The relationship between aging and carcinogenesis: A critical appraisal

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 277-304

  Anisimov, Vladimir N ^a  

^a N N PETROV RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Aging; Carcinogenesis; Life span extension; Susceptibility to carcinogenesis

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIGUANIDE; CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; CARCINOGEN; CLOFIBRATE; DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; EDETIC ACID; EMOXIPIN; EPITHALAMIN; ESTRADIOL; FERROUS GLUCONATE; MELATONIN; MERCAPTAMINE; METHYLNITROSOUREA; NAFENOPIN; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PROCAINE; SELEGILINE; SELENIUM; SUCCINIC ACID; THYMOGEN; TIMALIN; TOCOPHEROL; TRITIUM OXIDE;

AGE; AGING; BIOACCUMULATION; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DNA MODIFICATION; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LIFESPAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREDICTION; PREMATURE AGING; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; TELOMERE; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

EID: 0037333520     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00121-X     Document Type: Review

References (307)

1. Dix D., Cohen P. On the role of aging in carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 19:1999;723-726.
2. Parkin D.M., Bray F.I., Devesa S.S. Cancer burden in the year 2000. The global picture. Eur. J. Cancer. 37:2001;S4-S66.
3. Peto R., Roe F.J.C., Lee P.N., Levy L., Clack J. Cancer and ageing in mice and men. Br. J. Cancer. 32:1975;411-426.
4. Peto R., Parish S.E., Gray R.G. There is no such thing as ageing, and cancer is not related to it. Likhachev A., Anisimov V., Montesano R. Age-related factors in carcinogenesis. 58:1985;43-53 IARC, Lyon, France.
5. Peto J. Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature. 411:2001;390-395.
6. Peto R., Doll R. There is no such thing as aging. Br. J. Med. 315:1997;1030-1032.
7. Anisimov V.N. Carcinogenesis and aging. Adv. Cancer Res. 40:1983;265-324.
8. Anisimov V.N. Carcinogenesis and aging. 1-2:1987;CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
9. Anisimov V.N. Age-related mechanisms of susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Semin. Oncol. 16:1989;10-19.
10. Miller R.A. Gerontology as oncology. Cancer. 68:1991;2496-2501.
11. Dilman V.M. Development, aging, and disease. A new rationale for and intervention strategy. 1994;Chur: Harwood Acad Publ, Switzerland.
12. Simpson A.J.G. A natural somatic mutation frequency and human carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 71:1997;209-240.
13. Anisimov V.N. Age as a factor of risk in multistage carcinogenesis. Balducci L., Lyman G.H., Ershler W.B. Comprehensive geriatric oncology. 1998;157-178 Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.
14. DePinho R.A. The age of cancer. Nature. 408:2000;248-254.
15. Fernandez-Pol J.A., Douglas M.G. Molecular interactions of cancer and age. Hematol./Oncol. Clin. North Am. 14:2000;25-44.
16. Rubin H. Selected cell and selective microenvironment in neoplastic development. Cancer Res. 61:2001;799-807.
17. Campisi J. Aging and cancer: the double-edged sword or replicative senescence. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 45:1997;l-6.
18. Campisi J. Cancer, aging, and cellular senescence. In Vivo. 14:2000;183-188.
19. Campisi J., Kirn S., Lim C.S., Rubio M. Cellular senescence, cancer and aging: the telomere connection. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;1619-1637.
20. Krtolica A., Parincllo S., Lockett S., Desprez P.-Y., Campisi J. Senescent fibroblasts promote epithelial cell growth and tumorigenesis: a link between cancer and aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;12072-12077.
21. Rinehart C.A., Torti V.R. Aging and cancer: the role of stromal interactions with epithelial cells. Mol. Carcinogen. 18:1997;187-192.
22. Tomatis L. Cancer: causes, occurrence and control. IARC science publication number 100. 1990;IARC, Lyon.
23. Montesano R., Hall J. Environmental causes of human cancers. Eur. J. Cancer. 8:(Suppl.):2001;67-87.
24. Ward J.M. Background data and variations in tumor rates f control rats and mice. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 26:1983;241-258.
25. Dix D., Cohen P., Flannery J. On the role of aging in cancer incidence. J. Theor. Biol. 83:1980;163-173.
26. Pompei F., Polkanov M., Wilson R. Age distribution of cancer in mice: the incidence turnover at old age. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 17:2001;7-16.
27. Lipman R.D., Dallal G.E., Bronson R.T. Lesion biomarkers of aging in B6C3F1 hybrid mice. J. Gerontol. Med. Sci. 54A:1999;466-477.
28. Lipman R.D., Dallal G.E., Bronson R.T. Effect of genotype and diet on age-related lesions in ad libitum fed and calorie-restricted F344, BN, and BNF3F1 rats. J. Gerontol. Med. Sci. 54A:1999;478-491.
29. Smith D.W.E. Cancer mortality at very old ages. Cancer. 77:1996;1373-1376.
30. Bordin P., Da Gol P.G., Peruzzo P., Stanta G., Guralnik J.M., Cattin L. Causes of death and clinical diagnostic error in extreme aged hospitalized people: a retrospective clinical-necropsy survey. J. Gerontol. Med. Sci. 54A:1999;M554-M559.
31. Miyaishi O., Ando F., Matsuzawa K., Kanawa R., Isobe K. Cancer incidence in old age. Mech. Ageing Dev. 117:2000;47-55.
32. Pompei F., Wilson R. Age distribution of cancer: the incidence turnover at old age. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assessment. 7:2001;1619-1650.
33. Anisimov V.N. Effect of age on dose-response relationship in carcinogenesis induced by single administration of N-nitrosomethyrurea in female rats. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 114:1988;628-635.
34. Biclas J.H., Heddle J.A. Proliferation is necessary for both repair and mutation in transgenic mouse cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;11391-11396.
35. Thompson T.A., Haag J.D., Gould M.N. ras gene mutations are absent in NMU-induced mammary carcinomas from aging rat. Carcinogenesis. 21:2000;1917-1922.
36. Birnbaum L.S. Pharmacokinetic basis of age-related changes in sensitivity to toxicants. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31:1991;101-128.
37. Anisimov V.N., Birnbaum L.S., Butenko G.M., et al. Principles for evaluating chemical effects on the aged population, environmental health criteria. 144:1993;WHO, Geneva.
38. Mayersohn M. Pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:(Suppl 11):1994;119-124.
39. Preston-Martin S., Pike M.C., Ross R.K., Jones P.A., Henderson B.E. Increased cell division as a cause of human cancer. Cancer Res. 50:1990;7415-7421.
40. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 100:2000;57-70.
41. Evan G., Littlewood T. A matter of life and cell death. Science. 281:1998;1317-1321.
42. Green D.R., Evan G.I. A matter of life and death. Cancer Cell. 1:2002;19-30.
43. Zhang Y., Herman B. Ageing and apoptosis. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;245-260.
44. Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Gatekeepers and caretakers. Nature. 386:1997;761-763.
45. Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature. 362:1993;709-715.
46. Pitot H.C. The molecular biology of carcinogenesis. Cancer. 72:1993;962-970.
47. Vijg J. Somatic mutations and aging: a re-evaluation. Mutat. Res. 447:2000;117-135.
48. Luzatto L. The mechanisms of neoplastic transformation. Eur. J. Cancer. 37:2001;S114-S117.
49. Matoha H.F., Cosgrove J.W., Atak J.R., Rapoport S.L. Selective elevation of c-myc transcript levels in the liver of the aging Fischer-344 rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 147:1987;1-7.
50. Ono T., Uehara Y., Kurishita A., Tawa R., Sakurai H. Biological significance of DNA methylation in the aging process. Age Aging. 22:1993;534-543.
51. Catania J. Fairweather DS. DNA methylation and cellular aging. Mutat. Res. 256:1991;283-293.
52. Yu B.P. Free radicals in aging. 1993;CRC Press, Boca Raton.
53. Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.V., Ames B.N. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;10771-10778.
54. Barja G. Endogenous oxidative stress: relation to aging, longevity and caloric restriction. Ageing Res. Rev. 1:2002;397-411.
55. Du M.Q., Carmichael P.L., Phillips D.H. Induction of activated mutations in the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene by oxygen free radicals. Mol. Carcinogenen. 11:1994;170-175.
56. Fraga C.G., Shigenaga M.K., Park J.-W., Degan P., Ames B.N. Oxidative damage to DNA during aging 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyganosine in rat organ DNA and urine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;4533-4537.
57. Ames B.N., Shigenaga M.B., Hagen T.M. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;7915-7922.
58. Harman D.H. Free-radical theory of aging: increasing the functional life span. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 717:1994;257-266.
59. Harman D.H. Extending functional life span. Exp. Gerontol. 33:1998;95-112.
60. Reiter R.J. Reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and carcinogenesis: intervention with melatonin. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Blask D.E., Cardinali D.P., Hrushesky W.J.M., Mecke D. The pineal gland and cancer neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms in malignancy. 2001;442-455 Springer, Berlin.
61. Coller H.A., Khrapko K., Bodyak N.D., Nekhaeva E., Herrero-Jimenez P., Thilly W.G. High frequency of homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human tumors can be explained without selection. Nat. Genet. 28:2001;147-150.
62. Coller H.A., Bodyak N.D., Khrapko K. Frequent intracellular clonal expansions of somatic mtDNA mutations. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 959:2002;434-447.
63. Nekhaeva E., Bodyak N.D., Kraytsberg Y., et al. Clonally expanded mtDNA point mutations are abundant in individual cells of human tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:2002;5521-5526.
64. Bodyak N.D., Nekhaeva E., Wei J.Y., Khrapko K. Quantitation and sequencing of somatic deleted mtDNA in single cells: evidence for partially duplicated mtDNA in aged human tissues. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10:2001;17-24.
65. de Grey A.D. The reductive hotspot hypothesis: an update. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 373:2000;295-301.
66. Ouhtit A., Ueda M., Nakazawa H., Ichihashi M., Dumaz N., Sarasin A., Yamasaki H. Quantitative detection of ultraviolet-specific p53 mutations in normal skin from Japanese patients. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 6:1997;433-438.
67. Liang S.B., Ohtsuki Y., Furihata M., Takeuchi T., Iwata J., Chen B.K., Sonobe H. Sun-expoure-and aging-dependent p53 protein accumulation results in growth advantage for tumor cells in carcinogenesis of nonmelanocytic skin cancer. Virchows. Arch. 434:1999;193-199.
68. Chow M., Rubin H. Clonal selection versus genetic instability as the driving force in neoplastic transformation. Cancer Res. 60:2000;6510-6518.
69. Anisimov V.N., Gvardina O.E. N-Nitrosomethylures-induced carcinogenesis in the progeny of male rats of different ages. Mutat. Res. 316:1995;139-145.
70. Hemminki K., Kyyronen P. Parental age and risk of sporadic and familial cancer in offspring: implications for germ cell mutagenesis. Epidemiology. 10:1999;747-751.
71. Hemminki K., Kyyronen P., Vaittinen P. Parental age as a risk factor of childhood leukemia and brain cancer in offspring. Epidemiology. 10:1999;271-275.
72. Dockerty J.D., Draper G., Vincent T., Rowan S.D., Bunch K.J. Case-control study of parental age, parity and socioeconomic status in relation to childhood cancers. Int. J. Epidemiol. 30:2001;1428-1437.
73. Walter C.A., Intano C.W., McCarrey J.R., McMahan C.A., Walter R.B. Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;10015-10019.
74. Risch N., Reich E.W., Wishnick M.M., McCarthy J.G. Spontaneous mutation and parental age in humans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41:1987;218-248.
75. Dolle M.E., Snyder W.K., Dunson D.B., Vijg J. Mutational fingerprints of aging. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:2002;545-549.
76. Consensus report. In: Vanio H, Magee PN, McGregor D, McMichael AJ editors. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis in risk identification. IARC science publication number 116. Lyon, IARC, 1992, p. 9-56.
77. Moolgavkar S., Krewski D., Zeise L., Cardis E., Moller H. Quantitative estimation and prediction of human cancer risk. IARC science publication number 131. 1999;IARC, Lyon.
78. Simons J.W. Genetic, epigenetic, dysgenetic and non-genetic mechanisms in tumorigenesis, II. Further delineation of the rate limiting step. Anticancer Res. 19:1999;4781-4789.
79. Ponten J. Cell biology of precancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 37:2001;S97-S113.
80. Reya T., Morrison S.J., Clarke M.F., Weissman I.L. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature. 414:2001;105-111.
81. Schlessinger D., Van Zant G. Does functional depletion of stem cells drive aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122:2001;1537-1553.
82. Aboseif S., El-Sakka A., Young P., Cunha G. Mesenchymal reprogramming of adult human epithelial differentiation. Differentiation. 65:1999;113-118.
