메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 627-640

Changing paradigm to target microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: From anti-inflammatory strategy to active immunomodulation

Author keywords

Drug targets; Immunomodulation; M2 and M1 phenotypes; Microglia; Neurodegenerative diseases

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE KINASE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA;

EID: 84949807682     PISSN: 14728222     EISSN: 17447631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1121237     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (52)

References (130)
  • 2
    • 0025220976 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
    • Lawson LJ, Perry V, Dri PH., et al. Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience. 1990; 39: 151-170.
    • (1990) Neuroscience , vol.39 , pp. 151-170
    • Lawson, L.J.1    Perry, V.2    Dri, P.H.3
  • 3
    • 84898028606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is microglia neurotoxicity (not)
    • Biber K, Owens T, Boddeke E. What is microglia neurotoxicity (not)? Glia. 2014; 62: 841-854.
    • (2014) Glia , vol.62 , pp. 841-854
    • Biber, K.1    Owens, T.2    Boddeke, E.3
  • 4
    • 33845768784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms
    • Block ML, Zecca L, Hong J. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007; 8: 57-69.
    • (2007) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 57-69
    • Block, M.L.1    Zecca, L.2    Hong, J.3
  • 5
    • 77956537707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia and neuroprotection: From in vitro studies to therapeutic applications
    • Polazzi E, Monti B. Microglia and neuroprotection: from in vitro studies to therapeutic applications. Prog Neurobiol. 2010; 92: 293-215.
    • (2010) Prog Neurobiol , vol.92 , pp. 293-215
    • Polazzi, E.1    Monti, B.2
  • 6
    • 84904009117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sublime microglia: Expanding roles for the guardians of the CNS
    • Salter MW, Beggs S. Sublime microglia: expanding roles for the guardians of the CNS. Cell. 2014; 158: 15-24.
    • (2014) Cell , vol.158 , pp. 15-24
    • Salter, M.W.1    Beggs, S.2
  • 8
    • 78149360132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages
    • Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M., et al. Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science. 2010; 330: 841-845.
    • (2010) Science , vol.330 , pp. 841-845
    • Ginhoux, F.1    Greter, M.2    Leboeuf, M.3
  • 9
    • 84898676953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain
    • Elmore MR, Najafi AR, Koike MA., et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain. Neuron. 2014; 82 (2): 380-397.
    • (2014) Neuron , vol.82 , Issue.2 , pp. 380-397
    • Elmore, M.R.1    Najafi, A.R.2    Koike, M.A.3
  • 11
    • 80053281065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-34 selectively enhances the neuroprotective effects of microglia to attenuate oligomeric amyloid-β neurotoxicity
    • Mizuno T, Doi Y, Mizoguchi H., et al. Interleukin-34 selectively enhances the neuroprotective effects of microglia to attenuate oligomeric amyloid-β neurotoxicity. Am J Pathol. 2011; 179 (4): 2016-2027.
    • (2011) Am J Pathol , vol.179 , Issue.4 , pp. 2016-2027
    • Mizuno, T.1    Doi, Y.2    Mizoguchi, H.3
  • 12
    • 33750550678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia instruct subventricular zone neurogenesis
    • Walton NM, Sutter BM, Laywell ED., et al. Microglia instruct subventricular zone neurogenesis. Glia. 2006; 54: 815-825.
    • (2006) Glia , vol.54 , pp. 815-825
    • Walton, N.M.1    Sutter, B.M.2    Laywell, E.D.3
  • 13
    • 31544460682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood
    • Ziv Y, Ron N, Butovsky O., et al. Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood. Nature Neurosci. 2006; 9: 268-275.
    • (2006) Nature Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 268-275
    • Ziv, Y.1    Ron, N.2    Butovsky, O.3
  • 14
    • 1042302901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activated microglia induce neuron death via MAP kinase signaling pathways involving JNK and p38
    • Xie Z, Smith CJ, Van Eldik LJ. Activated microglia induce neuron death via MAP kinase signaling pathways involving JNK and p38. Glia. 2004; 45: 170-179.
    • (2004) Glia , vol.45 , pp. 170-179
    • Xie, Z.1    Smith, C.J.2    Van Eldik, L.J.3
  • 15
    • 25444505871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigations with cultured human microglia on pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
    • Walker DG, Lue LE. Investigations with cultured human microglia on pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci. 2005; 81: 412-425.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.81 , pp. 412-425
    • Walker, D.G.1    Lue, L.E.2
  • 16
    • 0035101188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of microglial activation: A confocal time-lapse analysis in hippocampal slices
    • Stence N1, Waite M, Dailey ME. Dynamics of microglial activation: a confocal time-lapse analysis in hippocampal slices. Glia. 2001; 33 (3): 256-266.
    • (2001) Glia , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 256-266
    • Stence, N.1    Waite, M.2    Dailey, M.E.3
  • 17
    • 84857593754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An automated method to quantify microglia morphology and application to monitor activation state longitudinally in vivo
    • Kozlowski C, Weimer RM. An automated method to quantify microglia morphology and application to monitor activation state longitudinally in vivo. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (2): e31814.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. e31814
    • Kozlowski, C.1    Weimer, R.M.2
  • 18
    • 84856349219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective function for ramified microglia in hippocampal excitotoxicity
    • Vinet J, Weering HR, Heinrich A., et al. Neuroprotective function for ramified microglia in hippocampal excitotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation. 2012; 9: 27.
    • (2012) J Neuroinflammation , vol.9 , pp. 27
    • Vinet, J.1    Weering, H.R.2    Heinrich, A.3
  • 19
    • 36448994709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life
    • Ajami B, Bennet JL, Krieger C., et al. Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life. Nat Neurosci. 2007; 10: 1538-1543.
    • (2007) Nat Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 1538-1543
    • Ajami, B.1    Bennet, J.L.2    Krieger, C.3
  • 20
    • 0025717402 scopus 로고
    • Migration of hematogenous cells through the blood-brain barrier and the initiation of CNS inflammation
    • Hickey WE. Migration of hematogenous cells through the blood-brain barrier and the initiation of CNS inflammation. Brain Pathol. 1991; 1: 97-105.
