What role(s) for TGFα in the central nervous system?

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 62, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 443-473

  Junier, Marie Pierre ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Astrocyte; Astrocytoma; Astrogliosis; EGF; EGFR; erbB1; Glioma; Neural progenitor; Neurodegenerative disease; TGF

Indexed keywords

AMPHIREGULIN; BETACELLULIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIREGULIN; ISOPROTEIN; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR;

ASTROCYTE; ASTROCYTOMA; ASTROCYTOSIS; BRAIN MAPPING; CELL METABOLISM; CELL SURVIVAL; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PUBERTY; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; ANIMAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVE CELL; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ASTROCYTES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEURONS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA;

EID: 0034353578     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00017-4     Document Type: Review

References (335)

1. Abe K., Xie F.J., Saito H. Epidermal growth factor enhances short-term potentiation and facilitates induction of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 547:1991;171-174.
2. 2+ concentration in rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 587:1992;102-108.
3. Abe K., Saito H. Protective effect of epidermal growth factor on glutamate neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar neurons. Neurosci. Res. 14:1992;117-123.
4. Alexi T., Hefti F. Trophic actions of transforming growth factor alpha on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons developing in culture. Neuroscience. 55:1993;903-918.
5. Alexi T., Venero J.L., Hefti F. Protective effects of neurotrophin-4/5 and transforming growth factor-alpha on striatal neuronal phenotypic degeneration after excitotoxic lesioning with quinolinic acid. Neuroscience. 78:1997;73-86.
6. Altman J., Bayer S.A. Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum. J. Comp. Neurol. 198:1981;677-716.
7. Anchan R.M., Reh T.A., Angello J., Balliet A., Walker M. EGF and TGF-alpha stimulate retinal neuroepithelial cell proliferation in vitro. Neuron. 6:1991;923-936.
8. Anzano M.A., Roberts A.B., Smith J.M., Sporn M.B., De Larco J.E. Sarcoma growth factor from conditioned medium of virally transformed cells is composed of both type alpha and type beta transforming growth factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 80:1983;6264-6268.
9. Arenander A.T., Lim R.W., Varnum B.C., Cole R., de Vellis J., Herschman H.R. TIS gene expression in cultured rat astrocytes: multiple pathways of induction by mitogens. J. Neurosci. Res. 3:1989;257-265.
10. Arribas J., Coodly L., Vollmer P., Kishimoto T.K., Rose-John S., Massagué J. Diverse cell surface protein ectodomains are shed by a system sensitive to metalloprotease inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;11376-11382.
11. Balasingam V., Dickson K., Brade A., Yong V.W. Astrocyte reactivity in neonatal mice: apparent dependence on the presence of reactive microglia/macrophages. Glia. 1:1996;11-26.
12. Bargmann C.I., Hung M.C., Weinberg R.A. The neu oncogene encodes an epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein. Nature. 319:1986;226-230.
13. Barrie A., Chieregatti E., Miloso M., Benfenati F., Valtorta F. Epidermal growth factor-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter glutamate release from rat forebrain synaptosomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 49:1996;399-403.
14. Baselga J., Mendelsohn J., Kim Y.M., Pandiella A. Autocrine regulation of membrane transforming growth factor-alpha cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;3279-3284.
15. Batra S.K., Castelino-Prabhu S., Wikstrand C.J., Zhu X., Humphrey P.A., Friedman H.S., Bigner D.D. Epidermal growth factor ligand-independent, unregulated, cell-transforming potential of a naturally occurring human mutant EGFRvIII gene. Cell Growth Differ. 6:1995;1251-1259.
16. Beerli R.R., Hynes N.E. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides activate distinct subsets of ErbB receptors and differ in their biological activities. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;6071-6076.
17. Bellier, J.P., Cadusseau, J., Ma, Y.J., and Junier, M.P. (1996) Expression d'un facteur neurotrophique, le Transforming Growth Factor alpha (TGF alpha), par les motoneurones au cours du développement chez le rat. 6th AFM meeting abstract, p. 84.
18. Berkowitz E.A., Hecht C.P., Azizkhan J.C., Chen X., Lee D.C. Transcription factor AP2 is required for expression of the rat transforming growth factor-α gene. Oncogene. 14:1997;2229-2238.
19. Berkowitz E.A., Seroogy K.B., Schroeder J.A., Russell W.E., Evans E.P., Riedel R.F., Phillips H.K., Harrison C.A., Lee D.C., Luetteke N.C. Characterization of the mouse transforming growth factor alpha gene, its expression during eyelid development and in waved 1 tissues. Cell Growth Differ. 7:1996;1271-1282.
20. Bignami A., Dahl D. The astroglial response to stabbing. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies to astrocyte-specific protein (GFAP) in mammalian and submammalian vertebrates. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2:1976;99-111.
21. Blasband A.J., Rogers K.T., Chen X., Azizkhan J.C., Lee D.C. Characterization of the rat transforming growth factor alpha gene and identification of promoter sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1990;2111-2121.
22. Blum M. A null mutation in TGF-alpha leads to a reduction in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Nat. Neurosci. 1:1998;374-377.
23. Bogler O., Nagane M., Gillis J., Huang H.J., Cavenee W.K. Malignant transformation of p53- deficient astrocytes is modulated by environmental cues in vitro. Cell Growth Differ. 10:1999;73-86.
24. Bosenberg M.W., Pandiella A., Massagué J. The cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal amino acid specifies cleavage of membrane TGFα into soluble growth factor. Cell. 71:1992;1157-1165.
25. Bowlby M.R., Fadool D.A., Holmes T.C., Levitan I.B. Modulation of the Kv1.3 potassium channel by receptor tyrosine kinases. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:1997;601-610.
26. Brachmann R., Lindquist P.B., Nagashima M., Kohr W., Lipari T., Napier M., Derynck R. Transmembrane TGFα precursors activate EGF/TGFα receptors. Cell. 56:1989;691-700.
27. Bredel M., Pollack I.F., Hamilton R.L., James C.D. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and gene amplification in high-grade non-brainstem gliomas of childhood. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;1786-1792.
28. Briley G.P., Hissong M.A., Chiu M.L., Lee D.C. The carboxyl-terminal valine residues of proTGF alpha are required for its efficient maturation and intracellular routing. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:1997;1619-1631.
29. Brissenden J.E., Derynck R., Francke U. Mapping of transforming growth factor alpha gene on human chromosome 2 close to the breakpoint of the Burkitt's lymphoma t(2;8) variant translocation. Cancer Res. 45:1985;5593-5597.
30. Brown P.I., Lam R., Lakshmanan J., Fisher D.A. Transforming growth factor alpha in developing rats. Am. J. Physiol. 259:1990;E256-E260.
31. Brunet A., Pouyssegur J. Mammalian MAP kinase modules: how to transduce specific signals. Essays Biochem. 32:1997;1-16.
32. Bruno V., Battaglia G., Casabona G., Copani A., Caciagli F., Nicoletti F. Neuroprotection by glial metabotropic glutamate receptors is mediated by transforming growth factor-β J. Neurosci. 18:1998;9594-9600.
33. Bulloch, A.G.M., Hermann, P.M., van Kesteren, R.E., Wildering, W.C., Painter, S.D., Smit, A.B., Geraerts, W.P.M. and Nagle, G.T. (1999) Lymnaea epidermal growth factor: regulation during CNS development and injury. Society for Neurosciences abstract, p. 2276.
34. Burden S., Yarden Y. Neuregulins and their receptors: a versatile signaling module in organogenesis and oncogenesis. Neuron. 18:1997;847-855.
35. Burrows R.C., Wancio D., Levitt P., Lilien L. Response diversity and the timing of progenitor cell maturation are regulated by developmental changes in EGFR expression in the cortex. Neuron. 19:1997;251-267.
36. Busfield S.J., Michnick D.A., Chickering T.W., Revett T.L., Ma J., Woolf E.A., Comrack C.A., Dussault B.J., Woolf J., Goodearl A.D., Gearing D.P. Characterization of a neuregulin-related gene, Don-1, that is highly expressed in restricted regions of the cerebellum and hippocampus. Mol. Cell Biol. 17:1997;4007-4014.
37. Carpenter G., Cohen S. Epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;7709-7712.
38. Carpenter G. Employment of the epidermal growth factor receptor in growth factor-independent signaling pathways. J. Cell Biol. 146:1999;697-702.
39. Carraway III K.L., Burden S.J. Neuregulins and their receptors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5:1995;606-612.
40. Carraway III K.L., Weber J.L., Unger M.J., Ledesma J., Yu N., Gassmann M., Lai C. Neuregulin-2, a new ligand of ErbB3/ErbB4-receptor tyrosine kinases. Nature. 387:1997;512-516.
