Molecular and genetic mechanisms of obesity: Implications for future management

Current Molecular Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 325-340

  Liu, Yong Jun ^a   Araujo, Sonia ^a   Recker, Robert R ^a   Deng, Hong Wen ^a,b  

^a CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HUNAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERMEDIN DERIVATIVE; GALANIN; GALANIN RECEPTOR; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NEUROPEPTIDE Y RECEPTOR;

BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FUTUROLOGY; GENE INTERACTION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS FUNCTION; LIPOGENESIS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; POPULATION GENETICS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THERMOGENESIS; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY WEIGHT; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GENETIC MARKERS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; LEPTIN; MICE; OBESITY; PEPTIDES; PHENOTYPE; TEMPERATURE;

MUS MUSCULUS;

EID: 0038781739     PISSN: 15665240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1566524033479735     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M.D., Kuczmarski, R.J. and Johnson, C.L. (1998) Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 22, 39-47.
2. Spiegelman, B.M. and Flier, J.S. (2001) Cell, 104, 531-543.
3. Friedman, J.M. and Halaas, J.L. (1998) Nature, 395, 763-770
4. Rosen, E.D. and Spiegelman, B.M. (2000) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 16, 145-171.
5. Barsh, G.S., Farooqi, I.S. and O'Rahilly, S. (2000) Nature, 404, 644-651
6. Comuzzie, A. G. and Allison, D. B. (1998) Science, 280, 1374-1377.
7. Wang, D.G., Fan, J.B., Siao, C.J., Berno, A., Young, P., Sapolsky, R., Ghandour, G., Perkins, N., Winchester, E. and Spencer, J. (1998) Science, 280, 1077-1082.
8. Collier, G., Walder, K., De Silva, A., Tenne-Brown, J., Sanigorski, A., Segal, D., Kantham, L. and Augert, G. (2002) Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 967, 403-413.
9. Chiesi, M., Huppertz, C. and Hofbauer, K.G. (2001) Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 22, 247-254.
10. James, P.T., Leach, R., Kalamara, E. and Shayeghi, M. (2001) Obes. Res. Suppl., 4, 228S-233S.
11. Popkin, B.M. (2001) J. Nutr., 131, 871S-873S.
12. Taubes, G. (1998) Science, 280, 1367-1368.
13. Dietz, W.H. (1997) J. Nutr., 127, 1884S-1886S.
14. Livingstone, M.B. (2001) Public Health Nutr., 4, 109-16.
15. Hill, J.O. and Peters, J.C. (1998) Science, 280, 1371-1373.
16. Horton, T.J., Drougas, H., Brachey, A., Reed, G.W., Peters, J.C. and Hill, J.O. (1995) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 62, 19-29.
17. Astrup, A. (2001) Public Health Nutr., 4, 499-515.
18. Nesse, R.M. (2001) West J. Med., 174, 358-360.
19. Lev-Ran, A. (2001) Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 17, 347-362.
20. Eaton, S.B., Konner, M. and Shostak, M. (1988) Am. J. Med., 84, 739-749.
21. Wang, J.X., Davies, M.J. and Norman, R. (2002) Obes. Res., 10, 551-554.
22. Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L. and Friedman, J.M. (1994) Nature, 372, 425-432.
23. Tartaglia, L.A., Dembski, M., Weng, X., Deng, N., Culpepper, J., Devos, R., Richards, G.J., Campfield, L.A., Clark, F.T. and Deeds, J. (1995) Cell, 83, 1263-1271.
24. Wieland, H.A., Hamilton, B.S., Krist, B. and Doods, H.N. (2000) Expert Opin. Investig Drugs, 9, 1327-1346.
25. Palmiter, R.D., Erickson, J.C., Hollopeter, G., Baraban, S.C. and Schwartz, M.W. (1998) Recent Prog. Horm Res., 53, 163-199.
26. Erickson, J.C., Hollopeter, G. and Palmiter, R.D. (1996) Science, 274, 1704-1707.
27. Stephens, T.W., Basinski, M., Bristow, P.K., Bue-Valleskey, J.M., Burgett, S.G., Craft, L., Hale, J., Hoffmann, J., Hsiung, H.M. and Kriauciunas, A. (1995) Nature, 377, 530-532.