    • (1991) Brain Pathol , vol.1 , pp. 97-105
    • Hickey, W.E.1
  • 21
    • 77956976681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage elasticity and interactions with lymphocyte subsets: Cancer as a paradigm
    • Biswas SK, Mantovani A. Macrophage elasticity and interactions with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immun. 2010; 11: 889-896.
    • (2010) Nat Immun , vol.11 , pp. 889-896
    • Biswas, S.K.1    Mantovani, A.2
  • 22
    • 77953268611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanisms and functions
    • Gordon S, Martinez FO. Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanisms and functions. Immunity. 2010; 32: 593-604.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.32 , pp. 593-604
    • Gordon, S.1    Martinez, F.O.2
  • 23
    • 84891079549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of glia-glia interactions on oligodendrocyte precursor cell biology during development and in demyelinating diseases
    • Clemente D, Ortega MC, Melero-Jerez C., et al. The effect of glia-glia interactions on oligodendrocyte precursor cell biology during development and in demyelinating diseases. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013; 7: 268.
    • (2013) Front Cell Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 268
    • Clemente, D.1    Ortega, M.C.2    Melero-Jerez, C.3
  • 24
    • 70350558453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord
    • Kigerl KA, Gensel JC, Ankeny DP., et al. Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci. 2009; 29 (43): 13435-13444.
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , Issue.43 , pp. 13435-13444
    • Kigerl, K.A.1    Gensel, J.C.2    Ankeny, D.P.3
  • 25
    • 84871060866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harnessing monocyte-derived macrophages to control central nervous system pathologies: No longer "if" but "how"
    • Schechter R, Schwartz M. Harnessing monocyte-derived macrophages to control central nervous system pathologies: no longer "if" but "how". J Pathol. 2013; 229: 332-346.
    • (2013) J Pathol , vol.229 , pp. 332-346
    • Schechter, R.1    Schwartz, M.2
  • 26
    • 84874225589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IFN-γ Production by amyloid β-specific Th1 cells promotes microglial activation and increases plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease
    • Browne TC, McQuillan K, McManus RM., et al. IFN-γ Production by amyloid β-specific Th1 cells promotes microglial activation and increases plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease. J Immunol. 2013; 190 (5): 2241-2251.
    • (2013) J Immunol , vol.190 , Issue.5 , pp. 2241-2251
    • Browne, T.C.1    McQuillan, K.2    McManus, R.M.3
  • 27
    • 77956536780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Fletcher JM, Lalor SJ, Sweeney CM., et al. T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010; 162: 1-11.
    • (2010) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.162 , pp. 1-11
    • Fletcher, J.M.1    Lalor, S.J.2    Sweeney, C.M.3
  • 28
    • 77954865635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic inflammatory cells fight off neurodegenerative disease
    • 2101
    • Schwartz M, Shechter R. Systemic inflammatory cells fight off neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2101; 6: 405-410.
    • Nat Rev Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 405-410
    • Schwartz, M.1    Shechter, R.2
  • 29
    • 62549133546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroinflammation in Parkinsons disease: A target for neuroprotection
    • Horsch EC, Hunot S. Neuroinflammation in Parkinsons disease: a target for neuroprotection? Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8: 382-397.
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 382-397
    • Horsch, E.C.1    Hunot, S.2
  • 30
    • 0035134830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of the cycloxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 provide neuroprotection in the MPTP-mouse model of Parkinsons disease
    • Teismann P, Ferger B. Inhibition of the cycloxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 provide neuroprotection in the MPTP-mouse model of Parkinsons disease. Synapse. 2001; 39: 167-174.
    • (2001) Synapse , vol.39 , pp. 167-174
    • Teismann, P.1    Ferger, B.2
  • 31
    • 0041653249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinsons disease
    • Chen H, Zhang SM, Hernan MA., et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinsons disease. Arch Neurol. 2003; 60: 1059-1064.
    • (2003) Arch Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 1059-1064
    • Chen, H.1    Zhang, S.M.2    Hernan, M.A.3
  • 32
    • 79952941281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of ibuprofen and risk of Parkinson disease
    • Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA., et al. Use of ibuprofen and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2011; 76: 863-869.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , pp. 863-869
    • Gao, X.1    Chen, H.2    Schwarzschild, M.A.3
  • 33
    • 84860813005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as disease-modifying agents for Parkinsons disease: Evidence from observational studies
    • Rees K, Stowe R, Patel S., et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as disease-modifying agents for Parkinsons disease: evidence from observational studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 11: CD008454. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008454.pub2.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.11 , pp. CD008454
    • Rees, K.1    Stowe, R.2    Patel, S.3
  • 34
    • 70449525135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia in ALS: The good, the bad and the resting
    • Henkel JS, Beers DR, Zhao W., et al. Microglia in ALS: the good, the bad and the resting. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009; 4: 389-398.
    • (2009) Neuroimmune Pharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 389-398
    • Henkel, J.S.1    Beers, D.R.2    Zhao, W.3
  • 35
    • 0036895241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition protects motor neurons and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of ALS
    • Drachman DB, Frank K, Dykes-Hober M., et al. Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition protects motor neurons and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of ALS. Ann Neurol. 2002; 52: 771-778.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 771-778
    • Drachman, D.B.1    Frank, K.2    Dykes-Hober, M.3
  • 36
    • 0037007645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice
    • Zhu S, Stavrovskaya IG, Drozda M., et al. Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice. Nature. 2002; 417: 74-78.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 74-78
    • Zhu, S.1    Stavrovskaya, I.G.2    Drozda, M.3
  • 37
    • 36148960127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A phase III randomised trial
    • Gordon PH, Moore DH, Miller RG., Et al. Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6: 1045-1053.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 1045-1053
    • Gordon, P.H.1    Moore, D.H.2    Miller, R.G.3
  • 38
    • 36148996513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from failed trials in ALS
    • Swash M. Learning from failed trials in ALS. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6: 1034-1035.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 1034-1035
    • Swash, M.1
  • 39
    • 84055192382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From research to therapeutic attempts and therapeutic perspectives
    • Contestabile A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from research to therapeutic attempts and therapeutic perspectives. Curr Med Chem. 2011; 18: 5655-5665.
