Soybean and the prevention of chronic human disease

Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 1047-1117

  Birt, Diane F ^a   Hendrich, Suzanne ^a   Lee Alekel, D ^a   Anthony, Mary ^b  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioavailability; Bone health; Cancer prevention; Dietary factors; Environmental factors; Isoflavone distribution; Metabolism; Soybean consumption; Vascular disease

Indexed keywords

EID: 85102324040     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr16.3ed.c21     Document Type: Chapter

References (329)

1. Adams, M.R., D.L. Golden, M.S. Anthony, T.C. Register, and J.K. Williams. 2002. The inhibitory effect of soy protein isolate on atherosclerosis in mice does not require the presence of LDL receptors or alteration of plasma lipoproteins. J Nutr 132:43-49.
2. Adlercreutz, H. 1995. Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role in cancer prevention. Environ. Health Perspect 103:103-112.
3. Adlercreutz, H., C. Bannwart, K. Wähälä, T. Mäkelä, G. Brunow, T. Hase, P.J. Arosemena, J.T. Kellis Jr, and L.E. Vickery. 1993. Inhibition of human aromatase by mammalian lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44:147-153.
4. Adlercreutz, H., T. Fotsis, C. Bannwart, K. Wahala, G. Brunow, and T. Hase. 1991. Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human urine, including identification of genistein. Clin. Chim.. Acta 199:263-278.
5. Agnusdei, D., A. Camporeale, F. Zacchei, C. Gennari, M.C. Baroni, D. Costi, M. Biondi, M. Passeri, A. Ciacca et al. 1992. Effects of ipriflavone on bone mass and bone remodeling in patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr. Ther. Res. 52:81-92.
6. Agnusdei, D., C. Gennari, and L. Bufalino. 1995. Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss using low doses of conjugated estrogens and the non-hormonal, bone-active drug ipriflavone. Osteoporosis Int. 5(6):462-466.
7. Agnusdei, D., F. Zacchei, S. Bigazzi, C. Cepollaro, P. Nardi, M. Montagnani, and C. Gennari. 1989. Metabolic and clinical effects of ipriflavone in established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 15:97-104.
8. Akiyama, T., and H. Ogawara. 1991. Use of specificity of genistein as an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases. Methods Enzymol. 201:362-370.
9. Alekel, D.L., E. Mortillaro, E.A. Hussain, B. West, N. Ahmed, C.T. Peterson, R.K. Werner, B.H. Arjmandi, and S.C. Kukreja. 1999. Lifestyle and biologic contributors to proximal femur bone mineral density and hip axis length in two distinct ethnic groups of premenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int 9:327-338.
10. Alekel, D.L., C.T. Peterson, R.K. Werner, E. Mortillaro, N. Ahmed, and S.C. Kukreja. 2002. Frame size, ethnicity, lifestyle, and biologic contributors to areal and volumetric lumbar spine bone mineral density in Indian/Pakistani and American Caucasian premenopausal women. J. Clin. Densitometry 5:175-186.
11. Alekel, D.L, A. St.Germain, C.T. Peterson, K.B. Hanson, J.W. Stewart, and T.Toda. 2000. Isoflavonerich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72:844-852.
12. Alexandersen, P., A. Toussaint, C. Christiansen, J-P Devogelaer, C. Roux, J. Fechtenbaum, C. Gennari, and J.Y. Reginster. 2001. For the ipriflavone multicenter European fracture study: Ipriflavone in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. JAMA 285:1482-1488.
13. American Cancer Society. 2000. Cancer facts and figures, 2000. Am. Cancer Soc., Atlantia, GA.
14. American Heart Association. 2000. 2001 Heart and stroke statistical update. Am. Heart Assoc., Dallas, TX.
15. Anderson, J.J.B., W. W. Ambrose, and S.C. Garner. 1998. Biphasic effect of genistein on bone tissue in the ovariectomoized, lactating rat model. PSEBM 217:345-350.
16. Anderson, J.J.B., and W.S. Pollitzer. 1994. Ethnic and genetic differences in susceptibility to osteoporotic fractures. p. 129-149. In H.H. Draper (ed.) Advances in nutritional research. Vol. 9. Plenum Press, New York.
17. Anderson, J.J.B., K. Thomsen, and C. Christiansen. 1987. High protein meals, insular hormones and urinary calcium excretion in human subjects. In C. Christiansen et al. (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Osteoporosis, Aalborg, Denmark. 27 Sept.-2 Oct. 1987. Nørhaven A/S, Viborg, Denmark.
18. Anderson, J.W., B.M. Johnstone, and M.E. Cook-Newell. 1995. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. New Engl. J. Med. 333:276-282.
19. Anderson, R.L., and W.J. Wolf. 1995. Compositional changes in trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones related to soybean processing. J. Nutr 125:581S-588S.
20. Anthony, M.S. 2000. Soy and cardiovascular disease: Cholesterol lowering and beyond. J. Nutr. 130:662S-663S.
21. Anthony, M.S., T.B. Clarkson, B.C. Bullock, and J.D. Wagner. 1997. Soy protein versus soy phytoestrogens in the prevention of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis of male cynomolgus monkeys. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17:2524-2531.
22. Anthony, M.S., T.B. Clarkson, C.L. Hughes, T.M. Morgan, and G.L. Burke. 1996. Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. J. Nutr 126:43-50.
23. Arjmandi, B.H., L. Alekel, B.W. Hollis, D. Amin, M. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, P. Guo, and S.C. Kukreja. 1996. Dietary soybean protein prevents bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. J. Nutr. 126:161-167.
24. Arjmandi, B.H., R. Birnbaum, N.V. Goyal, M.J. Getlinger, S. Juma, L. Alekel, C.M. Hasler, M.L. Drum, B. W. Hollis, and S.C. Kukreja. 1998a. The bone-sparing effect of soy protein in ovarian hormone deficient rats is related to its isoflavone content. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1364S-1368S.
25. Arjmandi, B.H., M.J. Getlinger, N.V. Goyal, L. Alekel, C.M. Hasler, S. Juma, M.L. Drum, B.W. Hollis, and S.C. Kukreja. 1998b. The role of soy protein with normal or reduced isoflavone content in reversing bone loss induced by ovarian hormone deficiency in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1358S-1363S.
26. Arjmandi, B.H., M.A. Salih, D.C. Herbert, S.H. Sims, D.N. Kalu. 1993. Evidence for estrogen receptor-linked calcium transport in the intestine. Bone Miner. 21:63-74.
27. Axelson, M., J. Sjovall, B.E. Gustavsson, and K.D.R. Setchell. 1984. Soya-a dietary source of the nonsteroidal oestrogen equol in man and animals. J. Endocrinol. 102:49-56.
28. Baggott, J.E., T. Ha, W.H. Vaughn, M.M. Juliana, J.M. Hardin, and C.J. Grubbs. 1990. Effects of miso (Japanese soybean paste) and NaCl on DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Nutr. Cancer 14:103-109.
29. Baird, D.D., D.M. Umbach, L. Lansdell, C.L. Hughes, K.D.R. Setchell, C.R. Weinberg, A.F. Haney, A.J. Wilcox, J.A. Mclachlan. 1995. Dietary intervention study to assess estrogenicity of dietary soy among postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80(5):1685-1690.
30. Balmir, F., R. Staack, E. Jeffrey, M.D. Berber-Jimenez, L. Wang, and S.M. Potter. 1996. An extract of soy flour influences serum cholesterol and thyroid hormones in rats and hamsters. J. Nutr. 126:3046-3053.
31. Bannwart, C., T. Fotsis, R. Heikkinen, and H. Adlercreutz. 1984. Identification of the isoflavonic phytoestrogen daidzein in human urine. Clin. Chim. Acta 136:165-172.
32. Barnes, S. 1997. The chemopreventive properties of soy isoflavonoids in animal models of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treatment. 46:169-179.
33. Barnes, S., L. Coward, M. Kirk, and J. Sfakianos. 1998. HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis of isoflavones. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217:254-262.
34. Barnes, S., C. Grubbs, K.D.R. Setchell, and J. Carlson. 1990. Soybean inhibit mammary tumors in models of breast cancer. Prog.Clin.Biol.Res. 347:239-253.
35. Bennink, M.R. 2001. Dietary soy reduces colon carcinogenesis in humans and rats. p. 11-17. In Am. Inst. for Cancer Res. (ed.) Nutrition and cancer prevention: New insights into the role of phytochemicals. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ., New York.
36. Birt, D.F. 2001. Soybean and cancer prevention: A complex food and a complex disease. AICR 492:1-10. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
37. Birt, D.F., S. Hendrich, and W. Wang. 2001. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: Flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 90:1-21.