41. Casper D., Mytilineou C., Blum M. EGF enhances the survival of dopamine neurons in rat embryonic mesencephalon primary cell culture. J. Neurosci. Res. 30:1991;372-381.
42. Casper D., Blum M. Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor protect dopaminergic neurons from glutamate toxicity in culture. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;1016-1026.
43. Chalazonitis A., Kessler J.A., Twardzik D.R., Morrison R.S. Transforming growth factor α, but not epidermal growth factor, promotes the survival of sensory neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;583-594.
44. Chang H., Riese II D.J., Gilbert W., Stern D.F., McMahan U.J. Ligands for ErbB-family receptors encoded by a neuregulin-like gene. Nature. 387:1997;509-512.
45. Chen M.S., Bermingham-McDonogh O., Danethy F.T. Jr., Nolan C., Scherer S.S., Lucas J., Gwynne D., Marchionni M.A. Expression of multiple neuregulin transcripts in postnatal rat brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 349:1994;389-400.
46. Chen X., Wright K.L., Berkowitz E.A., Azizkhan J.C., Ting J.P.Y., Lee D.C. Protein interactions at Sp1-like sites in the TGFα promoter as visualized by in vivo genomic footprinting. Oncogene. 9:1994;3179-3187.
47. Chiang C.S., Stalder A., Samimi A., Campbell I.L. Reactive gliosis as a consequence of interleukin-6 expression in the brain: studies in transgenic mice. Dev. Neurosci. 16:1994;212-221.
48. Cnossen M.H., Stam E.N., Cooiman L.C., Simonsz H.J., Stroink H., Oranje A.P., Halley D.J., de Goede-Bolder A., Niermeijer M.F., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama S.M. Endocrinologic disorders and optic pathway gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Pediatrics. 100:1997;667-670.
49. Coffey R.J. Jr., Derynck R., Wilcox J.N., Bringman T.S., Goustin A.S., Moses H.L., Pittelkow M.R. Production and auto-induction of transforming growth factor-alpha in human keratinocytes. Nature. 328:1987;817-820.
50. Collet-Solberg P.F., Sernyak H., Satin-Smith M., Katz L.L., Sutton L., Molloy P., Moshang T. Jr. Endocrine outcome in long-term survivors of low-grade hypothalamic/chiasmatic glioma. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 47:1997;79-85.
51. Craig C.G., Tropepe V., Morshead C.M., Reynolds B.A., Weiss S., van der Kooy D. In vivo growth factor expansion of endogenous subependymal neural precursor cell populations in the adult mouse brain. J. Neurosci. 15:1996;2649-2658.
52. Dahl D., Bignami A. Heterogeneity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein in gliosed human brain. J. Neurol. Sci. 23:1974;551-563.
53. Darnell J.E. Jr., Kerr I.M., Stark G.R. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science. 264:1994;1415-1421.
54. Daub H., Weiss F.U., Wallasch C., Ullrich A. Role of transactivation of the EGF receptor in signalling by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature. 379:1996;557-560.
55. Daub H., Wallasch C., Lankenau A., Herrlich A., Ullrich A. Signal characteristics of G protein-transactivated EGF receptor. EMBO J. 16:1997;7032-7044.
56. Dautry, C., Vaufrey, F., Brouillet, E., Bizat, N., Condé, F., Bloch, G., Hantraye, P. (2000) Early N-acetyl aspartate depletion is a marker of neuronal dysfunction in rats and primates chronically treated with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (in press).
57. de Larco J.E., Todaro G.J. Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75:1978;4001-4005.
58. Derynck R., Roberts A.B., Winkler M.E., Chen E.Y., Goeddle D.V. Human transforming growth factor-alpha: precursor structure and expression in E. Coli. Cell. 38:1984;287-297.
59. Derynck R., Rhee L., Chen E.Y., Van Tilburg A. Intron-exon structure of the human transforming growth factor-beta precursor gene. Nucleic. Acids Res. 15:1987;3188-3189.
60. De Vito W.J., Avakian C., Stone S., Okulicz W.C., Tang K.T., Shamgochian M. Prolactin induced expression of interleukin-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-alpha in cultured astrocytes. J. Cell Biochem. 57:1995;290-298.
61. Eagleson K.L., Daigneau L., Levitt P. The role of ErbB receptor signaling in cell fate decisions by cortical progenitors: evidence for a biased, lineage-based responsiveness to different ligands. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 12:1998;349-362.
62. Ebner R., Derynck R. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha: differential intracellular routing and processing of ligand-receptor complexes. Cell Regul. 2:1991;599-612.
63. Eddleston M., Mücke L. Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes: implications for their role in neurologic disease. Neuroscience. 54:1993;15-36.
64. Eib D.W., Martens G.J. A novel transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and follistatin domains expressed in the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis of Xenopus laevis. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;1047-1055.
65. Ekstrand A.J., James C.D., Cavenee W.K., Seliger B., Pettersson R.F., Collins V.P. Genes for epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor alpha, and epidermal growth factor and their expression in human gliomas in vivo. Cancer Res. 51:1991;2164-2172.
66. Ekstrand A.J., Longo N., Hamid M.L., Olson J.J., Liu L., Collins V.P., James C.D. Functional characterization of an EGF receptor with a truncated extracellular domain expressed in glioblastomas with EGFR gene amplification. Oncogene. 9:1994;2313-2320.
67. El-Obeid A., Bongcam-Rudloff E., Sorby M., Ostman A., Nister M., Westermark B. Cell scattering and migration induced by autocrine transforming growth factor alpha in human glioma cells in vitro. Cancer Res. 57:1997;5598-5604.
68. Elenius K., Paul S., Allison G., Sun J., Klagsbrun M. Activation of HER4 by heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor stimulates chemotaxis but not proliferation. EMBO J. 16:1997;1268-1278.
69. Eng L.F. Regulation of glial intermediate filaments in astrogliosis. Norenberg M.D., Hertz L., Schousboe A. The Biochemical Pathology of Astrocytes. 1988;79-90 Alan R. Liss, New York.
70. Engebraaten O., Bjerkvig R., Pedersen P.H., Laerum O.D. Effects of EGF, bFGF, NGF and PDGF(bb) on cell proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities of human brain-tumour biopsies in vitro. Int. J. Cancer. 53:1993;209-214.
71. Engele J., Schilling K. Growth factor-induced c-fos expression defines distinct subsets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci. 73:1996;397-406.
72. Engele J. Changing responsiveness of developing midbrain dopaminergic neurons for extracellular growth factors. J. Neurosci. Res. 51:1998;508-516.
73. Faber-Elman A., Solomon A., Abraham J.A., Marikovsky M., Schwartz M. Involvement of wound-associated factors in rat brain astrocyte migratory response to axonal injury: in vitro stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1996;162-171.
74. Fallon J.H., Annis C.M., Gentry L.E., Twardzik D.R., Loughlin S.E. Localization of cells containing transforming growth factor-α precursor immunoreactivity in the basal ganglia of the adult rat brain. Growth Factors. 2:1990;241-250.
75. Falls D.L., Rosen K.M., Corfas G., Lane W.S., Fischbach G.D. ARIA, a protein that stimulates acetylcholine receptor synthesis, is a member of the neu ligand family. Cell. 72:1993;801-815.
76. Fan H., Derynck R. Ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha and other transmembrane proteins is induced by receptor tyrosine kinase activation and MAP kinase signaling cascades. EMBO J. 18:1999;6962-6972.
77. Fanger G.R., Jones J.R., Maue R.A. Differential regulation of neuronal sodium channel expression by endogenous and exogenous tyrosine kinase receptors expressed in rat pheochromocytoma cells. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;202-213.
78. Fattori E., Lazzaro D., Musiani P., Modesti A., Alonzi T., Ciliberto G. IL-6 expression in neurons of transgenic mice causes reactive astrocytosis and increase in ramified microglial cells but no neuronal damage. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;2441-2449.
79. Fawcett J.W., Geller H.M. Regeneration in the CNS: optimism mounts. Trends Neurosci. 21:1998;179-180.
80. Ferrari G., Toffano G., Skaper S.D. Epidermal growth factor exerts neuronotrophic effects on dopaminergic and GABAergic CNS neurons: comparison with basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Neurosci. Res. 30:1991;493-497.
81. Ferrer I., Blanco R., Carulla M., Condom M., Alcantara S., Olive M., Planas A. Transforming growth factor-α immunoreactivity in the developing and adult brain. Neuroscience. 66:1995;189-199.
