Cardiac ion channels

Annual Review of Physiology

Volumn 64, Issue , 2002, Pages 431-475

  Roden, Dan M ^a   Balser, Jeffrey R ^a   George Jr , Alfred L ^a   Anderson, Mark E ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrhythmias; Heart; Ion channel function; Ion channel structure

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CHANNEL; ION CHANNEL; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; SODIUM CHANNEL;

CHANNEL GATING; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DEPOLARIZATION; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART EXCITATION; HEART MUSCLE FIBER MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; HEART MUSCLE POTENTIAL; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HUMAN; ION CURRENT; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; ARRHYTHMIA; HEART; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS;

EID: 0036200496     PISSN: 00664278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.083101.145105     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Sudden cardiac death
2. Electrical heterogeneity, cardiac arrhythmias, and the sodium channel
3. Stretch-activated whole cell currents in adult rat cardiac myocytes
4. Ionic remodeling in the heart: Pathophysiological significance and new therapeutic opportunities for atrial fibrillation
5. Electrical remodeling in ischemia and infarction
6. Primary structure of Electrophorus electricus sodium channel deduced from cDNA sequence
7. Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from Shaker, a putative potassium channel gene from Drosophila
8. Determination of the subunit stoichiometry of a voltage-activated potassium channel
9. Primary structure and functional expression of the human cardiac tetrodotoxin-insensitive voltage-dependent sodium channel
10. Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional expression of the alpha 1 subunit of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel from normal human heart
11. + channel cDNAs from human ventricle
12. Cloning of a membrane protein that induces a slow voltage-gated potassium current
13. Primary structure and functional expression of a mouse inward rectifier potassium channel
14. Interactive cloning with the SH3 domain of N-src identifies a new brain specific ion channel protein, with homology to eag and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
15. A family of hyperpolarization-activated mammalian cation channels
16. Identification of a gene encoding a hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channel of brain
17. 2+ channel gene family
18. Molecular characterization of a neuronal low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channel
19. Kr potassium channels with HERG and is associated with cardiac arrhythmia
20. A new family of outwardly rectifying potassium channel proteins with two pore domains in tandem
21. + channel with a novel structure
22. Ks function
23. Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic-ventricular fibrillation
24. Mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (hRyR2) underlie catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
25. A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome
26. SCN5A mutations associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, long QT syndrome
27. Positional cloning of a novel potassium channel gene: KVLQT1 mutations cause cardiac arrhythmias
28. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias
29. Inherited Long QT syndromes: A paradigm for understanding arrhythmogenesis
30. Spectrum of mutations in long-QT syndrome genes. KVLQT1, HERG, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2
31. HERG channel dysfunction in human long QT syndrome - Intracellular transport and functional defects
32. Mechanisms of I(Ks) suppression in LQT1 mutants
33. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: Gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias
34. Spectrum of ST-T-wave patterns and repolarization parameters in congenital long-QT syndrome: ECG findings identify genotypes
35. Influence of the genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome
36. 2+ current: A cellular mechanism for long Q-T arrhythmias
37. Novel arrhythmogenic mechanism revealed by a long-qt syndrome mutation in the cardiac Na(+) channel
38. CaM kinase inhibition prevents development of the arrhythmogenic transient inward current
39. Low penetrance in the long-QT syndrome: Clinical impact
40. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve
41. Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo
42. + conduction and selectivity
43. The voltage-sensitive sodium channel is a bell-shaped molecule with several cavities
44. 2+ channels
45. + channel revealed by cysteine mutagenesis
46. Calcium channel characteristics conferred on the sodium channel by single mutations
47. Mechanism of ion permeation through calcium channels
48. KcsA crystal structure as framework for a molecular model of the Na(+) channel pore
49. A structural vignette common to voltage sensors and conduction pores - Canaliculi
50. Molecular basis of charge movement in voltage-gated sodium channels
