. 13):1489-502
210. Wilson KL, Newport J. 1988. A trypsin-sensitive receptor on membrane vesicles is required for nuclear envelope formation in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 107:57-68
211. Winey M, Hoyt MA, Chan C, Goetsch L, Botstein D, Byers B. 1993. NDC1: a nuclear periphery component required for yeast spindle pole body duplication. J. Cell Biol. 122:743-51
212. Winey M, Yarar D, Giddings TH Jr, Mastronarde DN. 1997. Nuclear pore complex number and distribution throughout the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle by three-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of nuclear envelopes. Mol. Biol. Cell 8:2119-32
213. Woodman PG. 2003. p97, a protein coping with multiple identities. J. Cell Sci. 116:4283-90
214. Worman HJ, Courvalin JC. 2000. The inner nuclear membrane. J. Membr. Biol. 177:1-11
215. Worman HJ, Courvalin JC. 2004. How do mutations in lamins A and C cause disease? J. Clin. Invest. 113:349-51
216. Wozniak RW, Blobel G. 1992. The single transmembrane segment of gp210 is sufficient for sorting to the pore membrane domain of the nuclear envelope. J. Cell Biol. 119:1441-49
217. Wozniak RW, Lusk CP. 2003. Nuclear pore complexes. Curr. Biol. 13:R169
218. Yang L, Guan T, Gerace L. 1997. Integral membrane proteins of the nuclear envelope are dispersed throughout the endoplasmic reticulum during mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 137:1199-210
219. Yang Q, Rout MP, Akey CW. 1998. Three-dimensional architecture of the isolated yeast nuclear pore complex: functional and evolutionary implications. Mol. Cell 1:223-34
220. Yaseen NR, Blobel G. 1999. Two distinct classes of Ran-binding sites on the nucleoporin Nup-358. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5516-21
221. Yokoyama N, Hayashi N, Seid T, Pante N, Ohba T, et al. 1995. A giant nucleopore protein that binds Ran/TC4. Nature 376:184-88
222. Zabel U, Doye V, Tekotte H, Wepf R, Grandi P, Hurt EC. 1996. Nic96p is required for nuclear pore formation and functionally interacts with a novel nucleoporin, Nup188p. J. Cell Biol. 133:1141-52
223. Zatsepina OV, Poliakov V, Chentsov IuS. 1976. Electron-microscopic study of the nuclear membrane of the PKEV cells during mitosis. 1. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase). Tsitologiia 18:1299-304
224. Zeitler B, Weis K. 2004. The FG-repeat asymmetry of the nuclear pore complex is dispensable for bulk nucleocytoplasmic transport in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 167:583-90
225. Zeligs JD, Wollman SH. 1979. Mitosis in rat thyroid epithelial cells in vivo. I. Ultrastructural changes in cytoplasmic organelles during the mitotic cycle. J. Ultrastrua. Res. 66:53-77
226. Zhang C, Clarke PR. 2000. Chromatin-independent nuclear envelope assembly induced by Ran GTPase in Xenopus egg extracts. Science 288:1429-32
227. Zhang C, Clarke PR. 2001. Roles of Ran-GTP and Ran-GDP in precursor vesicle recruitment and fusion during nuclear envelope assembly in a human cell-free system. Curr. Biol. 11:208-12
228. Zhang Q, Ragnauth C, Greener MJ, Shanahan CM, Roberts RG. 2002. The nesprins are giant actin-binding proteins, orthologous to Drosophila melanogaster muscle protein MSP-300. Genomia 80:473-81
229. Zhang Q, Skepper JN, Yang F, Davies JD, Hegyi L, et al. 2001. Nesprins: a novel family of spectrin-repeat-containing proteins that localize to the nuclear membrane in multiple tissues. J. Cell Sci. 114:4485-98