Osteopontin at the Crossroads of Inflammation and Tumor Progression

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2017, Issue , 2017, Pages

  Castello, Luigi Mario ^a   Raineri, Davide ^a   Salmi, Livia ^a   Clemente, Nausicaa ^a   Vaschetto, Rosanna ^b   Quaglia, Marco ^a   Garzaro, Massimiliano ^a   Gentilli, Sergio ^a   Navalesi, Paolo ^c   Cantaluppi, Vincenzo ^a   Dianzani, Umberto ^a   Aspesi, Anna ^a   Chiocchetti, Annalisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

^b ALS Center   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY MAGNA GRAECIA OF CATANZARO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; BLOCKING ANTIBODY; OSTEOPONTIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; BONE MARROW CELL; CANCER CELL; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CELLS; DENDRITIC CELL; FIBROBLAST; GENE EXPRESSION; HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; IMMUNE EVASION; INFLAMMATION; LYMPH VESSEL; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM TUMOR; MACROPHAGE; MESENCHYMAL EPITHELIAL TRANSITION; METASTASIS; MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY TUMOR; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; SOLID MALIGNANT NEOPLASM; STROMA CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR INVASION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; ANIMAL; DISEASE EXACERBATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; OSTEOPONTIN;

EID: 85026515817     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2017/4049098     Document Type: Review

References (248)

1. K. Taniguchi, L. W. Wu, S. I. Grivennikov et al., "A gp130-Src-YAP module links inflammation to epithelial regeneration, " Nature, vol. 519, pp. 57-62, 2015.
2. M. R. Galdiero, E. Bonavita, I. Barajon, C. Garlanda, A. Mantovani, and S. Jaillon, "Tumor associated macrophages and neutrophils in cancer, " Immunobiology, vol. 218, pp. 1402-1410, 2013.
3. B. Ruffel and L. M. Coussens, "Macrophages and therapeutic resistance in cancer, " Cancer Cell, vol. 27, pp. 462-472, 2015.
4. S. Shalapour and M. Karin, "Immunity, inflammation, and cancer: an eternal fight between good and evil, " The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 125, pp. 3347-3355, 2015.
5. S. I. Grivennikov, F. R. Greten, and M. Karin, "Immunity, inflammation, and cancer, " Cell, vol. 140, pp. 883-899, 2010.
6. H. Y. Chang, J. B. Sneddon, A. A. Alizadeh et al., "Gene expression signature of fibroblast serum response predicts human cancer progression: similarities between tumors and wounds, " PLoS Biology, vol. 2, article E7, 2004.
7. N. Erez, M. Truitt, P. Olson, S. T. Arron, and D. Hanahan, "Cancer-associated fibroblasts are activated in incipient neoplasia to orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner, " Cancer Cell, vol. 17, pp. 135-147, 2010.
8. R. Vaschetto, S. Nicola, C. Olivieri et al., "Serum levels of osteopontin are increased in SIRS and sepsis, " Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 34, pp. 2176-2184, 2008.
9. N. Clemente, D. Raineri, G. Cappellano et al., "Osteopontin bridging innate and adaptive immunity in autoimmune diseases, " Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2016, Article ID 7675437, 2016.
10. F. Kahles, H. M. Findeisen, and D. Bruemmer, "Osteopontin: a novel regulator at the cross roads of inflammation, obesity and diabetes, " Molecular Metabolism, vol. 3, pp. 384-393, 2014.
11. M. C. Marcondes, M. Poling, D. D. Watry, D. Hall, and H. S. Fox, "In vivo osteopontin-induced macrophage accumulation is dependent on CD44 expression, " Cellular Immunology, vol. 254, pp. 56-62, 2008.
12. S. A. Lund, C. L. Wilson, E. W. Raines, J. Tang, C. M. Giachelli, and M. Scatena, "Osteopontin mediates macrophage chemotaxis via ?4 and ?9 integrins and survival via the ?4 integrin, " Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 114, pp. 1194-1202, 2013.
13. A. W. O'Regan, J. M. Hayden, and J. S. Berman, "Osteopontin augments CD3-mediated interferon-gamma and CD40 ligand expression by T cells, which results in IL-12 production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, " Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 68, pp. 495-502, 2000.
14. S. A. Lund, C. M. Giachelli, and M. Scatena, "The role of osteopontin in inflammatory processes, " Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling, vol. 3, pp. 311-322, 2009.
15. G. F. Weber, S. Zawaideh, S. Hikita, V. A. Kumar, H. Cantor, and S. Ashkar, "Phosphorylation-dependent interaction of osteopontin with its receptors regulates macrophage migration and activation, " Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 72, pp. 752-761, 2002.
16. R. Das, S. Philip, G. H. Mahabeleshwar, A. Bulbule, and G. C. Kundu, "Osteopontin: it's role in regulation of cell motility and nuclear factor kappa B-mediated urokinase type plasminogen activator expression, " IUBMB Life, vol. 57, pp. 441-447, 2005.
17. J. M. Weiss, A. C. Renkl, C. S. Maier et al., "Osteopontin is involved in the initiation of cutaneous contact hypersensitivity by inducing Langerhans and dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes, " The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 194, pp. 1219-1229, 2001.
18. K. Kawamura, K. Iyonaga, H. Ichiyasu, J. Nagano, M. Suga, and Y. Sasaki, "Differentiation, maturation, and survival of dendritic cells by osteopontin regulation, " Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, vol. 12, pp. 206-212, 2005.
19. A. C. Renkl, J. Wussler, T. Ahrens et al., "Osteopontin functionally activates dendritic cells and induces their differentiation toward a Th1-polarizing phenotype, " Blood, vol. 106, pp. 946-955, 2005.
20. H. Guan, P. S. Nagarkatti, and M. Nagarkatti, "Role of CD44 in the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells: CD44-deficiency enhances the development of Th2 effectors in response to sheep RBC and chicken ovalbumin, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, pp. 172-180, 2009.
21. A. Koh, A. P. B. da Silva, A. K. Bansal et al., "Role of osteopontin in neutrophil function, " Immunology, vol. 122, pp. 466-475, 2007.
22. N. A. Atai, M. Bansal, C. Lo et al., "Osteopontin is upregulated and associated with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in glioblastoma, " Immunology, vol. 132, pp. 39-48, 2011.
23. Y. Hirano, M. Aziz, W. L. Yang et al., "Neutralization of osteopontin attenuates neutrophil migration in sepsisinduced acute lung injury, " Critical Care, vol. 19, p. 53, 2015.
24. Z. X. Zhang, K. Shek, S. Wang et al., "Osteopontin expressed in tubular epithelial cells regulates NK cell-mediated kidney ischemia reperfusion injury, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 185, pp. 967-973, 2010.
25. J. W. Chung, M. S. Kim, Z. H. Piao et al., "Osteopontin promotes the development of natural killer cells from hematopoietic stem cells, " Stem Cells, vol. 26, pp. 2114-2123, 2008.
26. J. W. Leavenworth, B. Verbinnen, Q. Wang, E. Shen, and H. Cantor, "Intracellular osteopontin regulates homeostasis and function of natural killer cells, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112, pp. 494-499, 2015.