    • (2011) Curr Med Chem , vol.18 , pp. 5655-5665
    • Contestabile, A.1
  • 40
    • 77954330554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling the complexity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Recent advances from the transgenic mutant SOD1 mice
    • Peviani M, Caron I, Pizzasegola C., et al. Unraveling the complexity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent advances from the transgenic mutant SOD1 mice. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2010; 9 (4): 491-503.
    • (2010) CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 491-503
    • Peviani, M.1    Caron, I.2    Pizzasegola, C.3
  • 41
    • 33947278309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CB2 cannabinoid agonist AM-1241 prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when initiated at symptom onset
    • Shoemaker JL, Seely KA, Reed RL., et al. The CB2 cannabinoid agonist AM-1241 prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when initiated at symptom onset. J Neurochem. 2007; 101: 87-98.
    • (2007) J Neurochem , vol.101 , pp. 87-98
    • Shoemaker, J.L.1    Seely, K.A.2    Reed, R.L.3
  • 42
    • 33645224970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COX-2, CB2 and P2X7-immunoreactivities are increased in activated microglial cells/macrophages of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord
    • Yiangou Y, Facer P, Durrenberger P., et al. COX-2, CB2 and P2X7-immunoreactivities are increased in activated microglial cells/macrophages of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord. BMC Neurol. 2006; 6: 12.
    • (2006) BMC Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 12
    • Yiangou, Y.1    Facer, P.2    Durrenberger, P.3
  • 43
    • 41749084838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in motor-related disorders
    • De Lago E, Fernández-Ruiz J. Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in motor-related disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2007; 6 (6): 377-387.
    • (2007) CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 377-387
    • De Lago, E.1    Fernández-Ruiz, J.2
  • 44
    • 84927709043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of monocytes and microglia in Alzheimers disease
    • Thériault P, ElAli A, Rivest S. The dynamics of monocytes and microglia in Alzheimers disease. Alzh Res Ther. 2015; 7. doi: 10.1186/s13195-015-0125-2.
    • (2015) Alzh Res Ther , vol.7
    • Thériault, P.1    ElAli, A.2    Rivest, S.3
  • 45
    • 0035691115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibuprofen effects on Alzheimer pathology and open field activity in APPsw transgenic mice
    • Lim GP, Yang F, Chu T., et al. Ibuprofen effects on Alzheimer pathology and open field activity in APPsw transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2001; 22: 983-991.
    • (2001) Neurobiol Aging , vol.22 , pp. 983-991
    • Lim, G.P.1    Yang, F.2    Chu, T.3
  • 46
    • 84962941653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of microglial activation protects hippocampal neurogenesis and improves cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimers disease
    • Biscaro B, Lindvall O, Tesco G., et al. Inhibition of microglial activation protects hippocampal neurogenesis and improves cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimers disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2012; 91: 87-98.
    • (2012) Neurodegener Dis , vol.91 , pp. 87-98
    • Biscaro, B.1    Lindvall, O.2    Tesco, G.3
  • 47
    • 0029811901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimers disease: A review of 17 epidemiological studies
    • McGeer PL, Schulzer M, McGeer EG. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimers disease: a review of 17 epidemiological studies. Neurology. 1996; 47: 425-432.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 425-432
    • McGeer, P.L.1    Schulzer, M.2    McGeer, E.G.3
  • 48
    • 84887479509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a follow-up study to the randomized Alzheimers disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial (ADAPT)
    • The Alzheimers Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial Research Group. Results of a follow-up study to the randomized Alzheimers disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial (ADAPT). Alz Demen. 2013; 9: 714-723.
    • (2013) Alz Demen , vol.9 , pp. 714-723
  • 49
    • 84861314593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspirin, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimers disease (Review)
    • Jaturapatporn D, Isaac M, McCleery J., et al. Aspirin, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimers disease (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; Art. No.: CD006378. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006378.pub2.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Jaturapatporn, D.1    Isaac, M.2    McCleery, J.3
  • 50
    • 84870574017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CB2 receptor and amyloid pathology in frontal cortex of Alzheimers disease patients
    • Solas M, Francis PT, Franco R., et al. CB2 receptor and amyloid pathology in frontal cortex of Alzheimers disease patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2013; 34 (3): 805-808.
    • (2013) Neurobiol Aging , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 805-808
    • Solas, M.1    Francis, P.T.2    Franco, R.3
  • 51
    • 84878863032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist ameliorates Alzheimer-like phenotype in AβPP/PS1 mice
    • Aso E, Juvés S, Maldonado R., et al. CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist ameliorates Alzheimer-like phenotype in AβPP/PS1 mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013; 35 (4): 847-858.
    • (2013) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 847-858
    • Aso, E.1    Juvés, S.2    Maldonado, R.3
  • 52
    • 84908365360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal aging in rats and pathological aging in human Alzheimers disease decrease FAAH activity: Modulation by cannabinoid agonists
    • Pascual AC, Martín-Moreno AM, Giusto NM., et al. Normal aging in rats and pathological aging in human Alzheimers disease decrease FAAH activity: modulation by cannabinoid agonists. Exp Gerontol. 2014; 60: 92-99.
    • (2014) Exp Gerontol , vol.60 , pp. 92-99
    • Pascual, A.C.1    Martín-Moreno, A.M.2    Giusto, N.M.3
  • 53
    • 0034854122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Down syndrome and Alzheimers disease: A link between development and aging
    • Lott IT, Head E. Down syndrome and Alzheimers disease: a link between development and aging. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Rev. 2001; 7: 172-178.
    • (2001) Ment Retard Dev Disabil Rev , vol.7 , pp. 172-178
    • Lott, I.T.1    Head, E.2
  • 54
    • 80054679815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial pathology in Down syndrome
    • Xue QS, Streit WJ. Microglial pathology in Down syndrome. Acta Neuropathol. 2011; 122: 455-466.
    • (2011) Acta Neuropathol , vol.122 , pp. 455-466
    • Xue, Q.S.1    Streit, W.J.2
  • 55
    • 9144267928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline prevents cholinergic loss in a mouse model of Downs syndrome
    • Hunter CL, Bachman D, Granholm A-C. Minocycline prevents cholinergic loss in a mouse model of Downs syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2004; 56: 675-688.