38. Birt, D.F., J.D. Shull, and A.Yaktine. 1998. Chemoprevention of cancer. In M.E. Shils et al. (ed.) Modern nutrition in health and disease. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
39. Blair, H.C., S.E. Jordan, T.G. Peterson, and S. Barnes. 1996. Variable effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on avian osteoclastic activity and reduction of bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J. Cell Biochem. 61:629-637.
40. Breslau, N.A., L. Brinkley, K.D. Hill, and C.Y.C. Pak. 1988. Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 66:140-146.
41. Bryant, H.U., and W. H. Dere. 1998. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: An alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217(1):45-52.
42. Burke, G.L., M.Z. Vitolins, and D. Bland. 2000. Soybean isoflavones as an alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy: Are we there yet? J. Nutr. 130:664S-665S.
43. Burke, V., J.M. Hodgson, L.J. Beilin, N. Giangiulioi, P. Rogers, and T.B. Puddey. 2001. Dietary protein and soluble fiber reduce ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensives. Hypertension 38:821-826.
44. Calvert, G.D., L. Blight, R.J. Illman, D.L. Topping, and J.D. Potter. 1981. A trial of the effects of soyabean flour and soya-bean saponins on plasma lipids, faecal bite acids and neutral sterols in hypercholesterolaemic men. Br. J. Nutr. 45:277-281.
45. Cassidy, A., S. Bingham, K.D.R. Setchell. 1994. Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60:333-40.
46. Centrella, M., T.L. McCarthy, and E. Canalis. 1991. Transforming growth factor-beta and remodeling of bone. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 73:1418-1428.
47. Chang, H.C., M.I. Churchwell, K.B. Delclos, R.R. Newbold, and D.D. Doerge. 2000. Mass spectrometric determination of genistein tissue distribution in diet-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Nutr. 130:1963-1970.
48. Chen, Z., W. Zheng, L.J. Custer, W. Dai, X-O Shu, F. Jin, and A.A. Franke. 1999. Usual dietary consumption of soy foods and its correlation with the excretion rate of isoflavonoids in overnight urine samples among Chinese women in Shanghai. Nutr. Cancer 33:82-87.
49. Chin, K., M.C. Evans, J. Cornish, T. Cundy, and I.R. Reid. 1997. Differences in hip axis and femoral neck length in premenopausal women of Polynesian, Asian and European origin. Osteoporosis Int. 7:344-347.
50. Clarkson, T.B., M.S. Anthony, and T.M. Morgan. 2001. Inhibition of postmenopausal atherosclerosis progression: A comparison of the effects of conjugated equine estrogens and soy phytoestrogens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:41-47.
51. Clifton-Bligh P.B., R.J. Baber, G.R. Fulcher, M-L Nery, and T. Moreton. 2001. The effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (Rimostil) on lipid and bone metabolism. Menopause 8:259-265.
52. Cohen, L.A., Z. Zhao, B. Pittman, and and J.A. Scimeca. 2000. Effect of intact and isoflavone-depleted soy protein on NMU-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis (New York) 21:929-935.
53. Coldham, N.G., L.C. Howells, A. Santi, C. Montesissa, C. Langlais, L.J. King, D.D. Macpherson, and M.J. Sauer. 1999. Biotransformation of genistein in the rat: elucidation of metabolite structure by product ion mass fragmentology. J. Steroid Biochem.. Mol. Biol. 70:169-184.
54. Coldham, N.G., and M.J. Sauer. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of [14C] genistein in the rat: Gender-related differences, potential mechanisms of biological action, and implications for human health. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 164:206-215.
55. Constantinou, A.I., A.E. Krygier, and R.R. Mehta. 1998. Genistein induces maturation of cultured human breast cancer cells and prevents tumor growth in nude mice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1426S-1430S.
56. Constantinou, A.I., R.G. Mehta, and A. Vaughan. 1996. Inhibition of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors in rats by the soybean isoflavones. Anticancer Res. 16:3293-3298.
57. Cooper, C., G. Campion, and L.J. Melton III. 1992. Hip fractures in the elderly: A worldwide projection. Osteoporosis Int. 2:285-289.
58. Crouse, J.R., T.M. Morgan, J.G. Terry, J. Ellis, M. Vitolins, and G.L. Burke. 1999. A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch. Intern. Med. 159:2070-2076.
59. Cummings, S.R., J.A. Cauley, L. Palermo, P.D. Ross, R.D. Wasnich, D. Black, and K.G. Faulkner. 1994. Racial differences in hip axis lengths might explain racial differences in rates of hip fracture. Osteoporosis Int. 4:226-229.
60. Cummings, S.R., M.C. Nevitt, W.S. Browner, K. Stone, K.M. Fox, K.E. Ensrud, J. Cauley, D. Black, and T.M. Vogt. 1995. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. New Engl. J. Med. 332:767-773.
61. Dalais, F.S., G.E. Rice, M.L. Wahlqvist, M. Grehan, A.L. Murkies, G. Medley, R. Ayton, and B.J.G. Strauss. 1998. Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 1:124-129.
62. Daly, J. M., R.G.H. Morgan, P.S. Oates, G.C.T. Yeoh, and L.B.G. Tee. 1992. Azaserine-induced pancreatic foci: Detection, growth, labelling index and response to raw soya flour. Carcinogenesis (New York) 13:1519-1523.
63. Davies, M.J., E.A. Bowey, H. Adlercreutz, I.R. Rowland, and P.C. Rumsby. 1999. Effects of soy or rye supplementation of high-fat diets on colon tumour development in azoxymethane-treated rats. Carcinogenesis (New York) 20:927-931.
64. Davis, J.W., R. Novotny, R.D. Wasnich, and P.D. Ross. 1999. Ethnic, anthropometric, and lifestyle associations with regional variations in peak bone mass. Calcif. Tissue Int. 65:100-105.
65. Davis, J.W., P.D. Ross, M.C. Nevit, and R.D. Wasnich. 1997. Incidence rates of falls among Japanese men and women living in Hawaii. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 50:589-594.
66. De Laet, C.E., B.A. van Hout, H. Burger, A. Hofman, and H.A. Pols. 1997. Bone density and risk of hip fracture in men and women: Cross sectional analysis. Br. Med. J. 315:221-225.
67. Delmas, P.D., N.H. Bjarnason, B.H. Mitlak, A-C Ravoux, A.S. Shah, W.J. Huster, M. Draper, and C. Christiansen. 1997. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. New Engl. J. Med. 337:1641-1647.
68. Den Tonkelaar, I., L. Keinan-Boker, P. Van’t Veer, C.J.M. Arts, H. Adlercreutz, J.H.H. Thijssen, and P.H.M. Peeters. 2001. Urinary phytoestrogens and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention 10:223-228.
69. Draper, M.W., D.E. Flowers, W.J. Huster, J.A. Neild, K.D. Harper, and C. Arnaud. 1996. A controlled clinical trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HCl: Impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Bone Mineral Res. 11:835-842.
70. Duncan, A.M., B.E. Merz, X. Xu, T.C. Nagel, W.R. Phipps, and M.S. Kurzer. 1999a. Soy isoflavones exert modest hormonal effects in premenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(1):192-197.
71. Duncan, A.M., K.E.W. Underhill, X. Xu, J. LaValleur, W.R. Phipps, and M.S. Kurzer. 1999b. Modest hormonal effects of soy isoflavones in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(10):3479-3484.
72. Einspahr, K.J., R.T. Abraham, B.A. Binstade, Y. Uehara, and P.J. Liebson. 1991. Tyrosine phosphorylation provides an early and requisite signal for the activation of natural killer cytotoxic function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6279-6283.
73. Fanti, P., M.C. Monier-Faugere, Z. Geng, J. Schmidt, P.E. Morris, D. Cohen, and H.H. Malluche. 1998. The phytoestrogen genistein reduces bone loss in short-term ovariectomized rats. Osteoporosis Int 8:274-281.
74. Fanti, P., B.P. Sawaya, L.J. Custer, and A.A. Franke. 1999. Serum levels and metabolic clearance of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10:864-871.
75. Fornander, T., L.E. Rutquist, B. Cedermark, U. Glas, A. Mattsson, C. Silfversward, L. Skoog, A. Somell, T. Theve, N. Wilking, J. Askergren, and M-L Hjalmar. 1989. Adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer: Occurrence of new primary cancers. Lancet 1:117-120.
76. Foth, D., and J.M. Cline. 1998. Effects of mammalian and plant estrogens on mammary glands and uteri of macaques. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1413S-1417S.
77. Fournier, D.B., J.W. Erdman, Jr., and G.B. Gordon. 1998. Soy, its components, and cancer prevention: A review of the in vitro, animal, and human data. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention 7:1055-1065.
78. Franke, A.A., and L.J. Custer. 1994. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of isoflavonoids and coumestrol from human urine. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 662:47-60.
79. Franke, A.A., L.J. Custer, C.M. Cerna, and K.K. Narala. 1994. Quantitation of phytoestrogens in legumes by HPLC. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:1905-1913.