27. A. C. Cook, A. B. Tuck, S. McCarthy et al., "Osteopontin induces multiple changes in gene expression that reflect the six "hallmarks of cancer" in a model of breast cancer progression, " Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 43, pp. 225-236, 2005.
28. M. Bandopadhyay, A. Bulbule, R. Butti et al., "Osteopontin as a therapeutic target for cancer, " Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, vol. 18, pp. 883-895, 2014.
29. R. B. Irby, S. M. McCarthy, and T. J. Yeatman, "Osteopontin regulates multiple functions contributing to human colon cancer development and progression, " Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, vol. 21, pp. 515-523, 2004.
30. Y. Zhou, D. L. Dai, M. Martinka et al., "Osteopontin expression correlates with melanoma invasion, " The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 124, pp. 1044-1052, 2005.
31. A. F. Chambers, S. M. Wilson, N. Kerkvliet, F. P. O'Malley, J. F. Harris, and A. G. Casson, "Osteopontin expression in lung cancer, " Lung Cancer, vol. 15, pp. 311-323, 1996.
32. G. N. Thalmann, R. A. Sikes, R. E. Devoll et al., "Osteopontin: possible role in prostate cancer progression, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 5, pp. 2271-2277, 1999.
33. M. Gotoh, M. Sakamoto, K. Kanetaka, M. Chuuma, and S. Hirohashi, "Overexpression of osteopontin in hepatocellular carcinoma, " Pathology International, vol. 52, pp. 19-24, 2002.
34. C. E. Murry, C. M. Giachelli, S. M. Schwartz, and R. Vracko, "Macrophages express osteopontin during repair of myocardial necrosis, " The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 145, pp. 1450-1462, 1994.
35. Y. Kunii, S. Niwa, Y. Hagiwara, M. Maeda, T. Seitoh, and T. Suzuki, "The immunohistochemical expression profile of osteopontin in normal human tissues using two site-specific antibodiesrevealsawidedistributionofpositivecellsandextensive expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems, " Medical Molecular Morphology, vol. 42, pp. 155-161, 2009.
36. T. E. Kruger, A. H. Miller, A. K. Godwin, and J. Wang, "Bone sialoprotein and osteopontin in bone metastasis of osteotropic cancers, " Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, vol. 89, pp. 330-341, 2014.
37. C. Comi, G. Cappellano, A. Chiocchetti et al., "The impact of osteopontin gene variations on multiple sclerosis development and progression, " Clinical & Developmental Immunology, vol. 2012, Article ID 212893, 6 pages, 2012.
38. M. A. Briones-Orta, S. E. Avendaño-Vázquez, D. I. Aparicio-Bautista, J. D. Coombes, G. F. Weber, and W.-K. Syn, "Osteopontin splice variants and polymorphisms in cancer progression and prognosis, " Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Reviews on Cancer, vol. 1868, pp. 93-108, 2017.
39. A. Chiocchetti, M. Indelicato, T. Bensi et al., "High levels of osteopontin associated with polymorphisms in its gene are a risk factor for development of autoimmunity/lymphoproliferation, " Blood, vol. 103, pp. 1376-1382, 2003.
40. S. D'Alfonso, N. Barizzone, M. Giordano et al., "Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5? and 3? ends of the osteopontin gene contribute to susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus, " Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 52, pp. 539-547, 2005.
41. A. Chiocchetti, C. Comi, M. Indelicato et al., "Osteopontin gene haplotypes correlate with multiple sclerosis development and progression, " Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 163, pp. 172-178, 2005.
42. R. Clementi, A. Chiocchetti, G. Cappellano et al., "Variations of the perforin gene in patients with autoimmunity/lymphoproliferation and defective Fas function, " Blood, vol. 108, pp. 3079-3084, 2006.
43. A. Chiocchetti, E. Orilieri, G. Cappellano et al., "The osteopontin gene +1239A/C single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Italian population, " International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, vol. 23, pp. 263-269, 2010.
44. E. Boggio, M. Indelicato, E. Orilieri et al., "Role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in the development of autoimmune lymphoproliferation, " Haematologica, vol. 95, pp. 1897-1904, 2010.
45. N. Barizzone, M. Marchini, F. Cappiello et al., "Association of osteopontin regulatory polymorphisms with systemic sclerosis, " Human Immunology, vol. 72, pp. 930-934, 2011.
46. E. Boggio, N. Clemente, A. Mondino et al., "IL-17 protects T cells from apoptosis and contributes to development of ALPS-like phenotypes, " Blood, vol. 123, pp. 1178-1186, 2014.
47. C. Comi, T. Fleetwood, and U. Dianzani, "The role of T cell apoptosis in nervous system autoimmunity, " Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 12, pp. 150-156, 2012.
48. U. Dianzani, A. Chiocchetti, and U. Ramenghi, "Role of inherited defects decreasing Fas function in autoimmunity, " Life Sciences, vol. 72, pp. 2803-2824, 2003.
49. Y.-W. Chiu, H.-F. Tu, I.-K. Wang et al., "The implication of osteopontin (OPN) expression and genetic polymorphisms of OPN promoter in oral carcinogenesis, " Oral Oncology, vol. 46, pp. 302-306, 2010.
50. R. Zhang, W. Yang, Y. C. Li et al., "The OPN gene polymorphism confers the susceptibility and response to Ara-C based chemotherapy in Chinese AML patients, " Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 35, pp. 175-183, 2015.
51. Z. Shen, B. Chen, X. Hou, P. Chen, G. Zhao, and J. Fan, "Polymorphism-433 C>T of the osteopontin gene is associated with the susceptibility to develop gliomas and their prognosis in a Chinese cohort, " Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 34, pp. 1190-1198, 2014.
52. G. Mu, H. Wang, Z. Cai, and H. Ji, "OPN-443C>T genetic polymorphism and tumor OPN expression are associated with the risk and clinical features of papillary thyroid cancer in a Chinese cohort, " Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 32, pp. 171-179, 2013.
53. Q.-Z. Dong, X.-F. Zhang, Y. Zhao et al., "Osteopontin promoter polymorphisms at locus-443 significantly affect the metastasis and prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma, " Hepatology, vol. 57, pp. 1024-1034, 2013.
54. D. Ramchandani and G. F. Weber, "An osteopontin promoter polymorphism is associated with aggressiveness in breast cancer, " Oncology Reports, vol. 30, pp. 1860-1868, 2013.
55. J. Wang, L. Nong, Y. Wei, S. Qin, Y. Zhou, and Y. Tang, "Association of osteopontin polymorphisms with nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk, " Human Immunology, vol. 75, pp. 76-80, 2014.
56. J. Schultz, P. Lorenz, S. M. Ibrahim, G. Kundt, G. Gross, and M. Kunz, "The functional 443T/C osteopontin promoter polymorphism influences osteopontin gene expression in melanoma cells via binding of c-Myb transcription factor, " Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 48, pp. 14-23, 2009.
57. F. Giacopelli, R. Marciano, A. Pistorio et al., "Polymorphisms in the osteopontin promoter affect its transcriptional activity, " Physiological Genomics, vol. 20, pp. 87-96, 2004.
