Increased oxidative stress as a selective anticancer therapy

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Liu, Jiahui ^a   Wang, Zhichong ^a  

^a SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOLOGY; DISEASES; STEM CELLS;

ANTI-CANCER THERAPIES; ANTICANCER TREATMENT; ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE; CANCER STEM CELLS; HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTORS; HYPOXIC ENVIRONMENTS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; REDOX REGULATION;

CELLS;

6 ANICOTINAMIDE; AG 221; AGX 891; ANTHRACYCLINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; ASPARAGINASE; AURANOFIN; BETA CAROTENE; BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE; CELECOXIB; COORDINATION COMPOUND; DAUNORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR; IMATINIB; NICLOSAMIDE; NOV 002; PACLITAXEL; PARTHENOLIDE; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RETINOL; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SILVER; SULFORAPHANE; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCA ALKALOID; ANTIOXIDANT;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CANCER CELL; CANCER STEM CELL; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG SELECTIVITY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; UPREGULATION; METABOLISM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; NEOPLASTIC STEM CELLS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84939147804     PISSN: 19420900     EISSN: 19420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/294303     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. S. C. Gupta, D. Hevia, S. Patchva, B. Park, W. Koh, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Upsides and downsides of reactive oxygen species for Cancer: the roles of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis, prevention, and therapy, " Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1295-1322, 2012.
2. D. Trachootham, J. Alexandre, and P. Huang, "Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach?" Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 579-591, 2009.
3. R. H. Burdon and C. Rice-Evans, "Free radicals and the regulation of mammalian cell proliferation, " Free Radical Research Communications, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 345-358, 1989.
4. G. Storz and J. A. Imlay, "Oxidative stress, " Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 188-194, 1999.
5. R. H. Burdon, "Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in relation to mammalian cell proliferation, " Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 775-794, 1995.
6. T. Lapidot, C. Sirard, J. Vormoor et al. , "A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice, " Nature, vol. 367, no. 6464, pp. 645-648, 1994.
7. L. V. Nguyen, R. Vanner, P. Dirks, and C. J. Eaves, "Cancer stem cells: an evolving concept, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 133-143, 2012.
8. M. F. Clarke, J. E. Dick, P. B. Dirks et al. , "Cancer stem cells-perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR workshop on cancer stem cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 66, no. 19, pp. 9339-9344, 2006.
9. Y. Li, D. Kong, A. Ahmad, B. Bao, and F. H. Sarkar, "Pancreatic cancer stem cells: emerging target for designing novel therapy, " Cancer Letters, vol. 338, no. 1, pp. 94-100, 2013.
10. K. S. Koeneman, "Prostate cancer stem cells, telomerase biology, epigenetic modifiers, and molecular systemic therapy for the androgen-independent lethal phenotype, " Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 119-121, 2006.
11. P. Economopoulou, V. G. Kaklamani, and K. Siziopikou, "The role of cancer stem cells in breast cancer initiation and progression: potential cancer stem cell-directed therapies, " Oncologist, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1394-1401, 2012.
12. P. B. Gupta, C. L. Chaffer, and R. A. Weinberg, "Cancer stem cells: mirage or reality?" Nature Medicine, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1010-1012, 2009.
13. M. F. Clarke and M. Fuller, "Stem cells and cancer: two faces of eve, " Cell, vol. 124, no. 6, pp. 1111-1115, 2006.
14. M. Shackleton, E. Quintana, E. R. Fearon, and S. J. Morrison, "Heterogeneity in cancer: cancer stem cells versus clonal evolution, " Cell, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 822-829, 2009.