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.56 , pp. 675-688
    • Hunter, C.L.1    Bachman, D.2    Granholm, A.-C.3
  • 56
    • 84930822255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The choreography of neuroinflammation in Huntingtons disease
    • Crotti A, Glass CK. The choreography of neuroinflammation in Huntingtons disease. Trends Immunol. 2015; 36: 364-373.
    • (2015) Trends Immunol , vol.36 , pp. 364-373
    • Crotti, A.1    Glass, C.K.2
  • 57
    • 5144223534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory treatment with acetylsalicylate or refecoxib is not neuroprotective in Huntingtons disease transgenic mice
    • Norflus F, Nanje A, Gutekunst C-A., et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment with acetylsalicylate or refecoxib is not neuroprotective in Huntingtons disease transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis. 2004; 17: 319-325.
    • (2004) Neurobiol Dis , vol.17 , pp. 319-325
    • Norflus, F.1    Nanje, A.2    Gutekunst, C.-A.3
  • 58
    • 84919622781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huntingtons disease: An update of therapeutic strategies
    • Kumar A, Singh SK, Kumar V., et al. Huntingtons disease: an update of therapeutic strategies. Gene. 2015; 556: 91-97.
    • (2015) Gene , vol.556 , pp. 91-97
    • Kumar, A.1    Singh, S.K.2    Kumar, V.3
  • 59
    • 10744228913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline is protective in a mouse model of Huntingtons disease
    • Hersch S, Fink K, Vonsattel JP., et al. Minocycline is protective in a mouse model of Huntingtons disease. Ann Neurol. 2003; 54 (6): 841.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 841
    • Hersch, S.1    Fink, K.2    Vonsattel, J.P.3
  • 60
    • 78149474887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive behavioral testing in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntingtons disease shows no benefit from CoQ10 or minocycline
    • Menalled LB, Patry M, Ragland N., et al. Comprehensive behavioral testing in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntingtons disease shows no benefit from CoQ10 or minocycline. PLoS One. 2010; 5 (3): e9793.
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. e9793
    • Menalled, L.B.1    Patry, M.2    Ragland, N.3
  • 61
    • 78649369122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A futility study of minocycline in Huntingtons disease
    • Huntington Study Group DOMINO Investigators. A futility study of minocycline in Huntingtons disease. Mov Disord. 2010; 25 (13): 2219-2224.
    • (2010) Mov Disord , vol.25 , Issue.13 , pp. 2219-2224
  • 62
    • 0036157268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline
    • Popovic N, Schubart A, Goetz BD., et al. Inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline. Ann Neurol. 2002; 51: 215-223.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 215-223
    • Popovic, N.1    Schubart, A.2    Goetz, B.D.3
  • 63
    • 34447540331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline down-regulates MHC II expression in microglia and macrophages through inhibition of IRF-1 and protein kinase C (PKC)/betaII
    • Nikodemova M, Watters JJ, Jackson SJ., et al. Minocycline down-regulates MHC II expression in microglia and macrophages through inhibition of IRF-1 and protein kinase C (PKC)/betaII. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 15208-15216.
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 15208-15216
    • Nikodemova, M.1    Watters, J.J.2    Jackson, S.J.3
  • 64
    • 84958631850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential roles of M1 and M2 microglia in neurodegenerative diseases
    • Epub ahead of print
    • Tang Y, Le W. Differential roles of M1 and M2 microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2015) Mol Neurobiol
    • Tang, Y.1    Le, W.2
  • 65
    • 84924919322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous induction of microglia M2a phenotype by central administration of interleukin-4
    • Pepe G, Calderazzi G, De Maglie M., et al. Heterogeneous induction of microglia M2a phenotype by central administration of interleukin-4. J Neuroinflammation. 2014; 11: 211.
    • (2014) J Neuroinflammation , vol.11 , pp. 211
    • Pepe, G.1    Calderazzi, G.2    De Maglie, M.3
  • 66
    • 0034691136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: Possible therapy for optic neuropathies
    • Kipnis J, Yoles E, Porat Z., et al. T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97 (13): 7446-7451.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.97 , Issue.13 , pp. 7446-7451
    • Kipnis, J.1    Yoles, E.2    Porat, Z.3
  • 67
    • 3042592589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic immunization protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease
    • Benner EJ, Mosley RL, Destache CJ., et al. Therapeutic immunization protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101 (25): 9435-9440.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.101 , Issue.25 , pp. 9435-9440
    • Benner, E.J.1    Mosley, R.L.2    Destache, C.J.3
  • 68
    • 77951882307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory T cells attenuate Th17 cell-mediated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinsons disease
    • Reynolds AD, Stone DK, Hutter JA., et al. Regulatory T cells attenuate Th17 cell-mediated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinsons disease. J Immunol. 2010; 184 (5): 2261-2271.
    • (2010) J Immunol , vol.184 , Issue.5 , pp. 2261-2271
    • Reynolds, A.D.1    Stone, D.K.2    Hutter, J.A.3
  • 69
    • 33746827434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimers disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1
    • Butovsky O, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Kunis G., et al. Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimers disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103 (31): 11784.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.103 , Issue.31 , pp. 11784
    • Butovsky, O.1    Koronyo-Hamaoui, M.2    Kunis, G.3
  • 70
    • 33947216452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic immunization with a glatiramer acetate derivative does not alter survival in G93A and G37R SOD1 mouse models of familial ALS
    • Haenggeli C, Julien JP, Mosley RL., et al. Therapeutic immunization with a glatiramer acetate derivative does not alter survival in G93A and G37R SOD1 mouse models of familial ALS. Neurobiol Dis. 2007; 26 (1): 146-152.
    • (2007) Neurobiol Dis , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 146-152
    • Haenggeli, C.1    Julien, J.P.2    Mosley, R.L.3
  • 71
    • 70449697216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate has no impact on disease progression in ALS at 40 mg/day: A double- blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial
    • Meininger V, Drory VE, Leigh PN., et al. Glatiramer acetate has no impact on disease progression in ALS at 40 mg/day: a double- blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009; 10 (5-6): 378-383.