58. B. Kaleta, "Role of osteopontin in systemic lupus erythematosus, " Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (Warsz), vol. 62, pp. 475-482, 2014.
59. B. Christensen, T. E. Petersen, and E. S. Sørensen, "Posttranslational modification and proteolytic processing of urinary osteopontin, " The Biochemical Journal, vol. 411, pp. 53-61, 2008.
60. B. Christensen, M. S. Nielsen, K. F. Haselmann, T. E. Petersen, and E. S. Sørensen, "Post-translationally modified residues of native human osteopontin are located in clusters: identification of 36 phosphorylation and five O-glycosylation sites and their biological implications, " The Biochemical Journal, vol. 390, pp. 285-292, 2005.
61. E. S. Sørensen, L. K. Rasmussen, L. Møller, P. H. Jensen, P. Højrup, and T. E. Petersen, "Localization of transglutaminasereactive glutamine residues in bovine osteopontin, " The Biochemical Journal, vol. 304, pp. 13-16, 1994.
62. K. Zduniak, P. Ziolkowski, C. Ahlin et al., "Nuclear osteopontin-c is a prognostic breast cancer marker, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 112, pp. 729-738, 2015.
63. M. Mirza, E. Shaughnessy, J. K. Hurley et al., "Osteopontin-c is a selective marker of breast cancer, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 122, pp. 889-897, 2008.
64. N. Patani, F. Jouhra, W. Jiang, and K. Mokbel, "Osteopontin expression profiles predict pathological and clinical outcome in breast cancer, " Anticancer Research, vol. 28, pp. 4105-4110, 2008.
65. P. H. Anborgh, J. C. Mutrie, A. B. Tuck, and A. F. Chambers, "Pre-and post-translational regulation of osteopontin in cancer, " Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling, vol. 5, pp. 111-122, 2011.
66. T. M. Tilli, L. C. Thuler, A. R. Matos et al., "Expression analysis of osteopontin mRNA splice variants in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, " Experimental and Molecular Pathology, vol. 92, pp. 13-19, 2012.
67. T. M. Tilli, V. F. Franco, B. K. Robbs et al., "Osteopontin-c splicing isoform contributes to ovarian cancer progression, " Molecular Cancer Research, vol. 9, pp. 280-293, 2011.
68. B. Zhao, T. Sun, F. Meng et al., "Osteopontin as a potential biomarker of proliferation and invasiveness for lung cancer, " Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 137, pp. 1061-1070, 2011.
69. S. V. Ivanov, A. V. Ivanova, C. M. V. Goparaju, Y. Chen, A. Beck, and H. I. Pass, "Tumorigenic properties of alternative osteopontin isoforms in mesothelioma, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 382, pp. 514-518, 2009.
70. S. Chae, H.-O. Jun, E. G. Lee et al., "Osteopontin splice variants differentially modulate the migratory activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 35, pp. 1409-1416, 2009.
71. L. Bueno Ferreira, C. Tavares, A. Pestana et al., "Osteopontina splice variant is overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma and modulates invasive behavior, " Oncotarget, vol. 7, pp. 52003-52016, 2016.
72. W. Yan, C. Qian, P. Zhao et al., "Expression pattern of osteopontin splice variants and its functions on cell apoptosis and invasion in glioma cells, " Neuro-Oncology, vol. 12, pp. 765-775, 2010.
73. M. L. Shinohara, H.-J. Kim, J.-H. Kim, V. A. Garcia, and H. Cantor, "Alternative translation of osteopontin generates intracellular and secreted isoforms that mediate distinct biological activities in dendritic cells, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, pp. 7235-7239, 2008.
74. M. Inoue and M. L. Shinohara, "Intracellular osteopontin (iOPN) and immunity, " Immunologic Research, vol. 49, pp. 160-172, 2011.
75. M. L. Shinohara, L. Lu, J. Bu et al., "Osteopontin expression is essential for interferon-? production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, " Nature Immunology, vol. 7, pp. 498-506, 2006.
76. B. Zhu, K. Suzuki, H. A. Goldberg et al., "Osteopontin modulates CD44-dependent chemotaxis of peritoneal macrophages through G-protein-coupled receptors: evidence of a role for an intracellular form of osteopontin, " Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 198, pp. 155-167, 2004.
77. J. K. Wung, G. Perry, A. Kowalski et al., "Increased expression of the remodeling-and tumorigenic-associated factor osteopontin in pyramidal neurons of the Alzheimer's disease brain, " Current Alzheimer Research, vol. 4, pp. 67-72, 2007.
78. R. Zohar, N. Suzuki, K. Suzuki et al., "Intracellular osteopontin is an integral component of the CD44-ERM complex involved in cell migration, " Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 184, pp. 118-130, 2000.
79. X. Fan, C. He, W. Jing et al., "Intracellular osteopontin inhibits toll-like receptor signaling and impedes liver carcinogenesis, " Cancer Research, vol. 75, pp. 86-97, 2015.
80. V. Redoglia, U. Dianzani, J. M. Rojo et al., "Characterization of H4: a mouse T lymphocyte activation molecule functionally associated with the CD3/T cell receptor, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 26, pp. 2781-2789, 1996.
81. D. Buonfiglio, M. Bragardo, V. Redoglia et al., "The T cell activation molecule H4 and the CD28-like molecule ICOS are identical, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 30, pp. 3463-3467, 2000.
82. R. A. Kroczek, A. Hutloff, A. M. Dittrich et al., "ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28, " Nature, vol. 397, pp. 263-266, 1999.
83. J. W. Leavenworth, B. Verbinnen, J. Yin, H. Huang, and H. Cantor, "A p85?-osteopontin axis couples the receptor ICOS to sustained Bcl-6 expression by follicular helper and regulatory T cells, " Nature Immunology, vol. 16, pp. 96-106, 2015.
84. Y. Yokosaki, K. Tanaka, F. Higashikawa, K. Yamashita, and A. Eboshida, "Distinct structural requirements for binding of the integrins ?v?6, ?v?3, ?v?5, ?5?1 and ?9?1 to osteopontin, " Matrix Biology, vol. 24, pp. 418-427, 2005.
85. P. M. Green, S. B. Ludbrook, D. D. Miller, C. M. Horgan, and S. T. Barry, "Structural elements of the osteopontin SVVYGLR motif important for the interaction with alpha(4) integrins, " FEBS Letters, vol. 503, pp. 75-79, 2001.
86. S. Kon, Y. Nakayama, N. Matsumoto et al., "A novel cryptic binding motif, LRSKSRSFQVSDEQY, in the C-terminal fragment of MMP-3/7-cleaved osteopontin as a novel ligand for ?9?1 integrin is involved in the anti-type II collagen antibody-induced arthritis, " PloS One, vol. 9, article e116210, 2014.
87. B. Christensen, L. Schack, E. Kläning, and E. S. Sørensen, "Osteopontin is cleaved at multiple sites close to its integrin-binding motifs in milk and is a novel substrate for plasmin and cathepsin D, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, pp. 7929-7937, 2010.