82. Ferrer I., Alcantara S., Ballabriga J., Olive M., Blanco R., Rivera R., Carmona M., Berruezo M., Pitarch S., Planas A.M. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R) immunoreactivity in normal and pathologic brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 49:1996;99-123.
83. Ferri R.T., Levitt P. Regulation of regional differences in the differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons by EGF family-matrix interactions. Development. 121:1995;1151-1160.
84. Ferri R.T., Eagleson K.L., Levitt P. Environmental signals influence expression of a cortical areal phenotype in vitro independent of effects on progenitor cell proliferation. Dev. Biol. 175:1996;184-190.
85. Fowler K.J., Mann G.B., Dunn A.R. Linkage of the murine transforming growth factor-alpha gene with Igk, Ly-2, and Fabp1 on chromosome-6. Genomics. 16:1993;782-784.
86. French A.R., Tadaki D.K., Niyogi S.K., Lauffenburger D.A. Intracellular trafficking of epidermal growth factor family ligands is directly influenced by the pH sensitivity of the receptor/ligand interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;4334-4340.
87. Frisa P.S., Walter E.I., Ling L., Kung H.J., Jacobberger J.W. Stepwise transformation of astrocytes by simian virus 40 large T antigen and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression. Cell Growth Differ. 7:1996;223-233.
88. Gamett D.C., Pearson G., Cerione R.A., Friedberg I. Secondary dimerization between members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;12052-12056.
89. Gassmann M., Lemke G. Neuregulins and neuregulin receptors in neural development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;87-92.
90. Giulian D., Corpuz M. Microglial secretion products and their impact on the nervous system. Adv. Neurol. 59:1993;315-320.
91. Goldman C.K., Kim J., Wong W.L., King V., Brock T., Gillespie G.Y. Epidermal growth factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant glioma cells: a model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology. Mol. Biol. Cell. 4:1993;121-133.
92. Gomez-Pinilla F., Knauer D.J., Nieto-Sampedro M. Epidermal Growth Factor receptor immunoreactivity in rat brain. Development and cellular localization. Brain Res. 438:1988;385-390.
93. Graus-Porta D., Beerli R.R., Daly J.M., Hynes N.E. ErbB-2, the preferred heterodimerization partner of all ErbB receptors, is a mediator of lateral signaling. EMBO J. 16:1997;1647-1655.
94. Grove J., Gomez J., Kentroti S., Vernadakis A. Plasticity of astrocytes derived from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres: changes with cell passage and immortalization. Brain Res. Bull. 39:1996;211-217.
95. Hackel P.O., Zwick E., Prenzel N., Ullrich A. Epidermal growth factor receptors: critical mediators of multiple receptor pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:1999;184-189.
96. Hadjiconstantinou M., Fitkin J.G., Dalia A., Neff N.H. Epidermal growth factor enhances striatal dopaminergic parameters in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mouse. J. Neurochem. 57:1991;479-482.
97. Hamakawa T., Woodin M.A., Bjorgum M.C., Painter S.D., Takasaki M., Lukowiak K., Nagle G.T., Syed N.I. Excitatory synaptogenesis between identified Lymnaea neurons requires extrinsic trophic factors and is mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;9306-9312.
98. Han V.K., Hunter III E.S., Pratt R.M., Zendegui J.G., Lee D.C. Expression of rat transforming growth factor alpha mRNA during development occurs predominantly in the maternal decidua. Mol. Cell Biol. 7:1987;2335-2343.
99. Han V.K.M., Smith A., Myint W., Nygard K., Bradshaw S. Mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor on newborn rat astroglia: interaction with insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinology. 131:1992;1134-1142.
100. Hanson M.G. Jr., Shen S., Wiemelt A.P., McMorris F.A., Barres B.A. Cyclic AMP elevation is sufficient to promote the survival of spinal motor neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;7361-7371.
101. Harari D., Tzahar E., Romano J., Shelly M., Pierce J.H., Andrews G.C., Yarden Y. Neuregulin-4: a novel growth factor that acts through the ErbB-4 receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene. 18:1999;2681-2689.
102. Hayase Y., Higashiyama S., Sasahara M., Amano S., Nakagawa T., Taniguchi N., Hazama F. Expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in rat brain. Brain Res. 784:1998;163-178.
103. Hayes V., Cadelli D., Kato A.C. Differential modulation of the cholinergic activity of rat CNS neurons in culture. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 62:1991;159-168.
104. Hertz L., Dringen R., Schousboe A., Robinson S.R. Astrocytes: glutamate producers for neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:1999;417-428.
105. Higashiyama S., Abraham J.A., Miller J., Fiddes J.C., Klagsbrun M. A heparin-binding growth factor secreted by macrophage-like cells that is related to EGF. Science. 251:(4996):1991;936-939.
106. Hilborn M.D., Vaillancourt R.R., Rane S.G. Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases acutely regulate neuronal sodium channels through the src signaling pathway. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;590-600.
107. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. 2nd ed :1992;Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
108. Hirsch E.C., Hunot S., Damier P., Faucheux B. Glial cells and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: a role in neurodegeneration? Ann. Neurol. 44:1998;S115-S120.
109. Hisanaga K., Sagar S.M., Hicks K.J., Swanson R.A., Sharp F.R. c-fos proto-oncogene expression in astrocytes associated with differentiation or proliferation but not depolarization. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 8:1990;69-75.
110. Ho W.H., Armanini M.P., Nuijens A., Phillips H.S., Osheroff P.L. Sensory and motor neuron-derived factor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;14523-14532.
111. Holland E.C., Hively W.P., DePinho R.A., Varmus H.E. A constitutively active epidermal growth factor receptor cooperates with disruption of G1 cell-cycle arrest pathways to induce glioma-like lesions in mice. Genes Dev. 12:1998;3675-3685.
112. Holmes W.E., Sliwkowski M.X., Akita R.W., Henzel W.J., Lee J., Park J.W., Yansura D., Abadi N., Raab H., Lewis G.D., Shepard J.W., Kuang W.J., Wood W.I., Goeddel D.V., Vandlen R.L. Identification of heregulin, a specific activator of p185erbB2. Science. 256:1992;1205-1210.
113. Holmes T.C., Fadool D.A., Levitan I.B. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Kv1.3 potassium channel. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;1581-1590.
114. Holmes T.C., Berman K., Swartz J.E., Dagan D., Levitan I.B. Expression of voltage-gated potassium channels decreases cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;8964-8974.
115. Honegger P., Guentert-Lauber B. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation of cultured brain cells. I Enhancement of the developmental increase in glial enzymatic activity. Dev. Brain Res. 11:1983;245-251.
116. Huntington's Disease Research Collaborative Group, (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable in Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 72, 1-18.
117. Hussaini I.M., Brown M.D., Karns L.R., Carpenter J., Redpath G.T., Gonias S.L., Vandenberg S.R. Epidermal growth factor differentially regulates low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene expression in neoplastic and fetal human astrocytes. Glia. 25:1999;71-84.
118. Ilschner S., Nolte C., Kettenmann H. Complement factor C5a and epidermal growth factor trigger the activation of outward potassium currents in cultured murine microglia. Neuroscience. 73:1996;1109-1120.
119. Jennes L., Conn P.M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptors in rat brain. Front Neuroendocrinol. 15:1994;51-77.
120. Jhappan C., Stahle C., Harkins R.N., Fausto N., Smith G.H., Merlino G.T. TGFα overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell. 61:1990;1137-1146.
121. Johe K.K., Hazel T.G., Muller T., Dugich-Djordjevic M.M., McKay R.D. Single factors direct the differentiation of stem cells from the fetal and adult central nervous system. Genes Dev. 10:1996;3129-3140.
122. Jonakait G.M., Luskin M.B., Ni L. Transforming growth factor-alpha expands progenitor cells of the basal forebrain, but does not promote cholinergic differentiation. J. Neurobiol. 37:1998;405-412.
123. Jope R.S., Song L., Grimes C.A., Zhang L. Oxidative stress oppositely modulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by muscarinic G protein-coupled and epidermal growth factor receptors. J. Neurosci. Res. 55:1999;329-340.
124. Junier M.P., Ma Y.J., Costa M.A., Hoffman G., Hill D.F., Ojeda S.R. Transforming growth factor α contributes to the mechanism by which hypothalamic injury induces precocious puberty. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;9743-9747.
125. Junier, M.P., Peschanski, M., (1992) Induction of neurotrophic factors genes expression in the kainic acid lesioned thalamus. Society for Neurosciences abstract, p. 427.
126. Junier M.P., Wolff A., Hoffman G.E., Ma Y.J., Ojeda S.R. Effect of hypothalamic lesions that induce precocious puberty on the morphological and functional maturation of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal system. Endocrinology. 131:1992;787-798.
