Proteomics in cardiovascular diseases: Unveiling sex and gender differences in the era of precision medicine

Journal of Proteomics

Volumn 173, Issue , 2018, Pages 62-76

  Baetta, Roberta ^a   Pontremoli, Marta ^a   Martinez Fernandez, Alma ^a   Spickett, Corinne M ^b   Banfi, Cristina ^a  

^a CENTRO CARDIOLOGICO MONZINO   (Italy)

^b ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Gender; Oxidative stress; Proteomics; Risk factors; Sex differences

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; PROTEOME;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BODY FAT; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOPLEGIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MATERNAL HYPERTENSION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENOPAUSE; NUTRITION; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PLASMA; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEOMICS; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; SERUM; SEX; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THROMBOCYTE; URINE; VASCULAR DISEASE; FEMALE; MALE; PROCEDURES; SEX FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PRECISION MEDICINE; PROTEOMICS; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 85037661144     PISSN: 18743919     EISSN: 18767737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.012     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. W.H.O. (WHO), Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/, 2017.
2. Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E.J., Go, A.S., Arnett, D.K., Blaha, M.J., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., de Ferranti, S., Despres, J.P., Fullerton, H.J., Howard, V.J., Huffman, M.D., Isasi, C.R., Jimenez, M.C., Judd, S.E., Kissela, B.M., Lichtman, J.H., Lisabeth, L.D., Liu, S., Mackey, R.H., Magid, D.J., McGuire, D.K., Mohler, E.R. III, Moy, C.S., Muntner, P., Mussolino, M.E., Nasir, K., Neumar, R.W., Nichol, G., Palaniappan, L., Pandey, D.K., Reeves, M.J., Rodriguez, C.J., Rosamond, W., Sorlie, P.D., Stein, J., Towfighi, A., Turan, T.N., Virani, S.S., Woo, D., Yeh, R.W., Turner, M.B., Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 133:4 (2016), e38–360.
3. Nichols, M., Townsend, N., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M., European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. 2012.
4. Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L.J., Van Horn, L., Greenlund, K., Daniels, S., Nichol, G., Tomaselli, G.F., Arnett, D.K., Fonarow, G.C., Ho, P.M., Lauer, M.S., Masoudi, F.A., Robertson, R.M., Roger, V., Schwamm, L.H., Sorlie, P., Yancy, C.W., Rosamond, W.D., Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 121:4 (2010), 586–613.
5. Piepoli, M.F., Hoes, A.W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A.L., Cooney, M.T., Corra, U., Cosyns, B., Deaton, C., Graham, I., Hall, M.S., Hobbs, F.D., Lochen, M.L., Lollgen, H., Marques-Vidal, P., Perk, J., Prescott, E., Redon, J., Richter, D.J., Sattar, N., Smulders, Y., Tiberi, M., van der Worp, H.B., van Dis, I., Verschuren, W.M., 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur. Heart J. 37:29 (2016), 2315–2381.
6. Mosca, L., Grundy, S.M., Judelson, D., King, K., Limacher, M., Oparil, S., Pasternak, R., Pearson, T.A., Redberg, R.F., Smith, S.C. Jr., Winston, M., Zinberg, S., AHA/ACC scientific statement: consensus panel statement. Guide to preventive cardiology for women. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33:6 (1999), 1751–1755.
7. den Ruijter, H.M., Haitjema, S., Asselbergs, F.W., Pasterkamp, G., Sex matters to the heart: a special issue dedicated to the impact of sex related differences of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 241:1 (2015), 205–207.
8. Harvey, R.E., Coffman, K.E., Miller, V.M., Women-specific factors to consider in risk, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Women's Health (Lond. Engl.) 11:2 (2015), 239–257.
9. Della Torre, S., Maggi, A., Sex differences: a resultant of an evolutionary pressure?. Cell Metab. 25:3 (2017), 499–505.
10. Arnold, A.P., Cassis, L.A., Eghbali, M., Reue, K., Sandberg, K., Sex hormones and sex chromosomes cause sex differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 37:5 (2017), 746–756.
11. Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Kararigas, G., Mechanistic pathways of sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Physiol. Rev. 97:1 (2017), 1–37.
12. Winham, S.J., de Andrade, M., Miller, V.M., Genetics of cardiovascular disease: importance of sex and ethnicity. Atherosclerosis 241:1 (2015), 219–228.
13. Peters, S.A.E., Woodward, M., Jha, V., Kennedy, S., Norton, R., Women's health: a new global agenda. BMJ Glob. Health, 1(3), 2016, e000080.
14. Ramirez, F.D., Motazedian, P., Jung, R.G., Di Santo, P., MacDonald, Z., Simard, T., Clancy, A.A., Russo, J.J., Welch, V., Wells, G.A., Hibbert, B., Sex bias is increasingly prevalent in preclinical cardiovascular research: implications for translational medicine and health equity for women: a systematic assessment of leading cardiovascular journals over a 10-year period. Circulation 135:6 (2017), 625–626.
15. Clayton, J.A., Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine. FASEB J. 30:2 (2016), 519–524.
16. Appelman, Y., van Rijn, B.B., Ten Haaf, M.E., Boersma, E., Peters, S.A., Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors and disease prevention. Atherosclerosis 241:1 (2015), 211–218.
17. W.H.O. (WHO), Raised blood pressure. Situation and trends. http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_text/en/.
18. Peters, S.A., Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., Comparison of the sex-specific associations between systolic blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 124 cohort studies, including 1.2 million individuals. Stroke 44:9 (2013), 2394–2401.
19. Wei, Y.C., George, N.I., Chang, C.W., Hicks, K.A., Assessing sex differences in the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality per increment in systolic blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of follow-up studies in the United States. PLoS One, 12(1), 2017, e0170218.