88. B. Christensen, E. Kläning, M. S. Nielsen, M. H. Andersen, and E. S. Sørensen, "C-terminal modification of osteopontin inhibits interaction with the ?V?3-integrin, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 287, pp. 3788-3797, 2012.
89. J. Grassinger, D. N. Haylock, M. J. Storan et al., "Thrombin-cleaved osteopontin regulates hemopoietic stem and progenitor cell functions through interactions with 9 1 and 4 1 integrins, " Blood, vol. 114, pp. 49-59, 2009.
90. E. Boggio, C. Dianzani, C. L. Gigliotti et al., "Thrombin cleavage of osteopontin modulates its activities in human cells in vitro and mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo, " Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2016, pp. 1-13, 2016.
91. V. Takafuji, M. Forgues, E. Unsworth, P. Goldsmith, and X. W. Wang, "An osteopontin fragment is essential for tumor cell invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma, " Oncogene, vol. 26, pp. 6361-6371, 2007.
92. H. Teramoto, M. D. Castellone, R. L. Malek et al., "Autocrine activation of an osteopontin-CD44-Rac pathway enhances invasion and transformation by H-RasV12, " Oncogene, vol. 24, pp. 489-501, 2005.
93. C. Dianzani, E. Bellavista, J. Liepe et al., "Extracellular proteasome-osteopontin circuit regulates cell migration with implications in multiple sclerosis, " Scientific Reports, vol. 7, article 43718, 2017.
94. M. Singh, C. R. Foster, S. Dalal, and K. Singh, "Osteopontin: role in extracellular matrix deposition and myocardial remodeling post-MI, " Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 48, pp. 538-543, 2010.
95. C. E. Weber, N. Y. Li, P. Y. Wai, and P. C. Kuo, "Epithelialmesenchymal transition, TGF-?, and osteopontin in wound healing and tissue remodeling after injury, " Journal of Burn Care & Research, vol. 33, pp. 311-318, 2012.
96. K. Matušan-Ilijaš, G. Damante, D. Fabbro et al., "Osteopontin expression correlates with nuclear factor-?B activation and apoptosis downregulation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, " Pathology, Research and Practice, vol. 207, pp. 104-110, 2011.
97. J. Zhang, K. Takahashi, F. Takahashi et al., "Differential osteopontin expression in lung cancer, " Cancer Letters, vol. 171, pp. 215-222, 2001.
98. V. H. C. Bramwell, A. B. Tuck, J.-A. W. Chapman et al., "Assessment of osteopontin in early breast cancer: correlative study in a randomised clinical trial, " Breast Cancer Research, vol. 16, p. R8, 2014.
99. J. Y. Kim, B.-N. Bae, K. S. Kim, E. Shin, and K. Park, "Osteopontin, CD44, and NFkappaB expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, " Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 41, pp. 29-35, 2009.
100. S. Shang, A. Plymoth, S. Ge et al., "Identification of osteopontin as a novel marker for early hepatocellular carcinoma, " Hepatology, vol. 55, pp. 483-490, 2012.
101. M. Zhao, F. Liang, B. Zhang, W. Yan, and J. Zhang, "The impact of osteopontin on prognosis and clinicopathology of colorectal cancer patients: a systematic meta-analysis, " Scientific Reports, vol. 5, article 12713, 2015.
102. S.-M. Shi, Z.-B. Su, J.-J. Zhao et al., "Increased osteopontin protein expression may be correlated with poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta analysis, " Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, vol. 12, pp. 277-282, 2016.
103. Z.-D. Hu, X.-F. Liu, X.-C. Liu, C.-M. Ding, and C.-J. Hu, "Diagnostic accuracy of osteopontin for malignant pleural mesothelioma: a systematic review and metaanalysis, " Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 433, pp. 44-48, 2014.
104. Y.-Y. Xu, Y.-Y. Zhang, W.-F. Lu, Y.-J. Mi, and Y.-Q. Chen, "Prognostic value of osteopontin expression in breast cancer: a meta-analysis, " Molecular and Clinical Oncology, vol. 3, pp. 357-362, 2015.
105. C. Hao, Z. Wang, Y. Gu, W. G. Jiang, and S. Cheng, "Prognostic value of osteopontin splice variant-c expression in breast cancers: a meta-analysis, " BioMed Research International, vol. 2016, Article ID 7310694, 2016.
106. Y.-D. Wang, H. Chen, H.-Q. Liu, and M. Hao, "Correlation between ovarian neoplasm and serum levels of osteopontin: a meta-analysis, " Tumour Biology, vol. 35, pp. 11799-11808, 2014.
107. A. Forschner, T. K. Eigentler, A. Pflugfelder et al., "Melanoma staging: facts and controversies, " Clinics in Dermatology, vol. 28, pp. 275-280, 2010.
108. D. E. Godar, "Worldwide increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma, " Journal of Skin Cancer, vol. 2011, Article ID 858425, 2011.
109. J. B. Macdonald, A. C. Dueck, R. J. Gray et al., "Malignant melanoma in the elderly: different regional disease and poorer prognosis, " Journal of Cancer, vol. 2, pp. 538-543, 2011.
110. T. Kiss, S. Ecsedi, L. Vizkeleti et al., "The role of osteopontin expression in melanoma progression, " Tumour Biology, vol. 36, pp. 7841-7847, 2015.
111. C. Conway, A. Mitra, R. Jewell et al., "Gene expression profiling of paraffin-embedded primary melanoma using the DASL assay identifies increased osteopontin expression as predictive of reduced relapse-free survival, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 15, pp. 6939-6946, 2009.
112. A. Filia, F. Elliott, T. Wind et al., "Plasma osteopontin concentrations in patients with cutaneous melanoma, " Oncology Reports, vol. 30, pp. 1575-1580, 2013.
113. V. Barak, I. Kaiserman, S. Frenkel, K. Hendler, I. Kalickman, and J. Pe'er, "The dynamics of serum tumor markers in predicting metastatic uveal melanoma (part 1), " Anticancer Research, vol. 31, pp. 345-349, 2011.
114. J. A. Joyce and J. W. Pollard, "Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis, " Nature Reviews. Cancer, vol. 9, pp. 239-252, 2009.
115. D. Bruemmer, A. R. Collins, G. Wang et al., "Angiotensin IIaccelerated atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation is attenuated in osteopontin-deficient mice, " The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 112, pp. 1318-1331, 2003.
116. C. He, B. Liang, X. Fan et al., "The dual role of osteopontin in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, " Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 33, pp. 1004-1012, 2012.
117. S. Sangaletti, C. Tripodo, S. Sandri et al., "Osteopontin shapes immunosuppression in the metastatic niche, " Cancer Research, vol. 74, pp. 4706-4719, 2014.
118. S. Kale, R. Raja, D. Thorat, G. Soundararajan, T. V. Patil, and G. C. Kundu, "Osteopontin signaling upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in tumor-associated macrophages leading to enhanced angiogenesis and melanoma growth via ?9?1 integrin, " Oncogene, vol. 33, pp. 2295-2306, 2014.