127. Junier M.P., Hill D.F., Costa M.E., Felder S., Ojeda S.R. Hypothalamic lesions that induce female precocious puberty activate glial expression of the epidermal growth factor response gene: differential regulation of alternatively spliced transcripts. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;703-713.
128. Junier M.P., Coulpier M., Le Forestier N., Cadusseau J., Suzuki F., Peschanski M., Dreyfus P.A. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) expression in degenerating motoneurons of the murine mutant wobbler: a neuronal signal for astrogliosis? J. Neurosci. 14:1994;4206-4216.
129. Junier M.P., Suzuki F., Onteniente B., Peschanski M. Target-deprived CNS neurons express the NGF gene while reactive glia around their axonal terminal contain low and high affinity NGF receptors. Mol. Brain Res. 24:1994;247-260.
130. Justicia C., Planas A.M. Transforming growth factor-alpha acting at the epidermal growth factor receptor reduces infarct volume after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19:1999;128-132.
131. Kamiguchi H., Yoshida K., Sagoh M., Sasaki H., Inaba M., Wakamoto H., Otani M., Toya S. Release of ciliary neurotrophic factor from cultured astrocytes and its modulation by cytokines. Neurochem. Res. 20:1995;1187-1193.
132. Kamiguchi H., Yoshida K., Wakamoto H., Inaba M., Sasaki H., Otani M., Toya S. Cytokine-induced selective increase of high-molecular-weight bFGF isoforms and their subcellular kinetics in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Neurochem. Res. 21:1996;701-706.
133. Kaser M.R., Lakshmanan J., Fisher D.A. Comparison between epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α and EGF receptor levels in regions of adult rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 16:1992;316-322.
134. Kenigsberg R.L., Mazzoni I.E., Collier B., Cuello A.C. Epidermal growth factor affects both glia and cholinergic neurons in septal cell cultures. Neuroscience. 50:1992;85-97.
135. Kenigsberg R.L., Mazzoni I.E. Identification of glial cell types involved in mediating epidermal growth factor's effects on septal cholinergic neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 41:(6):1995;734-744.
136. Kimura H., Fischer W.H., Schubert D. Structure, expression and function of a schwannoma-derived growth factor. Nature. 348:1990;257-260.
137. Kimura H., Schubert D. Schwannoma-derived growth factor promotes the neuronal differentiation and survival of PC12 cells. J. Cell Biol. 116:1992;777-783.
138. Kinoshita A., Yamada K., Hayakawa T., Kataoka K., Mushiroi T., Kohmura E., Mogami H. Modification of anoxic neuronal injury by human recombinant epidermal growth factor and its possible mechanism. J. Neurosci. Res. 25:1990;324-330.
139. Klapper L.N., Glathe S., Vaisman N., Hynes N.E., Andrews G.C., Sela M., Yarden Y. The ErbB-2/HER2 oncoprotein of human carcinomas may function solely as a shared coreceptor for multiple stroma-derived growth factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;4995-5000.
140. Kleihues P., Soylemezoglu F., Schauble B., Scheithauer B.W., Burger P.C. Histopathology, classification, and grading of gliomas. Glia. 15:1995;211-221.
141. Klein M.A., Moller J.C., Jones L.L., Blethmann H., Kreutzberg G.W., Raivich G. Impaired neuroglial activation in interleukin-6 deficient mice. Glia. 19:1997;227-233.
142. Knüsel B., Michel P.P., Schwaber J.S., Hefti F. Selective and nonselective stimulation of central cholinergic and dopaminergic development in vitro by nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin and the insulin-like growth factors I and II. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;558-570.
143. Kornblum H.I., Raymon H.K., Morrison R.S., Cavanaugh K.P., Bradshaw R.A., Leslie F.M. Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor: effects on an overlapping population of neocortical neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 535:1990;255-263.
144. Kornblum H.I., Gall C.M., Seroogy K.B., Lauterborn J.C. A subpopulation of striatal gabaergic neurons expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor. Neuroscience. 69:1995;1025-1029.
145. Kornblum H.I., Hussain R.J., Bronstein J.M., Gall C.M., Lee D.C., Seroogy K.B. Prenatal ontogeny of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligand, Transforming Growth Factor alpha, in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 380:1997;243-261.
146. Kornblum H.I., Hussain R., Wiesen J., Miettinen P., Zurcher S.D., Chow K., Derynck R., Werb Z. Abnormal astrocyte development and neuronal death in mice lacking the epidermal growth factor receptor. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:(6):1998;697-717.
147. Kornblum H.I., Zurcher S.D., Werb Z., Derynck R., Seroogy K.B. Multiple trophic actions of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in the central nervous system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11:1999;3236-3246.
148. Krieglstein K., Unsicker K. Protein from chromaffin granules promotes survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by an EGF-receptor ligand-mediated mechanism. J. Neurosci. Res. 48:1997;18-30.
149. Kristt D.A., Yarden Y. Differences between phosphotyrosine accumulation and Neu/ErbB-2 receptor expression in astrocytic proliferative processes. Implications for glial oncogenesis. Cancer. 78:1996;1272-1283.
150. Kuhn P.E., Miller M.W. c-neu oncoprotein in developing rostral cerebral cortex: relationship to epidermal growth factor receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 372:1996;189-203.
151. Kuhn H.G., Winkler J., Kempermann G., Thal L.J., Gage F.H. Epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 have different effects on neural progenitors in the adult rat brain. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;5820-5829.
152. Kurimoto M., Endo S., Arai K., Horie Y., Nogami K., Takaku A. TM-1 cells from an established human malignant glioma cell line produce PDGF, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta which cooperatively play a stimulatory role for an autocrine growth promotion. J. Neurooncol. 22:1994;33-44.
153. Lazar L.M., Blum M. Regional distribution and developmental expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α mRNA in mouse brain by a quantitative nuclease protection assay. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;1688-1697.
154. Lee D.C., Fenton S.E., Berkowitz E.A., Hissong M.A. Transforming growth factor alpha: expression, regulation, and biological activities. Pharmacol. Rev. 47:1995;51-85.
155. Lee D.C., Rose T.M., Webb N.R., Todaro G.J. Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-alpha. Nature. 313:1985;489-491.
156. Lemke G. Neuregulins in development. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 7:1996;247-262.
157. Lenferinck A.E., Pinkas-Kramarski R., van de Poll M.L., van Vugt M.J., Klapper L.N., Tzahar E., Waterman H., Sela M., van Zoelen E.J., Yarden Y. Differential endocytic routing of homo- and hetero-dimeric ErbB tyrosine kinases confers signaling superiority to receptor heterodimers. EMBO J. 17:1998;3385-3397.
158. Leutz A., Schachner M. Epidermal growth factor stimulates DNA-synthesis of astrocytes in primary cerebellar cultures. Cell Tissue Res. 220:1981;393-404.
159. Libermann T.A., Razon N., Bartal A.D., Yarden Y., Schlessinger J., Soreq H. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in human brain tumors. Cancer Res. 44:1984;753-760.
160. Libermann T.A., Nusbaum H.R., Razon N., Kris R., Lax I., Soreq H., Whittle N., Waterfield M.D., Ullrich A., Schlessinger J. Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin. Nature. 313:(5998):1985;144-147.
161. Lillien L., Cepko C. Control of proliferation in the retina: temporal changes in responsiveness to FGF and TGF alpha. Development. 115:1992;253-266.
162. Lillien L. Changes in retinal cell fate induced by overexpression of EGF receptor. Nature. 377:(6545):1995;158-162.
163. Lillien L. Neural progenitors and stem cells: mechanisms of progenitor heterogeneity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8:1998;37-44.
164. Lindholm D., Castren E., Kiefer R., Zafra F., Thoenen H. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the rat brain: increase after injury and inhibition of astrocyte proliferation. J. Cell Biol. 117:1992;395-400.
165. Lipton P. Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiol Rev. 79:1999;1431-1568.
166. Lisovoski F., Blot S., Lacombe J.P., Dreyfus P.A., Junier M.P. Transforming growth factor alpha expression as a response of murine motor neurons to axonal injury and mutation-induced degeneration. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 56:1997;459-471.
167. Listernick R., Charrow J., Greenwald M., Mets M. Natural history of optic pathway tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a longitudinal study. J. Pediatr. 125:1994;63-66.
168. Liu Y.F., Deth R.C., Devys D. SH3 domain-dependent association of huntingtin with epidermal growth factor receptor signaling complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;8121-8124.
169. Lobb D.K., Kobrin M.S., Kudlow J.E., Dorrington J.H. Transforming growth factor-alpha in the adult bovine ovary: identification in growing ovarian follicles. Biol. Reprod. 40:1989;1087-1093.