80. Franke, A.A., L.J. Custer, and Y. Tanaka. 1998. Isoflavones in human breast milk and other biological fluids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (Suppl.):1466S-1473S.
81. Fritz, W.A., L. Coward, J. Wang, and C.A. Lamartiniere. 1998. Dietary genistein: Perinatal mammary cancer prevention, bioavailability and toxicity testing in the rat. Carcinogenesis (New York) 19:2151-2158.
82. Fujio, Y., Y. Fumiko, K. Takahashi, and N. Shibata. 1993. Responses of smooth muscle cells to plateletderived growth factor are inhibited by herbimycin-A tyrosine kinase inhibitor+. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 195:79-83.
83. Fujita, T., S. Yoshikawa, K. Ono, T. Inoue, and H. Orimo. 1986. Usefulness of TC-80 (ipriflavone) tablets in osteoporosis: Multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Igaku Noayumi 138:113-141.
84. Furukawa, F., K. Imaida, H. Okamiya, K. Shinoda, M. Sato, T. Imazawa, Y. Hayashi, and M. Takahashi. 1991. Inhibitory effects of soybean trypsin inhibitor on induction of pancreatic neoplastic lesions in hamsters by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Carcinogenesis (New York) 12:2123-2125.
85. Furukawa, F., A. Nishikawa, K. Imaida, M. Mitsui, T. Enami, Y. Hayashi, and M. Takahashi. 1992. Inhibitory effects of crude soybean trypsin inhibitor on pancreatic ductal carcinogenesis in hamsters after initiation with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Carcinogenesis (New York) 13:2133-2135.
86. Gamache, P.H., and I.N. Acworth. 1998. Analysis of phytoestrogens and polyphenols in plasma, tissue, and urine using HPLC with coulometric array detection. Proc. Soc. Ex.p Biol. Med. 217:274-280.
87. Gao, Y.H., and M.Yamaguchi. 1999a. Anabolic effect of daidzein on cortical bone in tissue culture: Comparison with genistein effect. Mol. Cell Biochem. 194:93-98.
88. Gao, Y.H., and M. Yamaguchi. 1999b. Inhibitory effect of genistein on osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse marrow cultures. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58:767-772.
89. Gao, Y.H., and M. Yamaguchi. 1999c. Suppressive effect of genistein on rat bone osteoclasts: Apoptosis is induced through Ca2+ signaling. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22:805-809.
90. Gao, Y.H., and M. Yamaguchi. 2000. Suppressive effect of genistein on rat bone osteoclasts: Involvement of protein kinase inhibition and protein tyrosine phosphatase activation. Int. J. Mol. Med. 5:261-267.
91. Gardner, C.D., K.A. Newell, R. Cherin, and W.L. Haskell. 2001. The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:728-735.
92. Genant, H.K., C. Cooper, G. Poor, I. Reid, G. Ehrlich, J. Kanis, B.E.C. Nordin, E. Barrett-Connor, D. Black et al. 1999. Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int. 10:259-264.
93. Gotoh, T., K. Yamada, H. Yin, A. Ito, T. Kataoka, and K. Dohi. 1998. Chemoprevention of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis by soy foods or biochanin A. Japanese J. Cancer Res. (Amsterdam) 89:137-142.
94. Greaves, K.A., J.S. Parks, J.K. Williams, and J.D. Wagner. 1999. Intact dietary soy protein, but not adding an isoflavone-rich soy extract to casein, improves plasma lipids in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J. Nutr. 129:1585-1592.
95. Griffiths, L.A., and G. E. Smith. 1972. Metabolism of apigenin and related compounds in the rat. Biochem.. J. 128:901-911.
96. Hammond, E. G., L.A. Johnson, and P.A. Murphy. 1993. Properties and analysis. p. 4223-4225. In B. Caballero et al. (ed.) Enclyclopedia of food science, food technology and nutrition. Academic Press, New York.
97. Han, K.K., J. M. Soares, M.A. Haidar, G.R. de Lima, and E.C. Baracat. 2002. Benefits of soy isoflavone therapeutic regimen on menopausal symptoms. Obstet. Gynecol. 99:389-394.
98. Hargreaves, D.F., C.S. Potten, C. Harding, L.E. Shaw, M.S. Morton, S.A. Roberts, A. Howell, and N.J. Bundred. 1999. Two-week dietary soy supplementation has an estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(11):4017-4024.
99. Harrison, E., A. Adjel, C. Ameho, S. Yamamoto, and S. Kono. 1998. The effect of soybean protein on bone loss in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 44:257-268.
100. Havsteen, B. 1983. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32:1141-1148.
101. Hawrylewicz, E.J., H.H. Huang, and W.H. Blair. 1991. Dietary soybean isolate and methionine supplementation affect mammary tumor progression in rats. J. Nutr. 121:1693-1698.
102. Hawrylewicz, E.J., J.J. Zapata, and W.H. Blair. 1995. Soy and experimental cancer: Animal studies. J. Nutr. 125 (Suppl.):698S-708S.
103. Heaney, R.P. 1994. The bone-remodeling transient: Implications for the interpretation of clinical studies of bone mass change. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9:1515-1523.
104. Heaney, R.P., and M.W. Draper. 1997. Raloxifene and estrogen: Comparative bone-remodeling kinetics. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:3425-3429.
105. Heaney, R.P., R.R. Recker, M.R. Stegman, and A.J. May. 1989. Calcium absorption in women: Relationships to calcium intake, estrogen status, age. J. Bone Miner. Res. 4:469-475.
106. Heinonen, S., K. Wahala, and H. Adlercreutz. 1999. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6'-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using authentic reference compounds. Anal. Biochem. 274:211-219.
107. Helmeste, D.M., and S.W. Tang. 1995. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors regulate serotonin uptake in platelets. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 280:R5-R7.
108. Hendrich, S. 2002. Bioavailability of isoflavones. J. Chromatog. B 777:203-210.
109. Hendrich, S., and P. A. Murphy. 2001. Isoflavones: Source and metabolism. p. 55-75. In R.E.C. Wildman (ed.) Handbook of nutraceuticals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
110. Hendrich, S., G.-J. Wang, H.-K. Lin, X. Xu, B.-Y. Tew, H.-J. Wang, and P.A. Murphy. 1999. Isoflavone metabolism and bioavailability. p. 211-230. In A. Pappas (ed.) Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition and health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
111. Hendrich, S., G.-J. Wang, X. Xu, B.-Y. Tew, H.-J. Wang, and P.A. Murphy. 1998. Human bioavailability of soy bean isoflavones: Influences of diet, dose, time and gut microflora. p. 150-155. In T. Shibamoto (ed.) Functional foods. ACS Monogr. ACS Books, Washington, DC.
112. Higashi, K., and H. Ogawara. 1994. Daidzein inhibits insulin-or insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated signaling in cell cycle progression of Swiss 3T3 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1220:29-35.
113. Hirayama, T. 1979. Epidemiology of prostate cancer with special reference to the role of diet. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 53:149-155.
114. Ho, S.C., E. Bacon, T. Harris, A. Looker, and S. Muggi. 1993. Hip fracture rates in Hong Kong and the United States, 1988 through 1989. Am. J. Publ. Health. 83:694-697.
115. Ho, S.C., S.G. Chan, Q. Yi, E. Wong, and P.C. Leung. 2001. Soy intake and the maintenance of peak bone mass in Hong Kong Chinese women. J. Bone Miner Res. 16:1363-1369.
116. Ho, S.C., E. Wong, S.G. Chan, J. Lau, C. Chan, and P.C. Leung. 1997. Determinants of peak bone mass in Chinese women aged 21-40 years. III. Physical activity and bone mineral density. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12:1262-1271.
117. Hodgson, J.M., I. B. Puddey, L. J. Beilin, T.A. Mori, and K.D. Croft. 1999a. Supplementation with isoflavonoid phytoestrogens does not alter serum lipid concentrations: a randomized controlled trial in humans. J. Nutr. 128:728-732.
118. Hodgson, J.M., I.B. Puddey, K.D. Croft, T.A. Mori, J. Rivera, and L.J. Beilin. 1999b. Isoflavonoids do not inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation in subjects with high-normal blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 145:167-172.
119. Holder, C.L., M.I. Churchwell, and D.D. Doerge. 1999. Quantification of soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, and conjugates in rat blood using LC/ES-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:3764-3770.
120. Honoré, E.K., J.K. Williams, M.S. Anthony, and T.B. Clarkson. 1997. Soy isoflavones enhance vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques. Fertil. Steril. 67:148-154.
121. Horiuchi, T., T. Onouchi, M. Takahashi, H. Ito, and H. Orimo. 2000. Effect of soy protein on bone metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese women. Osteoporosis Int. 11:721-724.
122. Hsieh, C.Y., R.C. Santell, S.Z. Haslam, and W.G. Helferich. 1998. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 58:3833-3838.