51. Restoration of inactivation in mutants of Shaker potassium channels by a peptide derived from ShB
52. Biophysical and molecular mechanisms of Shaker potassium channel inactivation
53. Inactivation of the sodium channel. II. Gating current experiments
54. + channels: Effects of alterations in the carboxy-terminal region
55. Local anesthetics: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction
56. Time- and voltage-dependent interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs with cardiac sodium channels
57. + channels by local anesthetics
58. Identification of benz(othi)azepine-binding regions within L-type calcium channel alpha-1 subunits
59. + channel - Role of S6 in antiarrhythmic drug binding
60. A structural basis for drug-induced long QT syndrome
61. A critical role for transmembrane segment IVS6 of the sodium channel alpha subunit in fast inactivation
62. Local anesthetics as effectors of allosteric gating. Lidocaine effects on inactivation-deficient rat skeletal muscle Na channels
63. The sequence of the human genome
64. Auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated ion channels
65. Functional association of the β1 subunit with human cardiac (hH1) and rat skeletal muscle (μ1) sodium channel α subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes
66. + channels
67. Immunocytochemical localization of rH1 sodium channel in adult rat heart atria and ventricle: Presence in terminal intercalated disks
68. The cardiac sodium channel mRNA is expressed in the developing and adult rat and human brain
69. A reinterpretation of mammalian sodium channel gating based on single channel recording
70. Sodium channels need not open before they inactivate
71. +-channel inactivation: Charge neutralizations and deletions in the III-IV linker
72. Adjacent pore-lining residues within sodium channels identified by paired cysteine mutagenesis
73. A mutant of TTX-resistant cardiac sodium channels with TTX-sensitive properties
74. Molecular localization of an ion-binding site within the pore of mammalian sodium channels
75. Clockwise domain arrangement of the sodium channel revealed by μ-conotoxin (GIIIA) docking orientation
76. Dose-dependent modulation of the cardiac sodium channel by sea anemone toxin ATXII
77. Sodium channel block with mexiletine is effective in reducing dispersion of repolarization and preventing torsade des pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome
78. + channel alpha subunit
79. REST: A mammalian silencer protein that restricts sodium channel gene expression to neurons
80. Upregulation of the rat cardiac sodium channel by in vivo treatment with a class I antiarrhythmic drug
81. Class I and IV antiarrhythmic drugs and cytosohc calcium regulate mRNA encoding the sodium channel alpha subunit in rat cardiac muscle
82. Molecular mechanisms underlying ionic remodeling in a dog model of atrial fibrillation
83. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of two sites in the alpha subunit of the cardiac sodium channel
84. + channel inactivation gate is required for modulation by protein kinase C
85. Convergent regulation of sodium channels by protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase
86. Potentiation of rat brain sodium channel currents by PKA in Xenopus oocytes involves the I-II linker
87. Activation of protein kinase A modulates trafficking of the human cardiac sodium channel in Xenopus oocytes
88. AKAP15 anchors cAMP-dependent protein kinase to brain sodium channels
89. Molecular mechanism for an inherited cardiac arrhythmia
90. Multiple mechanisms of sodium channel-linked long QT syndrome
91. 1507 in the cardiac sodium channel
92. Interaction between the sodium channel inactivation linker and domain III S4-S5
93. + channel activity through interactions between alpha- and beta1-subunits
94. Biophysical phenotypes of SCN5A mutations causing long QT and Brugada syndromes
95. Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: Description of six cases
96. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report
97. Enhanced Na(+) channel intermediate inactivation in Brugada syndrome
98. Two distinct congenital arrhythmias evoked by a multidysfunctional Na(+) channel
99. The Brugada syndrome: Clinical, electrophysiologic and genetic aspects
100. A single Na(+) channel mutation causing both long-QT and Brugada syndromes
101. Structure and function of the cardiac sodium channels
102. Cardiac conduction defects associate with mutations in SCN5A
103. A sodium-channel mutation causes isolated cardiac conduction disease
104. Increased mortality due to encainide or flecainide in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction
105. Increased risk of death and cardiac arrest from encainide and flecainide in patients after nonQ-wave acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial
106. Electrophysiological effects of flecainide on anisotropic conduction and reentry in infarcted canine hearts
107. Differences in the electrophysiological response of canine ventricular epicardium and endocardium to ischemia. Role of the transient outward current