    • (2009) Amyotroph Lateral Scler , vol.10 , Issue.56 , pp. 378-383
    • Meininger, V.1    Drory, V.E.2    Leigh, P.N.3
  • 72
    • 84937763512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis
    • English C, Aloi JJ. New FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2015; 37 (4): 691-715.
    • (2015) Clin Ther , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 691-715
    • English, C.1    Aloi, J.J.2
  • 73
    • 84893577819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we switch microglias phenotype to foster neuroprotection
    • Giunti D, Parodi B, Cordano C., et al. Can we switch microglias phenotype to foster neuroprotection? Focus Multiple Sclerosis Immunol. 2014; 141 (3): 328-339.
    • (2014) Focus Multiple Sclerosis Immunol , vol.141 , Issue.3 , pp. 328-339
    • Giunti, D.1    Parodi, B.2    Cordano, C.3
  • 74
    • 0035996211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine production in T lymphocyte-microglia interaction is attenuated by glatiramer acetate: A mechanism for therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis
    • Chabot S, Yong FP, Le DM., et al. Cytokine production in T lymphocyte-microglia interaction is attenuated by glatiramer acetate: a mechanism for therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2002; 8 (4): 299-306.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 299-306
    • Chabot, S.1    Yong, F.P.2    Le, D.M.3
  • 75
    • 79955662810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate modulates TNF-α; and IL-10 secretion in microglia and promotes their phagocytic activity
    • Pul R, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Škuljec J., et al. Glatiramer acetate modulates TNF-α; and IL-10 secretion in microglia and promotes their phagocytic activity. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2011; 6 (3): 381-388.
    • (2011) J Neuroimmune Pharmacol , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 381-388
    • Pul, R.1    Moharregh-Khiabani, D.2    Škuljec, J.3
  • 76
    • 84898831795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethyl fumarate: A review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Burness CB1, Deeks ED. Dimethyl fumarate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2014; 28 (4): 373-387.
    • (2014) CNS Drugs , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 373-387
    • Burness, C.1    Deeks, E.D.2
  • 77
    • 77952301752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL- 1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation
    • Wilms H, Sievers J, Rickert U., et al. Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL- 1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2010; 7: 30.
    • (2010) J Neuroinflammation , vol.7 , pp. 30
    • Wilms, H.1    Sievers, J.2    Rickert, U.3
  • 78
    • 84883412049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small molecule activators of the Nrf2-HO-1 antioxidant axis modulate heme metabolism and inflammation in BV2 microglia cells
    • Foresti R, Bains SK, Pitchumony TS., et al. Small molecule activators of the Nrf2-HO-1 antioxidant axis modulate heme metabolism and inflammation in BV2 microglia cells. Pharmacol Res. 2013; 76: 132-148.
    • (2013) Pharmacol Res , vol.76 , pp. 132-148
    • Foresti, R.1    Bains, S.K.2    Pitchumony, T.S.3
  • 79
    • 79551495392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod provides long-term protection in rodent models of cerebral ischemia
    • Wei Y, Yemisci M, Kim HH., et al. Fingolimod provides long-term protection in rodent models of cerebral ischemia. Ann Neurol. 2011; 69 (1): 119-129.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-129
    • Wei, Y.1    Yemisci, M.2    Kim, H.H.3
  • 80
    • 84875367110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod phosphate promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia
    • Noda H, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T., et al. Fingolimod phosphate promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia. J Neuroimmunol. 2013; 256 (1-2): 13-18.
    • (2013) J Neuroimmunol , vol.256 , Issue.12 , pp. 13-18
    • Noda, H.1    Takeuchi, H.2    Mizuno, T.3
  • 81
    • 84940840582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newer agents in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Pawate S, Bagnato F. Newer agents in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurologist. 2015; 19 (4): 104-117.
    • (2015) Neurologist , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 104-117
    • Pawate, S.1    Bagnato, F.2
  • 82
    • 84962943774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basel [CH]: Novartis AG; C2015
    • Novartis [Internet]. [cited Dec 1]; [about 8 screens]
    • Novartis [Internet]. Basel [CH]: novartis AG; c2015. Novartis provides update on fingolimod Phase III trial in primary progressive MS (PPMS); [. cited 2014 Dec 1]; [. about 8 screens]. Available from: https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-provides-update-fingolimod-phase-iii-trial-primary-progressive-ms-ppms
    • (2014) Novartis Provides Update on Fingolimod Phase III Trial in Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)
  • 83
    • 84977139159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laquinimod therapy in multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review
    • Kolb-Sobieraj C, Gupta S, Weinstock-Guttman B. Laquinimod therapy in multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review. Neurol Ther. 2014; 3 (1): 29-39.
    • (2014) Neurol Ther , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-39
    • Kolb-Sobieraj, C.1    Gupta, S.2    Weinstock-Guttman, B.3
  • 84
    • 84907924586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targets for future clinical trials in Huntingtons disease: Whats in the pipeline
    • Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. Targets for future clinical trials in Huntingtons disease: whats in the pipeline? Mov Disord. 2014; 29 (11): 1434-1445.
    • (2014) Mov Disord , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 1434-1445
    • Wild, E.J.1    Tabrizi, S.J.2
  • 85
    • 79960501774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethyl pyruvate rescues nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons by regulating glial activation in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease
    • Huh SH, Chung YC, Piao Y., et al. Ethyl pyruvate rescues nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons by regulating glial activation in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease. J Immunol. 2011; 187 (2): 960-969.
    • (2011) J Immunol , vol.187 , Issue.2 , pp. 960-969
    • Huh, S.H.1    Chung, Y.C.2    Piao, Y.3
  • 86
    • 84965089222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethyl pyruvate inhibits HMGB1 phosphorylation and release by chelating calcium
    • Shin JH, Kim ID, Kim SW., et al. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits HMGB1 phosphorylation and release by chelating calcium. Mol Med. 2015; 20: 649-657.
    • (2015) Mol Med , vol.20 , pp. 649-657
    • Shin, J.H.1    Kim, I.D.2    Kim, S.W.3
  • 87
    • 10644273486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High mobility group box protein-1 inhibits microglial Abeta clearance and enhances Abeta neurotoxicity
    • Takata K, Kitamura Y, Tsuchiya D., et al. High mobility group box protein-1 inhibits microglial Abeta clearance and enhances Abeta neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Res. 2004; 78 (6): 880-891.