123. Hsu, C-S, W.W. Shen, Y-M Hsueh, and S-L Yeh. 2001. Soy isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women. Effects on plasma lipids, antioxidant enzyme activities, and bone density. J. Reprod. Med. 46:221-226.
124. Hu, J., S. Zhang, E. Jia, Q. Wang, S. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Wu, and Y. Cheng. 1988. Diet and cancer of the stomach: A case-control study in China. Int. J. Cancer 41:331-335.
125. Huang, M.H., G.G. Harrison, M.M. Mohamed, J.A. Gornbein, S.M. Henning, V.L.W. Go, and G.A. Greendale. 2000. Assessing the accuracy of a food frequency questionnaire for estimating usual intake of phytoestrogens. Nutr. Ca. 37:145-154.
126. Huff, M.W., R.M.G. Hamilton, and K.K. Carroll. 1977. Plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits fed low fat, cholesterol-free, semipurified diets: Effects of dietary proteins, protein hydrolysates and amino acid mixtures. Atherosclerosis 28:187-195.
127. Hutchins, A.M., J.L. Slavin, and J.W. Lampe. 1995. Urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion after consumption of fermented and unfermented soy products. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 95:545-551.
128. Ikeda, T., A. Nishikawa, T. Imazawa, S. Kimura, and M. Hirose. 2000, Dramatic synergism between excess soybean intake and iodine deficiency on the development of rat thyroid hyperplasia. Carcinogenesis (New York) 21:707-713.
129. Irvine, C. H., N. Shand, M. G. Fitzpatrick, and S. L Alexander. 1998. Daily intake and urinary excretion of genistein and daidzein by infants fed soy-or dairy-based infant formulas. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1462S-1465S.
130. Ishida, H., T. Uesugi, K. Hirai, T. Toda, H. Nukaya, K. Yokotsuka, and K. Tsuji. 1998. Preventive effects of the plant isoflavones, daidzin and genistin, on bone loss in ovariectomized rats fed a calcium-deficient diet. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21:62-66.
131. Ishimi, Y., C. Miyaura, M. Ohmura, Y. Onoe, T. Sato, Y. Uchiyama, M. Ito, X. Wang, T. Suda, and S. Ikegami. 1999. Selective effects of genistein, a soybean isoflavone, on B-lymphopoiesis and bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. Endocrinology 140:1893-1900.
132. Izumi, T., M.K. Piskula, S. Osawa, A. Obata, K. Tobe, M. Saito, S. Kataoka, Y. Kubota, and M. Kikuchi. 2000. Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. J. Nutr. 130:1695-1699.
133. Jayo, M.J., M.S. Anthony, T.C. Register, S.E. Rankin, T. Vest, and T.B. Clarkson. 1996. Dietary soy isoflavones and bone loss: a study in ovariectomized monkeys. J. Bone Mineral Res. 11:S228 (Abstr. no. S555).
134. Jenkins, D.J.A., C.W.C. Kendall, M. Garsetti, R.S. Rosenberg-Zand, C-J Jackson, S. Agarwal, A.V. Rao, E.P. Diamandis, T. Parker et al. 2000a. Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity-A controlled crossover trial. Metabolism 49:537-543.
135. Jenkins, D.J.A., C.W.C. Kendall, E. Vidgen, V. Vuksan, C.J. Jackson, L.S.A. Augustin, B. Lee, M. Garsetti, S. Agarwal et al. 2000b. Effect of soy-based breakfast cereal on blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Metabolism 49:1496-1500.
136. Kalu, D.N., E.J. Masoro, B.P. Yu, R.R. Hardin, and B.W. Hollis. 1988. Modulation of age-related hyperparathyroidism and senile bone loss in Fischer rats by soy protein and food restriction. Endocrinology 122:1847-1854.
137. Kanis, J.A. 1996. Estrogens, the menopause, and osteoporosis. Bone 19:185S-190S.
138. Kanis, J.A., L.J. Melton III, C. Christiansen, C.C. Johnston, and N. Khaltaev. 1994. Perspective: The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9:1137-1141.
139. Kardinaal, A.F.M., M.S. Morton, I.E.M. Bruggemann-Rotgans, and E.C.H. van Beresteijn. 1998. Phytooestrogen excretion and rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:850-855.
140. Karr, S.C., J.W. Lampe, A.M. Hutchins, and J.L. Slavin. 1997. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66:46-51.
141. Kelly, G.E., G.E. Joannou, C. Nelson, A.Y. Reeder, and M.A. Waring. 1995. The variable metabolic responses to dietary isoflavones in human. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 208:40-43.
142. Kelly, G.E., C. Nelson, M.A. Waring, G.E. Joannou, and A.Y. Reeder. 1993. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. Clin. Chim. Acta 223:9-22.
143. Kennedy, A.R. 1995. The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents. J. Nutr. 125:733S-743S.
144. Kennedy, A.R. 1998. Chemopreventive agents: Protease inhibitors. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 78:167-209.
145. Kim, H., T.G. Peterson, and S. Barnes. 1998. Mechanisms of action of the soy isoflavone genistein: Emerging role for its effect via transforming growth factor b signalling pathways. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1418S-1425S.
146. Kimira, M., Y. Arai, K. Shimoi, and S. Watanabe. 1998. Japanese intake of flavonoids and isoflavonoids from foods. J. Epidemiol. 8:168-175.
147. Kin, K., E. Lee, K. Kushida, D.J. Sartoris, A. Ohmura, P.L. Clopton, and T.Inque. 1993. Bone density and body composition on the Pacific Rim: A comparison between Japan-Born and U.S.-born Japanese American women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 8:861-869.
148. King, R. 1998. Daidzein conjugates are more bioavailable than genistein conjugates in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (Suppl.):1496S-1499S.
149. King, R.A., and D.B. Bursill. 1998. Plasma and urinary kinetics of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein after a single soy meal in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:867-872.
150. Kirk, E.A., P. Sutherland, S.A. Wang, A. Chait, and R.C. LeBoeuf. 1998. Dietary isoflavones reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 mice but not LDL receptor-deficient mice. J. Nutr. 128:954-959.
151. Knight, D.C., J.B. Howes, J.A. Eden, and L.G. Howes. 2001. Effects on menopausal symptoms and acceptability of isoflavone-containing soy powder dietary supplementation. Climacteric 4:13-18.
152. Koo, L.C. 1988. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk among Chinese females in Hong Kong who never smoked. Nutr. Cancer 11:155-172.
153. Koratkar, R., and A.R. Rao. 1997. Effect of soya bean saponins on azoxymethone-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr. Cancer 27:206-209.
154. Krauss, R.M., R.H. Eckel, B. Howard, L.J. Appel, S.R. Daniels, R.J. Deckelbaum, J.W. Erdman, P. Kris-Etherton, I.J. Goldberg et al. 2000. AHA dietary guidelines revision 2000: A statement for health-care professionals from the nutrition committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102:2284-2299.
155. Kritz-Silverstein, D., and D.L. Goodman-Gruen. 2002. Usual dietary isoflavone intake, bone mineral density, and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. J. Womens Health Gend Based Med. 11(1):69-78.
156. Kuiper, G.G., J.G. Lemmen, B. Carlsson, J.C. Corton, S.H. Safe, P.T. van der Saag, B. van der Burg, and J.A. Gustafsson. 1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor-b. Endocrinology 139:4252-4263.
157. Kung, A.W.C., K.D.K. Luk, L.W. Chu, and P.K.Y. Chiu. 1998. Age-related osteoporosis in Chinese: An evaluation of the response of intestinal calcium absorption and calcitropic hormones to dietary calcium deprivation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1291-1297.
158. Kurzer, M.S., and X. Xu. 1997. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17:353-81.
159. Lamartiniere, C. A., J. Moore, M. Holland, and S. Barnes. 1995. Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer. Proceedings Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 208:120-123.
160. Lamartiniere, C. A., W.B. Murrill, P.A. Manzolillo, J.X. Zhang, S. Barnes, X.S. Zhang, H.C. Wei, and N.M. Brown. 1998a. Genistein alters the ontogeny of mammary gland development and protects against chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217:358-364.
161. Lamartiniere, C.A., J.X. Zhang, and M.S. Cotroneo. 1998b. Genistein studies in rats: Potential for breast cancer prevention and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1400S-1405S.
162. Lampe, J.W., D.R., Gustafson, A.M. Hutchins, M.C. Martini, S. li, K. Wahala, G.A. Grandits, J.D. Potter, and J.L. Slavin. 1999. Urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion on a Western diet: Relation to soy, vegetable, and fruit intake. Cancer Epidem. Biomarkers. Prev. 8:699-707.
163. Lampe, J.W., S.C. Karr, A.M. Hutchins, and J.L. Slavin. 1998. Urinary equol excretion with a soy challenge: Influence of habitual diet. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217:335-339.