119. S.-H. Lee, J.-W. Park, S.-H. Woo et al., "Suppression of osteopontin inhibits chemically induced hepatic carcinogenesis by induction of apoptosis in mice, " Oncotarget, vol. 7, pp. 87219-87231, 2016.
120. Y.-H. Hsieh, M. M. Juliana, P. H. Hicks et al., "Papilloma development is delayed in osteopontin-null mice: implicating an antiapoptosis role for osteopontin, " Cancer Research, vol. 66, pp. 7119-7127, 2006.
121. D. Hanahan and L. M. Coussens, "Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment, " Cancer Cell, vol. 21, pp. 309-322, 2012.
122. C. Chiodoni, M. P. Colombo, and S. Sangaletti, "Matricellular proteins: from homeostasis to inflammation, cancer, and metastasis, " Cancer Metastasis Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 295-307, 2010.
123. K. Polyak, I. Haviv, and I. G. Campbell, "Co-evolution of tumor cells and their microenvironment, " Trends in Genetics, vol. 25, pp. 30-38, 2009.
124. H. Li, X. Fan, and J. Houghton, "Tumor microenvironment: the role of the tumor stroma in cancer, " Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 101, pp. 805-815, 2007.
125. P. H. Anborgh, J. C. Mutrie, A. B. Tuck, and A. F. Chambers, "Role of the metastasis-promoting protein osteopontin in the tumour microenvironment, " Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 14, pp. 2037-2044, 2010.
126. G. F. Weber, G. S. Lett, and N. C. Haubein, "Osteopontin is a marker for cancer aggressiveness and patient survival, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 103, pp. 861-869, 2010.
127. V. Lamour, A. Henry, J. Kroonen et al., "Targeting osteopontin suppresses glioblastoma stem-like cell character and tumorigenicity in vivo, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 137, pp. 1047-1057, 2015.
128. C. C. Kazanecki, D. J. Uzwiak, and D. T. Denhardt, "Control of osteopontin signaling and function by post-translational phosphorylation and protein folding, " Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 102, pp. 912-924, 2007.
129. R. Al-Shami, E. S. Sorensen, B. Ek-Rylander, G. Andersson, D. D. Carson, and M. C. Farach-Carson, "Phosphorylated osteopontin promotes migration of human choriocarcinoma cells via a p70 S6 kinase-dependent pathway, " Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 94, pp. 1218-1233, 2005.
130. T. Kubota, Q. Zhang, J. L. Wrana et al., "Multiple forms of SppI (secreted phosphoprotein, osteopontin) synthesized by normal and transformed rat bone cell populations: regulation by TGF-beta, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 162, pp. 1453-1459, 1989.
131. J. Kim, S. S. Ki, S. D. Lee et al., "Elevated plasma osteopontin levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, " The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 101, pp. 2051-2059, 2006.
132. S. R. Rittling, Y. Chen, F. Feng, and Y. Wu, "Tumor-derived osteopontin is soluble, not matrix associated, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, pp. 9175-9182, 2002.
133. L. F. Brown, A. Papadopoulos-Sergiou, B. Berse et al., "Osteopontin expression and distribution in human carcinomas, " TheAmericanJournal ofPathology, vol. 145, pp. 610-623, 1994.
134. D. Coppola, M. Szabo, D. Boulware et al., "Correlation of osteopontin protein expression and pathological stage across a wide variety of tumor histologies, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 10, pp. 184-190, 2004.
135. A. B. Tuck, F. P. O'Malley, H. Singhal et al., "Osteopontin expression in a group of lymph node negative breast cancer patients, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 79, pp. 502-508, 1998.
136. D. Agrawal, T. Chen, R. Irby et al., "Osteopontin identified as lead marker of colon cancer progression, using pooled sample expression profiling, " Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, pp. 513-521, 2002.
137. Q.-H. Ye, L.-X. Qin, M. Forgues et al., "Predicting hepatitis B virus-positive metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas using gene expression profiling and supervised machine learning, " Nature Medicine, vol. 9, pp. 416-423, 2003.
138. C.-Y. Chien, C.-Y. Su, H.-C. Chuang et al., "Comprehensive study on the prognostic role of osteopontin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma, " Oral Oncology, vol. 45, pp. 798-802, 2009.
139. H. Rangaswami, A. Bulbule, and G. C. Kundu, "Osteopontin: role in cell signaling and cancer progression, " Trends in Cell Biology, vol. 16, pp. 79-87, 2006.
140. L. A. Shevde and R. S. Samant, "Role of osteopontin in the pathophysiology of cancer, " Matrix Biology, vol. 37, pp. 131-141, 2014.
141. A. B. Tuck, C. Hota, S. M. Wilson, and A. F. Chamber, "Osteopontin-induced migration of human mammary epithelial cells involves activation of EGF receptor and multiple signal transduction pathways, " Oncogene, vol. 22, pp. 1198-1205, 2003.
142. K. A. Furger, A. L. Allan, S. M. Wilson et al., "Beta(3) integrin expression increases breast carcinoma cell responsiveness to the malignancy-enhancing effects of osteopontin, " Molecular Cancer Research, vol. 1, pp. 810-819, 2003.
143. S. A. Khan, A. C. Cook, M. Kappil et al., "Enhanced cell surface CD44 variant (v6, v9) expression by osteopontin in breast cancer epithelial cells facilitates tumor cell migration: novel post-transcriptional, post-translational regulation, " Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, vol. 22, pp. 663-673, 2005.
144. K. A. Morrow, S. Das, B. J. Metge et al., "Loss of tumor suppressor Merlin in advanced breast cancer is due to posttranslational regulation, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, pp. 40376-40385, 2011.
145. K. A. Morrow and L. A. Shevde, "Merlin: the wizard requires protein stability to function as a tumor suppressor, " Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer, vol. 1826, pp. 400-406, 2012.
146. S. S. McAllister, A. M. Gifford, A. L. Greiner et al., "Systemic endocrine instigation of indolent tumor growth requires osteopontin, " Cell, vol. 133, pp. 994-1005, 2008.
147. R. Jia, Y. Liang, R. Chen et al., "Osteopontin facilitates tumor metastasis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, " Cell Death & Disease, vol. 7, article e2564, 2016.
148. J. A. Hamilton, "Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity, " Nature Reviews. Immunology, vol. 8, pp. 533-544, 2008.
149. F. O. Martinez, L. Helming, and S. Gordon, "Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective, " Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 27, pp. 451-483, 2009.
150. B.-Z. Qian and J. W. Pollard, "Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis, " Cell, vol. 141, pp. 39-51, 2010.
151. M. Liguori, G. Solinas, G. Germano, A. Mantovani, and P. Allavena, "Tumor-associated macrophages as incessant builders and destroyers of the cancer stroma, " Cancers (Basel), vol. 3, pp. 3740-3761, 2011.
152. A. Patsialou, J. Wyckoff, Y. Wang, S. Goswami, E. R. Stanley, and J. S. Condeelis, "Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, " Cancer Research, vol. 69, pp. 9498-9506, 2009.