83. Liotta L.A., Kohn E.C. The microenvironment of the tumor-host interface. Nature. 411:2001;375-379.
84. Li Y., Liu W., Hayward S.W., Cunha G., Baskin L.S. Plasticity of the urothelial phenotype: effects of gastro-intestinal mesenchyme/stroma and implications for urinary tract reconstruction. Differentiation. 66:2000;126-135.
85. Stenback F., Peto R., Shubik P. Initiation and promotion at different ages and doses in 2200 mice. III. Linear extrapolation from high doses may underestimate low-dose tumor risks. Br. J. Cancer. 44:1981;24-34.
86. Ebbesen P. Papilloma development on TPA treated young and senescent mouse skin. Likhachev A., Anisimov V., Montesano R. Age-related factors in carcinogenesis. IARC science publication number 58. 1985;167-171 IARC, Lyon.
87. Hennings H., Boutwell R.K. Studies on the mechanism of skin tumor promotion. Cancer Res. 30:1970;312-320.
88. Kruszewski F.H., Conti C.J., DiGiovanni J. Characterization of skin tumor promotion and progression by chrysarobin in SENCAR mice. Cancer Res. 47:1987;3783-3790.
89. Hennings D., Yuspa S.H. Two-stage tumor promotion in mouse skin: an alternative interpretation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74:1985;735-740.
90. Moriwaki S., Ray S., Tarone R.E., Kraemer K.H., Grossman L. The effect of donor age on the processing of UV-damaged DNA by cultured human cells: reduced DNA repir capacity and increased DNA mutability. Mutat. Res. 364:1996;117-123.
91. Wei Q. Effect of aging on DNA repair and skin carcinogenesis: a minireview of population-based studies. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 3:(1):1998;19-22.
92. D'Errico M., Calcagnile A.S., Corona R., et al. p53 mutations and chromosome instability in basal cell carcinomas developed at an early or late age. Cancer Res. 57:1997;747-752.
93. Ueda M. Telomerase in cutaneous carcinogenesis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 23:(Suppl 1):2000;S37-S40.
94. Boutwell R.K. Some biological aspects of skin carcinogenesis. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 4:1964;207-250.
95. Roe F.J.C., Carter R.L., Mitchley R., Peto R., Hecker E. On the persistence of tumor initiation and the acceleration of tumor progression in mouse skin tumorigenesis. Int. J. Cancer. 9:1972;264-273.
96. Van Duuren B.L., Sivak A., Katz C., Steidman I., Melchionne S. The effect of aging and interval between primary and secondary treatment in two-stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Cancer Res. 35:1975;502-505.
97. Battalora M.S.tJ., Spadling J.W., Szczesniak C.J., et al. Age-dependent skin tumorigenesis and transgene expression in the Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) transgenic mice. Carcinogenesis. 22:2001;651-659.
98. Lee G.-H., Sawada N., Mochizuki Y., et al. Immortal epithelial cells of normal C3H mouse liver in culture: possible precursor populations for spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 49:1989;403-409.
99. Ogawa K., Onoe T., Takeuchi M. Spontaneous occurrence of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase-positive hepatocytic foci in 105-week-old Wistar and 72-week-old Fischer 344 male rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67:1981;407-412.
100. Ward J.M., Lynch P., Riggs C. Rapid development of hepatocellular neoplasms in aging male C3H/HeNcr mice given phenobarbital. Cancer Lett. 39:1988;9-18.
101. Kraupp-Grasl B., Huber W., Taper H., Schulte-Hermann R. Increased susceptibility of aged rats to hepatocarcinogenesis by the peroxisome proliferator nafenopin and the possible involvement of altered liver foci occurring spontaneously. Cancer Res. 51:1991;666-671.
102. Ward J.M. Increased susceptibility of liver of aged F.344/Ncr rats to the effects of phenobarbital on the incidence, morphology, and histochemistry of hepatocellular foci and neoplasms. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71:1983;815-823.
103. Ebbesen P. Reticulosarcoma and amyloid development in BALB/c mice inoculated with syngeneic cells from young and old donors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47:1971;1241-1245.
104. Geschickter C.F. Mammary carcinoma in the rats with metastasis induced by estrogen. Science. 89:1939;35-39.
105. Geschickter C.F., Byrnes E.W. Factor influencing the development and time of appearance of mammary cancer in the rat in response to estrogen. Arch. Pathol. 33:1942;334-342.
106. 2) levels in the initiation and promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in old rats. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;255-265.
107. Reuber M.D., Glover E.L. Hyperplastic and early neoplastic lesions of the liver in Buffalo strain rats of various ages given subcutaneous carbon tetrachloride. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 38:1967;891-897.
108. Anisimov V.N., Sheiko E.V., Zhukovskaya N.V. Effect of age on development of tumors in the intrasplenic ovarian grafts in ovariectomized rats. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 119:1992;111-116.
109. Anisimov V.N. Age and dose-dependent carcinogenic effects of N-nitrosomethylurea administered intraperitoneally in a single dose to young and adult female mice. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 119:1993;657-664.
110. Anisimov V.N. Effect of aging and interval between primary and secondary treatment in carcinogenesis induced by neonatal exposure to 5-bromodeoxyuridine and subsequent administration of N-nitrosomethylurea in rats. Mutat. Res. 316:1995;173-187.
111. Anisimov V.N. Aging and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis: some practical implications. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 17:1998;263-268.
112. Takahashi M., Nishimura S., Miyajima K., Sasahara K., Yoshida M., Ando J., Maekawa A. Time-dependent promotion activity of 17β-estradiol on uterine carcinogenesis in mice initiated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Lett. 165:2001;123-130.
113. Backman V., Wallace M.B., Perelman L.T., et al. Detection of preinvasive cancer cells. Nature. 406:2000;35-36.
114. Summerhayes I.C., Franks L.M. Effect of donor age on neoplastic transformation of adult bladder epithelium in vitro. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62:1979;1017-1023.
115. Kunisada T., Banner D., Friedman V., Schneider E.L. Incerased susceptibility to SV40 transformation with development and in vitro aging. Exp. Cell Res. 189:1990;222-226.
116. Nettesheim P., Topping D.C., Jamasbi R. Host and environmental factors enhancing carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 21:1981;133-163.
117. Ershler W.B. Mechanisms of age-associated reduced tumor growth and spread in mice. Balducci L., Lyman G.H., Ershler W.B. Geriatric oncology. 1992;76-85 Lippincott, Springfield.