164. Lau, E.M.C. 1995. Osteoporosis in Asians-The role of calcium & other nutrients. Challenge Mod. Med. 7:45-54.
165. Lau, E.M.C., P. Suriwongpaisal, J.K. Lee, S. Das De, M.R. Festin, S.M. Saw, A. Khir, T. Torralba, A. Sham, and P. Sambrook. 2001. Risk factors for hip fracture in Asian men and women: The Asian osteoporosis study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 16:572-580.
166. Lee, K.W., H.J. Wang, P.A. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 1995. Soybean isoflavone extract suppresses early but not later promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by phenobarbital in female rat liver. Nutr. Cancer 24:267-278.
167. Lees, C-J., and T.A. Ginn. 1998. Soy protein isolate diet does not prevent increased cortical bone turnover in ovariectomized macaques. Calcif. Tissue Int. 62:557-558.
168. Li, D.H., J.A. Yee, M.H. McGuire, P.A. Murphy, and L. Yan. 1999. Soybean isoflavones reduce experimental metastasis in mice. J. Nutr., 129:1075-1078.
169. Liberman, S. 1996. Are the differences between estradiol and other estrogens, naturally occurring or synthetic, merely semantical? J. Clin. Endrocinol. Metab. 81:850.
170. Liener, I.E. 1995. Possible adverse effects of soybean anticarcinogens. Am. Inst. Nutr. 125:744S-750S.
171. Looker, A.C., E.S. Orwoll, C.C. Johnston Jr, R.L. Lindsay, H.W. Wahner, W.L. Dunn, M.S. Calvo, T.B. Harris, and S.P. Heyse. 1997. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12:1761-1768.
172. Lovati, M.R., C. Manzoni, E. Gianazza, A. Arnoldi, E. Kurowska, K.K. Carroll, and C.R. Sirtori. 2000. Soy protein peptides regulate cholesterol homeostasis in Hep G2 cells. J. Nutr. 130:2543-2549.
173. Lovati, M.R., C. Manzoni, E. Gianazza, and C.R. Sirtori. 1998. Soybean protein products as regulators of liver low-density lipoprotein receptors. I. Identification of active conglycinin subunits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:2474-2480.
174. Love, R.R., R.B. Mazess, H.S. Barden, S. Epstein, P.A. Newcomb, V.C. Jordan, P.P. Carbone, and D.L. DeMets. 1992. Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 326:852-856.
175. Lu, L.J., J.J. Grady, M.V. Marshall, V.M. Ramanujam, and K.E. Anderson. 1995. Altered time course of urinary daidzein and genistein excretion during chronic soya diet in healthy male subjects. Nutr. Cancer. 24:311-323.
176. Lu, L.J., S.N. Lin, J.J. Grady, M. Nagamani, and K.E. Anderson. 1996. Altered kinetics and extent of urinary daidzein and genistein excretion in women during chronic soya exposure. Nutr. Cancer 26:289-302.
177. Lu, L.-J.W., and K.E. Anderson. 1998. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (Suppl.):1500S-1504S.
178. Lu, L.-J.W., K.E. Anderson, J. J. Grady, F. Kohen, and M. Nagamani. 2000. Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: Implications for breast cancer prevention. Cancer Res. 60:4112-4121.
179. Lundh, T.J., H. Pettersson, and K.H. Kiessling. 1988. Liquid chromatographic determination of the estrogens daidzein, formononetin, coumestrol, and equol in bovine blood plasma and urine. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 71:938-41.
180. Mäkelä, S., H. Savolainen, E. Aavik, M. Myllärniemi, L. Strauss, E. Taskinen, J-A. Gustafsson, and P. Häyry. 1999. Differentiation between vasculoprotective and uterotrophic effects of ligands with different binding affinities to estrogen receptors and ß. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96:7077-7082.
181. Mäkelä, S.I., L. Pylkkanen, S.S.S. Risto, and H. Adlercreutz. 1995. Dietary soybean may be antiestrogenic in male mice. J. Nutr. 125:437-445.
182. Malinow, M.R. 1984. Saponins and cholesterol metabolism (Letter to the Editors). Atherosclerosis 50:117-119.
183. Malinow, M.R., P. McLaughlin, C. Stafford, A.L. Livingston, and J.W. Senner. 1983. Effects of alfalfa saponins on alfalfa saponins on regression of atherosclerosis in monkeys. p. 241-254. In W.H. Hauss and Wissler (ed.) Clinical implications of recent research results in arteriosclerosis. Westdeutscler Verlag, Opladen, West Germany.
184. Markaverich, B.M., R.R. Gregory, M.A. Alejandro, J.H. Clark, G.A. Johnson, and B.S. Middleditch. 1988. Methyl-p-hydroxyphenyllactate-An inhibitor of cell growth and proliferation and an endogenous ligand for nuclear type-II binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 263:7203-7210.
185. Markiewicz, L., J. Garey, H. Adlercreutz, and E. Gurpide. 1993. In vitro bioassays of non-steroidal phytoestrogens. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 45:399-405.
186. Maskarinec, G., S. Singh, L. Meng, and A.A. Franke. 1998. Dietary soy intake and urinary isoflavone excretion among women from a multiethnic population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 7:613-619.
187. McMichael-Phillips, D.F., C. Harding, M. Morton, S.A. Roberts, A. Howell, C.S. Potten, and N.J. Bundred. 1998. Effects of soy protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1431S-1436S.
188. Melton, L.J. III. 1995. How many women have osteoporosis now? J. Bone Miner. Res. 10:175-177.
189. Melton, L.J. III. 2000. Who has osteoporosis? A conflict between clinical and public health perspectives. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15:2309-2314.
190. Melton, L.J. III, E.A. Chrischilles, C. Cooper, A.W. Lane, and B.L. Riggs. 1992. Perspective: How many women have osteoporosis? J. Bone Miner. Res. 7:1005-1010.
191. Melton, L.J. III, and B.L. Riggs. 1983. Epidemiology of age-related fractures. p. 45-72. In A.V. Avioli (ed.) The osteoporotic syndrome. Grune & Stratton, New York.
192. Melton, L.J. III, T.M. Therneau, and D.R. Larson. 1998. Long-term trends in hip fracture prevalence: The influence of hip fracture incidence and survival. Osteoporosis Int. 8:68-74.
193. Merz-Demlow, B.E., A.M. Duncan, K.E. Wangen, X. Xu, T.P. Carr, W.R. Phipps, and M.S. Kurzer. 2000. Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:1462-1469.
194. Messina, M.J. 1999. Legumes and soybean: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70:439S-450S.
195. Messina, M.J., V. Persky, K.D.R. Setchell, and S. Barnes. 1994. Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr. Cancer 21:113-131.
196. Mitchell, J.H., E. Cawood, D. Kinniburgh, A. Provan, A.R. Collins, and D.S. Irvine. 2001. Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal men. Clin. Sci. 100:613-618.
197. Mitsuoka, T. 1982. Recent trends in research on intestinal flora. Bifidobact. Microflora 3:3-24.
198. Murkies, A., F.S. Dalais, E.M. Briganti, H.G. Burger, D.L. Healy, M.L. Wahlqvist, and S.R. Davis. 2000. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A case control study. Menopause 7:289-296.
199. Murkies, A.L., C. Lombard, B.J.G. Strauss, G. Wilcox, H.G. Burger, and M.S. Morton. 1995. Dietary flour supplementation decreases post-menopausal hot flushes: Effect of soy and wheat. Maturitas 21:189-195.
200. Murphy, P., and S. Hendrich. 2002. Phytoestrogens in foods. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 44:195-246.
201. Murphy, P.A., T. Song, G. Buseman, K. Barua, G.R. Beecher, D. Trainer, and J. Holden. 1999. Isoflavones in retail and institutional soy foods: J. Agric Food Chem. 47:2697-2704.
202. Murrill, W.B., N.M. Brown, P.A. Manzolillo, J-X. Zhang, S. Barnes, and C.A. Lamartiniere. 1996. Prepubertal genistein exposure suppresses mammary cancer and enhances gland differentiation in rats. Carcinogenesis 17:1451-1457.
203. Nagata, C., N. Takatsuka, S. Inaba, N. Kawakami, and H. Shimizu. 1998. Effect of soymilk consumption on serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal Japanese women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90:1830-1835.
204. Naik, H.R., J.E. Lehr, and K.J. Pienta. 1994. An in vitro and in vivo study of antitumor effects of genistein on hormone refractory prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 14:2617-2620.
205. Nakamura, T., C.H. Turner, T. Yoshikawa, C.W. Slemenda, M. Peacock, D.B. Burr, Y. Mizuno, H. Orimo, Y. Ouchi, and C.C. Johnston Jr. 1994. Do variations in hip geometry explain differences in hip fracture risk between Japanese and white Americans? J. Bone Miner. Res. 9:1071-1076.