15. M. Dean, T. Fojo, and S. Bates, "Tumour stem cells and drug resistance, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 275-284, 2005.
16. T. Reya, S. J. Morrison, M. F. Clarke, and I. L. Weissman, "Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells, " Nature, vol. 414, no. 6859, pp. 105-111, 2001.
17. Y. Zhao, D. Y. Alakhova, and A. V. Kabanov, "Can nanomedicines kill cancer stem cells?" Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 65, no. 13-14, pp. 1763-1783, 2013.
18. R. S. Balaban, S. Nemoto, and T. Finkel, "Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging, " Cell, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 483-495, 2005.
19. B. Chance, H. Sies, and A. Boveris, "Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs, " Physiological Reviews, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 527-605, 1979.
20. S. Pervaiz, R. Taneja, and S. Ghaffari, "Oxidative stress regulation of stem and progenitor cells, " Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2777-2789, 2009.
21. G. Cohen and P. Hochstein, "Glutathione peroxidase: the primary agent for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes, " Biochemistry, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1420-1428, 1963.
22. B. Hofmann, H. J. Hecht, and L. Floh, "Peroxiredoxins, " Biological Chemistry, vol. 383, no. 3-4, pp. 347-364, 2002.
23. C. Michiels, M. Raes, O. Toussaint, and J. Remacle, "Importance of SE-glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and Cu/Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative stress, " Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 235-248, 1994.
24. X. Shi, Y. Zhang, J. Zheng, and J. Pan, "Reactive oxygen species in cancer stem cells, " Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1215-1228, 2012.
25. B. Halliwell, "Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view, " Nutrition Reviews, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 257-265, 2012.
26. W. Drge, "Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function, " Physiological Reviews, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 47-95, 2002.
27. L. Raj, T. Ide, A. U. Gurkar et al. , "Selective killing of cancer cells by a small molecule targeting the stress response to ROS, " Nature, vol. 475, no. 7355, pp. 231-234, 2011.
28. Z. X. Chen and S. Pervaiz, "Bcl-2 induces pro-oxidant state by engaging mitochondrial respiration in tumor cells, " Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 1617-1627, 2007.
29. M. Sattler, T. Winkler, S. Verma et al. , "Hematopoietic growth factors signal through the formation of reactive oxygen species, " Blood, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 2928-2935, 1999.
30. M.-V. Clment and I. Stamenkovic, "Superoxide anion is a natural inhibitor of FAS-mediated cell death, " The EMBO Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 216-225, 1996.
31. G. Achanta, R. Sasaki, L. Feng et al. , "Novel role of p53 in maintainingmitochondrial genetic stability through interaction with DNA Pol γ, " The EMBO Journal, vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 3482-3492, 2005.
32. S. Haghdoost, S. Czene, I. Näslund, S. Skog, and M. Harms-Ringdahl, "Extracellular 8-oxo-dG as a sensitive parameter for oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro, " Free Radical Research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 153-162, 2005.
33. J. Pan, M. She, Z.-X. Xu, L. Sun, and S.-C. J. Yeung, "Farnesyltransferase inhibitors induce DNA damage via reactive oxygen species in human cancer cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 3671-3681, 2005.
34. R. L. Wiseman, K.-T. Chin, C. M. Haynes et al. , "Thioredoxinrelated protein 32 is an arsenite-regulated thiol reductase of the proteasome 19 S particle, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 284, no. 22, pp. 15233-15245, 2009.
35. M. Nishikawa, "Reactive oxygen species in tumor metastasis, " Cancer Letters, vol. 266, no. 1, pp. 53-59, 2008.
36. C. C. Winterbourn, "Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species, " Nature Chemical Biology, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 278-286, 2008.
37. M. S. Cooke, M. D. Evans, M. Dizdaroglu, and J. Lunec, "Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease, " The FASEB Journal, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1195-1214, 2003.