118. Ershler W.B. Explanations for reduced tumor proliferative capacity with age. Exp. Gerontol. 27:1992;551-558.
119. Miller R.A. Aging and cancer - another perspective. J. Gerontol. 48:1993;B8-B9.
120. Anisimov V.N., Zhukovskaya N.V., Loktionov A.S., et al. Influence of host age on lung colony forming capacity of injected rat rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Lett. 40:1988;77-82.
121. Anisimov VN, Zhukovskaya NV, Loktionov AS, et al. Host and donor age dependency of colony forming capacity of lung-affine rat rhabdomyosarcoma RA-2 cells. Abstract of the international conference on tumor micro environment: progression, therapy and prevention. Tiberias, Israel, 1995, p. 6.
122. McCullough K.D., Coleman W.B., Smith G.J., Grisham J.W. Age-dependent regulation of the tumorigenie potential of neoplastically transformed rat liver epithelial cells by me liver micro-environment. Cancer Res. 54:1994;3668-3671.
123. Hayflick L. How and why we age. Exp. Gerontol. 33:1998;639-653.
124. Wei W., Sedivy J.M. Differentiation between senescence (M1) and crisis (M2) in human fibroblast culture. Exp. Cell Res. 253:1999;519-522.
125. Dimri G., Lee X., Basile G., et al. A bio-marker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;9363-9367.
126. Yegorov Y.E., Akimov S.S., Mass R., Zelenin A.V., Prudovsky I.A. Endogenous β-galactosidase activity in continuously nonproliferating cells. Exp. Cell Res. 243:1998;207-211.
127. Shay J.W., Pereira-Smith O.M., Wright W.R. A role of both Rb and p53 in the regulation of human cellular senescence. Exp. Cell Res. 196:1991;33-39.
128. Shay J.W., Wright W.R. Quantitation of the frequency of immortalization of normal human diploid fibroblasts by SV40 large T antigen. Exp. Cell Res. 184:1989;109-118.
129. Cristofalo V.J., Allen R.G., Pignolo R.J., Martin B.G., Beck J.C. Relationship between donor age and the replicative lifespan of human cells in culture: a revaluation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;10614-10619.
130. INK4a contributes to the outcome of cancer therapy. Cell. 109:2002;335-346.
131. Macicra-Coelho A. Neoplastic disease through the human life span. Biogerontology. 2:2001;179-192.
132. Macicra-Coelho A. Genome reorganization through cell division, implications for aging of the organism and cancer development. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 719:1994;108-128.
133. Tavoloni N., Inoue H. Cellular aging is a critical determinant of primary cell resistance to v-src transformation. J. Virol. 71:1997;237-247.
134. INK4a. Cell. 88:1997;593-602.
135. Bringold F., Serrano M. Tumor supressors and oncogenes in cellular senescence. Exp. Gerontol. 35:2000;317-329.
136. Shelton D.N., Chang E., Whittier P.S., Choi D., Funk W.D. Microarray analysis of replicative senescence. Curr. Biol. 9:1999;939-945.
137. Shay J.W., Wright W.E., Werbin H. Loss of telomeric DNA during aging may predispose cells to cancer (review). Int. J. Oncol. 3:1993;559-563.
138. Reddel R.R. A reassessment of the telomere hypothesis of senescence. Bioessays. 20:1998;977-984.
139. Cemi C. Telomere, telomerase, and myc. An update. Mutat. Res. 462:2000;31-47.
140. Takubo K., Izumiyama-Shimomura N., Honma N., et al. Telomere length are characteristic in each human individual. Exp. Gerontol. 37:2002;523-531.
141. Blagosklonny M.V. How carcinogens (or telomere dysfunction) induce genetic instability: associated-selection model. FEBS Lett. 506:2001;169-172.
142. Wynford-Thomas D., Bond J.A., Wyllie F.S., Jones C.J. Does telomere shortening drive selection for p53 mutation in human cancer. Mol. Carcinogen. 12:1995;119-123.
143. Mathon N.F., Malcolm D.S., Harrisingh M.C., Cheng L., Lloyd A.C. Lack of replicative senescence in normal rodent glia. Science. 291:2001;872-875.
144. Hampel B, Unterluggauer H, Jansen-Durr P, Erdel M. Age-related polyploidization and cell death in senescent human epithalial cells. First Conference on Functional Genomics of Aging, April 24-27, 2002. Seville, Spain, 2002. p. 41.
145. Tang D.G., Tokumoto Y.M., Apperly J.A., Lloyd A.C., Raff M.C. Lack of replicative senescence in cultured rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell. Science. 291:2001;868-871.
146. Romanov S.R., Kozakiewicz B.K., Holst C.R., Stampfer M.R., Haupt L.M., Tisty T.D. Normal human mammary epithelial cells spontaneously escape senescence and acquire gcnomic changes. Nature. 409:2001;633-637.
147. Clevenger C.V. A old epithelial cell never dies, it just agonesces away. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12:2001;183-184.
148. Rha S.Y., Park K.H., Kim T.S., et al. Changes of telomerase and telomere length in paried normal and cancer tissues of breast. Int. J. Oncol. 15:1999;839-845.
149. Sasaki M., Honda T., Yamada H., Wake N., Barret J.C., Oshimura M. Evidence for multiple patways to cellular senescence. Cancer Res. 54:1994;6090-6093.
150. Wright W.E., Shay J.W. Telomere dynamics in cancer progression and prevention: fundamental differences in human and mouse telomere biology. Nat. Med. 6:2000;849-851.
151. Xie H.Q., Hu V.W. Modulation of gap junction in senescent endothelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 214:1994;172-176.
152. Cameron I.L. Minimum number of cell doubling in an epithelial cells population during the lifespan of the mouse. J. Gerontol. 27:1972;157-161.
153. Potten M., Loeffler M. Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties lessons for and from the crypt. Development. 110:1990;1001-1020.
154. Rubin H. Cell aging in vivo and in vitro. Mech. Ageing Dev. 98:1997;1-35.
155. Buetow D.E. Cellular content and cellular proliferation changes in the tissues and organs of the aging mammals. Cameron I.L., Thrasher J.D. Cellular and molecular renewal in the mammalian body. 1971;87-105 Academic Press, New York.
156. Baserga R.L. Cell division and the cell cycle. Finch C.E., Hayflick L. Handbook of the biology of aging. 1977;101-121 Van Nostrand Reinholdd, New York.
157. Larionov L.F. Cancer and endocrine system. 1938;Meditsina, Leningrad.
158. Ohno S., Nagai Y. Genes in multiple copies as the Primary cause of aging. Bergsma D., Harrison D.E., Paul N.W. Genetic effects of aging. 1978;501-514 Alan R Liss, New York.