206. Nestel, P.J., T. Yamashita, T. Sasahara, S. Pomeroy, A. Dart, P. Komesaroff, A. Owen, and M. Abbey. 1997. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17:3392-3398.
207. Ni, W., Y. Tsuda, M. Sakono, and K. Imaizumi. 1998. Dietary soy protein isolate, compared with casein, reduces atherosclerotic lesion area in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Nutr. 128:1884-1889.
208. Nomura, A., B.E. Henderson, and J. Lee. 1978. Breast cancer and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:2020-2025.
209. Nurmi, T., and H. Adlercreutz. 1999. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for profiling phytoestrogens using coulometric electrode array detection: Application to plasma analysis. Anal. Biochem. 274:110-117.
210. Omi, N., S. Aoi, K. Murata, and I. Ezawa. 1994. Evaluation of the effect of soybean milk and soybean milk peptides on bone metabolism in the rat model with ovariectomized osteoporosis. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 40:201-211.
211. Onozawa, M., T. Kawamori, M. Baba, K. Fukuda, T. Toda, H. Sato, M. Ohtani, H. Akaza, T. Sugimura, and K. Wakabayashi. 1999. Effects of a soybean isoflavone mixture on carcinogenesis in prostate and seminal vesicles of F344 rats. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Amsterdam) 90:393-398.
212. Parker, M., J.K. Anand, J.W. Myles, and R. Lodwick. 1992. Proximal femoral fractures: Prevalence in different racial groups. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 8:730-732.
213. Peluso, M.R., T.A. Winters, M.F. Shanahan, and W.J. Banz. 2000. A cooperative interaction between soy protein and its isoflavone-enriched fraction lowers hepatic lipids in male obese Zucker rats and reduces blood platelet sensitivity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Nutr. 130:2333-2342.
214. Pennington, J.A.T. 1998. Bowes and Church’s food values of portions commonly used. 17th ed. Harper & Row Publ., New York.
215. Pereira, M.A., L.H. Barnes, V.L. Rassman, G.V. Kelloff, and V.E. Steele. 1994. Use of azoxymethaneinduced foci of aberrant crypts in rat colon to identify potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis. 15:1049-1054.
216. Peterson, T.G., G.P.Ji, M. Kirk, L. Coward, C.N. Falany, and S. Barnes. 1998. Metabolism of the isoflavones genistein and biochanin A in human breast cancer cell lines. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1505S-1511S.
217. Picherit C, C. Bennetau-Pelissero, B. Chanteranne, P. Lebecque, M-J. Davicco, J-P Barlet, and V. Coxam. 2001a. Soybean isoflavones dose-dependently reduce bone turnover but do not reverse established osteopenia in adult ovariectomized rats. J. Nutr. 131:723-728.
218. Picherit, C., B. Chanteranne, C. Bennetau-Pelissero, M-J Davicco, P. Lebecque, J-P Barlet, and V. Coxam. 2001b. Dose-dependent bone-sparing effects of dietary isoflavones in the ovariectomized rat. Br. J. Nutr. 85:307-316.
219. Picherit, C., V. Coxam, C. Bennetau-Pelissero, S. Kati-Coulibaly, M-J Davicco, P. Lebecque, and J-P Barlet. 2000. Daidzein is more efficient than genistein in preventing ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. J. Nutr. 130:1675-1681.
220. Pie, J-E., and H.Y. Paik. 1986. The effect of meat protein and soy protein on calcium metabolism in young adult Korean women. Kor. J. Nutr. 19:32-40.
221. Pines, A., H. Katchman, Y. Villa, V. Mijatovic, I. Dotan, Y. Levo, and D. Ayalon. 1999. The effect of various hormonal preparations and calcium supplementation on bone mass in early menopause. Is there a predictive value for the initial bone density and body weight? J. Intern. Med. 246:357-61.
222. Piskula, M. 2000a. Soy isoflavone conjugation differs in fed and food-deprived rats. J. Nutr. 130:1766-1771.
223. Piskula, M.K. 2000b. Factors affecting flavonoids absorption. Biofactors 12:175-180.
224. Pollard, M., and P.H. Luckert. 1997. Influence of isoflavones in soy protein isolates on development of induced prostate-related cancers in L-W rats. Nutr. Cancer 28:41-45.
225. Potter, S.M., J.A. Baum, H. Teng, R.J. Stillman, N.F. Shay, and J.W. Erdman, Jr. 1998. Soy protein and isoflavones: Their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1375S-1379S.
226. Potter, S.M., R. Jimenez-Flores, J-A. Pollack, T.A. Lone, and M.D. Berber-Jiminez. 1993. Protein-saponin interaction and its influence on blood lipids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41:1287-1291.
227. Prentice, A, T.J. Parsons, and T.J. Cole. 1994. Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60:837-842.
228. Pun, K.K., L.W.L. Chan, V. Chung, and F.H.W. Wong. 1990. Calcium and other dietary constituents in Hong Kong Chinese in relation to age and osteoporosis. J. Appl. Nutr. 43:12-17.
229. Rogmark, C., I. Sernbo, O. Johnell, and J-A. Nilsson. 1999. Incidence of hip fractures Malm`, Sweeden, 1992-1995. Acta Orthop. Scan. 70:19-22.
230. Ross, P.D., S. Fujiwara, C. Huang, J.W. Davis, R.S. Epstein, R.D. Wasnich, K. Kodama, and J. Melton III. 1995. Vertebral fracture prevalence in women in Hiroshima compared to Caucasians or Japanese in the US. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24:1171-1177.
231. Ross, P.D., Y-F. He, A.J. Yates, C. Coupland, P. Ravn, M. McClung, D. Thompson, and R.D. Wasnich. 1996. Body size accounts for most differences in bone density between Asian and Caucasian women. Calcif. Tissue Int. 59:339-343.
232. Ross, P.D., H. Norimatsu, J.W. Davis, K. Yano, R.D. Wasnich, S. Fujiwara, Y. Hosoda, and J. Melton III. 1991. A comparison of hip fracture incidence among native Japanese, Japanese Americans, and American Caucasians. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133:801-809.
233. Rowland, I.R., H. Wiseman, T.A. Sanders, H. Adlercreutz, and E.A. Bowey. 2000. Interindividual variation in metabolism of soy isoflavones and lignans: Influence of habitual diet on equol production by the gut microflora. Nutr. Cancer. 36:27-32.
234. Ruiz-Larrea, M.B., A.R. Mohan, G. Paganga, N.J. Miller, G.P. Bolwell, and C.A. Rice-Evans. 1997. Antioxidant activity of phytoestrogenic isoflavones. Free Radic. Res. 26:63-70.
235. Samman, S., P.M.L. Wall, G.S.M. Chan, S.J. Smith, and P. Petocz. 1999. The effect of supplementation with isoflavones on plasma lipids and oxidisability of low density lipoprotein in premenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 147:277-283.
236. Scambia, G., D. Mango, P.G. Signorile, R.A. Anselmi-Angeli, C. Palena, D. Gallo, E. Bombardelli, P. Morazzoni, A. Riva, and S. Mancuso. 2000. Clinical effects of a standardized soy extract in postmenopausal women: A pilot study. Menopause 7(2):105-111.
237. Schoene, N.W., and C.A. Guidry. 1999. Dietary soy isoflavones inhibit activation of rat platelets. J. Nutr. Biochem. 10:421-426.
238. Seow, A., C.-Y. Shi, A.A. Franke, J.H. Hankin, H.-P. Lee, and M.C. Yu. 1998. Cancer Epidem. Biomarkers Prev. 7:135-140.
239. Setchell, K.D., S.P. Borriello, P. Hulme, D.N. Kirk, and M. Axelson. 1984. Nonsteroidal estrogens of dietary origin: Possible roles in hormone-dependent disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40:569-578.
240. Setchell, K.D.R. 1995. Non-steroidal estrogen of dietary origin: Possible role in health and disease, metabolism and physiological effects. Proc. Nutr. Soc. N. Z. 20:1-21.
241. Setchell, K.D.R., and H. Adlercreutz. 1988. Mammalian ligands and phyto-oestrogens. Recent studies on their formation, metabolism and biological role in health and disease. p. 315-345. In I.A. Rowland (ed.) The role of gut microflora in toxicity and cancer. Academic Press, New York.
242. Setchell, K.D.R., N.M. Brown, P. Desai, L. Zimmer-Nechemias, B.E. Wolfe, W.T. Brashear, A.S. Kirschner, A. Cassidy, and J.E. Heubi. 2001. Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. J. Nutr. 131:1362S-1375S.
243. Severson, R.K., A.M.Y. Nomura, J.S. Grove, and G.N. Stemmermann. 1989. A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res. 49:1857-1860.
244. Sfakianos, J., L. Coward, M. Kirk, and S. Barnes. 1997. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. J. Nutr. 127:1260-1268.