153. J. Shih, A. Yuan, J. J. Chen, and P. Yang, "Tumor-associated macrophage: its role in cancer invasion and metastasis, " Journal of Cancer Molecules, vol. 2, pp. 101-106, 2006.
154. S. Ashkar, G. F. Weber, V. Panoutsakopoulou et al., "Eta-1 (osteopontin): an early component of type-1 (cell-mediated) immunity, " Science, vol. 287, pp. 860-864, 2000.
155. K. L. Schwertfeger, W. Xian, A. M. Kaplan, S. H. Burnett, D. A. Cohen, and J. M. Rosen, "A critical role for the inflammatory response in a mouse model of preneoplastic progression, " Cancer Research, vol. 66, pp. 5676-5685, 2006.
156. P. Y. Wai, L. Guo, C. Gao, Z. Mi, H. Guo, and P. C. Kuo, "Osteopontin inhibits macrophage nitric oxide synthesis to enhance tumor proliferation, " Surgery, vol. 140, pp. 132-140, 2006.
157. B. Feng, E. E. Rollo, and D. T. Denhardt, "Osteopontin (OPN) may facilitate metastasis by protecting cells from macrophage NO-mediated cytotoxicity: evidence from cell lines down-regulated for OPN expression by a targeted ribozyme, " Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, vol. 13, pp. 453-462, 1995.
158. D. T. Denhardt and A. F. Chambers, "Overcoming obstacles to metastasis-defenses against host defenses: osteopontin (OPN) as a shield against attack by cytotoxic host cells, " Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 56, pp. 48-51, 1994.
159. H. C. Crawford, L. M. Matrisian, and L. Liaw, "Distinct roles of osteopontin in host defense activity and tumor survival during squamous cell carcinoma progression in vivo, " Cancer Research, vol. 58, pp. 5206-5215, 1998.
160. H. Diao, K. Iwabuchi, L. Li et al., "Osteopontin regulates development and function of invariant natural killer T cells, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, pp. 15884-15889, 2008.
161. J. Larkin, G. J. Renukaradhya, V. Sriram, W. Du, J. Gervay-Hague, and R. R. Brutkiewicz, "CD44 differentially activates mouse NK T cells and conventional T cells, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, pp. 268-279, 2006.
162. M. Terabe and J. A. Berzofsky, "NKT cells in immunoregulation of tumor immunity: a new immunoregulatory axis, " Trends in Immunology, vol. 28, pp. 491-496, 2007.
163. D. P. O'Malley, "Benign extramedullary myeloid proliferations, " Modern Pathology, vol. 20, pp. 405-415, 2007.
164. F. K. Swirski, M. Nahrendorf, M. Etzrodt et al., "Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites, " Science, vol. 325, pp. 612-616, 2009.
165. V. Cortez-Retamozo, M. Etzrodt, A. Newton et al., "Origins of tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, pp. 2491-2496, 2012.
166. K. Boström, "Osteopontin, a missing link in PDGF-induced smooth muscle cell migration, " Cardiovascular Research, vol. 75, pp. 634-635, 2007.
167. C. Lu, T. Bonome, Y. Li et al., "Gene alterations identified by expression profiling in tumor-associated endothelial cells from invasive ovarian carcinoma, " Cancer Research, vol. 67, pp. 1757-1768, 2007.
168. X.-L. Du, T. Jiang, W.-B. Zhao et al., "Gene alterations in tumor-associated endothelial cells from endometrial cancer, " International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 22, pp. 619-632, 2008.
169. D. Hanahan and J. Folkman, "Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis, " Cell, vol. 86, pp. 353-364, 1996.
170. G. Chakraborty, S. Jain, and G. C. Kundu, "Osteopontin promotes vascular endothelial growth factor dependent breast tumor growth and angiogenesis via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, " Cancer Research, vol. 68, pp. 152-161, 2008.
171. N. Shijubo, T. Uede, S. Kon, M. Nagata, and S. Abe, "Vascular endothelial growth factor and osteopontin in tumor biology, " Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis, vol. 11, pp. 135-146, 2000.
172. N. Shijubo, T. Uede, S. Kon et al., "Vascular endothelial growth factor and osteopontin in stage I lung adenocarcinoma, " American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 160, pp. 1269-1273, 1999.
173. F. Takahashi, S. Akutagawa, H. Fukumoto et al., "Osteopontin induces angiogenesis of murine neuroblastoma cells in mice, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 98, pp. 707-712, 2002.
174. J. Dai, L. Peng, K. Fan et al., "Osteopontin induces angiogenesis through activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 in endothelial cells, " Oncogene, vol. 28, pp. 3412-3422, 2009.
175. D. Leali, P. Dell'Era, H. Stabile et al., "Osteopontin (Eta-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 cross-talk in angiogenesis, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 171, pp. 1085-1093, 2003.
176. D. R. Senger, S. R. Ledbetter, K. P. Claffey, A. Papadopoulos-Sergiou, C. A. Peruzzi, and M. Detmar, "Stimulation of endothelial cell migration by vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor through cooperative mechanisms involving the alphavbeta3 integrin, osteopontin, and thrombin, " The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 149, pp. 293-305, 1996.
177. D. R. Senger, C. A. Perruzzi, M. Streit, V. E. Koteliansky, A. R. de Fougerolles, and M. Detmar, "The alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1) integrins provide critical support for vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, endothelial cell migration, and tumor angiogenesis, " The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 160, pp. 195-204, 2002.
178. A. Orimo and R. A. Weinberg, "Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type, " Cell Cycle, vol. 5, pp. 1597-1601, 2006.
179. Y. Sharon, Y. Raz, N. Cohen et al., "Tumor-derived osteopontin reprograms normal mammary fibroblasts to promote inflammation and tumor growth in breast cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 75, pp. 963-973, 2015.
180. C. E. Weber, A. N. Kothari, P. Y. Wai et al., "Osteopontin mediates an MZF1-TGF-?1-dependent transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 34, pp. 4821-4833, 2015.
181. J. Driver, C. E. Weber, J. J. Callaci et al., "Alcohol inhibits osteopontin-dependent transforming growth factor-?1 expression in human mesenchymal stem cells, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 290, pp. 9959-9973, 2015.
182. J. P. Thiery, "Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression, " Nature Reviews. Cancer, vol. 2, pp. 442-454, 2002.
183. R. Zohar, W. Lee, P. Arora, S. Cheifetz, C. McCulloch, and J. Sodek, "Single cell analysis of intracellular osteopontin in osteogenic cultures of fetal rat calvarial cells, " Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 170, pp. 88-100, 1997.
184. A. Junaid, M. C. Moon, G. E. J. Harding, and P. Zahradka, "Osteopontin localizes to the nucleus of 293 cells and associates with polo-like kinase-1, " American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, vol. 292, pp. C919-C926, 2007.
185. J. P. Thiery, H. Acloque, R. Y. J. Huang, and M. A. Nieto, "Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease, " Cell, vol. 139, pp. 871-890, 2009.
186. M. J. Bissell and W. C. Hines, "Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression, " Nature Medicine, vol. 17, pp. 320-329, 2011.