20. W.H.O. (WHO), Raised cholesterol: situation and trends. http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/cholesterol_text/en/, 2015.
21. Peters, S.A., Singhateh, Y., Mackay, D., Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., Total cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 248 (2016), 123–131.
22. Luscher, T.F., Landmesser, U., von Eckardstein, A., Fogelman, A.M., High-density lipoprotein: vascular protective effects, dysfunction, and potential as therapeutic target. Circ. Res. 114:1 (2014), 171–182.
23. Rich-Edwards, J.W., Manson, J.E., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:26 (1995), 1758–1766.
24. Di Angelantonio, E., Sarwar, N., Perry, P., Kaptoge, S., Ray, K.K., Thompson, A., Wood, A.M., Lewington, S., Sattar, N., Packard, C.J., Collins, R., Thompson, S.G., Danesh, J., Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302:18 (2009), 1993–2000.
25. Sarwar, N., Gao, P., Seshasai, S.R., Gobin, R., Kaptoge, S., Di Angelantonio, E., Ingelsson, E., Lawlor, D.A., Selvin, E., Stampfer, M., Stehouwer, C.D., Lewington, S., Pennells, L., Thompson, A., Sattar, N., White, I.R., Ray, K.K., Danesh, J., Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 375:9733 (2010), 2215–2222.
26. I.D.F. (IDF), IDF Diabetes Atlas. 7th edn, 2015, International Diabetes Federation, Brussel, Belgium http://www.diabetesatlas.org.
27. Huxley, R., Barzi, F., Woodward, M., Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ 332:7533 (2006), 73–78.
28. Peters, S.A., Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes. Lancet 383:9933 (2014), 1973–1980.
29. Peters, S.A., Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events. Diabetologia 57:8 (2014), 1542–1551.
30. Garcia, M., Mulvagh, S.L., Merz, C.N., Buring, J.E., Manson, J.E., Cardiovascular disease in women: clinical perspectives. Circ. Res. 118:8 (2016), 1273–1293.
31. Woodward, M., Peters, S.A., Huxley, R.R., Diabetes and the female disadvantage. Women's Health (Lond. Engl.) 11:6 (2015), 833–839.
32. W.H.O. (WHO), Obesity and Overweight. Fact Sheet. 2017 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
33. Whitlock, G., Lewington, S., Sherliker, P., Clarke, R., Emberson, J., Halsey, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., Peto, R., Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 373:9669 (2009), 1083–1096.
34. Wormser, D., Kaptoge, S., Di Angelantonio, E., Wood, A.M., Pennells, L., Thompson, A., Sarwar, N., Kizer, J.R., Lawlor, D.A., Nordestgaard, B.G., Ridker, P., Salomaa, V., Stevens, J., Woodward, M., Sattar, N., Collins, R., Thompson, S.G., Whitlock, G., Danesh, J., Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 377:9771 (2011), 1085–1095.
35. Mongraw-Chaffin, M.L., Peters, S.A., Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., The sex-specific association between BMI and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95 cohorts with 1.2 million participants. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3:6 (2015), 437–449.
36. Palmer, B.F., Clegg, D.J., The sexual dimorphism of obesity. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 402 (2015), 113–119.
37. Kim, S.H., Despres, J.P., Koh, K.K., Obesity and cardiovascular disease: friend or foe?. Eur. Heart J. 37:48 (2016), 3560–3568.
38. Kershaw, E.E., Flier, J.S., Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89:6 (2004), 2548–2556.
39. W.H.O. (WHO), Tobacco. Fact Sheet. 2017 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/.
40. Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G., Cifkova, R., Dallongeville, J., De Backer, G., Ebrahim, S., Gjelsvik, B., Herrmann-Lingen, C., Hoes, A., Humphries, S., Knapton, M., Perk, J., Priori, S.G., Pyorala, K., Reiner, Z., Ruilope, L., Sans-Menendez, S., Op Reimer, W.S., Weissberg, P., Wood, D., Yarnell, J., Zamorano, J.L., Walma, E., Fitzgerald, T., Cooney, M.T., Dudina, A., Vahanian, A., Camm, J., De Caterina, R., Dean, V., Dickstein, K., Funck-Brentano, C., Filippatos, G., Hellemans, I., Kristensen, S.D., McGregor, K., Sechtem, U., Silber, S., Tendera, M., Widimsky, P., Altiner, A., Bonora, E., Durrington, P.N., Fagard, R., Giampaoli, S., Hemingway, H., Hakansson, J., Kjeldsen, S.E., Larsen, M.L., Mancia, G., Manolis, A.J., Orth-Gomer, K., Pedersen, T., Rayner, M., Ryden, L., Sammut, M., Schneiderman, N., Stalenhoef, A.F., Tokgozoglu, L., Wiklund, O., Zampelas, A., European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 14:Suppl. 2 (2007), S1–113.
41. Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet 378:9799 (2011), 1297–1305.
42. Peters, S.A., Huxley, R.R., Woodward, M., Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. Stroke 44:10 (2013), 2821–2828.
43. Chatziioannou, A., Georgiadis, P., Hebels, D.G., Liampa, I., Valavanis, I., Bergdahl, I.A., Johansson, A., Palli, D., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Siskos, A.P., Keun, H., Botsivali, M., de Kok, T.M., Perez, A.E., Kleinjans, J.C., Vineis, P., Kyrtopoulos, S.A., Blood-based omic profiling supports female susceptibility to tobacco smoke-induced cardiovascular diseases. Sci. Rep., 7, 2017, 42870.
44. Mendelsohn, M.E., Protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Cardiol. 89:12A (2002), 12E–17E (discussion 17E-18E).
45. Lidegaard, O., Lokkegaard, E., Svendsen, A.L., Agger, C., Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. BMJ, 339, 2009, b2890.