245. Shamsuddin, A.M. 1995. Inositol phosphates have novel anticancer function. J. Nutr. 125:725S-732S.
246. Shelnutt, S.R., C.O. Cimino, P.A. Wiggins, and T.M Badger. 2000. Urinary pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9:413-419.
247. Shimokado, K., K. Umezawa, and J. Ogata. 1995. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibit multiple steps of the cell cycle of vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp. Cell Res. 220:266-273.
248. Shimokado, K., T. Yokota, K. Umezawa, T. Sasaguri, and J. Ogata. 1994. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibit chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 14:973-981.
249. Shutt, D.A., and R.I. Cox. 1972. Steroid and phytoestrogen binding in sheep uterine receptors in vitro. Endocrinology 52:299-310.
250. Silverman, S.L., and R.E. Madison. 1988. Decreased incidence of hip fracture in Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks: California hospital discharge data. Am. J. Public Health 78:1482-1483.
251. Simons, L.A., M. von Konigsmark, J. Simons, and D.S. Celermajer. 2000. Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women. Am. J. Cardiol. 85:1297-1301.
252. Somekawa, Y., M. Chiguchi, T. Ishibashi, and T. Aso. 2001. Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women. Obstet. Gynecol. 97:109-115.
253. Song, T., K. Barua, G. Buseman, and P.A. Murphy. 1998. Soy isoflavone analysis: Quality control and new internal standard. Am..J. Clin.Nutr. 68 (Suppl.):1474S-1479S.
254. Song, T.T., S. Hendrich, and P.A. Murphy. 1999. Estrogenic activity of glycitein, a soy isoflavone. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:1607-1610.
255. Sorensen, I.K., E. Kristiansen, A. Mortensen, G.M. Nicolaisen, J.A.H. Wijnandes, H.J. Van Kranen, and C.F. Van Kreijl. 1998. The effect of soy isoflavones on the development of intestinal neoplasia in ApcMin mouse. Cancer Lett. 130:217-225.
256. Spence, L.A., E.R. Lipscomb, J. Cadogan, B.R. Martin, M. Peacock, and C.M. Weaver. 2001. Effects of soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB J. 15(5):A728, Abstr. No. 575. 4.
257. St.Germain, A., C.T. Peterson, J. Robinson, and D.L. Alekel. 2001. Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Menopause 8(1):17-26.
258. Strom, B.L., R. Schinnar, E. Ziegler, K.T. Barnhart, M.D. Sammel, G.A. Macones, V.A. Stallings, J.M. Dralis, S.E. Nelson, and S.A. Hanson. 2001. Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 286:807-814.
259. Sugano, M., S. Goto, Y. Yamada, K. Yoshida, Y. Hashimoto, T. Matsuo, and M. Kimoto. 1990. Cholesterol-lowering activity of various undigested fractions of soybean protein in rats. J. Nutr. 120:977-985.
260. Sugano, M., and K. Koba. 1993. Dietary protein and lipid metabolism: A multifunctional effect. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 676:215-222.
261. Sugano, M., Y. Yamada, K. Yoshida, Y. Hashimoto, T. Matsuo, and M. Kimoto. 1988. The hypocholesterolemic action of the undigested fraction of soybean protein in rats. Atheroscler 72:115-122.
262. Swanson, C.A., B.L. Mao, J.Y. Li, J.H. Lubin, S.X. Yao, J.Z. Wang, S.K. Cai, Y. Hou, Q.S. Luo, and W.J. Blot. 1992. Dietary determinants of lung-cancer risk: Results from a case-control study in Yunnan province China. Int. J. Cancer 50:876-880.
263. Teede, H.J., F.S. Dalais, D. Kotsopoulos, Y-L Liang, S. Davis, and B.P. McGrath. 2001. Dietary soy has both beneficial and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects: A placebo-controlled study in men and postmeopausal women. JCEM. 86:3053-3060.
264. Teixeira, S.R., S.M. Potter, R. Weigel, S. Hannum, J.W. Erdman, and C.M. Hasler. 2000. Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:1077-1084.
265. Tew, B. Y., X. Xu, H.-J. Wang, P. A. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 1996. A diet high in wheat fiber suppresses the bioavailability of isoflavones in a single meal fed to women. J. Nutr. 126:871-877.
266. Thamsborg, G. 1999. Effect of nasal salmon calcitonin on calcium and bone metabolism. Dan. Med. Bull. 46:118-126.
267. Thiagarajan, D.G., M.R. Bennink, L.D. Bourquin, and F.A. Kavas. 1998. Prevention of precancerous colonic lesions in rats by soy flakes, soy flour, genistein, and calcium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1394S-1399S.
268. Thompson, D.D., H.A. Simmons, C.M. Pirie, and H.Z. Ke. 1995. FDA Guidelines and animal models for osteoporosis. Bone 17:125S-133S.
269. Thompson, L.U., P. Robb, M. Serraino, and F. Cheung. 1991. Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr. Cancer. 16:43-52.
270. Tikkanen, M.J., K. Wahala, S. Ojala, V. Vihma, and H. Adlercreutz. 1998. Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:3106-3110.
271. Tonkelaar, Isolde den, L. Keinan-Boker, P. Van’t Veer, C.J.M. Arts, H. Adlercreutz, J.H.H. Thijssen, and P.H.M. Peeters. 2001. Urinary phytoestrogens and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. In Cancer epidemiology. Biomarkers & Prevention 10:223-228.
272. Tovar-Palacio, C., S.M. Potter, J.C. Hafermann, and N.F. Shay. 1998. Intake of soy protein and soy protein extracts inflluences lipid metabolism and hepatic gene expression in gerbils. J. Nutr. 128:839-842.
273. Tsai, K., K. Huang, P. Chieng, and C. Su. 1991. Bone mineral density of normal Chinese women in Taiwan. Calcif. Tissue Int. 48:161-166.
274. Tsai, K., S. Twu, P. Chieng, R. Yang, and T. Lee. 1996. Prevalence of vertebral fractures in Chinese men and women in urban Taiwanese communities. Calcif. Tissue Int. 59:249-253.
275. Tsai, K.S. 1997. Osteoporotic fracture rate, bone mineral density, and bone metabolism in Taiwan. J. Formos Med. Assoc. 96:802-805.
276. Tsuchida, K., S. Mizushima, M. Toba, and K. Soda. 1999. Dietary soybean intake and bone mineral density among 995 middle-aged women in Yokohama. J. Epidemiol. 9:14-19.
277. Tucci, J.R. 1998. Osteoporosis update. Med. Health Rhode Island 81:169-73.
278. Uehara, M., Y. Arai, S. Watanabe, and H. Adlercreutz. 2000. Comparison of plasma and urinary phytoestrogens in Japanese and Finnish women by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Biofactors 12:217-225.
279. Uehara, M., A. Ohta, K. Sakai, K. Suzuki, S. Watanabe, and H. Adlercreutz. 2001. Dietary fructooligosaccharides modify intestinal bioavailability of a single dose of genistein and daidzein and affect their urinary excretion and kinetics in blood of rats. J. Nutr. 131:787-795.
280. Uesugi, T., T. Toda, K. Tsuji, and H. Ishida. 2001. Comparative study on reduction of bone loss and lipid metabolism abnormality in ovariectomized rats by soy isoflavones daidzin, genistin, and glycitin. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24:368-372.
281. Ullah, A., and A.M. Shamsuddin. 1990. Dose-dependent inhibition of large intestinal cancer by inositol hexaphosphate in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis (New York). 11:2219-2222.
282. Upmalis, D.H., R. Lobo, L. Bradley, M. Warren, F.L. Cone, and C.A. Lamia. 2000. Vasomotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in postmenopausal women: A multicenter, doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Menopause 7(4):236-242.
283. Urban, D., W. Irwin, M. Kirk, M. A. Markiewicz, R. Myers, M. Smith. H. Weiss, W. E. Grizzle, and S. Barnes. 2001. The effect of isolated soy protein on plasma biomarkers in elderly men with elevated serum prostate specific antigen. J. Urol. 165:294-300.
284. U.S.Department of Agriculture/Iowa State University Isoflavone Database. 1999. Available at http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/isoflav/isfl_tbl.pdf.
285. Van der Schouw, Y.T., A. Pijpe, C.E.I. Lebrun, M.L. Bots, P.H.M. Peeters, W.A. Van Staveren, S.W.T. Lamberts, and D.E. Grobbee. 2002. Higher usual dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with lower aortic stiffness in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22:1316-1322.
286. Vidal, O., L-G Kindblom, and C. Ohlsson. 1999. Expression and localization of estrogen-receptor-in murine and human bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 14:923-929.
287. Wagner, J.D., W.T. Cefalu, M.S. Anthony, K.N. Litwak, L. Zhang, and T.B. Clarkson. 1997. Dietary soy protein and estrogen replacement therapy improve cardiovascular risk factors and decrease aortic cholesteryl ester content in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Metabolism 46:698-705.