170. Loret C., Sensenbrenner M., Labourdette G. Differential phenotypic expression induced in cultured rat astroblasts by acidic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and thrombin. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;8319-8327.
171. Louis D.N., Gusella J.F. A tiger behind many doors: multiple genetic pathways to malignant glioma. Trends Genet. 11:1995;412-415.
172. Luetteke N.C., Michalopoulos G.K., Teixido J., Gilmore R., Massagué J., Lee D.C. Characterization of high molecular weight transforming growth factor alpha produced by rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochemistry. 27:1988;6487-6494.
173. Luetteke N.C., Qiu T.H., Peiffer R.L., Smithies O., Lee D.C. TGF-α deficiency results in hair follicle and eye abnormalities in targeted and waved-1 mice. Cell. 73:1993;263-278.
174. Luetteke N.C., Lee D.C., Palmiter R.D., Brinster R.L., Sandgren E.P. Regulation of fat and muscle development by transforming growth factor alpha in transgenic mice and in cultured cells. Cell Growth Differ. 4:1993;203-213.
175. Luetteke N.C., Qiu T.H., Fenton S.E., Troyer K.L., Riedel R.F., Chang A., Lee D.C. Targeted inactivation of the EGF and amphiregulin genes reveals distinct roles for EGF receptor ligands in mouse mammary gland development. Development. 126:1999;2739-2750.
176. Luttrell L.M., Daaka Y., Lefkowitz R.J. Regulation of tyrosine kinase cascades by G-protein-coupled receptors. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:1999;177-183.
177. Ma Y.J., Junier M.P., Costa M.E., Ojeda S.R. Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in the hypothalamus is developmentally regulated and linked to sexual maturation. Neuron. 9:1992;657-670.
178. Ma Y.J., Berg-von der Emde K., Moholt-Siebert M., Hill D.F., Ojeda S.R. Region specific regulation of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) gene expression in astrocytes of the neuroendocrine brain. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;5644-5651.
179. Ma Y.J., Hill D.F., Junier M.P., Costa M.E., Felder S.E., Ojeda S.R. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor changes in the hypothalamus during the onset of female puberty. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 5:1994;246-262.
180. Ma Y.J., Costa M.E., Ojeda S.R. Developmental expression of the genes encoding transforming growth factor alpha and its receptor in the hypothalamus of female rhesus macaques. Neuroendocrinology. 60:1994;346-359.
181. Ma Y.J., Dissen G.A., Merlino G., Coquelin A., Ojeda S.R. Overexpression of a human Transforming Growth Factor-α (TGF-α) transgene reveals a dual antagonistic role of TGF-α in female sexual development. Endocrinology. 135:1994;1392-1400.
182. Ma Y.J., Berg-von der Emde K., Rage F., Wetsel W.C., Ojeda S.R. Hypothalamic astrocytes respond to transforming growth factor-alpha with the secretion of neuroactive substances that stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 138:1997;19-25.
183. Ma Y.J., Hill D.F., Creswick K.E., Costa M.E., Cornea A., Lioubin M.N., Plowman G.D., Ojeda S.R. Neuregulins signaling via a glial erbB-2-erbB-4 receptor complex contribute to the neuroendocrine control of mammalian sexual development. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;9913-9927.
184. Maiese K., Boniece I., DeMeo D., Wagner J.A. Peptide growth factors protect against ischemia in culture by preventing nitric oxide toxicity. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;3034-3040.
185. Mann G.B., Fowler K.J., Gabriel A., Nice E.C., Williams R.L., Dunn A.R. Mice with a null mutation of the TGFα gene have abnormal skin architecture, wavy hair, and curly whiskers and often develop corneal inflammation. Cell. 73:1993;249-261.
186. Marchionni M.A., Goodearl D.J., Chen M.S., Bermingham-McDonogh O., Kirk C., Hendricks M., Danehy F., Misumi D., Sudhalter J., Kobayaski K., Wroblewski D., Lynch C., Baldassare M., Hiles I., Davis J.B., Hsuan J.J., Totty N.F., Otsu M., McBurney R.N., Waterfield M.D., Stroobant P., Gwynne D. Glial growth factors are alternatively spliced erbB2 ligands expressed in the nervous system. Nature. 362:1993;312-318.
187. Marty S., Dusart I., Peschanski M. Glial changes following an excitotoxic lesion in the CNS -I. Microglia/macrophages. Neuroscience. 45:1991;529-539.
188. Marty S., Berzaghi MdaP., Berninger B. Neurotrophins and activity-dependent plasticity of cortical interneurons. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;198-202.
189. Matsui Y., Halter S.A., Holt J.T., Hogan B.L., Coffey R.J. Development of mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGF alpha transgenic mice. Cell. 61:1990;1147-1155.
190. Maxwell M., Naber S.P., Wolfe H.J., Hedley-Whyte E.T., Galanopoulos T., Neville-Golden J., Antoniades H.N. Expression of angiogenic growth factor genes in primary human astrocytomas may contribute to their growth and progression. Cancer Res. 51:1991;1345-1351.
191. Mazzoni I.E., Kenigsberg R.L. Localization and characterization of epidermal growth-factor receptors in the developing rat medial septal area in culture. Brain Res. 656:1994;115-126.
192. Mazzoni I.E., Kenigsberg R.L. Transforming growth factor alpha differentially affects GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in rat medial septal cell cultures. Brain Res. 707:1996;88-99.
193. Mazzoni I.E., Kenigsberg R.L. Transforming growth factor-α's effects on astroglial-cholinergic cell interactions in the medial septal area in vitro are mediated by α2-macroglobulin. Neuroscience. 81:1997;1019-1030.
194. Meyer D., Yamaai T., Garratt A., Riethmacher-Sonnenberg E., Kane D., Theill L.E., Birchmeier C. Isoform-specific expression and function of neuregulin. Development. 124:1997;3575-3586.
195. Michalopoulos G.K., DeFrances M.C. Liver regeneration. Science. 276:(5309):1997;60-66.
196. Miettinen P.J., Berger J.E., Meneses J., Phung Y., Pedersen R.A., Werb Z., Derynck R. Epithelial immaturity and multiorgan failure in mice lacking epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature. 376:1995;337-341.
197. Miller S., Romano C., Cotman C.W. Growth factor upregulation of a phosphoinositide-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor in cortical astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;6103-6109.
198. Minoshima T., Nakanishi S. Structural organization of the mouse metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 gene and its regulation by growth factors in cultured cortical astrocytes. J. Biochem. 126:1999;889-896.
199. Mishima K., Higashiyama S., Nagashima Y., Miyagi Y., Tamura A., Kawahara N., Taniguchi N., Asai A., Kuchino Y., Kirino T. Regional distribution of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor mRNA and protein in adult rat forebrain. Neurosci. Lett. 213:1996;153-156.
200. Miyaji K., Tani E., Shindo H., Nakano A., Tokunaga T. Effect of tyrphostin on cell growth and tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor in human gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 81:1994;411-419.
201. Moffett J., Kratz E., Myers J., Stachowiak E.K., Florkiewicz R.Z., Stachowiak M.K. Transcriptional regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 expression in human astrocytes: implications for cell plasticity. Mol. Biol. Cell. 9:1998;2269-2285.
202. Moghal N., Sternberg P.W. Multiple positive and negative regulators of signaling by the EGF-receptor. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:1999;190-196.
203. Moroo I., Tatsuno I., Uchida D., Tanaka T., Saito J., Saito Y., Hirai A. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in cultured rat astrocytes. Brain Res. 795:1998;191-196.
204. Morrison R.S., Kornblum H.I., Leslie F.M., Bradshaw R.A. Trophic stimulation of cultured neurons from neonatal rat brain by epidermal growth factor. Science. 238:1987;72-75.
205. Nagle, G.T., Akalal, D.B.G., terMaat, A., de With, N.D. and Painter, S.D. (1998) Molluscan epidermal growth factor: purification and characterization of a neurotrophic factor in the pulmonate lymnaea. Society for Neurosciences abstract, p. 106.
206. Nakafuku M., Kaziro Y. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha can induce neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells under particular culture conditions. FEBS Lett. 315:1993;227-232.
207. Nakagawa T., Sasahara M., Hayase Y., Haneda M., Yasuda H., Kikkawa R., Higashiyama S., Hazama F. Neuronal and glial expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in central nervous system of prenatal and early-postnatal rat. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 108:1998;263-272.
208. Nieto-Sampedro M., Gomez-Pinilla F., Knauer D.J., Broderick J.T. Epidermal growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in rat brain astrocytes. Response to injury. Neurosci. Lett. 91:1988;276-282.