46. Lidegaard, O., Lokkegaard, E., Jensen, A., Skovlund, C.W., Keiding, N., Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N. Engl. J. Med. 366:24 (2012), 2257–2266.
47. Banks, E., An evidence-based future for menopausal hormone therapy. Women's Health (Lond. Engl.) 11:6 (2015), 785–788.
48. Bellamy, L., Casas, J.P., Hingorani, A.D., Williams, D.J., Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 335(7627), 2007, 974.
49. Lykke, J.A., Langhoff-Roos, J., Sibai, B.M., Funai, E.F., Triche, E.W., Paidas, M.J., Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother. Hypertension 53:6 (2009), 944–951.
50. Bellamy, L., Casas, J.P., Hingorani, A.D., Williams, D., Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 373:9677 (2009), 1773–1779.
51. Harreiter, J., Dovjak, G., Kautzky-Willer, A., Gestational diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk after pregnancy. Women's Health (Lond. Engl.) 10:1 (2014), 91–108.
52. Maas, A.H., van der Schouw, Y.T., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Swahn, E., Appelman, Y.E., Pasterkamp, G., Ten Cate, H., Nilsson, P.M., Huisman, M.V., Stam, H.C., Eizema, K., Stramba-Badiale, M., Red alert for women's heart: the urgent need for more research and knowledge on cardiovascular disease in women: proceedings of the workshop held in Brussels on gender differences in cardiovascular disease, 29 September 2010. Eur. Heart J. 32:11 (2011), 1362–1368.
53. Atsma, F., Bartelink, M.L., Grobbee, D.E., van der Schouw, Y.T., Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Menopause 13:2 (2006), 265–279.
54. Roeters van Lennep, J.E., Heida, K.Y., Bots, M.L., Hoek, A., Cardiovascular disease risk in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 23:2 (2016), 178–186.
55. Heida, K.Y., Velthuis, B.K., Oudijk, M.A., Reitsma, J.B., Bots, M.L., Franx, A., van Dunne, F.M., Cardiovascular disease risk in women with a history of spontaneous preterm delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 23:3 (2016), 253–263.
56. Tanz, L.J., Stuart, J.J., Williams, P.L., Rimm, E.B., Missmer, S.A., Rexrode, K.M., Mukamal, K.J., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Preterm delivery and maternal cardiovascular disease in young and middle-aged adult women. Circulation 135:6 (2017), 578–589.
57. Peters, M.J., Symmons, D.P., McCarey, D., Dijkmans, B.A., Nicola, P., Kvien, T.K., McInnes, I.B., Haentzschel, H., Gonzalez-Gay, M.A., Provan, S., Semb, A., Sidiropoulos, P., Kitas, G., Smulders, Y.M., Soubrier, M., Szekanecz, Z., Sattar, N., Nurmohamed, M.T., EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69:2 (2010), 325–331.
58. Gianturco, L., Bodini, B.D., Atzeni, F., Colombo, C., Stella, D., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Drago, L., Galaverna, S., Turiel, M., Cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases in females: the role of microvasculature and dysfunctional endothelium. Atherosclerosis 241:1 (2015), 259–263.
59. Zamorano, J.L., Lancellotti, P., Rodriguez Munoz, D., Aboyans, V., Asteggiano, R., Galderisi, M., Habib, G., Lenihan, D.J., Lip, G.Y., Lyon, A.R., Lopez Fernandez, T., Mohty, D., Piepoli, M.F., Tamargo, J., Torbicki, A., Suter, T.M., 2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines: the task force for cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 37:36 (2016), 2768–2801.
60. Carney, R.M., Freedland, K.E., Depression and coronary heart disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 14:3 (2017), 145–155.
61. Bucholz, E.M., Strait, K.M., Dreyer, R.P., Lindau, S.T., D'Onofrio, G., Geda, M., Spatz, E.S., Beltrame, J.F., Lichtman, J.H., Lorenze, N.P., Bueno, H., Krumholz, H.M., Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: a VIRGO study analysis. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care 6:7 (2017), 610–622.
62. O'Neil, A., Fisher, A.J., Kibbey, K.J., Jacka, F.N., Kotowicz, M.A., Williams, L.J., Stuart, A.L., Berk, M., Lewandowski, P.A., Taylor, C.B., Pasco, J.A., Depression is a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women: an 18-year longitudinal study. J. Affect. Disord. 196 (2016), 117–124.
63. Amadio, P., Colombo, G.I., Tarantino, E., Gianellini, S., Ieraci, A., Brioschi, M., Banfi, C., Werba, J.P., Parolari, A., Lee, F.S., Tremoli, E., Barbieri, S.S., BDNFVal66met polymorphism: a potential bridge between depression and thrombosis. Eur. Heart J. 38:18 (2017), 1426–1435.
64. Arbustini, E., Dal Bello, B., Morbini, P., Burke, A.P., Bocciarelli, M., Specchia, G., Virmani, R., Plaque erosion is a major substrate for coronary thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction. Heart 82:3 (1999), 269–272.
65. Yahagi, K., Davis, H.R., Arbustini, E., Virmani, R., Sex differences in coronary artery disease: pathological observations. Atherosclerosis 239:1 (2015), 260–267.
66. Taqueti, V.R., Shaw, L.J., Cook, N.R., Murthy, V.L., Shah, N.R., Foster, C.R., Hainer, J., Blankstein, R., Dorbala, S., Di Carli, M.F., Excess cardiovascular risk in women relative to men referred for coronary angiography is associated with severely impaired coronary flow reserve, not obstructive disease. Circulation 135:6 (2017), 566–577.