108. Flecainide-induced arrhythmia in canine ventricular epicardium. Phase 2 reentry?
109. max and the transient outward current
110. 2+ channels
111. Cloning and expression of a cardiac/brain beta subunit of the L-type calcium channel
112. Coexpression of the beta2 subunit does not induce voltage-dependent facilitation of the class C L-type Ca channel
113. Subunits of purified calcium channels. Alpha 2 and delta are encoded by the same gene
114. 2+-channel gamma subunit
115. 2+ channels in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes through independent mechanisms
116. 2+ channels
117. Calmodulin supports both inactivation and facilitation of L-type calcium channels
118. Critical determinants of Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation within an EF-hand motif of L-type Ca(2+) channels
119. 3H]azidopine within the alpha 1 subunit
120. The IVS6 segment of the L-type calcium channel is critical for the action of dihydropyridines and phenylalkylamines
121. Interactions of organic calcium channel antagonists with calcium channels in single frog atrial cells
122. Block of L-type calcium channels by charged dihydropyridines. Sensitivity to side of application and calcium
123. Transfer of high sensitivity for benzothiazepines from L-type to class A (BI) calcium channels
124. Beta-adrenergic stimulation of calcium channels occurs by potentiation of high-activity gating modes
125. Calmodulin kinase determines calcium-dependent facilitation of L-type calcium channels
126. Sympathetic regulation of cardiac calcium current is due exclusively to cAMP-dependent phosphorylation
127. Role of the GTP-binding protein Gs in the beta-adrenergic modulation of cardiac Ca channels
128. 2+ channel alpha 1C subunit
129. 2+ channels requires membrane targeting of PKA and phosphorylation of channel subunits
130. Regulation of ion channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and A-kinase anchoring proteins
131. 2+ currents in single canine Purkinje cells
132. Properties of the low threshold Ca current in single frog atrial cardiomyocytes. A comparison with the high threshold Ca current
133. Transcriptional regulation of L-type calcium channel expression in cardiac myocytes
134. Regulation of calcium channel expression in neonatal myocytes by catecholamines
135. 2+ channels
136. 2+-channel alpha(1)-subunit
137. 2+ channel splice variants
138. Identification of a T-type Ca(2+) channel isoform in murine atrial myocytes (AT-1 cells)
139. 2+ channel alpha 1c subunit isoform switching in failing human ventricular myocardium
140. Cellular electrophysiology in cardiac hypertrophy and failure
141. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenic delayed and early after depolarizations and triggered activity in vivo
142. 2+ current in rabbit ventricular myocytes
143. Calmodulin kinase inhibition prevents development of the arrhythmogenic transient inward current
144. Systemic administration of calmodulin antagonist W-7 or protein kinase A inhibitor H-8 prevents Torsade de Pointes in rabbits
145. Mutations of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene in familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
146. 2+ current is expressed in hypertrophied adult feline left ventricular myocytes
147. Functional expression of an inactivating potassium channel cloned from human heart
148. Quantitative analysis of potassium channel mRNA expression in atrial and ventricular muscle of rats
149. Regional differences in current density and rate-dependent properties of the transient outward current in subepicardial and subendocardial myocytes of human left ventricle
150. Modulation of A-type potassium channels by a family of calcium sensors
151. Two components of transient outward current in canine ventricular myocytes
152. Calcium-activated chloride current in rabbit ventricular mycoytes
153. + channel blocking actions of flecainide compared with those of propafenone and quinidine in adult rat ventricular myocytes
154. Effects of flecainide, quinidine, and 4-aminopyridine on transient outward and ultrarapid delayed rectifier currents in human atrial myocytes
155. Decreased expression of Kv4.2 and novel Kv4.3 K+ channel subunit mRNAs in ventricles of renovascular hypertensive rats
156. + currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure
157. Molecular basis of transient outward potassium current downregulation in human heart failure: A decrease in Kv4.3 mRNA correlates with a reduction in current density
158. Functional knockout of the transient outward current, long-QT syndrome, and cardiac remodeling in mice expressing a dominant-negative Kv4 alpha subunit
159. Elimination of the transient outward current and action potential prolongation in mouse atrial myocytes expressing a dominant negative Kv4 alpha subunit
160. + currents in adult mouse ventricular myocytes
161. A family of potassium channel genes related to eag in Drosophila in mammals
162. + current
163. A minK-HERG complex regulates the cardiac potassium current I(Kr)