209. Nolte C., Kirchhoff F., Kettenmann H. Epidermal growth factor is a motility factor for microglial cells in vitro: evidence for EGF receptor expression. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:(8):1997;1690-1698.
210. Norenberg M.D. Astrocyte response to CNS injury. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 53:1994;213-220.
211. O'Rourke D.M., Qian X., Zhang H.T., Davis J.G., Nute E., Meinkoth J., Greene M.I. Trans receptor inhibition of human glioblastoma cells by erbB family ectodomains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;3250-3255.
212. Ojeda S.R., Urbanski H.F., Costa M.E., Hill D.F., Moholt-Siebert M. Involvement of transforming growth factor alpha in the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from the developing female hypothalamus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;9698-9702.
213. Ojeda S.R., Hill J., Hill D.F., Costa M.E., Tapia V., Cornea A., Ma Y.J. The Oct-2 POU domain gene in the neuroendocrine brain: a transcriptional regulator of mammalian puberty. Endocrinology. 140:1999;3774-3789.
214. Opanashuk L.A., Mark R.J., Porter J., Damm D., Mattson M.P., Seroogy K.B. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in hippocampus: modulation of expression by seizures and anti-excitotoxic action. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;133-146.
215. Pan W., Kastin A.J. Entry of EGF into brain is rapid and saturable. Peptides. 20:1999;1091-1098.
216. Pan W., Vallance K., Kastin A.J. TGFalpha and the blood-brain barrier: accumulation in cerebral vasculature. Exp. Neurol. 160:1999;454-459.
217. Pandiella A., Massagué J. Cleavage of the membrane precursor for transforming growth factor-α is a regulated process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;1726-1730.
218. Pandiella A., Massagué J. Multiple signals activate cleavage of the membrane transforming growth factor-α precursor. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;5769-5773.
219. +-damaged dopaminergic fibers by treatment of mesencephalic cultures with EGF and basic FGF. Brain Res. 599:1992;83-97.
220. Pathak B.G., Gilbert D.J., Harrison C.A., Luetteke N.C., Chen X., Klagsbrun M., Plowman G.D., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A., Lee D.C. Mouse chromosomal location of three EGF receptor ligands: amphiregulin (Areg), betacellulin (Btc), and heparin-binding EGF (Hegfl). Genomics. 28:1995;116-118.
221. Pauwels P.J., van Assouw H.P., Leysen J.E. Attenuation of neurotoxicity following anoxia or glutamate receptor activation in EGF- and hippocampal extract-treated neuronal cultures. Cell Signal. 1:1989;45-54.
222. Paxinos G., Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 1980;Academic Press, Sydney.
223. Pedersen P.H., Ness G.O., Engebraaten O., Bjerkvig R., Lillehaug J.R., Laerum O.D. Heterogeneous response to the growth factors [EGF, PDGF (bb), TGF-alpha, bFGF, IL-2] on glioma spheroid growth, migration and invasion. Int. J. Cancer. 56:1994;255-261.
224. Penar P.L., Khoshyomn S., Bhushan A., Tritton T.R. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-associated tyrosine kinase blocks glioblastoma invasion of the brain. Neurosurgery. 40:1997;141-151.
225. Peng H., Wen T.C., Tanaka J., Maeda N., Matsuda S., Desaki J., Sudo S., Zhang B., Sakanaka M. Epidermal growth factor protects neuronal cells in vivo and in vitro against transient forebrain ischemia- and free radical-induced injuries. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18:1998;349-360.
226. Peschon J.J., Slack J.L., Reddy P., Stocking K.L., Sunnarborg S.W., Lee D.C., Russell W.E., Castner B.J., Johnson R.S., Fitzner J.N., Boyce R.W., Nelson N., Kozlosky C.J., Wolfson M.D., Rauch C.T., Cerretti D.P., Paxton R.J., March C.J., Black R.A. An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science. 282:1998;1281-1284.
227. Pezzoli G., Zecchinelli A., Ricciardi S., Burke R.E., Fahn S., Scarlato G., Carenzi A. Intraventricular infusion of epidermal growth factor restores dopaminergic pathway in hemiparkinsonian rats. Mov. Disord. 6:1991;281-287.
228. Pinkas-Kramarski R., Soussan L., Waterman H., Levkowitz G., Alroy I., Klapper L., Lavi S., Seger R., Ratzkin B.J., Sela M., Yarden Y. Diversification of Neu differentiation factor and epidermal growth factor signaling by combinatorial receptor interactions. EMBO J. 15:1996;2452-2467.
229. Pinkas-Kramarski R., Shelly M., Guarino B.C., Wang L.M., Lyass L., Alroy I., Alimandi M., Kuo A., Moyer J.D., Lavi S., Eisenstein M., Ratzkin B.J., Seger R., Bacus S.S., Pierce J.H., Andrews G.C., Yarden Y., Alamandi M. ErbB tyrosine kinases and the two neuregulin families constitute a ligand-receptor network. Mol. Cell Biol. 18:1998;6090-6101.
230. Plowman G.D., Whitney G.S., Neubauer M.G., Green J.M., McDonald V.L., Todaro G.J., Shoyab M. Molecular cloning and expression of an additional epidermal growth factor receptor-related gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;4905-4909.
231. Plowman G.D., Culouscou J.M., Whitney G.S., Green J.M., Carlton G.W., Foy L., Neubauer M.G., Shoyab M. Ligand-specific activation of HER4/p180erbB4, a fourth member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;1746-1750.
232. Pollock J.D., Krempin M., Rudy B. Differential effects of NGF, FGF, EGF, cAMP, and dexamethasone on neurite outgrowth and sodium channel expression in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;2626-2637.
233. Porter J.T., McCarthy K.D. Astrocytic neurotransmitter receptors in situ and in vivo. Prog. Neurobiol. 51:1997;439-455.
234. Prenzel N., Zwick E., Daub H., Leserer M., Abraham R., Wallasch C., Ullrich A. EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF. Nature. 402:1999;884-888.
235. Probstmeier R., Schachner M. Epidermal growth factor is not detectable in developing and adult rodent brain by a sensitive double-site enzyme immunoassay. Neurosci. Lett. 63:1986;290-294.
236. Rabchevsky A.G., Weinitz J.M., Coulpier M., Fages C., Tinel M., Junier M.P. A role for transforming growth factor alpha as an inducer of astrogliosis. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;10541-10552.
237. Rage F., Hill D.F., Sena-Esteves M., Breakefield X.O., Coffey R.J., Costa M.E., McCann S.M., Ojeda S.R. Targeting transforming growth factor alpha expression to discrete loci of the neuroendocrine brain induces female sexual precocity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;2735-2740.
238. Rage F., Lee B.J., Ma Y.J., Ojeda S.R. Estradiol enhances prostaglandin E2 receptor gene expression in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons and facilitates the LHRH response to PGE2 by activating a glia-to-neuron signaling pathway. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;9145-9156.
239. Raja R.H., Paterson A.J., Shin T.H., Kudlow J.E. Transcriptional regulation of the human transforming growth factor-α gene. Mol. Endo. 5:1991;514-520.
240. Rappolee D.A., Brenner C.A., Schultz R., Mark D., Werb Z. Developmental expression of PDGF, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta genes in preimplantation mouse embryos. Science. 241:1988;1823-1825.
241. Reynolds B.A., Weiss S. Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science. 255:1992;1707-1710.
242. Reynolds B.A., Tetzalff W., Weiss S. A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4565-4574.
243. Ridet J.L., Malhotra S.K., Privat A., Gage F.H. Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. TINS. 20:1997;570-577.
244. RieseII D.J., Bermingham Y., van Raaij T.M., Buckley S., Plowman G.D., Stern D.F. Betacellulin activates the epidermal growth factor receptor and erbB-4, and induces cellular response patterns distinct from those stimulated by epidermal growth factor or neuregulin-beta. Oncogene. 12:1996;345-353.
245. Riese D.J., Kim E.D., Elenius K., Buckley S., Klagsbrun M., Plowman G.D., Stern D.F. The epidermal growth factor receptor couples transforming growth factor-alpha, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like factor, and amphiregulin to Neu, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;20047-20052.
246. Riese II D.J., Stern D.F. Specificity within the EGF family/ErbB receptor family signaling network. Bioessays. 20:1998;41-48.
247. Riethmacher D., Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E., Brinkmann V., Yamaai T., Lewin G.R., Birchmeier C. Severe neuropathies in mice with targeted mutations in the ErbB3 receptor. Nature. 389:1997;725-730.
248. Roberts A.B., Anzano M.A., Lamb L.C., Smith J.M., Sporn M.B. New class of transforming growth factors potentiated by epidermal growth factor: isolation from non-neoplastic tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:1981;5339-5343.