    • (2004) J Neurosci Res , vol.78 , Issue.6 , pp. 880-891
    • Takata, K.1    Kitamura, Y.2    Tsuchiya, D.3
  • 88
    • 78751502344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HMGB1 acts on microglia Mac1 to mediate chronic neuroinflammation that drives progressive neurodegeneration
    • Gao HM, Zhou H, Zhang F., et al. HMGB1 acts on microglia Mac1 to mediate chronic neuroinflammation that drives progressive neurodegeneration. J Neurosci. 2011; 31 (3): 1081-1092.
    • (2011) J Neurosci , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 1081-1092
    • Gao, H.M.1    Zhou, H.2    Zhang, F.3
  • 89
    • 34247181253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycyrrhizin binds to high-mobility group box 1 protein and inhibits its cytokine activities
    • Mollica L, Marchis FD, Spitaleri A., et al. Glycyrrhizin binds to high-mobility group box 1 protein and inhibits its cytokine activities. Chem Biol. 2007; 14: 431-441.
    • (2007) Chem Biol , vol.14 , pp. 431-441
    • Mollica, L.1    Marchis, F.D.2    Spitaleri, A.3
  • 90
    • 84922479862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A small molecule binding HMGB1 and HMGB2 inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation
    • Lee S, Nam Y, Koo JY., et al. A small molecule binding HMGB1 and HMGB2 inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Nat Chem Biol. 2014; 10 (12): 1055-1060.
    • (2014) Nat Chem Biol , vol.10 , Issue.12 , pp. 1055-1060
    • Lee, S.1    Nam, Y.2    Koo, J.Y.3
  • 91
    • 1642499162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside inhibits proinflammatory response in glial cells: A possible role of AMP-activated protein kinase
    • Giri S, Nath N, Smith B., et al. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside inhibits proinflammatory response in glial cells: a possible role of AMP-activated protein kinase. J Neurosci. 2004; 24 (2): 479-487.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 479-487
    • Giri, S.1    Nath, N.2    Smith, B.3
  • 92
    • 77952700957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berberine suppresses neuroinflammatory responses through AMP-activated protein kinase activation in BV-2 microglia
    • Lu DY, Tang CH, Chen YH., et al. Berberine suppresses neuroinflammatory responses through AMP-activated protein kinase activation in BV-2 microglia. J Cell Biochem. 2010; 110 (3): 697-705.
    • (2010) J Cell Biochem , vol.110 , Issue.3 , pp. 697-705
    • Lu, D.Y.1    Tang, C.H.2    Chen, Y.H.3
  • 93
    • 84861228539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection of early and short-time applying berberine in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia: Up-regulated pAkt, pGSK and pCREB, down-regulated NF-B expression, ameliorated BBB permeability
    • Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang C., et al. Neuroprotection of early and short-time applying berberine in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia: up-regulated pAkt, pGSK and pCREB, down-regulated NF-B expression, ameliorated BBB permeability. Brain Res. 2012; 1459: 61-70.
    • (2012) Brain Res , vol.1459 , pp. 61-70
    • Zhang, X.1    Zhang, X.2    Wang, C.3
  • 94
    • 84927760857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of berberine against the altered intrinsic properties of the CA1 neurons induced by Aβ neurotoxicity
    • Haghani M, Shabani M, Tondar M. The therapeutic potential of berberine against the altered intrinsic properties of the CA1 neurons induced by Aβ neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015; 758: 82-88.
    • (2015) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.758 , pp. 82-88
    • Haghani, M.1    Shabani, M.2    Tondar, M.3
  • 95
    • 84919949221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berberine protects against neuronal damage via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation in traumatic brain injury
    • Chen CC, Hung TH, Lee CY., et al. Berberine protects against neuronal damage via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation in traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (12): e115694.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , Issue.12 , pp. e115694
    • Chen, C.C.1    Hung, T.H.2    Lee, C.Y.3
  • 96
    • 84904401640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke
    • Jin Q, Cheng J, Liu Y., et al. Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun. 2014; 40: 131-142.
    • (2014) Brain Behav Immun , vol.40 , pp. 131-142
    • Jin, Q.1    Cheng, J.2    Liu, Y.3
  • 97
    • 84937963126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic metformin preconditioning provides neuroprotection via suppression of NF-B-mediated inflammatory pathway in rats with permanent cerebral ischemia
    • Zhu XC, Jiang T, Zhang QQ., et al. Chronic metformin preconditioning provides neuroprotection via suppression of NF-B-mediated inflammatory pathway in rats with permanent cerebral ischemia. Mol Neurobiol. 2015; 52 (1): 375-385.
    • (2015) Mol Neurobiol , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 375-385
    • Zhu, X.C.1    Jiang, T.2    Zhang, Q.Q.3
  • 98
    • 77952674793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory activities of resveratrol in the brain: Role of resveratrol in microglial activation
    • Zhang F, Liu J, Shi JS. Anti-inflammatory activities of resveratrol in the brain: role of resveratrol in microglial activation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010; 636 (1-3): 1-7.
    • (2010) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.636 , Issue.13 , pp. 1-7
    • Zhang, F.1    Liu, J.2    Shi, J.S.3
  • 99
    • 84942197129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resveratrol rescues the impairments of hippocampal neurons stimulated by microglial over-activation in vitro
    • Wang F, Cui N, Yang L., et al. Resveratrol rescues the impairments of hippocampal neurons stimulated by microglial over-activation In vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2015;35(7):1003-1015.
    • (2015) Cell Mol Neurobiol , vol.35 , Issue.7 , pp. 1003-1015
    • Wang, F.1    Cui, N.2    Yang, L.3
  • 100
    • 57749173844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates microglial migration, inflammation, and inflammation-induced neurotoxicity
    • Yuskaitis CJ, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates microglial migration, inflammation, and inflammation-induced neurotoxicity. Cell Signal. 2009; 21 (2): 264-273.