28. Marsh, D.J., Hollopeter, G., Kafer, K.E. and Palmiter, R.D. (1998) Nat. Med., 4, 718-721.
29. Pedrazzini, T., Seydoux, J., Kunstner, P., Aubert, J.F., Grouzmann, E., Beermann, F. and Brunner, H.R. (1998) Nat. Med., 4, 722-776.
30. Schwartz, M.W., Woods, S.C., Porte, D. Jr., Seeley, R.J. and Baskin, D.G. (2000) Nature, 404, 661-671.
31. Wisse, B.E. and Schwartz, M.W. (2001) Lancet, 358, 857-859.
32. Hsueh, W.C., Mitchell, B.D., Schneider, J.L., St Jean, P.L., Pollin, T.I., Ehm, M.G., Wagner, M.J., Burns, D.K., Sakul, H., Bell, C.J. and Shuldiner, A.R. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1199-1205.
33. Yeo, G.S., Farooqi, I.S., Aminian, S., Halsall, D.J., Stanhope, R.G. and O'Rahilly, S. (1998) Nat. Genet., 20, 111-112.
34. Ollmann, M.M., Wilson, B.D., Yang, Y.K., Kerns, J.A., Chen, Y., Gantz, I. and Barsh, G.S. (1997) Science, 278, 135-138.
35. Lowell, B.B. and Spiegelman, B.M. (2000) Nature, 404, 652-660.
36. Schrauwen, P., Walder, K. and Ravussin, E. (1999a) Obes. Res., 7, 97-105.
37. Weyer, C., Gautier, J.F. and Danforth, E. Jr. (1999) Diabetes Metab., 25, 11-21.
38. Clapham, J.C., Arch, J.R., Chapman, H., Haynes, A., Lister, C., Moore, G.B., Piercy, V., Carter, S.A., Lehner, I., Smith, S.A., Beeley, L.J., Godden, R.J., Herrity, N., Skehel, M., Changani, K.K., Hockings, P.D., Reid, D.G., Squires, S.M., Hatcher, J., Trail, B., Latcham, J., Rastan, S., Harper, A.J., Cadenas, S., Buckingham, J.A., Brand, M.D. and Abuin, A. (2000) Nature, 406, 415-418.
39. Boss, O., Bachman, E., Vidal-Puig, A., Zhang, C.Y., Peroni, O. and Lowell, B.B. (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 261, 870-876.
40. Gong, D.W., Monemdjou, S., Gavrilova, O., Leon, L.R., Marcus-Samuels, B., Chou, C.J., Everett, C., Kozak, L.P., Li, C., Deng, C., Harper, M.E. and Reitman, M.L. (2000) J. Biol. Chem., 275, 16251-16257.
41. Ailhaud, G. (2000) Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 24 Suppl. 2, S1-3.
42. Lynch, M. and Walsh, B. (1998) Sinauer Sunderland MA.
43. Maes, H.H, Neale, M.C. and Eaves, L.J. (1997) Behav. Genet., 27, 325-351.
44. Deng, H.W., Lai, D.B., Conway, T., Li, J., Xu, F.H., Davies, K.M. and Recker, R.R. (2001) J. Clin. Densitom., 4, 353-361.
45. Allison, D.B., Kaprio, J., Korkelia, M., Koskenvuo, M., Neale, M.C. and Hayakawa, K. (1996) Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 20, 501-506.
46. Bouchard, C., Pérusse, L., Leblanc, C., Tremblay, A. and Thériault, G. (1988) Int. J. Obes., 12, 205-215.
47. Borecki, I.B., Higgins, M., Schreiner, P.J., Arnett, D.K., Mayer-Davis, E., Hunt, S.C. and Province, M.A. (1998) Obes. Res., 6, 107-114.
48. Rice, T., Perusse, L., Bouchard, C. and Rao, D.C. (1999) Genet Epidemiol., 16, 316-334.
49. Comuzzie, A.G., Blangero, J., Mahaney, M.C., Mitchell, B.D., Hixson, J.E., Samollow, P.B., Stern, M.P. and MacCluer, J.W. (1995) Genet Epidemiol., 12, 475-488.
50. Rice, T., Daw, E.W., Gagnon, J., Bouchard, C., Leon, A.S., Skinner, J.S., Wilmore, J.H. and Rao, D.C. (1997a) Obes Res., 5, 557-562.