249. Rosen L.B., Greenberg M.E. Stimulation of growth factor receptor signal transduction by activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;1113-1118.
250. Rostworowski M., Balasingam V., Chabot S., Owens T., Yong V.W. Astrogliosis in the neonatal and adult murine brain post-trauma: elevation of inflammatory cytokines and the lack of requirement for endogenous interferon-gamma. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;3664-3674.
251. Rothstein J.D. Excitotoxic hypothesis. Neurology. 47:1996;S19-S26.
252. Rudge J.S., Morrissey D., Lindsay R.M., Pasnikowski E.M. Regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:(2):1994;218-229.
253. Ruegg M.A. Agrin, laminin beta2 (s-laminin) and ARIA: their role in neuromuscular development. Current Opinion Neurobiol. 6:1996;97-103.
254. Saeki T., Cristiano A., Lynch M.J., Brattain M., Kim N., Normanno N., Kenney N., Ciardiello F., Salomon D.S. Regulation by estrogen through the 5′-flanking region of the transforming growth factor α gene. Mol. Endo. 5:1991;1955-1963.
255. Sagar S.M., Edwards R.H., Sharp F.R. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha induce c-fos gene expression in retinal Muller cells in vivo. J. Neurosci. Res. 29:1991;549-559.
256. Samuels V., Barrett J.M., Bockman S., Pantazis C.G., Allen M.B. Jr. Immunocytochemical study of transforming growth factor expression in benign and malignant gliomas. Am. J. Pathol. 134:1989;894-902.
257. Sandbroock A.W. Jr., Dryer S.E., Rosen K.M., Gozani S.N., Kramer R., Theill L.E., Fischbach G.D. Maintenance of acetylcholine receptor number by neuregulins at the neuromuscular junction in vivo. Science. 276:1997;599-603.
258. Sandgren E.P., Luetteke N.C., Palmiter R.D., Brinster R.L., Lee D.C. Overexpression of TGFα in transgenic mice: induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic carcinoma, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell. 61:1990;121-1135.
259. Santa-Olalla J., Covarrubias L. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) differentially influence neural precursor cells of mouse embryonic mesencephalon. J. Neurosci. Res. 42:1995;172-183.
260. Sasada R., Ono Y., Taniyama Y., Shing Y., Folkman J., Igarashi K. Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding human betacellulin, a new member of the EGF family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190:1993;1173-1179.
261. Saxena A., Ali I.U. Increased expression of genes from growth factor signaling pathways in glioblastoma cell lines. Oncogene. 7:1992;243-247.
262. Scheffler B., Horn M., Blumcke I., Laywell E.D., Coomes D., Kukekov V.G., Steindler D.A. Marrow-mindedness: a perspective on neuropoiesis. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;348-357.
263. Schlegel U., Moots P.L., Rosenblum M.K., Thaler H.T., Furneaux H.M. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha in human gliomas. Oncogene. 5:(12):1990;1839-1842.
264. Schlessinger J., Bar-Sagi D. Activation of Ras and other signaling pathways by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 59:1994;173-179.
265. Schreiber A.B., Winkler M.E., Derynck R. Transforming growth factor-alpha: a more potent angiogenic mediator than epidermal growth factor. Science. 232:1986;1250-1253.
266. Schultz G., Rotatori D.S., Clark W. EGF and TGF-alpha in wound healing and repair. J. Cell Biochem. 45:1991;346-352.
267. Schultz G., Chegini N., Grant M., Khaw P., MacKay S. Effects of growth factors on corneal wound healing. Acta Ophthalmol. Suppl. 202:1992;60-66.
268. Schwartz M.A., Baron V. Interactions between mitogenic stimuli, or, a thousand and one connections. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:1999;197-202.
269. Seroogy K.B., Han V.K., Lee D.C. Regional expression of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in the rat central nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 125:1991;241-245.
270. Seroogy K.B., Lundgren K.H., Lee D.C., Guthrie K.M., Gall C.M. Cellular localization of transforming growth factor-α mRNA in rat forebrain. J. Neurochem. 60:1993;1777-1782.
271. Seroogy K.B., Numan S., Gall C.M., Lee D.C., Kornblum H.I. Expression of EGF receptor mRNA in rat nigrostriatal system. NeuroReport. 6:1994;105-108.
272. Seroogy K.B., Gall C.M., Lee D.C., Kornblum H.I. Proliferative zones of postnatal rat brain express epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA. Brain Res. 670:1995;157-164.
273. Shelly M., Pinkas-Kramarski R., Guarino B.C., Waterman H., Wang L.M., Lyass L., Alimandi M., Kuo A., Bacus S.S., Pierce J.H., Andrews G.C., Yarden Y. Epiregulin is a potent pan-ErbB ligand that preferentially activates heterodimeric receptor complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;10496-10505.
274. Shin T.H., Paterson A.J., Grant III J.H., Meluch A.A., Kudlow J.E. 5-Azacytidine treatment of HA-A melanoma cells induces Sp1 activity and concomitant transforming growth factor alpha expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 12:1992;3998-4006.
275. Shin T.H., Paterson A.J., Kudlow J.E. p53 stimulates transcription from the human transforming growth factor α promoter: a potential growth-stimulatory role for p53. Mol. Cell Biol. 15:1995;4694-4701.
276. Shoyab M., Plowman G.D., McDonald V.L., Bradley J.G., Todaro G.J. Structure and function of human amphiregulin: a member of the epidermal growth factor family. Science. 243:1989;1074-1076.
277. Shum L., Reeves S.A., Kuo A.C., Fromer E.S., Derynck R. Association of the transmembrane TGF-α precursor with a protein kinase complex. J. Cell. Biol. 125:1994;903-916.
278. Shum L., Turck D.W., Derynck R. Cysteines 153 and 154 of transmembrane transforming growth factor-alpha are palmitoylated and mediate cytoplasmic protein association. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;28502-28508.
279. Sibilia M., Wagner E.F. Strain-dependent epithelial defects in mice lacking the EGF receptor. Science. 269:1995;234-238.
280. Sibilia M., Steinbach J.P., Stingl L., Aguzzi A., Wagner E.F. A strain-independant postnatal neurodegeneration in mice lacking the EGF receptor. EMBO J. 17:1998;719-731.
281. Simpson D.L., Morrison R., de Vellis J., Herschman H.R. Epidermal growth factor binding and mitogenic activity on purified populations of cells from the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 8:1982;453-462.
282. Skinner M.K., Takacs K., Coffey R.J. Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression and action in the seminiferous tubule: peritubular cell-Sertoli cell interactions. Endocrinology. 124:1989;845-854.
283. Snedeker S.M., Brown C.F., DiAugustine R.P. Expression and functional properties of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor during mouse mammary gland ductal morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;276-280.
284. Specht L.A., Pickel V.M., Joh T.H., Reis D.J. Fine structure of the nigrostriatal anlage in fetal rat brain by immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase. Brain Res. 218:1981;49-65.
285. Sporn M.B., Roberts A.B. TGF-beta: problems and prospects. Cell Regul. 1:1990;875-882.
286. Spranger M., Lindholm D., Bandtlow C., Heumann R., Gnahn H., Njer-No M., Thoenen H. Regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the rat central nervous system: comparison between the effects of interleukin-1 and various growth factors in astrocyte cultures and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2:1990;69-76.
287. Svendsen C.N., Smith A.G. New prospects for human stem-cell therapy in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;357-364.
288. Tang P., Steck P.A., Yung W.K. The autocrine loop of TGF-alpha/EGFR and brain tumors. J. Neurooncol. 35:1997;303-314.
289. Tang P., Jasser S.A., Sung J.C., Shi Y., Steck P.A., Yung W.K. Transforming growth factor-alpha antisense vectors can inhibit glioma cell growth. J. Neurooncol. 43:1999;127-135.
290. Temple S., Alvarez-Buylla A. Stem cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9:1999;135-141.
291. Terlau H., Seifert W. Influences of epidermal growth factor on long-term potentiation in the hippocampal slice. Brain Res. 484:1989;352-356.
292. Threadgill D.W., Dlugosz A.A., Hansen L.A., Tennenbaum T., Lichti U., Yee D., LaMantia C., Mourton T., Herrup K., Harris R.C., Barnard J.A., Yuspa S.H., Coffey R.J., Magnuson T. Targeted disruption of mouse EGF receptor: effect of genetic background on mutant phenotype. Science. 269:1995;230-234.
293. Todaro G.J., Fryliing C., De Larco J.E. Transforming growth factors produced by certain human tumor cells: polypeptides that interact with epidermal growth factor receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77:1980;5258-5262.
294. Tournier C., Pomerance M., Gavaret J.M., Pierre M. MAP kinase cascade in astrocytes. Glia. 10:1994;81-88.
295. Toyoda H., Komurasaki T., Ikeda Y., Yoshimoto M., Morimoto S. Molecular cloning of mouse epiregulin, a novel epidermal growth factor-related protein, expressed in the early stage of development. FEBS Lett. 377:1995;403-407.
296. Traverse S., Seedorf K., Paterson H., Marshall C.J., Cohen P., Ullrich A. EGF triggers neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells that overexpress the EGF receptor. Curr. Biol. 4:1994;694-701.
297. Tropepe V., Craig C.G., Morshead C.M., van der Kooy D. Transforming growth factor-alpha null and senescent mice show decreased neural progenitor cell proliferation in the forebrain subependyma. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7850-7859.
298. Trotti D., Danbolt N.C., Volterra A. Glutamate transporters are oxidant-vulnerable: a molecular link between oxidative and excitotoxic neurodegeneration? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 19:1998;328-334.
299. Tücker M.S., Eves E.M., Wainer B.H., Rosner M.R. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by epidermal growth factor in hippocampal neurons and neuronal cell lines. J. Neurochem. 61:1993;1376-1387.
300. Tücker M.S., Khan I., Fuchs-Young R., Price S., Steininger T.L., Greene G., Wainer B.H., Rosner M.R. Localization of immunoreactive epidermal growth factor receptor in neonatal and adult rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 631:1993;65-71.
301. Tzahar E., Waterman H., Chen X., Levkowitz G., Karunagaran D., Lavi S., Ratzkin B.J., Yarden Y. A hierarchical network of interreceptor interactions determines signal transduction by Neu differentiation factor/neuregulin and epidermal growth factor. Mol. Cell Biol. 16:1996;5276-5287.
302. Ueno H., Sasaki K., Miyagawa K., Honda H., Mitani K., Yazaki Y., Hirai H. Antisense repression of proto-oncogene c-Cbl enhances activation of the JAK-STAT pathway but not the Ras pathway in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;8739-8743.
303. Ullrich A., Schlessinger J. Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Cell. 61:1990;203-212.
304. Ureña J.M., Merlos-Suarez A., Baselga J., Arribas J. The cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal amino acid determines the subcellular localization of proTGF-(alpha) and membrane type matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP). J. Cell Sci. 112:1999;773-784.
305. Vaughan T.J., Pascall J.C., Brown K.D. Nucleotide sequence and tissue distribution of mouse transforming growth factor-α Biochim. Phyophys. Acta. 1132:1992;322-324.
306. Voigt P., Ma Y.J., Gonzalez D., Fahrenbach W.H., Wetsel W.C., Berg-von der Emde K., Hill D.F., Taylor K.G., Costa M.E., Seidah N.G., Ojeda S.R. Neural and glial-mediated effects of growth factors acting via tyrosine kinase receptors on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Endocrinology. 137:1996;2593-2605.
307. von Bossanyi P., Sallaba J., Dietzmann K., Warich-Kirches M., Kirches E. Correlation of TGF-alpha and EGF-receptor expression with proliferative activity in human astrocytic gliomas. Pathol. Res. Pract. 194:1998;141-147.
308. Wang S.L., Shiverick K.T., Ogilvie S., Dunn W.A., Raizada M.K. Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor in astrocytic glial and neuronal cells in primary culture. Endocrinology. 124:1989;240-247.
309. Wang D., Shin T.H., Kudlow J.E. Transcription factor AP-2 controls transcription of the human transforming growth factor-α gene. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;14244-14250.
310. Waterman H., Sabanai I., Geiger B., Yarden Y. Alternative intracellular routing of ErbB receptors may determine signaling potency. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;13819-13827.
311. Weickert C.S., Blum M. Striatal TGF-α: postnatal developmental expression and evidence for a role in the proliferation of subependymal cells. Dev. Brain Res. 86:1995;203-216.
312. Weiss S., Reynolds B.A., Vescovi A.L., Morshead C., Craig C.G., van der Kooy D. Is there a neural stem cell in the mammalian forebrain? Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;387-393.
313. Wen D., Peles E., Cupples R., Suggs S.V., Bacus S.S., Luo Y., Trail G., Hu S., Silbiger S.M., Levy R.B., Koski R.A., Lu H.S., Yarden Y. Neu differentiation factor: a transmembrane glycoprotein containing an EGF domain and an immunoglobulin homology unit. Cell. 69:1992;559-572.
314. Werner M.H., Nanney L.B., Stoscheck C.M., King L.E. Localization of immunoreactive epidermal growth factor receptors in human nervous system. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 36:1988;81-86.
315. Westermark B., Magnusson A., Heldin C.H. Effect of epidermal growth factor on membrane motility and cell locomotion in cultures of human clonal glioma cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 8:1982;491-507.
316. Wilcox J.N., Derynck R. Localization of cells synthesizing transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in the mouse brain. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;1901-1904.
317. Winkler M.E., O'Connor L., Winget M., Fendly B. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha bind differently to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochemistry. 28:1989;6373-6378.
318. Winter C.G., Saotome Y., Levison S.W., Hirsh D. A role for ciliary neurotrophic factor as an inducer of reactive gliosis, the glial response to central nervous system injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;5865-5869.
319. Wischmeyer E., Doring F., Karschin A. Acute suppression of inwardly rectifying Kir2.1 channels by direct tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;34063-34068.
320. Wong S.T., Winchell L.F., McCune B.K., Earp H.S., Teixido J., Massagué J., Herman B., Lee D.C. The TGF-α precursor expressed on the cell surface binds to the EGF receptor on adjacent cells, leading to signal transduction. Cell. 56:1989;495-506.
321. Wong A.J., Ruppert J.M., Bigner S.H., Grzeschik C.H., Humphrey P.A., Bigner D.S., Vogelstein B. Structural alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gliomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;2965-2969.
322. Woods C., LeFeuvre C., Stewart N., Bacchetti S. Induction of genomic instability in SV40 transformed human cells: sufficiency of the N-terminal 147 amino acids of large T antigen and role of pRB and p53. Oncogene. 9:1994;2943-2950.
323. Wu C.F., Zhang M., Howard B.D. K252a potentiates epidermal growth factor-induced differntiation of PC12 cells. J. Neuroscience Res. 36:1993;539-550.
324. Yahanda A.M., Bruner J.M., Donehower L.A., Morrison R.S. Astrocytes derived from p53-deficient mice provide a multistep in vitro model for development of malignant gliomas. Mol. Cell Biol. 15:1995;4249-4259.
325. Yamada M., Enokido Y., Ikeuchi T., Hatanaka H. Epidermal growth factor prevents oxygen-triggered apoptosis and induces sustained signalling in cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;2130-2138.
326. Yamada M., Ikeuchi T., Aimoto S., Hatanaka H. PC12h-R cell, a subclone of PC12 cells, shows EGF-induced neuronal differentiation and sustained signaling. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;355-364.
327. Yamada M., Ikeuchi T., Hatanaka H. The neurotrophic action and signalling of epidermal growth factor. Prog. Neurobiol. 51:1997;19-37.
328. Yoshida K., Gage F.H. Cooperative regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis and secretion in fibroblasts and astrocytes by fibroblast growth factor and other cytokines. Brain Res. 569:1992;14-25.
329. Zelenaia O., Schlag B.D., Gochenauer G.E., Ganel R., Song W., Beesley
330. Zhang M., Woo D.D.L., Howard B.D. Transforming growth factor a and a PC12-derived growth factor induce neurites in PC12 cells and enhance survival of embryonic brain neurons. Cell Regulation. 1:1990;511-521.
331. Zhang D., Sliwkowski M.X., Mark M., Frantz G., Akita R., Sun Y., Hillan K., Crowley C., Brush J., Godowski P.J. Neuregulin-3 (NRG3), a novel neural tissue-enriched protein that binds and activates ErbB4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;9562-9567.
332. Zhong Z., Wen Z., Darnell J.E. Jr. Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science. 264:1994;95-98.
333. Zorumski C.F., Izumi Y. Modulation of LTP induction by NMDA receptor activation and nitric oxide release. Prog. Brain Res. 118:1998;173-182.
334. Zwick E., Daub H., Aoki N., Yamaguchi-Aoki Y., Tinhofer I., Maly K., Ullrich A. Critical role of calcium-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation in PC12 cell membrane depolarization and bradykinin signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;24767-24770.
335. Zwick E., Wallasch C., Daub H., Ullrich A. Distinct calcium-dependent pathways of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation and PYK2 tyrosine phosphorylation in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;20989-20996.