    • (2009) Cell Signal , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 264-273
    • Yuskaitis, C.J.1    Jope, R.S.2
  • 101
    • 84877058507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta affects size of dentate gyrus and species-typical behavioral tasks in transgenic and knockout mice
    • Kondratiuk I, Devijver H, Lechat B., et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta affects size of dentate gyrus and species-typical behavioral tasks in transgenic and knockout mice. Behav Brain Res. 2013; 248: 46-50.
    • (2013) Behav Brain Res , vol.248 , pp. 46-50
    • Kondratiuk, I.1    Devijver, H.2    Lechat, B.3
  • 102
    • 56149105343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GSK-3beta is required for memory reconsolidation in adult brain
    • Kimura T, Yamashita S, Nakao S., et al. GSK-3beta is required for memory reconsolidation in adult brain. PLoS One. 2008; 3 (10): e3540.
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3 , Issue.10 , pp. e3540
    • Kimura, T.1    Yamashita, S.2    Nakao, S.3
  • 103
    • 84857401043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles: First small molecules as substrate competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3
    • Palomo V, Perez DI, Perez C., et al. 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles: first small molecules as substrate competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3. J Med Chem. 2012; 55 (4): 1645-1661.
    • (2012) J Med Chem , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 1645-1661
    • Palomo, V.1    Perez, D.I.2    Perez, C.3
  • 104
    • 84874086124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors as potent therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson disease
    • Morales-García JA, Susín C, Alonso-Gil S., et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors as potent therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2013; 4 (2): 350-360.
    • (2013) ACS Chem Neurosci , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 350-360
    • Morales-García, J.A.1    Susín, C.2    Alonso-Gil, S.3
  • 105
    • 84921474414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multitarget drug discovery for Alzheimers disease: Triazinones as BACE-1 and GSK-3β inhibitors
    • Prati F, De Simone A, Bisignano P., et al. Multitarget drug discovery for Alzheimers disease: triazinones as BACE-1 and GSK-3β inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2015; 54 (5): 1578-1582.
    • (2015) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 1578-1582
    • Prati, F.1    De Simone, A.2    Bisignano, P.3
  • 106
    • 84945541753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3,4-Dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones as the first dual BACE-1/GSK-3β fragment hits against Alzheimers disease
    • Prati F, De Simone A, Armirotti A., et al. 3,4-Dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones as the first dual BACE-1/GSK-3β fragment hits against Alzheimers disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2015;6(10):1665-1682.
    • (2015) ACS Chem Neurosci , vol.6 , Issue.10 , pp. 1665-1682
    • Prati, F.1    De Simone, A.2    Armirotti, A.3
  • 107
    • 68149150844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel GSK-3beta inhibitor reduces Alzheimers pathology and rescues neuronal loss in vivo
    • Serenó L, Coma M, Rodríguez M., et al. A novel GSK-3beta inhibitor reduces Alzheimers pathology and rescues neuronal loss in vivo. Neurobiol Dis. 2009; 35 (3): 359-367.
    • (2009) Neurobiol Dis , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 359-367
    • Serenó, L.1    Coma, M.2    Rodríguez, M.3
  • 108
    • 82955195599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor 2-methyl-5-(3-{4-[(S)-methylsulfinyl]phenyl}-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole decreases tau phosphorylation and ameliorates cognitive deficits in a transgenic model of Alzheimers disease
    • Onishi T, Iwashita H, Uno Y., et al. A novel glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor 2-methyl-5-(3-{4-[(S)-methylsulfinyl]phenyl}-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole decreases tau phosphorylation and ameliorates cognitive deficits in a transgenic model of Alzheimers disease. J Neurochem. 2011; 119 (6): 1330-1340.
    • (2011) J Neurochem , vol.119 , Issue.6 , pp. 1330-1340
    • Onishi, T.1    Iwashita, H.2    Uno, Y.3
  • 109
    • 84924106368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARGO investigators. A phase II trial of tideglusib in Alzheimers disease
    • Lovestone S, Boada M, Dubois B., et al. ARGO investigators. A phase II trial of tideglusib in Alzheimers disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 45 (1): 75-88.
    • (2015) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-88
    • Lovestone, S.1    Boada, M.2    Dubois, B.3
  • 110
    • 34248596671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 suppresses the onset of symptoms and disease progression of G93A-SOD1 mouse model of ALS
    • Koh SH, Kim Y, Kim HY., et al. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 suppresses the onset of symptoms and disease progression of G93A-SOD1 mouse model of ALS. Exp Neurol. 2007; 205 (2): 336-346.
    • (2007) Exp Neurol , vol.205 , Issue.2 , pp. 336-346
    • Koh, S.H.1    Kim, Y.2    Kim, H.Y.3
  • 111
    • 84899975138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of JGK-263 in transgenic SOD1-G93A mice of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Ahn SW, Jeon GS, Kim MJ., et al. Neuroprotective effects of JGK-263 in transgenic SOD1-G93A mice of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 340 (1-2): 112-116.
    • (2014) J Neurol Sci , vol.340 , Issue.12 , pp. 112-116
    • Ahn, S.W.1    Jeon, G.S.2    Kim, M.J.3
  • 112
    • 0141884374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of microglial inflammatory response by histone deacetylase inhibitors
    • Suuronen T, Huuskonen J, Pihlaja R., et al. Regulation of microglial inflammatory response by histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Neurochem. 2003; 87 (2): 407-416.
    • (2003) J Neurochem , vol.87 , Issue.2 , pp. 407-416
    • Suuronen, T.1    Huuskonen, J.2    Pihlaja, R.3
  • 113
    • 33749523195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the pro-inflammatory signaling induced by protein acetylation in microglia
    • Suuronen T, Huuskonen J, Nuutinen T., et al. Characterization of the pro-inflammatory signaling induced by protein acetylation in microglia. Neurochem Int. 2006; 49 (6): 610-618.
    • (2006) Neurochem Int , vol.49 , Issue.6 , pp. 610-618
    • Suuronen, T.1    Huuskonen, J.2    Nuutinen, T.3
  • 114
    • 34748922275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid and other histone deacetylase inhibitors induce microglial apoptosis and attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity
    • Chen PS, Wang CC, Bortner CD., et al. Valproic acid and other histone deacetylase inhibitors induce microglial apoptosis and attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Neuroscience. 2007; 149 (1): 203-212.