67. Boese, A.C., Kim, S.C., Yin, K.J., Lee, J.P., Hamblin, M.H., Sex differences in vascular physiology and pathophysiology: estrogen and androgen signaling in health and disease. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 313:3 (2017), H524–H545 (ajpheart 00217 2016).
68. Hellings, W.E., Pasterkamp, G., Verhoeven, B.A., De Kleijn, D.P., De Vries, J.P., Seldenrijk, K.A., van den Broek, T., Moll, F.L., Gender-associated differences in plaque phenotype of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J. Vasc. Surg. 45:2 (2007), 289–296 (discussion 296-7).
69. Wendorff, C., Wendorff, H., Pelisek, J., Tsantilas, P., Zimmermann, A., Zernecke, A., Kuehnl, A., Eckstein, H.H., Carotid plaque morphology is significantly associated with sex, age, and history of neurological symptoms. Stroke 46:11 (2015), 3213–3219.
70. Hortin, G.L., Sviridov, D., Anderson, N.L., High-abundance polypeptides of the human plasma proteome comprising the top 4 logs of polypeptide abundance. Clin. Chem. 54:10 (2008), 1608–1616.
71. Beck, H.C., Overgaard, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Plasma proteomics to identify biomarkers – application to cardiovascular diseases. Transl. Proteomics 7 (2015), 40–48.
72. Miguel, J.L., Agapito, M.T., Recio, J.M., Sex differences of hematological and biochemical parameters in healthy rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, R). Rev. Esp. Fisiol. 44:2 (1988), 215–219.
73. Ihrig, M., Tassinary, L.G., Bernacky, B., Keeling, M.E., Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) categorized by age and sex. Comp. Med. 51:1 (2001), 30–37.
74. Yeung, D.C., Xu, A., Cheung, C.W., Wat, N.M., Yau, M.H., Fong, C.H., Chau, M.T., Lam, K.S., Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27:8 (2007), 1796–1802.
75. Ahonen, T.M., Kautiainen, H.J., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S.M., Kumpusalo, E.A., Vanhala, M.J., Gender difference among smoking, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Am. J. Prev. Med. 35:6 (2008), 598–601.
76. Miike, K., Aoki, M., Yamashita, R., Takegawa, Y., Saya, H., Miike, T., Yamamura, K., Proteome profiling reveals gender differences in the composition of human serum. Proteomics 10:14 (2010), 2678–2691.
77. Tu, C., Rudnick, P.A., Martinez, M.Y., Cheek, K.L., Stein, S.E., Slebos, R.J., Liebler, D.C., Depletion of abundant plasma proteins and limitations of plasma proteomics. J. Proteome Res. 9:10 (2010), 4982–4991.
78. Bellei, E., Bergamini, S., Monari, E., Fantoni, L.I., Cuoghi, A., Ozben, T., Tomasi, A., High-abundance proteins depletion for serum proteomic analysis: concomitant removal of non-targeted proteins. Amino Acids 40:1 (2011), 145–156.
79. Al-Daghri, N.M., Al-Attas, O.S., Johnston, H.E., Singhania, A., Alokail, M.S., Alkharfy, K.M., Abd-Alrahman, S.H., Sabico, S.L., Roumeliotis, T.I., Manousopoulou-Garbis, A., Townsend, P.A., Woelk, C.H., Chrousos, G.P., Garbis, S.D., Whole serum 3D LC-nESI-FTMS quantitative proteomics reveals sexual dimorphism in the milieu interieur of overweight and obese adults. J. Proteome Res. 13:11 (2014), 5094–5105.
80. Zethelius, B., Berglund, L., Sundstrom, J., Ingelsson, E., Basu, S., Larsson, A., Venge, P., Arnlov, J., Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358:20 (2008), 2107–2116.
81. Kim, C.X., Bailey, K.R., Klee, G.G., Ellington, A.A., Liu, G., Mosley, T.H. Jr., Rehman, H., Kullo, I.J., Sex and ethnic differences in 47 candidate proteomic markers of cardiovascular disease: the Mayo Clinic proteomic markers of arteriosclerosis study. PLoS One, 5(2), 2010, e9065.
82. Siebert, S., Porter, D., Paterson, C., Hampson, R., Gaya, D., Latosinska, A., Mischak, H., Schanstra, J., Mullen, W., McInnes, I., Urinary proteomics can define distinct diagnostic inflammatory arthritis subgroups. Sci. Rep., 7, 2017, 40473.
83. Haubitz, M., Wittke, S., Weissinger, E.M., Walden, M., Rupprecht, H.D., Floege, J., Haller, H., Mischak, H., Urine protein patterns can serve as diagnostic tools in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 67:6 (2005), 2313–2320.
84. Theodorescu, D., Schiffer, E., Bauer, H.W., Douwes, F., Eichhorn, F., Polley, R., Schmidt, T., Schofer, W., Zurbig, P., Good, D.M., Coon, J.J., Mischak, H., Discovery and validation of urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2:4 (2008), 556–570.
85. Thomas, S., Hao, L., Ricke, W.A., Li, L., Biomarker discovery in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 10:4 (2016), 358–370.
86. Thongboonkerd, V., Chutipongtanate, S., Kanlaya, R., Systematic evaluation of sample preparation methods for gel-based human urinary proteomics: quantity, quality, and variability. J. Proteome Res. 5:1 (2006), 183–191.
87. Guo, Z., Zhang, Y., Zou, L., Wang, D., Shao, C., Wang, Y., Sun, W., Zhang, L., A proteomic analysis of individual and gender variations in normal human urine and cerebrospinal fluid using iTRAQ quantification. PLoS One, 10(7), 2015, e0133270.
88. Kuznetsova, T., Mischak, H., Mullen, W., Staessen, J.A., Urinary proteome analysis in hypertensive patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Eur. Heart J. 33:18 (2012), 2342–2350.