187. M. Egeblad, E. S. Nakasone, and Z. Werb, "Tumors as organs: complex tissues that Interface with the entire organism, " Developmental Cell, vol. 18, pp. 884-901, 2010.
188. D. Hanahan and R. A. Weinberg, "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation, " Cell, vol. 144, pp. 646-674, 2011.
189. J. Cook and T. Hagemann, "Tumour-associated macrophages and cancer, " Current Opinion in Pharmacology, vol. 13, pp. 595-601, 2013.
190. G. Rao, H. Wang, B. Li et al., "Reciprocal interactions between tumor-associated macrophages and CD44-positive cancer cells via osteopontin/CD44 promote tumorigenicity in colorectal cancer, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 19, pp. 785-797, 2013.
191. J. Liu, K. Xu, M. Chase, Y. Ji, J. K. Logan, and R. J. Buchsbaum, "Tiam1-regulated osteopontin in senescent fibroblasts contributes to the migration and invasion of associated epithelial cells, " Journal of Cell Science, vol. 125, pp. 376-386, 2012.
192. A. Krtolica and J. Campisi, "Cancer and aging: a model for the cancer promoting effects of the aging stroma, " The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol. 34, pp. 1401-1414, 2002.
193. A. Krtolica, S. Parrinello, S. Lockett, P.-Y. Desprez, and J. Campisi, "Senescent fibroblasts promote epithelial cell growth and tumorigenesis: a link between cancer and aging, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, pp. 12072-12077, 2001.
194. P. Castro, D. Giri, D. Lamb, and M. Ittmann, "Cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, " Prostate, vol. 55, pp. 30-38, 2003.
195. J. Kang, W. Chen, J. Xia et al., "Extracellular matrix secreted by senescent fibroblasts induced by UVB promotes cell proliferation in HaCaT cells through PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways, " International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 21, pp. 777-784, 2008.
196. G. Yang, D. G. Rosen, Z. Zhang et al., "The chemokine growth-regulated oncogene 1 (Gro-1) links RAS signaling to the senescence of stromal fibroblasts and ovarian tumorigenesis, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, pp. 16472-16477, 2006.
197. E. Pazolli, X. Luo, S. Brehm et al., "Senescent stromal-derived osteopontin promotes preneoplastic cell growth, " Cancer Research, vol. 69, pp. 1230-1239, 2009.
198. R. J. Buchsbaum, B. A. Connolly, and L. A. Feig, "Interaction of Rac exchange factors Tiam1 and Ras-GRF1 with a scaffold for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, " Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 22, pp. 4073-4085, 2002.
199. R. J. Buchsbaum, B. A. Connolly, and L. A. Feig, "Regulation of p70 S6 kinase by complex formation between the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rac-GEF) Tiam1 and the scaffold spinophilin, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, pp. 18833-18841, 2003.
200. S. Rajagopal, Y. Ji, K. Xu et al., "Scaffold proteins IRSp53 and spinophilin regulate localized Rac activation by Tlymphocyte invasion and metastasis protein 1 (TIAM1), " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, pp. 18060-18071, 2010.
201. M. Saxena, S. S. Dykes, S. Malyarchuk, A. E. Wang, J. A. Cardelli, and K. Pruitt, "The sirtuins promote Dishevelled-1 scaffolding of TIAM1, " Rac Activation and Cell Migration, Oncogene, vol. 34, pp. 188-198, 2015.
202. A. Malliri, T. P. Rygiel, R. A. van der Kammen et al., "The Rac activator Tiam1 is a Wnt-responsive gene that modifies intestinal tumor development, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, pp. 543-548, 2006.
203. A. Malliri, R. A. van der Kammen, K. Clark, M. van der Valk, F. Michiels, and J. G. Collard, "Mice deficient in the Rac activator Tiam1 are resistant to Ras-induced skin tumours, " Nature, vol. 417, pp. 867-871, 2002.
204. K. Strumane, J.-Y. Song, I. Baas, and J. G. Collard, "Increased Rac activity is required for the progression of T-lymphomas induced by Pten-deficiency, " Leukemia Research, vol. 32, pp. 113-120, 2008.
205. Y.-H. Hsieh, M. Margaret Juliana, K.-J. Ho et al., "Hostderived osteopontin maintains an acute inflammatory response to suppress early progression of extrinsic cancer cells, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 131, pp. 322-333, 2012.
206. B. Bourassa, S. Monaghan, and S. R. Rittling, "Impaired antitumor cytotoxicity of macrophages from osteopontindeficient mice, " Cellular Immunology, vol. 227, pp. 1-11, 2004.
207. K. Danzaki, M. Kanayama, O. Alcazar, and M. L. Shinohara, "Osteopontin has a protective role in prostate tumor development in mice, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 46, pp. 2669-2678, 2016.
208. H. W. Tun, D. Personett, K. A. Baskerville et al., "Pathway analysis of primary central nervous system lymphoma, " Blood, vol. 111, pp. 3200-3210, 2008.
209. F. Strehlow, S. Bauer, P. Martus et al., "Osteopontin in cerebrospinal fluid as diagnostic biomarker for central nervous system lymphoma, " Journal of Neuro-Oncology, vol. 129, pp. 165-171, 2016.
210. A. Duleti?-Na?inovi?, V. Ga?i?, T. Valkovi? et al., "Concurrent elevations of VEGF, osteopontin and MCP-1 serum levels are independent predictors of survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, " Acta Haematologica, vol. 136, pp. 52-61, 2016.
211. G. Karpinsky, A. Fatyga, M. A. Krawczyk et al., "Osteopontin: its potential role in cancer of children and young adults, " Biomarkers in Medicine, vol. 11, pp. 389-402, 2017.
212. S. Mohammadi, S. H. Ghaffari, M. Shaiegan et al., "Acquired expression of osteopontin selectively promotes enrichment of leukemia stem cells through AKT/mTOR/PTEN/?-catenin pathways in AML cells, " Life Sciences, vol. 152, pp. 190-198, 2016.
213. A. K. Brenner, E. Aasebø, M. Hernandez-Valladares, F. Selheim, F. Berven, and Ø. Bruserud, "Rethinking the role of osteopontin in human acute myeloid leukemia, " Leukemia & Lymphoma, vol. 58, pp. 1494-1497, 2017.
214. Q. Yushi, Z. Li, C. A. Von Roemeling et al., "Osteopontin is a multi-faceted pro-tumorigenic driver for central nervous system lymphoma, " Oncotarget, vol. 7, pp. 32156-32171, 2016.
215. G. Malaponte, S. Hafsi, J. Polesel et al., "Tumor microenvironment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: matrixmetalloproteinases activation is mediated by osteopontin overexpression, " Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1863, pp. 483-489, 2016.
216. L. Jiang, L. A. Marlow, S. J. Cooper et al., "Selective central nervous system tropism of primary central nervous system lymphoma, " International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 3, pp. 763-767, 2010.
217. B. Boyerinas, M. Zafrir, A. E. Yesilkanal, T. T. Price, E. M. Hyjek, and D. A. Sipkins, "Adhesion to osteopontin in the bone marrow niche regulates lymphoblastic leukemia cell dormancy, " Blood, vol. 121, pp. 4821-4831, 2013.