164. Conductance and kinetics of delayed rectifier potassium channels in nodal cells of the rabbit heart
165. Developmental changes in transient outward current in mouse ventricle
166. + channels in mouse heart
167. The inward rectification mechanism of the HERG cardiac potassium channel
168. + current in cardiac cells
169. Modulation of HERG affinity for E-4031 by [K+]o and C-type inactivation
170. A sensitive mechanism for cation modulation of potassium current
171. Effects of IKr and IKs heterogeneity on action potential duration and its rate dependence: A simulation study
172. Properties of HERG channels stably expressed in HEK 293 cells studied at physiological temperature
173. Point of view: Acquired long QT syndromes and the risk of proarrhythmia
174. Trapping of a methanesulfonanilide by closure of the HERG potassium channel activation gate
175. Crystal structure and functional analysis of the HERG potassium channel N terminus: A eukaryotic PAS domain
176. + current
177. + channel in mouse and human hearts
178. + channel splice variant common in human heart lacks a C-terminal domain required for expression of rapidly-activating delayed rectifier current
179. Correction of defective protein trafficking of a mutant HERG potassium channel in human long QT syndrome. Pharmacological and temperature effects
180. Isoproterenol antagonizes prolongation of refractory period by the class III antiarrhythmic agent E-4031 in guinea pig myocytes: Mechanism of action
181. Cyclic AMP regulates the HERG K(+) channel by dual pathways
182. Class III antiarrhythmic agents have a lot of potential, but a long way to go: Reduced effectiveness and dangers of reverse use-dependence
183. + current by dofetilide
184. Taking the idio out of idiosyncratic - Predicting Torsades de Pointes
185. A common polymorphism associated with antibiotic-induced cardiac arrhythmia
186. KVLQT1 C-terminal missense mutation causes a forme fruste long-QT syndrome
187. Frequency of ion channel mutations and polymorphisms in a large population of patients with drug-associated long QT Syndrome
188. Evidence for a cardiac ion channel mutation underlying drug-induced QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias
189. Effect of the antimalarial drug halofantrine in the long QT syndrome due to a mutation of the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A
190. + current: Differential sensitivity to block by class III antiarrhythmic agents
191. K and screens membrane surface change in cardiac cells
192. Time-dependent outward current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Gating kinetics of the delayed rectifier
193. Ks potassium channel
194. Ks cardiac potassium current
195. The conduction pore of a cardiac potassium channel
196. The KVLQT1 S6 transmembrane seqment is a structural requirment for minK-mediated gating modulation
197. Inner ear defects induced by null mutation of the isk gene
198. Targeted disruption of the Kv1qt1 gene causes deafness and gastric hyperplasia in mice
199. A dominant negative isoform of the long QT syndrome 1 gene product
200. Differential expression of KvLQT1 isoforms across the human ventricular wall
201. Ks contributes to the longer action potential of the M cell
202. Isoproterenol activates a chloride current, not the transient outward current, in rabbit ventricular myocytes
203. Calcium-sensitive delayed rectifier potassium current in guinea pig ventricular cells
204. Ks and mediates species-specific responses to protein kinase C
205. Ks) by macromolecular signaling complex
206. AKAP proteins anchor cAMP-dependent protein kinase to KvLQT1/IsK channel complex
207. The novel class III antiarrhythmic agent, L-735,821 is a potent and selective blocker of IKs in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
208. Inhibition of IKs in guinea pig cardiac myocytes and guinea pig IsK channels by the chromanol 293B
209. KvLQT1 potassium channel but not IsK is the molecular target for trans-6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl- chromane
210. Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQTt1 form of the long-QT syndrome - Effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channel blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes
211. A recessive C-terminal Jervell and Lange-Nielsen mutation of the KCNQ1 channel impairs subunit assembly
212. Characterization and subcellular localization of KCNQ1 with a heterozygous mutation in the C terminus
213. Cellular dysfunction of LQT5-minK mutants: Abnormalities of IKs, IKr and trafficking in long QT syndrome
214. KCNE1 mutations cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
215. Molecular basis of the long QT syndrome associated with deafness
216. + channel in heart rate control of repolarization in a murine engineered model of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
217. Replacement by homologous recombination of the mink gene with lacZ reveals restriction of mink expression to the mouse cardiac conduction system
218. Spontaneous and induced atrial fibrillation in mink knockout mice