89. Zhang, Z., Staessen, J.A., Thijs, L., Gu, Y., Liu, Y., Jacobs, L., Koeck, T., Zurbig, P., Mischak, H., Kuznetsova, T., Left ventricular diastolic function in relation to the urinary proteome: a proof-of-concept study in a general population. Int. J. Cardiol. 176:1 (2014), 158–165.
90. Zhang, Z.Y., Thijs, L., Petit, T., Gu, Y.M., Jacobs, L., Yang, W.Y., Liu, Y.P., Koeck, T., Zurbig, P., Jin, Y., Verhamme, P., Voigt, J.U., Kuznetsova, T., Mischak, H., Staessen, J.A., Urinary proteome and systolic blood pressure as predictors of 5-year cardiovascular and cardiac outcomes in a general population. Hypertension 66:1 (2015), 52–60.
91. Yan, L., Ge, H., Li, H., Lieber, S.C., Natividad, F., Resuello, R.R., Kim, S.J., Akeju, S., Sun, A., Loo, K., Peppas, A.P., Rossi, F., Lewandowski, E.D., Thomas, A.P., Vatner, S.F., Vatner, D.E., Gender-specific proteomic alterations in glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways in aging monkey hearts. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 37:5 (2004), 921–929.
92. Jarreta, D., Orus, J., Barrientos, A., Miro, O., Roig, E., Heras, M., Moraes, C.T., Cardellach, F., Casademont, J., Mitochondrial function in heart muscle from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc. Res. 45:4 (2000), 860–865.
93. Stanley, W.C., Chandler, M.P., Energy metabolism in the normal and failing heart: potential for therapeutic interventions. Heart Fail. Rev. 7:2 (2002), 115–130.
94. Patrizio, M., Marano, G., Gender differences in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 52:2 (2016), 223–229.
95. Carroll, J.D., Carroll, E.P., Feldman, T., Ward, D.M., Lang, R.M., McGaughey, D., Karp, R.B., Sex-associated differences in left ventricular function in aortic stenosis of the elderly. Circulation 86:4 (1992), 1099–1107.
96. Buttrick, P., Scheuer, J., Sex-associated differences in left ventricular function in aortic stenosis of the elderly. Circulation 86:4 (1992), 1336–1338.
97. Kararigas, G., Fliegner, D., Forler, S., Klein, O., Schubert, C., Gustafsson, J.A., Klose, J., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Comparative proteomic analysis reveals sex and estrogen receptor beta effects in the pressure overloaded heart. J. Proteome Res. 13:12 (2014), 5829–5836.
98. Babiker, F.A., Lips, D., Meyer, R., Delvaux, E., Zandberg, P., Janssen, B., van Eys, G., Grohe, C., Doevendans, P.A., Estrogen receptor beta protects the murine heart against left ventricular hypertrophy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26:7 (2006), 1524–1530.
99. Doser, T.A., Turdi, S., Thomas, D.P., Epstein, P.N., Li, S.Y., Ren, J., Transgenic overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 rescues chronic alcohol intake-induced myocardial hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. Circulation 119:14 (2009), 1941–1949.
100. Yu, Y., Jia, X.J., Zong, Q.F., Zhang, G.J., Ye, H.W., Hu, J., Gao, Q., Guan, S.D., Remote ischemic postconditioning protects the heart by upregulating ALDH2 expression levels through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 10:1 (2014), 536–542.
101. Vasile, V.C., Ommen, S.R., Edwards, W.D., Ackerman, M.J., A missense mutation in a ubiquitously expressed protein, vinculin, confers susceptibility to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 345:3 (2006), 998–1003.
102. McCully, J.D., Toyoda, Y., Wakiyama, H., Rousou, A.J., Parker, R.A., Levitsky, S., Age- and gender-related differences in ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection: effects of diazoxide. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 82:1 (2006), 117–123.
103. Butterworth, J., James, R., Prielipp, R., Cerese, J., Livingston, J., Burnett, D., Female gender associates with increased duration of intubation and length of stay after coronary artery surgery. CABG clinical benchmarking database participants. Anesthesiology 92:2 (2000), 414–424.
104. Abramov, D., Tamariz, M.G., Sever, J.Y., Christakis, G.T., Bhatnagar, G., Heenan, A.L., Goldman, B.S., Fremes, S.E., The influence of gender on the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 70:3 (2000), 800–805 (discussion 806).
105. McCully, J.D., Rousou, A.J., Parker, R.A., Levitsky, S., Age- and gender-related differences in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and calcium with cardioplegia and diazoxide. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 83:3 (2007), 1102–1109.
106. Black, K.M., Barnett, R.J., Bhasin, M.K., Daly, C., Dillon, S.T., Libermann, T.A., Levitsky, S., McCully, J.D., Microarray and proteomic analysis of the cardioprotective effects of cold blood cardioplegia in the mature and aged male and female. Physiol. Genomics 44:21 (2012), 1027–1041.
107. Eberini, I., Wait, R., Calabresi, L., Sensi, C., Miller, I., Gianazza, E., A proteomic portrait of atherosclerosis. J. Proteome 82 (2013), 92–112.
108. Bleijerveld, O.B., Zhang, Y.N., Beldar, S., Hoefer, I.E., Sze, S.K., Pasterkamp, G., de Kleijn, D.P., Proteomics of plaques and novel sources of potential biomarkers for atherosclerosis. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 7:7–8 (2013), 490–503.
109. Liang, W., Ward, L.J., Karlsson, H., Ljunggren, S.A., Li, W., Lindahl, M., Yuan, X.M., Distinctive proteomic profiles among different regions of human carotid plaques in men and women. Sci. Rep., 6, 2016, 26231.