218. S. Mohammadi, S. H. Ghaffari, M. Shaiegan et al., "Curcumin veto the effects of Osteopontin (OPN) specific inhibitor on leukemic stem cell Colony forming potential via promotion of OPN overexpression, " International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research, vol. 10, pp. 120-129, 2016.
219. P. S. Rudland, A. Platt-Higgins, M. El-Tanani et al., "Prognostic significance of the metastasis-associated protein osteopontin in human breast cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 62, pp. 3417-3427, 2002.
220. S. Kapoor, "Inhibition of osteopontin dependent carcinogenesis, " Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 134, pp. 927-928, 2008.
221. S.-J. Liu, D.-Q. Zhang, X.-M. Sui et al., "The inhibition of in vivo tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma (OS)-732 cells by antisense human osteopontin RNA, " Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, vol. 13, pp. 11-19, 2008.
222. T. Muramatsu, K. Shima, K. Ohta et al., "Inhibition of osteopontin expression and function in oral cancer cell lines by antisense oligonucleotides, " Cancer Letters, vol. 217, pp. 87-95, 2005.
223. A. Fire, S. Xu, M. K. Montgomery, S. A. Kostas, S. E. Driver, and C. C. Mello, "Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans, " Nature, vol. 391, pp. 806-811, 1998.
224. S. M. Elbashir, J. Harborth, W. Lendeckel, A. Yalcin, K. Weber, and T. Tuschl, "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells, " Nature, vol. 411, pp. 494-498, 2001.
225. B. L. Davidson and P. B. McCray, "Current prospects for RNA interference-based therapies, " Nature Reviews. Genetics, vol. 12, pp. 329-340, 2011.
226. G. Chakraborty, S. Jain, T. V. Patil, and G. C. Kundu, "Downregulation of osteopontin attenuates breast tumour progression in vivo, " Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 2305-2318, 2008.
227. L. Yang, W. Zhao, W.-S. Zuo et al., "Silencing of osteopontin promotes the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells by reducing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, " Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 125, pp. 293-299, 2012.
228. W. Zuo, L. Wei, W. Zhao et al., "Down-regulation of osteopontin expression by RNA interference affects cell proliferation and chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer MDAMB-231 cells, " Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 5, pp. 373-376, 2011.
229. Z. Mi, H. Guo, P. Y. Wai, C. Gao, and P. C. Kuo, "Integrinlinked kinase regulates osteopontin-dependent MMP-2 and uPA expression to convey metastatic function in murine mammary epithelial cancer cells, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 27, pp. 1134-1145, 2006.
230. M. Ahmed and G. C. Kundu, "Osteopontin selectively regulates p70S6K/mTOR phosphorylation leading to NF-?B dependent AP-1-mediated ICAM-1 expression in breast cancer cells, " Molecular Cancer, vol. 9, p. 101, 2010.
231. D. Ota, M. Kanayama, Y. Matsui et al., "Tumor-?9?1 integrin-mediated signaling induces breast cancer growth and lymphatic metastasis via the recruitment of cancerassociated fibroblasts, " Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 92, pp. 1271-1281, 2014.
232. G. R. Screaton, M. V. Bell, D. G. Jackson, F. B. Cornelis, U. Gerth, and J. I. Bell, "Genomic structure of DNA encoding the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 reveals at least 12 alternatively spliced exons, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 89, pp. 12160-12164, 1992.
233. M. K. Hertweck, F. Erdfelder, and K.-A. Kreuzer, "CD44 in hematological neoplasias, " Annals of Hematology, vol. 90, pp. 493-508, 2011.
234. G. F. Weber, "Molecular mechanisms of metastasis, " Cancer Letters, vol. 270, pp. 181-190, 2008.
235. B. Zalewski, A. Stasiak-Barmuta, K. Guzi?ska-Ustymowicz, D. Cepowicz, and M. Gryko, "Molecule CD44 variant 10 expression in lymphocytes infiltrating tumour tissues and epithelial cells in patients with colorectal cancer, " Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bia?ymstoku, vol. 49, Supplement 1, pp. 91-93, 2004.
236. T. K. Weimann, C. Wagner, R. Funk, M. Goos, S. N. Wagner, and H. Hirche, "Hyaluronan-independent adhesion of CD44H+ and CD44v10+ lymphocytes to dermal microvascular endothelial cells and keratinocytes, " The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 117, pp. 949-957, 2001.
237. J. Zhou and J. Rossi, "Aptamers as targeted therapeutics: current potential and challenges, " Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, vol. 16, pp. 181-202, 2016.
238. Z. Mi, H. Guo, M. B. Russell, Y. Liu, B. A. Sullenger, and P. C. Kuo, "RNA aptamer blockade of osteopontin inhibits growth and metastasis of MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, " Molecular Therapy, vol. 17, pp. 153-161, 2009.
239. L. J. Talbot, Z. Mi, S. D. Bhattacharya, V. Kim, H. Guo, and P. C. Kuo, "Pharmacokinetic characterization of an RNA aptamer against osteopontin and demonstration of in vivo efficacy in reversing growth of human breast cancer cells, " Surgery, vol. 150, pp. 224-230, 2011.
240. E. B. Schulze, B. D. Hedley, D. Goodale et al., "The thrombin inhibitor Argatroban reduces breast cancer malignancy and metastasis via osteopontin-dependent and osteopontinindependent mechanisms, " Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 112, pp. 243-254, 2008.
241. F. Higashikawa, A. Eboshida, and Y. Yokosaki, "Enhanced biological activity of polymeric osteopontin, " FEBS Letters, vol. 581, pp. 2697-2701, 2007.
242. N. Nishimichi, H. Hayashita-Kinoh, C. Chen, H. Matsuda, D. Sheppard, and Y. Yokosaki, "Osteopontin undergoes polymerization in vivo and gains chemotactic activity for neutrophils mediated by integrin alpha9beta1, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, pp. 11170-11178, 2011.
243. K. Mehta, A. Kumar, and H. I. Kim, "Transglutaminase 2: a multi-tasking protein in the complex circuitry of inflammation and cancer, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 80, pp. 1921-1929, 2010.
244. N. Clemente, C. Comi, D. Raineri et al., "Role of antiosteopontin antibodies in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, " Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 8, p. 321, 2017.
245. M. Sakata, J. I. Tsuruha, K. Masuko-Hongo et al., "Autoantibodies to osteopontin in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, " The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 28, pp. 1492-1495, 2001.
246. X. Ying, Y. Zhao, J.-L. Wang et al., "Serum anti-osteopontin autoantibody as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, " Oncology Reports, vol. 32, pp. 1550-1556, 2014.
247. A. W. White, A. D. Westwell, and G. Barhemi, "Protein-protein interactions as targets for small-molecule therapeutics in cancer, " Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, vol. 10, 2008.
248. D. Park, C. W. Park, Y. Choi et al., "A novel small-molecule PPI inhibitor targeting integrin ?v?3-osteopontin interface blocks bone resorption in vitro and prevents bone loss in mice, " Biomaterials, vol. 98, pp. 131-142, 2016.