288. Walsh, B.W., L.H. Kuller, R.A. Wild, S. Paul, M. Farmer, J.B. Lawrence, A.S. Shah, and P.W. Anderson. 1998. Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 279(18):1445-1451.
289. Wang, H.J. 1997. Human gut microfloral metabolism of soybean isoflavones. M.S. thesis. Iowa State Univ. Library, Ames.
290. Wang, H.J., O. Lapcík, R. Hampl, M. Uehara, N. Al-Maharik, K. Stumpf, H. Mikola, K. Wähälä, and H.Adlercreutz. 2000. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of plasma daidzein and genistein. Steroids 65:339-48.
291. Wang, H-J., and P.A. Murphy. 1994. Isoflavone content in commercial soybean foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:1666-1673.
292. Wang, H. J., and P.A. Murphy. 1996. Mass balance of isoflavones study in soybean processing. J..Agric. Food Chem. 44:2377-2383.
293. Wang, M-F., S. Yamamoto, H-M. Chung, S-Y. Chung, S. Miyatani, M. Mori, T. Okita, and M. Sugano. 1995. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of undigested fraction of soybean protein in young female volunteers. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 41:187-195.
294. Wang, W., and C.M. Higuchi. 2000. Dietary soy protein is associated with reduced intestinal mucosal polyamine concentration in male Wistar rats. J. Nutr. 130:1815-1820.
295. Wangen, K.E., A.M. Duncan, B.E. Merz-Demlow, X. Xu, R. Marcus, W.R. Phipps, and M.S. Kurzer. 2000. Effects of soy isoflavones on markers of bone turnover in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:3043-3048.
296. Wangen, K.E., A.M. Duncan, X. Xu, and M.S. Kurzer. 2001. Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:225-231.
297. Washburn, S., G.L. Burke, T. Morgan, and M. Anthony. 1999. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 6:7-13.
298. Wasnich, R.D. 1996. Vertebral fracture epidemiology. Bone 18 (3 Suppl.):179S-183S.
299. Watanabe, S., K. Terashima, Y. Sato, S. Arai, and A. Eboshida. 2000. Effects of isoflavone supplement on healthy women. Biofactors 12:233-241.
300. Watanabe, S., M. Yamaguchi, T. Sobue, T. Takahashi, T. Miura, Y. Arai, W. Mazur, K. Wahala, and H. Adlercreutz. 1998. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (Kinako). J. Nutr. 128:1710-1715.
301. Watkins, T.R., K. Pandya, and O. Mickelsen. 1985. Urinary acid and calcium excretion. Effect of soy versus meat in human diets. In C. Kies (ed.) Nutritional bioavailability of calcium. Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC.
302. Weaver, C.M. 1998. Calcium requirements: The need to understand racial differences. Editorial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1153-1154.
303. Wilcox, G., M.L. Wahlqvist, H.G. Burger, and G. Medley. 1990. Oestrogenic effects of plant foods in postmenopausal women. Br. Med. J. 310:905-906.
304. Williams, J.K., and T.B. Clarkson. 1998. Dietary soy isoflavones inhibit in-vivo constrictor responses of coronary arteries to collagen-induced platelet activation. Coron. Artery Dis. 9:759-764.
305. Wilson, L. A., P.A. Murphy, and P. Gallagher. 1991. Japanese soyfoods: Markets and processes. 1: 1-63. Iowa State Univ., Ames, Ctr. for Crops Utilization.
306. Winter, J., L. H. Moore, V. R. Jr. Dowell, and V. D. Bokkenheuser. 1989. C-ring cleavage of flavonoids by human intestinal bacteria. Appl. Environ. Micriobiol. 55:1203-1208.
307. Wiseman, H., J.D. O’Reilly, H. Adlercreutz, A.I. Mallet, E.A. Bowey, I.R. Rowland, and T.A.B. Sanders. 2000. Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F2-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72:395-400.
308. Wright, C.D.P., N.J. Garrahan, M. Stanton, J-C Gazet, R.E. Mansell, and J.E. Compston. 1994. Effect of long-term tamoxifen therapy on cancellous bone remodeling and structure in women with breast cancer. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9:153-159.
309. Wu, A.H., F.Z. Stanczyk, S. Hendrich, P.A. Murphy, C. Zhang, P. Wan, and M.C. Pike. 2000. Effects of soy foods on ovarian function in premenopausal women. Br. J. Cancer 82(11):1879-1886.
310. Wu, A.H., R.G. Ziegler, A.M.Y. Nomura, D.W. West, L.N. Kolonel, P.L. Horn-Ross, R.N. Hoover, and M.C. Pike. 1998. Soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asians and Asian Americans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68(Suppl.):1437S-1443S.
311. Wynder, E.L., Y. Fujita, R.E. Harris, T. Hirayama, and T. Hiyama. 1991. Comparative epidemiology of cancer between the United States and Japan: A second look. Cancer 67:746-763.
312. Xu, L., A. Lu, X. Zhao, X. Chen, and S.R. Cummings. 1996. Very low rates of hip fracture in Beijing, People’s Republic of China, the Beijing Osteoporosis Project. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144:901-907.
313. Xu, X., K. Harris, H.-J. Wang, P. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 1995. Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones depends upon gut microflora in women. J. Nutr. 125:2307-2315.
314. Xu, X., H.-J. Wang, L. R. Cook, P. A. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 1994. Daidzein is a more bioavailable soymilk isoflavone to young adult women than is genistein. J. Nutr. 124:825-832.
315. Xu, X, H.-J. Wang, P. A. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 2000. Neither background diet nor type of soy food affects short-term isoflavone bioavailability in women. J. Nutr. 130:798-801.
316. Yamaguchi, M., and E. Sugimoto. 2000. Stimulatory effect of genistein and daidzein on protein synthesis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells: Activation of aminocyl-tRNA synthetase. Mol. Cell Biochem. 214:97-102.
317. Yamakoshi, J., M.K. Piskula, T. Izumi, K. Tobe, M. Saito, S. Kataoka, A. Obata, and M. Kikuchi. 2000. Isoflavone aglycone-rich extract without soy protein attenuates atherosclerosis development in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Nutr. 130:1887-1893.
318. Yamazaki, I., A. Shino, Y. Shimizu, R. Tsukuda, Y. Shirakawa, and M. Kinoshita. 1986a. Effect of ipriflavone on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. Life Sci. 38:951-958.
319. Yamazaki, I., A. Shino, and R. Tsukuda. 1986b. Effect of ipriflavone on osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in rats. J. Bone Min. Metab. 3:205-210.
320. Yan, L., J.A. Yee, M.H. McGuire, and G.L. Graef. 1997. Effect of dietary supplementation of soybean on experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Nutr. Cancer 29:1-6.
321. Yang, G.Y., and A.M. Shamsuddin. 1995. IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: Involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates. Anticancer Res. 15:2479-2487.
322. Yasuda, T., S. Mizunuma, Y. Kano, K. Saito, and K. Ohsawa. 1996. Urinary and biliary metabolites of genistein in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19:413-417.
323. Zhang, J.-X., G. Hallmans, M. Landstrom, A. Bergh, J.-E. Damber, P. Aman, and H. Adlercreutz. 1997. Soy and rye diets inhibit the development of Dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma in rats. Cancer Lett. 114:313-314.
324. Zhang, Y. 2000. Bioavailability and biological effects of the isoflavone glycitein and isoflavone glucuronides: role of glucuronide in human natural killer cell modulation in vitro. Ph. D. Dissertation. Iowa State University Library, Ames, IA.
325. Zhang, Y., T.T. Song, J.E. Cunnick, P.A. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 1999a. Daidzein and genistein glucuronides in vitro are weakly estrogenic and activate human natural killer cells in nutritionally relevant concentrations. J. Nutr. 129:399-405.
326. Zhang, Y., G-J Wang, T.T. Song, P.A. Murphy, and S. Hendrich. 1999b. Differences in disposition of the soybean isoflavones, glycitein, daidzein and genistein in humans with moderate fecal isoflavone degradation activit. J. Nutr. 129: 957-962. Erratum (2001) J. Nutr 131:147-148.
327. Zheng, Y.L. 2000. Ethnicity and diet habits: Influence on bioavailability of soybean isoflavones in women. M.S. thesis. Iowa State Univ. Library, Ames.
328. Zheng, W., Q. Dai, L.J. Custer, X.O. Shu, W.Q. Wen, F. Jin, and A.A. Franke. 1999. Urinary excretion of isoflavonoids and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention 8:35-40.
329. Zhou, J.R., P. Mukherjee, E.T. Gugger, T. Tanaka, G.L. Blackbum, and S.K. Clinton. 1998. Inhibition of murine bladder tumorigenesis by soy isoflavones via alterations in the cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 58:5231-5238.