51. Rose, K.M., Newman, B., Mayer-Davis, E.J. and Selby, J.V. (1998) Obes. Res., 6, 383-392.
52. Katzmarzyk, P.T., Malina, R.M., Perusse, L., Rice, T., Province, M.A., Rao, D.C. and Bouchard, C. (2000) Am. J. Human Biol., 12, 395-404.
53. Hunt, M.S., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Perusse, L., Rice, T., Rao, D.C. and Bouchard, C. (2002) Obes. Res., 10, 507-517.
54. Comuzzie, A.G., Hixson, J.E., Almasy, L., Mitchell, B.D., Mahaney, M.C., Dyer, T.D., Stern, M.P., MacCluer, J.W. and Blanger, J. (1997) Nat. Genet., 15, 273-276.
55. Hsueh, W.C., Mitchell, B.D., Aburomia, R., Pollin, T., Sakul, H., Gelder Ehm, M., Michelsen, B.K., Wagner, M.J., St Jean, P.L., Knowler, W.C., Burns, D.K., Bell, C.J. and Shuldiner, A.R. (2000) Diabetes Care, 23, 595-601.
56. Walder, K., Hanson, R.L., Kobes, S., Knowler, W.C. and Ravussin, E. (2000) Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 24, 559-565.
57. Rankinen, T., Perusse, L., Weisnagel, S.J., Snyder, E.E., Chagnon, Y.C. and Bouchard, C. (2002) Obes. Res., 10, 196-243.
58. Clement, K., Vaisse, C., Lahlou, N., Cabrol, S., Pelloux, V., Cassuto, D., Gourmelen, M., Dina, C., Chambaz, J., Lacorte, J.M., Basdevant, A., Bougneres, P., Lebouc, Y., Froguel, P. and Guy-Grand, B. (1998) Nature, 392, 398-401.
59. Montague, C.T., Farooqi, I.S., Whitehead, J.P., Soos, M.A., Rau, H., Wareham, N.J., Sewter, C.P., Digby, J.E., Mohammed, S.N., Hurst, J.A., Cheetham, C.H., Earley, A.R., Barnett, A.H., Prins, J.B. and O'Rahilly, S. (1997) Nature, 387, 903-968.
60. Strobel, A., Issad, T., Camoin, L., Ozata, M. and Strosberg, A.D. (1998) Nat. Genet, 18, 213-215.
61. Krude, H., Biebermann, H., Luck, W., Horn, R., Brabant, G. and Gruters, A. (1998) Nat. Genet., 19, 155-157.
62. Widen, E., Lehto, M., Kanninen, T., Walston, J., Shuldiner, A.R. and Groop, L.C. (1995) N. Engl. J. Med., 333, 348-351.
63. Clement, K., Manning, B.S., Basdevant, A., Strosberg, A.D., Guy-Grand, B. and Froguel, P. (1997) Diabetes Metab., 23, 424-427.
64. Oizumi, T., Daimon, M., Saitoh, T., Kameda, W., Yamaguchi, H., Ohnuma, H., Igarashi, M., Eguchi, H., Manaka, H., Tominaga, M. and Kato, T. (2001) Diabetes Care, 24, 1579-1583.
65. Gagnon, J., Mauriege, P., Roy, S., Sjostrom, D., Chagnon, Y.C., Dionne, F.T., Oppert, J.M., Perusse, L., Sjostrom, L. and Bouchard, C. (1996) J. Clin. Invest., 98, 2086-2093.
66. Deng, H.W. (2001) Genetics, 159, 1319-1323.
67. Hirschhorn, J.N., Lohmueller, K., Byrne, E. and Hirschhorn, K. (2002) Genet Med., 4, 45-61.
68. Risch, N.J. (2000) Nature, 405, 847-856.
69. Cardon, L.R. and Bell, J.I. (2001) Nat. Rev. Genet., 2, 91-99.
70. Cooper, D.N., Nussbaum, R.L. and Krawezak, M. (2002) Hum. Genet., 110, 207-208.
71. Deng, H.W., Li, J. and Recker, R. R. (2001) Ann. Hum. Genet., 65, 313-329.
72. Haseman, J.K. and Elston, R.C. (1972) Behav. Genet., 2, 3-19.
73. Amos, C.I. (1994) Am. J. Hum.. Genet., 54, 535-543.
74. Almasy, L. and Blangero, J. (1998) Am. J. Hum.. Genet., 62, 1198-1211.
75. Hager, J., Dina, C., Francke, S., Dubois, S., Houari, M., Vatin, V., Vaillant, E., Lorentz, N., Basdevant, A., Clement, K., Guy-Grand, B. and Froguel, P. (1998b) Nat. Genet., 20, 304-308.