159. Anisimov V.N. Blastomogenesis in persistent estrus rats. Vopr. Onkol. 8:1971;67-75.
160. Teramoto S., Fukuchi Y., Uejima Y., Teramoto K., Orimo H. Influences of chronic tobacco smoke inhalation on aging and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the senescent-accelerated mouse (SAM)-P/2. Exp. Gerontol. 28:1993;87-95.
161. Sacher G.A. Life table modification and life prolongation. Finch C.E., Hayflick L. Handbook of the biology of aging. 1977;582-638 Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
162. Alexandrov S.A. Late radiation oathology of mammals. Fortschritte der Onkologie, band 6. 1982;Akademik-Verlag, Berlin.
163. Golostchapov P.V., Boitsova V.P., Vorobjeva M.I. Comparative analysis of effectiveness of chronic external irradiation at different daily doses. 1988;Central Research Institute Atominform, Moscow.
164. Moskalev Y.I. Late effects of ionizing irradiation. 1991;Meditsina, Moscow.
165. Anisimov V.N., Zhukova O.V., Beniashvili D.S., Bilanishvili V.G., Menabde M.Z. Effect of light deprivation and electromagnetic fields on mammary carcinogenesis in female rats. Adv. Pineal. Res. 7:1994;231-236.
166. Stevens R.G., Wilson B.W., Anderson L.E. The melatonin hypothesis. Breast cancer and use of electric power. 1997;Battele Press, Columbus.
167. Brainard G.C., Kaver R., Kheifets L.I. The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposure to melatonin and breast cancer risk: a review of the relevant literature. J. Pineal. Res. 26:1999;65-100.
168. Nikitina VM. Effect of modulated electromagnetic fields induced by marine radio transmitters on aging of the organism. Proceedings of international confrence on shipbuilding ISC. October 8-12, 1994. St. Petersburg, 1994. Sect. F:60-66.
169. Singer M., Berg P. Genes and genomes: a changing perspective. 1991;University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA.
170. Morris S.H. The genetic toxicology of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in mammalian cells. Mutat. Res. 258:1991;161-188.
171. Lindahl T. DNA repair enzymes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 51:1982;61-87.
172. Butov A.A., Volkov M.A., Anisimov V.N., Sehl M., Yashin A.I. A model of accelerated aging induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Biogerontology. 3:2002;175-182.
173. Anisimov V.N., Osipova G.Y. Effect of neonatal exposure to 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine on life span, estrus function and tumor development in rats - an argument in favor of the mutation theory of aging. Mutat. Res. 275:1992;97-110.
174. Anisimov V.N. Carcinogenesis induced by neonatal exposure to various doses of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in rats. Cancer Lett. 91:1995;63-71.
175. Craddock V.M. Shortening of the life span caused by administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to neonatal rats. Chem-Biol. Interact. 35:1981;139-144.
176. Ward J.M., Henneman J.R., Osipova G.Y., Anisimov V.N. Persistence of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in tissues of rats after exposure in early life. Toxicology. 70:1991;345-352.
177. Tapscott S.J., Lassar A.B., Davis R.L., Weintraub H. 5-Bromo-2′ deoxyuridine blocks myogcncsis by extinguishing expression of MyoD1. Science. 245:1989;532-553.
178. Weghorst C.M., Henneman J.R., Ward J.H. Dose response of hepatic and DNA synthesis rates to continuous exposure of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) via slow-release-pellets or osmotic minipumps in male B6C3F1 mice. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 39:1991;177-182.
179. Napalkov N.P., Anisimov V.N., Likhachev A.J., Tomatis L. 5-bromodeoxyuridine-induced carcinogenesis and its modification by persistent estrus syndrome, unilateral nephrectomy, and X-irradiation in rats. Cancer Res. 49:1989;318-323.
180. Anisimov V.N. The sole DNA damage induced by bromodeoxyuridine is sufficient for initiation of both aging and carcinogenesis in vivo. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 719:1994;494-501.
181. Michishita E., Nakabayashi K., Suzuki T., et al. 5-bromodeoxyuridine induces senescence-like phenomena in mammalian cells regardless of cell type or species. J. Biochem. 125:1999;1052-1059.
182. Suzuki T., Minagawa S., Michishita E., Oginom H., Fujii M., Mitsui Y., Ayusawa D. Induction of senescence-associated genes by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in HeLa cells. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;465-474.
183. Suzuki T., Yagunuma M., Oishi T., Michishita E., Ogino H., Fujii M., Ayusawa D. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine suppresses position effect variegation of transgenes in HeLa cells. Exp. Cell Res. 266:2001;53-63.
184. Suzuki T, Iwata T, Minagawa S, Michishita E, Fujii M, Ayusawa D. Large-scale screening for senescence-associated genes with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and immortal cell lines. First conference on functional genomics of aging, April 24-27, 2002, Seville, Spain, 2002. p. 12.
185. Mikhelson V.M. Diseases of DNA repair and their relation with carcinogenesis and aging. 1983;All-Union Institute for Medical Information, Moscow.
186. Lehmann AR. Ageing, DNA repair of radiation damage and carcinogenesis: fact and fiction. In: Likhachev A, Anisimov V, Montesano R, editors. Age-related factors in carcinogenesis, IARC science publication number 58. Lyon: IARC, 1985. p. 203-214.
187. Bohr V.A. Human premature aging syndromes and genomic instability. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;987-993.
188. Mohaghegh P., Hickson I.D. DNA helicase deficiencies associated with cancer predisposition and remature ageing disorders. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10:2001;741-746.
189. Shen J.C., Loeb L.A. The Werner syndrome gene: the molecular basis of RecQ helicase-dcficiency diseases. Trends Genet. 16:2000;213-220.
190. German J. Bloom's syndrome. Dermatol. Clin. 13:1995;7-18.
191. Vennos E.M., James W.D. Rothmund-Thompson syndrome. Dermatol. Clin. 13:1995;143-150.
192. Lebel M., Cardiff R.D., Leder P. Tumorigenic effect of nonfunctional p53 or p21 in mice mutant in the Werner syndrome helicase. Cancer Res. 61:2001;1816-1819.
193. Martin GM. Genetic syndromes in man with potential relevance to the pathobiology of aging. In: Bergsma D, Harrison DE editors. Genetic effects on ageing. Alan R Liss, New York, 1978. p. 5-19.