110. You, S.A., Archacki, S.R., Angheloiu, G., Moravec, C.S., Rao, S., Kinter, M., Topol, E.J., Wang, Q., Proteomic approach to coronary atherosclerosis shows ferritin light chain as a significant marker: evidence consistent with iron hypothesis in atherosclerosis. Physiol. Genomics 13:1 (2003), 25–30.
111. Lepedda, A.J., Cigliano, A., Cherchi, G.M., Spirito, R., Maggioni, M., Carta, F., Turrini, F., Edelstein, C., Scanu, A.M., Formato, M., A proteomic approach to differentiate histologically classified stable and unstable plaques from human carotid arteries. Atherosclerosis 203:1 (2009), 112–118.
112. Guo, L., Harari, E., Virmani, R., Finn, A.V., Linking hemorrhage, angiogenesis, macrophages, and iron metabolism in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 37:4 (2017), e33–e39.
113. Buxbaum, J.N., Reixach, N., Transthyretin: the servant of many masters. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66:19 (2009), 3095–3101.
114. Liz, M.A., Leite, S.C., Juliano, L., Saraiva, M.J., Damas, A.M., Bur, D., Sousa, M.M., Transthyretin is a metallopeptidase with an inducible active site. Biochem. J. 443:3 (2012), 769–778.
115. Gomez-Serrano, M., Camafeita, E., Garcia-Santos, E., Lopez, J.A., Rubio, M.A., Sanchez-Pernaute, A., Torres, A., Vazquez, J., Peral, B., Proteome-wide alterations on adipose tissue from obese patients as age-, diabetes- and gender-specific hallmarks. Sci. Rep., 6, 2016, 25756.
116. Johnson, M., Ramey, E., Ramwell, P.W., Sex and age differences in human platelet aggregation. Nature 253:5490 (1975), 355–357.
117. Bain, B., Forster, T., A sex difference in the bleeding time. Thromb. Haemost. 43:2 (1980), 131–132.
118. Patti, G., De Caterina, R., Abbate, R., Andreotti, F., Biasucci, L.M., Calabro, P., Cioni, G., Davi, G., Di Sciascio, G., Golia, E., Golino, P., Malatesta, G., Mangiacapra, F., Marcucci, R., Nusca, A., Parato, V.M., Pengo, V., Prisco, D., Pulcinelli, F., Renda, G., Ricottini, E., Ruggieri, B., Santilli, F., Sofi, F., Zimarino, M., Platelet function and long-term antiplatelet therapy in women: is there a gender-specificity? A ‘state-of-the-art’ paper. Eur. Heart J., 35(33), 2014, 2213-23b.
119. Segal, J.B., Moliterno, A.R., Platelet counts differ by sex, ethnicity, and age in the United States. Ann. Epidemiol. 16:2 (2006), 123–130.
120. Bobbert, P., Stellbaum, C., Steffens, D., Schutte, C., Bobbert, T., Schultheiss, H.P., Rauch, U., Postmenopausal women have an increased maximal platelet reactivity compared to men despite dual antiplatelet therapy. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 23:8 (2012), 723–728.
121. Leng, X.H., Hong, S.Y., Larrucea, S., Zhang, W., Li, T.T., Lopez, J.A., Bray, P.F., Platelets of female mice are intrinsically more sensitive to agonists than are platelets of males. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24:2 (2004), 376–381.
122. Burkhart, J.M., Gambaryan, S., Watson, S.P., Jurk, K., Walter, U., Sickmann, A., Heemskerk, J.W., Zahedi, R.P., What can proteomics tell us about platelets?. Circ. Res. 114:7 (2014), 1204–1219.
123. Eidelman, O., Jozwik, C., Huang, W., Srivastava, M., Rothwell, S.W., Jacobowitz, D.M., Ji, X., Zhang, X., Guggino, W., Wright, J., Kiefer, J., Olsen, C., Adimi, N., Mueller, G.P., Pollard, H.B., Gender dependence for a subset of the low-abundance signaling proteome in human platelets. Hum. Genomics Proteomics, 2010, 2010, 164906.
124. Ganesh, V., Hettiarachchy, N.S., Nutriproteomics: a promising tool to link diet and diseases in nutritional research. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1824:10 (2012), 1107–1117.
125. Anand, S.S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R.J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M.A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A.M., Krauss, R.M., Kromhout, D., Jenkins, D.J., Malik, V., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Mozaffarian, D., Yusuf, S., Willett, W.C., Popkin, B.M., Food consumption and its impact on cardiovascular disease: importance of solutions focused on the globalized food system: a report from the workshop convened by the World Heart Federation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 66:14 (2015), 1590–1614.
126. Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvado, J., Covas, M.I., Corella, D., Aros, F., Gomez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., Serra-Majem, L., Pinto, X., Basora, J., Munoz, M.A., Sorli, J.V., Martinez, J.A., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 368:14 (2013), 1279–1290.
127. Wang, D.D., Toledo, E., Hruby, A., Rosner, B.A., Willett, W.C., Sun, Q., Razquin, C., Zheng, Y., Ruiz-Canela, M., Guasch-Ferre, M., Corella, D., Gomez-Gracia, E., Fiol, M., Estruch, R., Ros, E., Lapetra, J., Fito, M., Aros, F., Serra-Majem, L., Lee, C.H., Clish, C.B., Liang, L., Salas-Salvado, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Hu, F.B., Plasma ceramides, Mediterranean diet, and incident cardiovascular disease in the PREDIMED trial (Prevencion con Dieta Mediterranea). Circulation 135:21 (2017), 2028–2040.
128. Bedard, A., Riverin, M., Dodin, S., Corneau, L., Lemieux, S., Sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk profile. Br. J. Nutr. 108:8 (2012), 1428–1434.