219. Targeted disruption of the Kcnq1 gene produces a mouse model of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
220. Transgenic mice overexpressing human KvLQT1 dominant-negative isoform. Part I: Phenotypic characterisation
221. A rapidly-activating and slowly-inactivating potassium channel cloned from human heart
222. + channel current
223. + current similar to Kv1.5 cloned channel currents
224. + current in cultured adult human atrial myocytes
225. Molecular evidence for a role of Shaw (Ky3) potassium channel subunits in potassium currents of dog atrium
226. + channel gene transcription and expression in clonal pituitary cells
227. Manipulation of the delayed rectifier Kv1.5 potassium channel in glial cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides
228. Sequence and functional expression in Xenopus oocytes of a human insulinoma and islet potassium channel
229. + channel beta-subunit (hKvβ1.3) is produced via alternative mRNA splicings
230. + channel beta subunit expressed in human heart
231. Protein kinase A phosphorylation alters Kv1β1.3 subunit-mediated inactivation of the Kv1.5 potassium channel
232. Coexpression of a beta subunit enhances the effect of a phorbol ester on the Kv1.5 channel
233. NMR structure and functional characteristics of the hydrophilic N terminus of the potassium channel beta-subunit Kvβ1.1
234. Coupling of voltage-dependent potassium channel inactivation and oxidoreductase active site of Kvβ subunits
235. Comparison of binding and block produced by alternatively spliced Kvβ1 subunits
236. + channel gene expression in rat ventricular myocytes
237. Effects of thyroid status on expression of voltage-gated potassium channels in rat left ventricle
238. Redistribution of the Kv1.5 potassium channel protein on the surface of myocytes from the epicardial border zone of the infarcted canine heart
239. Constitutive activation of delayed-rectifier potassium channels by a Src family tyrosine kinase in Schwann cells
240. Differential targeting of Shaker-like potassium channels to lipid rafts
241. + channels to distinct lipid raft populations: Targeting of Kv1.5 to caveolae
242. Differential stimulation of PKC phosphorylation of potassium channels by ZIP1 and ZIP2
243. + current densities and Kv1.5 expression are reduced in chronic human atrial fibrillation
244. Long QT and ventricular arrhythmias in transgenic mice expressing the N terminus and first transmembrane segment of a voltage-gated potassium channel
245. A cellular model for long QT syndrome - Trapping of heteromultimeric complexes consisting of truncated Kv1.1 potassium channel polypeptides and native kv1.4 and kv1.5 channels in the endoplasmic reticulum
246. + channel from human atrium
247. Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the development and episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen/s syndrome
248. +-channel proteins
249. KATP: An inward rectifier subunit plus the sulfonylurea receptor
250. 2+
251. Inward rectification of a potassium channel in cardiac ventricular cells depends on internal magnesium ions
252. Potassium channel block by cytoplasmic polyamines as the mechanism of intrinsic rectification
253. + channels is caused by intracellular spermine
254. + channels
255. + channels in cell-free membrane of atrial cells
256. + channels
257. Abnormal heart rate regulation in GIRK4 knockout mice
258. G-protein mediated gating of inward-rectifier K+ channels
259. A new ER trafficking signal regulates the subunit stoichiometry of plasma membrane K(ATP) channels
260. ATP-sensitive potassium channels: A review of their cardioprotective pharmacology
261. Selective pharmacological agents implicate mitochondrial but not sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels in ischemic cardioprotection
262. Pacemaker mechanisms in cardiac tissue
263. HCN1 is a molecular determinant of the cardiac pacemaker current If
264. Distribution and prevalence of hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (HCN) mRNA expression in cardiac tissues
265. h) in a zebrafish mutant with a slow heart rate
266. Pacemaker current exists in ventricular myocytes
267. The HCN gene family: Molecular basis of the hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels
268. + channel by three amino acid substitutions
269. Background potassium current active during the plateau of the action potential in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
270. A novel cardiac potassium channel that is active and conductive at depolarized potentials
271. - channels in heart
272. Anion transport in heart
273. KCNE2 confers background current characteristics to the cardiac KCNQ1 potassium channel
274. Evolution tunes the excitability of individual neurons
275. Autosomal recessive catecholamine- or exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: Clinical features and assigment of the disease gene to chromosome 1p13-21
276. Molecular heterogeneity in the Brugada syndrome
277. Long QT syndrome associated with syndactyly identified in females