194. Alexandrov VA, Popovich IG, Anisimov VN, Napalkov NP. Influence of hormonal disturbances on transplacental and multigeneration carcinogenesis. In: Napalkov NP, Rice JM, Tomatis L, Yamasaki H, editors. Perinatal and multigeneration carcinogenesis. IARC science publication number 96, Lyon: IARC, 1989. p. 35-50.
195. Anisimov V.N. Mutant and genetically modified mice as models for studying the relationship between aging and carcinogenesis. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122:2001;121-1255.
196. Alexander J. Use of transgenic mice in identifying chemopreventive agents. Toxicol. Lett. 112/113:2000;507-512.
197. Gulezian D., Jacobson-Kram D., McCullough C.B., et al. Use of transgenic animals for carcinogenicity testing: considerations and imlications for risk assessment. Toxicol. Pathol. 28:2000;482-499.
198. Bartke A., Brown-Borg H., Mattison J., Kinney B., Hauck S., Wright C. Prolonged longevity of hypopituitary mice. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;21-28.
199. Walter C.A., Grabowski D.T., Street K.A., Conrad C.C., Richardson A. Analysis and modulation of DNA repair in aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 98:1997;203-222.
200. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 91:2000;1085-1089.
201. Rudolph K.L., Chang S., Lee H.W., Blasco M., Gottlieb G.J., Greider C., DePinho R.A. Longevity, stress response, and cancer in aging telomerase-deficient mice. Cell. 96:1999;701-712.
202. Blasco M.A. Immunosenescence phenotypes in the telomerase knockout mouse. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 24:2002;75-85.
203. Artandi S.E., DePinho R.A. Mice without telomerase: what can they teach us about human cancer. Nat. Med. 6:2000;852-855.
204. Artandi S.E., Chang S., Lee L., Alson S., Gottlieb G.J., Chin L., DePinho R.A. Telomere dysfunction promotes non-replicative translations and epithelial cancers in mice. Nature. 406:2000;641-645.
205. -/- mice with short telomeres. EMBO. Reports. 2:2001;800-807.
206. Gonzalez-Suarez E, Flores JM, Blasco MA. Decreased viability with age and increased spontaneous tumor incidence in transgenic mice overexpressing telomerase. First conference /on functional genomics of aging, April 24-27, 2002, Seville, Spain, 2002, p. 37.
207. Takeda T. Senescence-accelerated muse (SAM): a biogerontological resource in aging research. Neurobiol. Aging. 20:1999;105-110.
208. Sharkey F.E., Fogh J. Incidence and pathological features of spontaneous tumors in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res. 39:1979;833-839.
209. Shisa H., Kojima A., Hiai H. Accelerating effect of nude gene heterozygocity on spontaneous AKR thymic lymphomagenesis. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 77:1986;568-571.
210. Harrison D.E., Archer J.R., Astle C.M. Effects of food restriction on aging: separation of food intake and adiposity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1984;1835-1838.
211. Waxler S.H., Brecher G., Beal S.L. The effect of fat-enriched diet on the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in obese mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 162:1979;365-368.
212. Duncan M.C., Chada K.K. Incidence of tubulostromal adenoma of the ovary in aged germ cell-deficient mice. J. Comp. Pathol. 109:1993;13-19.
213. Kuro-o M., Matsumura Y., Aizawa H., et al. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature. 390:1997;45-51.
214. Wolf E., Kahnt E., Ehrlein J. Effects of long-term elevated serum levels of growth hormone on life expectancy of mice: lessons from transgenic animal models. Mech. Ageing Dev. 68:1993;71-87.
215. Bartke A. Growth hormone and aging. Endocrine. 8:1998;103-108.
216. Asa S.L., Kovacs K., Stefaneanu L., Horvath E., Billestrup N., Conzalez Manchon C., Vale W. Pituitary mammosomatotroph adenomas develop in old mice transgenic for growth hormone-releasing hormone. Pros. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 193:1990;323-325.
217. Van Steeg H., Klein H., Beems R.B., van Kreijl C.F. Use of DNA repair-deficient XPA transgenic; mice in short-term carcinogenicity testing. Toxicol. Pathol. 26:1998;742-749.
218. Masutani M., Nozaki T., Nakamoto K., et al. The reponse of Rarp knockout mice against DNA damaging agents. Mutat. Res. 462:2000;159-166.
219. Vogel H., Lim D.S., Karsenty G., Finegold M., Hasty P. Deletion of Ku86 causes early onset of senescence in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;10770-10775.
220. Gu Y., Seidi K.J., Rathbun G.A., et al. Growth retardation and leakey SCID phenotype of Ku70-deficient mice. Immunity. 7:1997;653-665.
221. Barlow C., Hirotsune S., Paylor R., et al. Atm-deficient mice: a paradigm of ataxia tclangiectasia. Cell. 86:1996;159-171.
222. Moroy T., Fischer P.E., Lee G., Achacoso P., Wiener F., Alt F.W. High frequency of myelomonocytic tumors in aging E-mu L-myc transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 175:1992;313-322.
223. Baturin D.A., Akimova I.N., Anisimov V.N., et al. The effect of light regimen and melatonin on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice is related to a downregulation of HER-2/neu gene expression. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 22:2001;439-445.
224. Donchower L.A., Harvey M., Vogel H., et al. Effects of genetic backgroun on tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Mol. Carcinogenesis. 14:1995;16-22.
225. Tyner S.D., Venkatachalam S., Choi J., et al. Mutant mice that display early aging-associated phenotypes. Nature. 415:2002;45-53.
226. Temme A., Buchmann A., Gabriel H.D., Nelles E., Schwarz M., Willecke K. High incidence of spontaneous and chemically induced liver tumors in mice deficient for connexin32. Curr. Biol. 7:1997;713-716.
227. dw can increase life span in mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;121-130.
228. shr adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature. 402:1999;309-313.
229. Miskin R., Masos T., Yahav S., Shinder D., Globerson A. AlphaMUPA mice: a transgenic model for increased life span. Neurobiol. Aging. 20:1999;555-564.
230. Coschigano K.T., Clemmons D., Bellush L.L., Kopchick J.J. Assessment of growth parameters and life span of GHR/BP gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology. 141:2000;2608-2613.
231. Lengauer C., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature. 396:1998;643-649.
232. Campisi J. Between Scilla and Charibdis: p53 links tumor suppression and aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;567-573.
233. Crowley C., Curtis H.J. The development of somatic mutations in mice with age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 49:1963;625-628.
234. Sato S., Taketomi M., Nakajima M., et al. Effect of aging on spontaneous micronucleus frequencies in peripheral blood of nine mouse strains. Mutat. Res. 338:1995;51-57.
235. Brown-Borg H.M., Rakoczy S.G. Catalase expression in delayed and premature aging mouse models. Exp. Gerontol. 35:2000;199-212.
236. Hosokawa M., Fujisawa H., Ax S., Zahn-Daimler G., Zahn R.K. Age-associated DNA damage is accelerated in the senescence-accelerated mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 118:2000;61-70.
237. 6 methylguanine mediated carcinogenic mutations to threshold levels after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Oncogene. 18:1999;3783-3787.
238. Glassner B.J., Weeda G., Allan J.M., et al. DNA repair methyltransferase (Mgmt) knockout mice are sensitive to the lethal effects of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. Mutagenesis. 14:1999;339-347.
239. Nishino H., Knoll A., Buettner V.L., Frisk C.S., Maruta Y., Haavik J., Sommer S.S. p53 wild-type and p53 nullizygous Big Blue transgenic mice have similar frequencies and patterns of observed mutation in liver, spleen and brain. Oncogene. 11:1995;263-270.
240. Buettner V.L., Nishino H., Haavik J., Knoll A., Hill K., Sommer S.S. Spontaneous mutation frequencies and spectra in p53 (+/+) and p53((/() mice: a test of the 'guardian of the genome' hypothesis in the Big Blue transgenic mouse mutation detection system. Mutat. Res. 379:1997;13-20.
241. Hursting S.D., Perkins S.N., Haies D.C., Ward J.M., Phang J.M. Chemoprevention of spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-knockout mice. Cancer Res. 55:1995;3949-3953.
242. Atardi L.D., Jacks T. The role of p53 in tumor suppression: lessons from mouse models. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 55:1999;48-63.
243. Van Steeg H., Mullenders L.H.F., Vijg J. Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in nucleotide excision repair-deficient XPA knock out mice. Mutat. Res. 450:2000;167-180.
244. Dolle M.E.T., Giese H., Hopkins C.L., Martus H.J., Hausdorff J.M., Vijg J. Rapid accumulation of genome rearrangements in liver but not in brain of old mice. Nature Genet. 17:1997;431-434.
245. Dolle M.E.T., Snyder W.K., Gossen J.A., Lohman P.H.M., Vijg J. Distinct spectra of somatic mutations accumulated with age in mouse heart and small intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;8403-8408.
246. Ono T., Ikehata H., Nakamura S., et al. Age-associated increase of spontaneous mutant frequency and molecular nature of mutation in newborn and old lacZ-transgenic mouse. Mutat. Res. 447:2000;165-177.
247. Stuart G.R., Oda Y., de Boer J.G., Glickman B.W. Mutation frequency and specificity with age in liver, bladder and brain of LacI transgenic mice. Genetics. 154:2000;1291-1300.
248. Sager R. Senescence as a mode of tumor suppression. Environ. Health Perspect. 93:1991;59-62.
249. Itahana K., Dimitri G., Campisi J. Regulation of cellular senescence by p53. Eur. J. Biochem. 268:2001;2784-2791.
250. Ferbeyre G., Lowe S.W. Ageing: the price of tumor suppression? Nature. 415:2002;26-27.
251. Skulachev V.P. The programmed death phenomena, aging, and the Samurai law of biology. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;995-1024.
252. Morris J.A. The kinetics of epithelial cell generation: its relevance to cancer and aging. J. Theor. Biol. 199:1999;87-95.
253. Hamilton M.L., Van Remmen H., Drake J.A., et al. Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;10469-10474.
254. Kawanishi S., Hiraki Y., Oikawa S. Mechanism of guanine-specific DNA damage by oxidative stress and its role in carcinogenesis and aging. Mutat. Res. 488:2001;65-76.
255. Salvioli S., Bonafe M., Capri M., Monti D., Fransceschi C. Mitochondria, aging and longevity-a new perspective. FEBS. Lett. 492:2001;9-13.
256. von Zglinicki T., Burkle A., Kirkwood T.B.L. Stress, DNA damage and aging-an integrative approach. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;1049-1062.
257. Saretzki G., Sitte N., Merkel U., Wurm R.E. Telomere shortening triggers a p53-dependent cell cycle arrest via accumulation of G-rich single stranded DNA fragments. Oncogene. 18:1999;5148-5158.
258. von Zglinicki T., Pilger R., Sitte N. Accumulation of single-strand breaks is the major cause of telomere shortening in human flbroblasts. Free Radical Biol. Med. 28:2000;64-74.
259. Proctor C.J., Kikwood T.B.L. Modelling telomere shortening and the role of oxidative stress. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;351-356.
260. Anisimov V.N. Melatonin and colon carcinogenesis. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Blask D.E., et al. The pineal gland and cancer, neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms in malignancy. 2001;240-258 Springer, Berlin.
261. Anisimov V.N. Life span extension and cancer risk: myths and reality. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;1101-1136.
262. Frolkis V.V., Muradian K.K. Life span prolongation. 1992;CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
263. Emanuel L.M., Obukhova L.K. Types of experimental delay in aging patterns. Exp. Gerontol. 13:1975;25-29.
264. Lipman R.D. The prolongation of life: a comparison of antioxidants and geroprotectors versus superoxide in human mitochondria. J. Gerontol. 36:1981;550-557.
265. Ghuji S. Pharmacology of aging process. In: I. Zs-Nagy, D. Harman, K. Kitani, editors. Methods of assessment and potential interventions. Ann New York Acad Sci 1994;717.
266. Harman D. Free radical theory of aging: dietary implications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25:1972;839-843.
267. Asian A., Vrabiescu A., Domilescu D., Campeanu L., Costiniu M., Stanescu S. Long term treatment with procaine (gerovital H3) in albino rats. J. Gerontol. 20:1965;1-8.
268. Kitani K., Minami C., Isobe K., Maechara K., Kanai S., Ivy G.O., Carillo M.C. Why (-)deprenyl prolongs survival of experimental animals: increase of anti-oxidant enzymes in brain and other body tissues as well as mobilization of various humoral factors may lead to systemic anti-aging effects. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;1087-1100.
269. Weindruch R., Walford R. The retardation of aging and disease by dietary restriction. 1988;C.C. Thomas, Sprinfield, IL.
270. Segall P.E., Timiras P.S. Patho-physiologic findings after chronic tryptophan deficiency in rats; a model for delayed growth and aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 5:1976;109-124.
271. Dilman V.M., Anisimov V.N. Effect of treatment with phenformin, diphenylhydantoin, or L-DOPA on life span and tumor incidence in C3H/Sn mice. Gerontology. 26:1980;241-245.
272. Anisimov V.N., Khavinson V.K., Morozov V.G. Carcinogenesis and aging. IV. Effect of low-molecular-weight factors of thymus, pineal gland and anterior hypothalamus on immunity tumor incidence and life span of C3H/Sn mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 19:1982;245-258.
273. Anisimov V.N., Khavinson V.K., Morozov V.G. Immunomodulatory synthetic dipeptide l-Glu-l-Trp slows down aging and inhivits spontaneous carcinogenesis in rats. Biogerontology. 1:2000;55-59.
274. Anisimov V.N., Khavinson V.K., Mikhalski A.I., Yashin A.I. Effect of synthetic thymic and pineal peptides on biomarkers of ageing, survival and spontaneous tumor incidence in female CBA mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122:2001;41-68.
275. Cherkes L.A., Aptekar S.G., Volgarev M.N. Liver tumors induced by selenium. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 53:(3):1962;78-83.
276. Dubina T.L., Razumovich A.N. Introduction in experimental gerontology. 1975;Nauka i Tekhnika, Minsk.
277. Muksinova K.N., Voronin V.S., Kirillova E.N., et al. Late effects of chronic exposure to tritium oxide. Moskalev Y.I. Biologic effects of low-level radiation. 1983;70-77 Institute of Biophysics, Moscow.
278. Porta E.A., Joun N.S., Nitta R.T. Effect of the type of dietary fat at two levels of vitamine E in Wistar male rats during development and aging, I. Life span serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes. Mech. Ageing Dev. 13:1980;1-39.
279. Anisimov V.N., Zavarzina N.Y., Zabezhinski M.A., et al. Melatonin increases both life span and tumor incidence in female CBA mice. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. 56A:2001;B311-B323.
280. Rudman D., Feller A.G., Nagraj H.S. Effect of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New Engl. J. Med. 323:1990;1-6.
281. Miller R.A., Chrisp C., Jackson A.U., Galecki A.T., Burke D.T. Coordinated genetic control of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases in mice. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. 5:2002;B3-B8.
282. Sohal R.S., Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, calorie restriction, and aging. Science. 273:1996;59-63.
283. Dempsey J.L., Pfeiffer M., Morley A.A. Effect of dietary restriction on in vivo somatic mutation in mice. Mutat. Res. 291:1993;141-148.
284. Stuart G.R., Oda Y., de Boer J.G., Glickman B.W. No change n spontaneous mutation frquency or specificity in dietary restricted mice. Carcinogenesis. 21:2000;317-319.
285. Reiter R.J., Tan D.X., Allegra M. Melatonin: reducing molecular pathology and dysfunction due to free radical and associated reactant. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 23:(Suppl. 1):2002;3-8.
286. Musatov S.A., Anisimov V.N., Andre V., Godard F., Sichel F. Modulatory effects of melatonin on genotoxic response of reference mutagens in the Ames test and the COMET assay. Mutat. Res. 417:1998;75-84.
287. Vijalaxmi, Meltz M.L., Reiter R.J., Herman T.S. Melatonin and protection from genetic damage in blood and bone marrow: whole-body irradiation studies in mice. J. Pineal. Res. 27:1999;221-225.
288. Ubeda A., Trillo M.A., House D.E., Blackman C.F. Melatonin-enhances junctional transfer in normal C3H/1OT1/2 cells. Cancer Lett. 91:1995;241-245.
289. Anisimov V.N., Khavinson V.K., Morozov V.G. Twenty years of study on effects of pineal peptide preparation: Epithalamin in experimental gerontology and oncology. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 719:1994;483-493.
290. Anisimov V.N., Arutjunyan A.V., Khavinson V.K. Effect of pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin on free radical processes in animals and humans. Neuroendoer. Lett. 22:2001;9-18.
291. Thatcher A.R., Kannisto V., Vaupel J.W. The force of mortality at ages 80-120. 1998;Odense University Press, Odense.
292. Stenbeck M., Rosen M., Sparen P. Causes of increasing cancer prevaence in Sweden. Lancet. 354:1999;1093-1094.
293. von Wangenheim K.H., Peterson H.P. Control of cell proliferation by progress in differentiation: clues to mechanisms of aging, cancer causation and therapy. J. Theor. Biol. 193:1998;663-678.
294. Anisimov V.N., Soloviev M.N. Evolution of concepts in gerontology. 1999;Aescukip, St. Petersburg.
295. Simons J.W. Coming of age:'dysgenetics'-a theory connecting induction of persistent delayed genomic instability with disturbed cellular aging. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76:2000;1533-1543.
296. Rubin H. Cell damage, aging and transformation: a multilevel analysis of carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 19:1999;4877-4886.
297. Khavinson V.K., Morozov V.G., Anisimov V.N. Experimental studies of the pineal gland preparation epithalamin. Bartsch C., Bartsch H., Blask D.E., Cardinali D.P., Hrushesky W.J.M., Mecke D. The pineal gland and cancer, neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms in malignancy. 2001;294-306 Springer, Berlin.
298. Khavinson V.K., Izmaylov D.M., Obukhova L.K., Malinin V.V. Effect of epitalon on the lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech. Ageing Dev. 120:2000;141-149.
299. Ukraintseva S.V., Yashin A.T. How individual age-associated changes may influence human morbidity and mortality patterns. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122:2001;1447-1460.
300. Lee C.K., Klopp R.C., Weindruch R., Prolla T.A. Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by calorie restriction. Science. 285:1999;1390-1393.
301. Lee C.K., Weindruch R., Prolla T.A. Gene-expression profile of the ageing brain in mice. Nat. Genet. 25:2000;294-297.
302. Weindruch R., Kayo T., Lee C.K., Prolla T.A. Microarray profiling of gene expression in aging and its alteration by calorie restriction in mice. J. Nutr. 131:2001;918S-923S.
303. Weindruch R., Kayo T., Lee C.K., Prolla T.A. Gene expression profiling of aging using DNA microarrays. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123:2002;177-193.
304. Welle S. Gene transcript profiling in aging research. Exp. Gerontol. 37:2002;583-590.
305. Aragona M., Maisano R., Panetta S., Giudice A., Morelli M., La Torre I., La Torre F. Telomere length maintenance in aging and carcinogenesis. Int. J. Oncol. 17:2000;981-989.
306. Krupp G., Bonatz G., Parwaresch R. Telomerase, immortality and cancer. Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 6:2000;103-140.
307. Reddel R.R. The role of senescence and immortalization in carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 21:2000;477-484.