129. Bedard, A., Tchernof, A., Lamarche, B., Corneau, L., Dodin, S., Lemieux, S., Effects of the traditional Mediterranean diet on adiponectin and leptin concentrations in men and premenopausal women: do sex differences exist?. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:5 (2014), 561–566.
130. Bedard, A., Corneau, L., Lamarche, B., Dodin, S., Lemieux, S., Sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet on LDL particle size distribution and oxidation. Nutrients 7:5 (2015), 3705–3723.
131. Bedard, A., Lamarche, B., Corneau, L., Dodin, S., Lemieux, S., Sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet on systemic inflammation. Nutr. J., 14, 2015, 46.
132. Burillo, E., Mateo-Gallego, R., Cenarro, A., Fiddyment, S., Bea, A.M., Jorge, I., Vazquez, J., Civeira, F., Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in the proteome of high-density lipoprotein proteome. Lipids Health Dis., 11, 2012, 116.
133. Pedret, A., Catalan, U., Fernandez-Castillejo, S., Farras, M., Valls, R.M., Rubio, L., Canela, N., Aragones, G., Romeu, M., Castaner, O., de la Torre, R., Covas, M.I., Fito, M., Motilva, M.J., Sola, R., Impact of virgin olive oil and phenol-enriched virgin olive oils on the HDL proteome in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a double blind, randomized, controlled, cross-over clinical trial (VOHF study). PLoS One, 10(6), 2015, e0129160.
134. Mullen, W., Gonzalez, J., Siwy, J., Franke, J., Sattar, N., Mullan, A., Roberts, S., Delles, C., Mischak, H., Albalat, A., A pilot study on the effect of short-term consumption of a polyphenol rich drink on biomarkers of coronary artery disease defined by urinary proteomics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:24 (2011), 12850–12857.
135. Silva, S., Bronze, M.R., Figueira, M.E., Siwy, J., Mischak, H., Combet, E., Mullen, W., Impact of a 6-wk olive oil supplementation in healthy adults on urinary proteomic biomarkers of coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes (types 1 and 2): a randomized, parallel, controlled, double-blind study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101:1 (2015), 44–54.
136. Camargo, A., Rangel-Zuniga, O.A., Pena-Orihuela, P., Marin, C., Perez-Martinez, P., Delgado-Lista, J., Gutierrez-Mariscal, F.M., Malagon, M.M., Roche, H.M., Tinahones, F.J., Perez-Jimenez, F., Lopez-Miranda, J., Postprandial changes in the proteome are modulated by dietary fat in patients with metabolic syndrome. J. Nutr. Biochem. 24:1 (2013), 318–324.
137. Rangel-Zuniga, O.A., Camargo, A., Marin, C., Pena-Orihuela, P., Perez-Martinez, P., Delgado-Lista, J., Gonzalez-Guardia, L., Yubero-Serrano, E.M., Tinahones, F.J., Malagon, M.M., Perez-Jimenez, F., Roche, H.M., Lopez-Miranda, J., Proteome from patients with metabolic syndrome is regulated by quantity and quality of dietary lipids. BMC Genomics, 16, 2015, 509.
138. de Roos, B., Zhang, X., Rodriguez Gutierrez, G., Wood, S., Rucklidge, G.J., Reid, M.D., Duncan, G.J., Cantlay, L.L., Duthie, G.G., O'Kennedy, N., Anti-platelet effects of olive oil extract: in vitro functional and proteomic studies. Eur. J. Nutr. 50:7 (2011), 553–562.
139. Fontana, L., Klein, S., Aging, adiposity, and calorie restriction. JAMA 297:9 (2007), 986–994.
140. Fontana, L., Partridge, L., Longo, V.D., Extending healthy life span—from yeast to humans. Science 328:5976 (2010), 321–326.
141. Weiss, E.P., Fontana, L., Caloric restriction: powerful protection for the aging heart and vasculature. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 301:4 (2011), H1205–19.
142. Bales, C.W., Kraus, W.E., Caloric restriction: implications for human cardiometabolic health. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 33:4 (2013), 201–208.
143. Regan, J.C., Partridge, L., Gender and longevity: why do men die earlier than women? Comparative and experimental evidence. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27:4 (2013), 467–479.
144. Valle, A., Silvestri, E., Moreno, M., Chambery, A., Oliver, J., Roca, P., Goglia, F., Combined effect of gender and caloric restriction on liver proteomic expression profile. J. Proteome Res. 7:7 (2008), 2872–2881.
145. Droge, W., Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev. 82:1 (2002), 47–95.
146. Glass, C.K., Witztum, J.L., Atherosclerosis. The road ahead. Cell 104:4 (2001), 503–516.
147. Harrison, D., Griendling, K.K., Landmesser, U., Hornig, B., Drexler, H., Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 91:3A (2003), 7A–11A.
148. Schnabel, R., Blankenberg, S., Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: successful translation from bench to bedside?. Circulation 116:12 (2007), 1338–1340.
149. Santilli, F., D'Ardes, D., Davi, G., Oxidative stress in chronic vascular disease: from prediction to prevention. Vasc. Pharmacol. 74 (2015), 23–37.
150. Agrawal, A., Lourenco, E.V., Gupta, S., La Cava, A., Gender-based differences in leptinemia in healthy aging, non-obese individuals associate with increased marker of oxidative stress. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 1:4 (2008), 305–309.
151. Vassalle, C., Mercuri, A., Maffei, S., Oxidative status and cardiovascular risk in women: keeping pink at heart. World J. Cardiol. 1:1 (2009), 26–30.
152. Vassalle, C., Maffei, S., Boni, C., Zucchelli, G.C., Gender-related differences in oxidative stress levels among elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Fertil. Steril. 89:3 (2008), 608–613.
153. Kander, M.C., Cui, Y., Liu, Z., Gender difference in oxidative stress: a new look at the mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 21:5 (2017), 1024–1032.