    • (2007) Neuroscience , vol.149 , Issue.1 , pp. 203-212
    • Chen, P.S.1    Wang, C.C.2    Bortner, C.D.3
  • 115
    • 34248530339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat permanent ischemic model of stroke: Multiple mechanisms of action
    • Kim HJ, Rowe M, Ren M., et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat permanent ischemic model of stroke: multiple mechanisms of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007; 321 (3): 892-901.
    • (2007) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.321 , Issue.3 , pp. 892-901
    • Kim, H.J.1    Rowe, M.2    Ren, M.3
  • 116
    • 70349774213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reduce the glial inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo
    • Faraco G, Pittelli M, Cavone L., et al. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reduce the glial inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Neurobiol Dis. 2009; 36 (2): 269-279.
    • (2009) Neurobiol Dis , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 269-279
    • Faraco, G.1    Pittelli, M.2    Cavone, L.3
  • 117
    • 83755224359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects dopaminergic neurons from neurotoxin-induced damage
    • Chen SH, Wu HM, Ossola B., et al. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects dopaminergic neurons from neurotoxin-induced damage. Br J Pharmacol. 2012; 165 (2): 494-505.
    • (2012) Br J Pharmacol , vol.165 , Issue.2 , pp. 494-505
    • Chen, S.H.1    Wu, H.M.2    Ossola, B.3
  • 118
    • 84924207006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HDAC inhibition prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the GSK3β/PTEN/Akt axis
    • Wang G, Shi Y, Jiang X., et al. HDAC inhibition prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the GSK3β/PTEN/Akt axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112 (9): 2853-2858.
    • (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.112 , Issue.9 , pp. 2853-2858
    • Wang, G.1    Shi, Y.2    Jiang, X.3
  • 119
    • 84868121739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and neurodegenerative disorders
    • Chen YC, Wu JS, Tsai HD., et al. Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurobiol. 2012; 46 (1): 114-124.
    • (2012) Mol Neurobiol , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 114-124
    • Chen, Y.C.1    Wu, J.S.2    Tsai, H.D.3
  • 120
    • 84878361153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term treatment with pioglitazone on cognition and glucose metabolism of PS1-KI, 3xTg-AD, and wild-type mice
    • Masciopinto F, Di Pietro N, Corona C., et al. Effects of long-term treatment with pioglitazone on cognition and glucose metabolism of PS1-KI, 3xTg-AD, and wild-type mice. Cell Death Dis. 2012; 3: e448.
    • (2012) Cell Death Dis , vol.3 , pp. e448
    • Masciopinto, F.1    Di Pietro, N.2    Corona, C.3
  • 121
    • 84929326823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear receptors license phagocytosis by trem2+ myeloid cells in mouse models of Alzheimers disease
    • Savage JC, Jay T, Goduni E., et al. Nuclear receptors license phagocytosis by trem2+ myeloid cells in mouse models of Alzheimers disease. J Neurosci. 2015; 35 (16): 6532-6543.
    • (2015) J Neurosci , vol.35 , Issue.16 , pp. 6532-6543
    • Savage, J.C.1    Jay, T.2    Goduni, E.3
  • 122
    • 84908667745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma agonists in model of parkinsonism induced by intranigral 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine
    • Barbiero JK, Santiago RM, Persike DS., et al. Neuroprotective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma agonists in model of parkinsonism induced by intranigral 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine. Behav Brain Res. 2014; 274: 390-399.
    • (2014) Behav Brain Res , vol.274 , pp. 390-399
    • Barbiero, J.K.1    Santiago, R.M.2    Persike, D.S.3
  • 123
    • 84908084191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-γ agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinsons disease
    • Pisanu A, Lecca D, Mulas G., et al. Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-γ agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinsons disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2014; 71: 280-291.
    • (2014) Neurobiol Dis , vol.71 , pp. 280-291
    • Pisanu, A.1    Lecca, D.2    Mulas, G.3
  • 124
    • 84937520622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pioglitazone in early Parkinsons disease: A phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial
    • NINDS Exploratory Trials in Parkinson Disease (NET-PD) FS-ZONE Investigators. Pioglitazone in early Parkinsons disease: a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14 (8): 795-803.
    • (2015) Lancet Neurol , vol.14 , Issue.8 , pp. 795-803
  • 125
    • 23944490153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oral antidiabetic pioglitazone protects from neurodegeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like symptoms in superoxide dismutase-G93A transgenic mice
    • Schütz B, Reimann J, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L., et al. The oral antidiabetic pioglitazone protects from neurodegeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like symptoms in superoxide dismutase-G93A transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2005; 25 (34): 7805-7812.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , Issue.34 , pp. 7805-7812
    • Schütz, B.1    Reimann, J.2    Dumitrescu-Ozimek, L.3
  • 126
    • 84862010340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in combination with riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • GERP ALS Study Group
    • Dupuis L, Dengler R, Heneka MT, et al.; GERP ALS Study Group. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in combination with riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (6): e37885.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp. e37885
    • Dupuis, L.1    Dengler, R.2    Heneka, M.T.3
  • 127
    • 0036260784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Feinstein DL, Galea E, Gavrilyuk V., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol. 2002; 51 (6): 694-702.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 694-702
    • Feinstein, D.L.1    Galea, E.2    Gavrilyuk, V.3
  • 128
    • 84945143762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical role of the Mac1/NOX2 pathway in mediating reactive microgliosis-generated chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration
    • Chen SH, Oyarzabal EA, Hong JS. Critical role of the Mac1/NOX2 pathway in mediating reactive microgliosis-generated chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015; 26: 54-60.
    • (2015) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.26 , pp. 54-60
    • Chen, S.H.1    Oyarzabal, E.A.2    Hong, J.S.3
  • 129
    • 84944044033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroinflammation in Parkinsons disease and its potential as therapeutic target
    • Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhou J. Neuroinflammation in Parkinsons disease and its potential as therapeutic target. Transl Neurodegener. 2015; 4: 19.
    • (2015) Transl Neurodegener , vol.4 , pp. 19
    • Wang, Q.1    Liu, Y.2    Zhou, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.