76. Chagnon, Y.C., Borecki, I.B., Perusse, L., Roy, S., Lacaille, M., Chagnon, M., Ho-Kim, M.A., Rice, T., Province, M.A., Rao, D.C. and Bouchard, C. (2000b) Metabolism, 49, 203-207.
77. Perusse, L., Rice, T., Chagnon, Y.C., Despres, J.P., Lemieux, S., Roy, S., Lacaille, M., Ho-Kim, M.A., Chagnon, M., Province, M.A., Rao, D.C. and Bouchard, C. (2001) Diabetes, 50, 614-621.
78. Chagnon, Y.C., Rice, T., Perusse, L., Borecki, I.B., Ho-Kim, M.A., Lacaille, M., Pare, C., Bouchard, L., Gagnon, J., Leon, A.S., Skinner, J.S., Wilmore, J.H., Rao, D.C. and Bouchard, C. (2001) J. Appl. Physiol., 90, 1777-17787.
79. Lee, J.H., Reed, D.R., Li, W.D., Xu, W., Joo, E.J., Kilker, R.L., Nanthakumar, E., North, M., Sakul, H., Bell, C. and Price, R.A. (1999) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 64, 196-209.
80. Deng, H.W., Deng, H., Liu, Y.J., Liu, Y.Z., Xu, F.H., Shen, H., Conway, T., Li, J.L., Huang, Q.Y., Davies, K.M. and Recker, R.R. (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70, 1138-1151.
81. Rice, T., Chagnon, Y.C., Borecki, I.B., Perusse, L., Collier, G., Gagnon, J., Leon, A.S., Skinner, J.S., Wilmore, J.H., Bouchard, C. and Rao, D.C. (2002) Obes. Res., 10, 351-360.
82. Comuzzie, A.G., Funahashi, T., Sonnenberg, G., Martin, L.J., Jacob, H.J., Black, A.E., Maas, D., Takahashi, M., Kihara, S., Tanaka, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Blangero, J., Cohen, D. and Kissebah. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 4321-4325.
83. Norman, R.A., Tataranni, P.A., Pratley, R., Thompson, D.B., Hanson, R.L., Prochazka, M., Baier, L, Ehm, M.G., Sakul, H., Foroud, T., Garvey, W.T., Burns, D., Knowler, W.C., Bennett, P.H., Bogardus, C. and Ravussin, E. (1998) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 62, 659-668.
84. Hanson, R.L., Ehm, M.G., Pettitt, D.J., Prochazka, M., Thompson, D.B., Timberlake, D., Foroud, T., Kobes, S., Baier, L., Burns, D.K., Almasy, L., Blangero, J., Garvey, W.T., Bennett, P.H. and Knowler, W.C. (1998) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 63, 1130-1138.
85. Weyer, C., Wolford, J.K., Hanson, R.L., Foley, J.E., Tataranni, P.A., Bogardus, C. and Pratley, R.E. (2001) Mol. Genet. Metab., 72, 231-238.
86. Mitchell, B.D., Cole, S.A., Hsueh, W.C., Comuzzie, A.G., Blangero, J., MacCluer, J.W. and Hixson, J.E. (2000) Diabetes, 49, 513-516.
87. Zhu, X., Cooper, R.S., Luke, A., Chen, G., Wu, X., Kan, D., Chakravarti, A. and Weder, A. (2002) Diabetes, 51, 541-544.
88. Hsueh, W.C., Mitchell, B.D., Schneider, J.L., St Jean, P.L., Pollin, T.I., Ehm, M.G., Wagner, M.J., Burns, D.K., Sakul, H., Bell, C.J. and Shuldiner, A.R. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1199-1205.
89. Feitosa, M.F., Borecki, I.B., Rich, S.S., Arnett, D.K., Sholinsky, P., Myers, R.H., Leppert, M. and Province, M.A. (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70, 72-82.
90. Wu, X., Cooper, R.S., Borecki, I., Hanis, C., Bray, M., Lewis, C.E., Zhu, X., Kan, D., Luke, A. and Curb, D. (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70, 1247-1256.
91. Stone, S., Abkevich, V., Hunt, C., Gutin, A., Russell, D.L., Neff, C.D., Riley, R., Frech, G.C., Hensel, C.H., Jammulapati, S., Potter, J., Sexton, D., Tran, T., Gibbs, D., Iliev, D., Gress, R., Bloomquist, B., Amatruda, J., Rae, P.M., Adams, T.D., Skolnick, M.H. and Shattuck, D. (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70, 1459-1468.
92. Hinney, A., Ziegler, A., Oeffner, F., Wedewardt, C., Vogel, M., Wulftange, H., Geller, F., Stubing, K., Siegfried, W., Goldschmidt, H.P., Remschmidt, H. and Hebebrand, J. (2000) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 85, 2962-2965.
93. Price, R.A., Li, W.D., Bernstein, A., Crystal, A., Golding, E.M., Weisberg, S.J., Zuckerman, W.A. (2001) Diabetologia, 44, 363-366.
94. Hunt, S.C., Abkevich, V., Hensel, C.H., Gutin, A., Neff, C.D., Russell, D.L., Tran, T., Hong, X., Jammulapati, S., Riley, R., Weaver-Feldhaus, J., Macalma, T., Richards, M.M., Gress, R., Francis, M., Thomas, A., Frech, G.C., Adams, T.D., Shattuck, D. and Stone, S. (2001) Hum. Genet., 109, 279-285.
95. Wise, L.H., Lanchbury, J.S. and Lewis, C.M. (1999) Ann. Hum. Genet., 63, 263-272.
96. Allison, D.B. and Heo, M. (1998) Genetics, 148, 859-865.
97. Etzel, C.J. and Guerra, R. (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 71, 56-65.
98. Spielman, R.S. and Evens, W.J. (1996) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 59, 983-989.
99. Risch, N. and Merikangas, K. (1996). Science, 273, 1516-1517.
100. Allison, D. B. (1997) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 60, 676-690.
101. Xiong, M.M., Krushkal, J. and Boerwinkle, E. (1998) Ann. Hum. Genet., 62, 431-452.
102. Schaid, D.J. (1998) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 63, 935-941.
103. Klannemark, M., Orho, M., Langin, D., Laurell, H., Holm, C., Reynisdottir, S., Arner, P. and Groop, L. (1998) Diabetologia, 41, 1516-1522.
104. Cassell, P.G., Saker, P.J., Huxtable, S.J., Kousta, E., Jackson, A.E., Hattersley, A.T., Frayling, T.M., Walker, M., Kopelman, P.G., Ramachandran, A., Snehelatha, C., Hitman, G.A. and McCarthy, M.I. (2000) Diabetologia, 43, 1558-1564.
105. Pomp, D. (1999) Molec. Med. Today, 5, 459-460.
106. Leibel, R. L. (1997) J. Nutr., 127, 1908S.
107. Robinson, S. W., Dinulescu, D. M. and Cone, R. D. (2000) Annu. Rev. Genet., 34, 687-745.
108. Augustine, K. and Rossi, R. M. (1999) The Anatomical Record (New Anat.), 257, 64-72.
109. Echwald, S. M. (1999) Journal of Internal Medicine, 246, 653-666.
110. Friedman, J. M. (2000) Nature, 404, 632-634.
111. Miller, M. W., Duhl, D. M., Vrieling, H., Cordes, S. P., Ollmann, M. M., Winkes, B. M. and Barsh, G.S. (1993) Genes Dev., 7, 454-467.
112. Chagnon, Y.C., Perusse, L., Lamothe, M., Chagnon, M., Nadeau, A., Dionne, F.T., Gagnon, J., Chung, W.K., Leibel, R.L. and Bouchard, C. (1997) Obesity Research, 5, 115-121.
113. Miller, K.A., Gunn, T.M., Carrasquillo, M.M., Lamoreux, M.L., Galbraith, D.B. and Barsh, G.S. (1997) Genetics, 146, 1407-1415.
114. Schalling, M., Johansen, J., Nordfors, L. and Lonnqvistm F. (1999) J. Internal. Med., 245, 613-619.
115. Jackson, R. S., Creemers, J. W. M., Ohagi, S., Ran-Sanson, M.-L. and Sanders, L. (1997) Nature Genetics, 16, 303-306.
116. Noben-Trauth, K., Naggert, J.K., North, M.A. and Nishina, P.M. (1996) Nature, 380, 534-538.
117. Livingston, J. N. (1999) J. Internal. Med., 245, 627-635.
118. Moon, Y.S., Smas, C.M., Lee, K., Villena, J.A., Kim, K.H., Yun, E.J. and Sul, H.S. (2002) Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22, 5585-5592.
119. Majdic, G., Young, M., Gomez-Sanchez, E., Anderson, P., Szczepaniak, L., Dobbins, R., McGarry, J.D. and Parker, KL. (2002) Endocrinology, 143, 607-614.
120. Chen, H.C., Smith, S.J., Ladha, Z., Jensen, D.R., Ferreira, L.D., Pulawa, L.K., McGuire, J.G., Pitas, R.E., Eckel, R.H. and Farese, Jr. R.V. (2000) J. Clin. Invest., 109, 1049-1055.
121. Coe, N.R., Simpson, M.A. and Bernlohr, D.A. (1999) J. Lipid Res., 40, 967-972.
122. Kopin, A.S., Mathes, W.F., McBride, E.W., Nguyen, M., Al-Haider, W., Scmitz, F., Bonner-Weir, S., Kanarek, R. and Beinborn, M. (1999) J. Clin. Invest., 103, 383-391.
123. Huszar, D., Lynch, C.A., Fairchild-Huntress, V., Dunmore, J.H., Fang, Q., Berkemeier, L.R., Gu, W., Kesterson, R.A., Boston, B.A., Cone, R.D., Smith, F.J., Campfield, L.A., Burn, P. and Lee, F. (1997) Cell, 88, 131-141.
124. Yaswen, L., Diehl, N., Brennan, M.B. and Hochgeschwender, U. (1999) Nat. Med., 5, 1066-1070.
125. Kushi, A., Sasai, H., Koizumi, H., Takeda, N., Yokoyama, M. and Nakamura, M. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 15659-15664.
126. Naveilhan, P., Hassani, H., Canals, J.M., Ekstrand, A.J., Larefalk, A., Chhajlani, V., Arenas, E., Gedda, K., Svensson, L., Thoren, P. and Ernfors, P. (1999) Nat. Med., 5, 1188-1193.
127. Naveilhan, P., Hassani, H., Canals, J.M., Ekstrand, A.J., Larefalk, A., Chhajlani, V., Arenas, E., Gedda, K., Svensson, L., Thoren, P. and Ernfors, P. (1999) Nat. Med., 5, 1188-1193.
128. Tschop, M. and Heiman, M.L. (2001) Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 109, 307-319.
129. Good, D.J., Porter, F.D., Mahon, K.A., Parlow, A.F., Westphal, H. and Kirsch, I.R. (1997) Nat. Genet., 15, 397-401.
130. Tecott, L.H., Sun, L.M., Akana, S.F., Strack, A.M., Lowenstein, D., Dallman, M.F. and Julius, D. (1995) Nature, 374, 542-546.
131. Costet, P., Legendre, C., More, J., Edgar, A., Galtier, P. and Pineau, T. (1998) J. Biol. Chem., 273, 29577-29585.
132. Ventre, J., Doebber, T., Wu, M., MacNaul, K., Stevens, K., Pasparakis, M., Kollias, G. Moller, D.E. (1997) Diabetes, 46, 1526-1531.
133. Freemark, M., Avril, I., Fleenor, D., Driscoll, P., Petro, A., Opara, E., Kendall, W., Oden, J., Bridges, S., Binart, N., Breant, B. Kelly, P.A. (2000) Endocrinology, 143, 1378-1385.
134. Beattie, J.H., Wood, A.M., Newman, A.M., Bremner, I., Choo, K.H., Michalska, A.E., Duncan, J.S. Trayhurn, P. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 358-63.
135. Stubdal, H., Lynch, C. A., Moriarty, A., Fang, Q., Chickering, T., Deeds, J. D., Fairchild-Huntress, V., Charlat, O., Dunmore, J. H., Kleyn, P., Huszar, D. Kapeller, R. (2000) Molecular and Cellular Biology, 20, 878-882.
136. Pomp, D. (1997) Behav. Genet., 27, 285-306.
137. Fisler, J. S. and Warden, C. H. (1997) J. Nutr., 127, 1909S-1916S.
138. Warden, C.H., Fisler, J.S., Shoemaker, S.M., Wen, P.Z., Svenson, K.L., Pace, M.J. and Lusis, A.J. (1995) J. Clin. Invest., 95, 1545-1552.
139. York, B., Truett. A.A., Monteiro, M.P., Barry, S.J., Warden, C.H., Naggert, J.K., Maddatu, T.P. and West, D.B. (1999) Mamm. Genome, 10, 457-462.
140. Brockmann, G.A. and Bevova, M.R. (2002) Trends Genet., 18, 367-376.
141. Sachidanandam, R., Weissman, D., Schmidt, S.C., Kakol, J.M., Stein, L.D., Marth, G., Sherry, S., Mullikin, J.C., Mortimore, B.J., Willey, D.L., Hunt, S.E., Cole, C.G., Coggill, P.C., Rice, C.M., Ning, Z., Rogers, J., Bentley, D.R., Kwok, P.Y., Mardis, E.R., Yeh, R.T., Schultz, B., Cook, L., Davenport, R., Dante, M., Fulton, L., Hillier, L., Waterston, R.H., McPherson, J.D., Gilman, B., Schaffner, S., Van, Etten, W.J., Reich, D., Higgins, J., Daly, M.J., Blumenstiel, B., Baldwin, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Zody, M.C., Linton, L., Lander, E.S. and Altshuler, D. (2001) Nature, 409, 928-933.
142. Deng, H.W., Chen, W.M. and Recker, R.R. (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 66, 1027-1045.
143. Kruglyak, L. (1999) Nat. Genet., 22, 139-144.
144. Collins, A., Lonjou, C. and Morton, N. E. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 96, 15173-15177.
145. Jorde, L.B. (2000) Genome Res., 10, 1435-1444.
146. Horikawa, Y., Oda, N., Cox, N.J., Li, X., Orho-Melander, M., Hara, M., Hinokio, Y., Lindner, T.H., Mashima, H., Schwarz, P.E., del Bosque-Plata, L., Horikawa, Y., Oda, Y., Yoshiuchi, I., Colilla, S., Polonsky, K.S., Wei, S., Concannon, P., Iwasaki, N., Schulze, J., Baier, L.J., Bogardus, C., Groop, L., Boerwinkle, E., Hanis, C.L., Bell, G.I. (2000) Nat. Genet., 26, 163-175.
147. Martin, E.R., Lai, E.H., Gilbert, J.R., Rogala, A.R., Afshari, A.J., Riley, J., Finch, K.L., Stevens, J.F., Livak, K.J., Slotterbeck, B.D., Slifer, S.H., Warren, L.L., Conneally, P.M., Schmechel, D.E., Purvis, I., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Roses, A.D. and Vance, J.M. (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 67, 383-394.
148. Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Schaffner, S.F., Hudson, T.J. and Lander, E.S. (2001) Nat. Genet., 29, 229-232.
149. Kim, S., Dougherty, E.R., Chen, Y., Sivakumar, K., Meltzer, P., Trent, J.M. and Bittner, M. (2000) Genomics, 67, 201-209.
150. Nadler, S.T., Stoehr, J.P., Schueler, K.L., Tanimoto, G., Yandell, B.S. and Attie, A.D. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 11371-11376.
151. Soukas, A., Socci, N.D., Saatkamp, B.D., Novelli, S. and Friedman, J.M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem., 276, 34167-34174.
152. Ruan, H., Hacohen, N., Golub, T.R., Van, Parijs, L. and Lodish, H.F. (2002) Diabetes, 51, 1319-1336.
153. Prentice, A. M. (2001) British Med. Bulletin, 60, 50-67.
154. Inui, A. (2000) Pharmacol. Rev., 52, 35-62.
155. Yaswen, L., Diehl, N., Brennan, M.B. and Hochgeschwender, U. (1999) Nat. Med., 5, 1066-1070.
156. Stephenson, J. (1999) JAMA, 282, 1507-1508.
157. Waller, S. J., Ratty, A., Burbach, J. P. and Murphy, D. (1998) Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 18, 149-171.