154. Frijhoff, J., Winyard, P.G., Zarkovic, N., Davies, S.S., Stocker, R., Cheng, D., Knight, A.R., Taylor, E.L., Oettrich, J., Ruskovska, T., Gasparovic, A.C., Cuadrado, A., Weber, D., Poulsen, H.E., Grune, T., Schmidt, H.H., Ghezzi, P., Clinical relevance of biomarkers of oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 23:14 (2015), 1144–1170.
155. Siti, H.N., Kamisah, Y., Kamsiah, J., The role of oxidative stress, antioxidants and vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease (a review). Vasc. Pharmacol. 71 (2015), 40–56.
156. Spickett, C.M., Pitt, A.R., Morrice, N., Kolch, W., Proteomic analysis of phosphorylation, oxidation and nitrosylation in signal transduction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1764:12 (2006), 1823–1841.
157. Jungblut, P.R., Holzhutter, H.G., Apweiler, R., Schluter, H., The speciation of the proteome. Chem. Cent. J., 2, 2008, 16.
158. Jungblut, P., Thiede, B., Zimny-Arndt, U., Muller, E.C., Scheler, C., Wittmann-Liebold, B., Otto, A., Resolution power of two-dimensional electrophoresis and identification of proteins from gels. Electrophoresis 17:5 (1996), 839–847.
159. Steffen, P., Kwiatkowski, M., Robertson, W.D., Zarrine-Afsar, A., Deterra, D., Richter, V., Schluter, H., Protein species as diagnostic markers. J. Proteome 134 (2016), 5–18.
160. Liddy, K.A., White, M.Y., Cordwell, S.J., Functional decorations: post-translational modifications and heart disease delineated by targeted proteomics. Genome Med., 5(2), 2013, 20.
161. Jungblut, P.R., Thiede, B., Schluter, H., Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation, moonlighting and protein code concepts. J. Proteome 134 (2016), 1–4.
162. Schwab, K., Neumann, B., Scheler, C., Jungblut, P.R., Theuring, F., Adaptation of proteomic techniques for the identification and characterization of protein species from murine heart. Amino Acids 41:2 (2011), 401–414.
163. Schwab, K., Neumann, B., Vignon-Zellweger, N., Fischer, A., Stein, R., Jungblut, P.R., Scheler, C., Theuring, F., Dietary phytoestrogen supplementation induces sex differences in the myocardial protein pattern of mice: a comparative proteomics study. Proteomics 11:19 (2011), 3887–3904.
164. Verrastro, I., Pasha, S., Jensen, K.T., Pitt, A.R., Spickett, C.M., Mass spectrometry-based methods for identifying oxidized proteins in disease: advances and challenges. Biomol. Ther. 5:2 (2015), 378–411.
165. Domingues, R.M., Domingues, P., Melo, T., Perez-Sala, D., Reis, A., Spickett, C.M., Lipoxidation adducts with peptides and proteins: deleterious modifications or signaling mechanisms?. J. Proteome 92 (2013), 110–131.
166. Aldini, G., Domingues, M.R., Spickett, C.M., Domingues, P., Altomare, A., Sanchez-Gomez, F.J., Oeste, C.L., Perez-Sala, D., Protein lipoxidation: detection strategies and challenges. Redox Biol. 5 (2015), 253–266.
167. Wang, X., Pattison, J.S., Su, H., Posttranslational modification and quality control. Circ. Res. 112:2 (2013), 367–381.
168. Li, J., Horak, K.M., Su, H., Sanbe, A., Robbins, J., Wang, X., Enhancement of proteasomal function protects against cardiac proteinopathy and ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121:9 (2011), 3689–3700.
169. Omenn, G.S., Lane, L., Lundberg, E.K., Beavis, R.C., Overall, C.M., Deutsch, E.W., Metrics for the Human Proteome Project 2016: progress on identifying and characterizing the human proteome, including post-translational modifications. J. Proteome Res. 15:11 (2016), 3951–3960.
170. Stram, A.R., Payne, R.M., Post-translational modifications in mitochondria: protein signaling in the powerhouse. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73:21 (2016), 4063–4073.
171. Halestrap, A.P., A pore way to die: the role of mitochondria in reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 38:4 (2010), 841–860.
172. Rosca, M.G., Hoppel, C.L., Mitochondria in heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 88:1 (2010), 40–50.
173. Lagranha, C.J., Deschamps, A., Aponte, A., Steenbergen, C., Murphy, E., Sex differences in the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins result in reduced production of reactive oxygen species and cardioprotection in females. Circ. Res. 106:11 (2010), 1681–1691.
174. Alberio, T., Pieroni, L., Ronci, M., Banfi, C., Bongarzone, I., Bottoni, P., Brioschi, M., Caterino, M., Chinello, C., Cormio, A., Cozzolino, F., Cunsolo, V., Fontana, S., Garavaglia, B., Giusti, L., Greco, V., Lucacchini, A., Maffioli, E., Magni, F., Monteleone, F., Monti, M., Monti, V., Musicco, C., Petrosillo, G., Porcelli, V., Saletti, R., Scatena, R., Soggiu, A., Tedeschi, G., Zilocchi, M., Roncada, P., Urbani, A., Fasano, M., Toward the standardization of mitochondrial proteomics: the Italian mitochondrial human proteome project initiative. J. Proteome Res., 2017, 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00350.
175. Dorak, M.T., Karpuzoglu, E., Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: an inadequately addressed issue. Front. Genet., 3, 2012, 268.
176. E. Commision, Use of ‘-omics’ technologies in the development of personalised medicine. http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/pdf/2013-10_personalised_medicine_en.pdf, 2013.
177. A Report of the Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health & Gender Biology. Precision Medicine: How Sex and Gender Drive Innovation. 2016, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA.