High-protein weight-loss diets: Are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 60, Issue 7 I, 2002, Pages 189-200

  Eisenstein, Julie ^a   Roberts, Susan B ^a   Dallal, Gerard ^a   Saltzman, Edward ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone loss; Dietary protein; Energy intake; High protein diet; Thermogenesis; Urinary calcium loss; Weight loss

Indexed keywords

BONE ATROPHY; CALCIUM URINE LEVEL; CALORIC INTAKE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; HEALTH STATUS; KIDNEY DISEASE; NEPHROLITHIASIS; PROTEIN DIET; REVIEW; SATIETY; THERMOGENESIS; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

DIET, REDUCING; DIETARY PROTEINS; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; SATIETY RESPONSE; THERMOGENESIS; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 0036077687     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1301/00296640260184264     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States
2. High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: Is there a connection?
3. Dietary energy density and weight regulation
4. Dietary fiber and weight regulation
5. Estimates of animal and plant protein intake in US adults: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991
6. The satiety value of protein
7. Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man
8. Composition of the action of macronutrients on the expression of appetite in lean and obese human subjects
9. The influence of thermic effect of food on satiety
10. Breakfasts high in protein, fat or carbohydrate: Effect on within-day appetite and energy balance
11. The specificity of satiety: The influence of foods of different macronutrient content on the development of satiety
12. Effects of a high-protein meal (meat) and a high-carbohydrate meal (vegetarian) on satiety measured by automated computerized monitoring of subsequent food intake, motivation to eat and food preferences
13. Short-term effects of macronutrient preloads on appetite and energy intake in lean women
14. Short-term effects of different amounts of protein, fat and carbohydrate on satiety
15. Weight, protein, fat, and timing of preloads affect food intake
16. Description and evaluation of an experimental model to examine changes in selection between highprotein, high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods in humans
17. Effect of overfeeding macronutrients on day-to-day food intake in man
18. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity
19. Thermic effect of feeding carbohydrate, fat, protein and mixed meal in lean and obese subjects
20. Thermic effect of feeding in man: Increased plasma norepinephrine levels following glucose but not protein or fat consumption
21. Postprandial thermogenesis at rest and during exercise in elderly men ingesting two levels of protein
22. Protein turnover and thermogenesis in response to high-protein and high-carbohydrate feeding in men
23. Diet-induced thermogenesis in man: Thermic effects of single proteins, carbohydrates and fats depending on their energy amount
24. Thermic response to isoenergetic protein, carbohydrate or fat meals in lean and obese subjects
25. Diet induced thermogenesis measured over 24h in a respiration chamber: Effect of diet composition
26. Very-low-calorie diets with high and low protein content: Impact on triiodothyronine, energy expenditure, and nitrogen balance
27. Diet-induced thermogenesis in man: Thermic effects of single protein and carbohydrate test meals in lean and obese subjects
28. Protein metabolism during weight reduction with very-low-energy diets: Evaluation of the independent effects of protein and carbohydrate on protein sparing
29. Variability in body protein loss during protracted, severe caloric restriction: Role of triiodothyronine and other possible determinants
30. Nitrogen and sodium balance and sympathetic-nervous-system activity in obese subjects treated with a low-calorie protein or mixed diet
31. Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: Comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet
32. High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects
33. The effects of variations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat content of the diet upon weight loss, blood values, and nutrient intake of adult obese women
34. Dietary variety within food groups: Association with energy intake and body fatness in men and women
35. Dietary determinants of energy intake and weight regulation in healthy adults
36. Effect of habitual dietary-protein intake on appetite and satiety
37. Physiologic responses to sensory stimulation by food: Nutritional implications
38. Expenditure and storage of energy in man
39. Effect of fatreduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: Comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate
40. Dependence of 24 h energy expenditure in man on the composition of the nutrient intake
41. The effect of protein intake on 24-h energy expenditure during energy restriction
42. Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate dieting on plasma lipoproteins and body weight
43. Changes in serum cholesterol during the Stillman diet
44. Composition of weight lost during short-term weight reduction. Metabolic responses of obese subjects to starvation and low-calorie ketogenic and nonketogenic diets
45. Protein sparing during treatment of obesity: Ketogenic versus nonketogenic very low calorie diet
46. Similar weight loss with low or high-carbohydrate diets
47. Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet?
48. Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers
49. A metabolic ward study of a high protein, very-low-energy diet
50. Calorie intake in relation to body-weight changes in the obese
51. Some metabolic changes induced by low carbohydrate diets
52. Ketosis, weight loss, uric acid, and nitrogen balance in obese women fed single nutrients at low caloric levels
53. The effect of meal frequency and protein concentration on the composition of the weight lost by obese subjects
54. Effect of a high-protein, very-low-calorie diet on resting metabolism, thyroid hormones, and energy expenditure of obese middle-aged women
55. Metabolic effects of very low calorie weight reduction diets
56. A comparison of administering protein alone and protein plus glucose on nitrogen balance
57. Lipid, protein and carbohydrate intake in relation to body mass index
58. Estimation of the renal net acid excretion by adults consuming diets containing variable amounts of protein
59. Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents
60. Long-term effects of level of protein intake on calcium metabolism in young adult women
61. Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake
62. Acute effects of dietary protein on calcium metabolism in patients with osteoporosis
63. Calcium balance and acid-base status of women as affected by increased protein intake and by sodium bicarbonate ingestion
64. Increased circulating concentrations of parathyroid hormone in healthy, young women consuming a protein-restricted diet
65. Changes in bone turnover in young women consuming different levels of dietary protein
66. Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate
67. Effect of diet on plasma acid-base composition in normal humans
68. Acidosis and bone
69. Urinary calcium excretion in human beings
70. The relation of sulfur metabolism to acid-base balance and electrolyte excretion: The effects of DL-methionine in normal man
71. The effects of phosphoproteins on acid balance in normal subjects
72. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone
73. Studies in calcium metabolism. I. The calciuretic effect of dietary protein
74. Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism
75. Studies on the mechanism of protein-induced hypercalciuria in older men and women
76. Dietary intakes and urinary excretion of calcium and acids: A cross-sectional study of women in China
77. Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young women affected by high protein diet of soy protein isolate and adding sulfur-containing amino acids and/or potassium
78. Protein consumption and bone fractures in women
79. Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and protein, and physical-activity level are related to radial bone mass in young adult women
80. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: A hypothesis
81. Bone mineral content of North Alaskan Eskimos
82. Differences in intracortical bone remodeling in three aboriginal American populations: Possible dietary factors
83. Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study
84. Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women
85. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women
86. Nutritional aspects of hip fractures
87. Effect of voluntary weight loss on bone mineral density in older overweight women
88. Moderate energy restriction increases bone resorption in obese postmenopausal women
89. Bone mineral density (BMD) in obesity effect of weight loss
90. Influence on bone metabolism of dietary trace elements, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamins
91. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: Further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health?
92. Protein-induced hypercalciuria: A longer term study
93. Short-term changes in calcium but not protein intake alter the rate of bone resorption in healthy subjects as assessed by urinary pyridinium crosslink excretion
94. Effects on Ca and P metabolism in humans by adding meat, meat plus milk, or purified proteins plus Ca and P to a low protein diet
95. Effect of a high protein (meat) intake on calcium metabolism in man
96. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and caffeine on calcium balance in women
97. The hyperfiltration theory: A paradigm shift in nephrology
98. Diet, indicators of kidney disease, and later mortality among older persons in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study
99. Effect of level of protein intake on calcium metabolism and on parathyroid and renal function in the adult human male
100. Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow at different levels of protein-induced hyperfiltration in man
101. Effect of chronic dietary protein intake on the renal function in healthy subjects
102. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects
103. Serum homocysteine level and protein intake are related to risk of microalbuminuria: The Hoorn Study
104. Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes?
105. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones
106. Renal mass and serum calcitriol in male idiopathic calcium renal stone formers: Role of protein intake
107. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria
108. Randomized controlled trial of a low animal protein, high fiber diet in the prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones
109. Dietary protein and blood pressure
110. Effect of ingestion of meat on plasma cholesterol of vegetarians
111. Highprotein diets in hyperlipidemia: Effect of wheat gluten on serum lipids, uric acid, and renal function
112. Prospective study of fat and protein intake and risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage in women
113. Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women
114. Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
115. Effect of amino acids and proteins on insulin secretion in man
116. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load
117. The effect of protein ingestion on the metabolic response to oral glucose in normal individuals
118. Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index
119. Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans
120. Balanced low-calorie vs. low-protein-low-carbohydrate reducing diets. II. Biochemical changes
121. Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women
122. Dietary habits and incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden
123. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes?
124. Low dietary fiber and high protein intakes associated with newly diagnosed diabetes in a remote aboriginal community
125. Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat
126. Oxidative DNA damage levels in blood from women at high risk for breast cancer are associated with dietary intakes of meats, vegetables, and fruits
127. Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast
128. Calorie-providing nutrients and risk of breast cancer
129. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men
130. Nutritional factors in colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study in Majorca
131. Diet, body mass and colorectal cancer: A case-referent study in Stockholm
132. Colorectal adenomas and diet: A case-control study
133. Dietary fat and protein in relation to risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women
134. Diet and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in older women
135. Diet and prostate cancer: A case-control study
136. Protein intake and risk of renal cell cancer
137. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy: II. Association with nutrients
138. Nutritional factors in the etiology of brain tumors: Potential role of nitrosamines, fat, and cholesterol
139. A population-based case-control study of dietary factors and endometrial cancer in Shanghai, People's Republic of China
140. Consumption of meat, animal products, protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer: A prospective cohort study in New York
141. The role of fat, animal protein and some vitamin consumption in breast cancer: A case control study in southern France
142. A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer
143. Dietary energy sources and colon cancer risk
144. Colorectal adenomas and diet: A case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme
145. Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study
146. Soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asians and Asian Americans
147. Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore
148. Diet and endometrial cancer: A case-control study
149. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Shanghai, China. II. Role of diet and nutrients