38. L. J. Marnett, "Oxyradicals and DNA damage, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 361-370, 2000.
39. J. Rehman, "Empowering self-renewal and differentiation: the role of mitochondria in stem cells, " Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 981-986, 2010.
40. C. D. L. Folmes, P. P. Dzeja, T. J. Nelson, and A. Terzic, "Metabolic plasticity in stem cell homeostasis and differentiation, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 596-606, 2012.
41. T. Lonergan, C. Brenner, and B. Bavister, "Differentiationrelated changes in mitochondrial properties as indicators of stem cell competence, " Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 208, no. 1, pp. 149-153, 2006.
42. V. Sosa, T. Molin, R. Somoza, R. Paciucci, H. Kondoh, and M. E. LLeonart, "Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview, " Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 376-390, 2013.
43. M. Diehn, R. W. Cho, N. A. Lobo et al. , "Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells, " Nature, vol. 458, no. 7239, pp. 780-783, 2009.
44. L. S. Piao, W. Hur, T.-K. Kim et al. , "CD133+ liver cancer stem cells modulate radioresistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma, " Cancer Letters, vol. 315, no. 2, pp. 129-137, 2012.
45. X.-Q. Ye, G.-H. Wang, G.-J. Huang, X.-W. Bian, G.-S. Qian, and S.-C. Yu, "Heterogeneity ofmitochondrial membrane potential: a novel tool to isolate and identify cancer stem cells from a tumor mass?" Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 153-160, 2011.
46. X.-Q. Ye, Q. Li, G.-H. Wang et al. , "Mitochondrial and energy metabolism-related properties as novel indicators of lung cancer stem cells, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 820-831, 2011.
47. T. Ishimoto, O. Nagano, T. Yae et al. , "CD44 variant regulates redox status in cancer cells by stabilizing the xCT subunit of system xc-and thereby promotes tumor growth, " Cancer Cell, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 387-400, 2011.
48. J. M. Heddleston, Z. Li, J. D. Lathia, S. Bao, A. B. Hjelmeland, and J. N. Rich, "Hypoxia inducible factors in cancer stem cells, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 789-795, 2010.
49. J. Ye, D. Wu, P. Wu, Z. Chen, and J. Huang, "The cancer stem cell niche: cross talk between cancer stem cells and their microenvironment, " Tumor Biology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 3945-3951, 2014.
50. E. Louie, S. Nik, J.-S. Chen et al. , "Identification of a stem-like cell population by exposing metastatic breast cancer cell lines to repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation, " Breast Cancer Research, vol. 12, no. 6, article R94, 2010.
51. V. K. Bhaskara, I. Mohanam, J. S. Rao, and S. Mohanam, "Intermittent hypoxia regulates stem-like characteristics and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 2, Article ID e30905, 2012.
52. P. Li, C. Zhou, L. Xu, and H. Xiao, "Hypoxia enhances stemness of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma: an in vitro study, " International Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 399-407, 2013.
53. J. Wei, A. Wu, L.-Y. Kong et al. , "Hypoxia potentiates gliomamediated immunosuppression, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 1, Article ID e16195, 2011.
54. C. Feig, A. Gopinathan, A. Neesse, D. S. Chan, N. Cook, and D. A. Tuveson, "The pancreas cancer microenvironment, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 4266-4276, 2012.
55. J. Pouyssgur, F. Dayan, and N. M. Mazure, "Hypoxia signalling in cancer and approaches to enforce tumour regression, " Nature, vol. 441, no. 7092, pp. 437-443, 2006.
56. J. A. Bertout, S. A. Patel, and M. C. Simon, "The impact of O2 availability on human cancer, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 967-975, 2008.
57. G. Yuan, J. Nanduri, S. Khan, G. L. Semenza, and N. R. Prabhakar, "Induction of HIF-alpha expression by intermittent hypoxia: involvement of NADPH oxidase, Ca2+ signaling, prolyl hydroxylases, andmTOR, " Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 217, no. 3, pp. 674-685, 2008.
58. T. Klimova and N. S. Chandel, "Mitochondrial complex III regulates hypoxic activation ofHIF, " Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 660-666, 2008.
59. N. Rohwer and T. Cramer, "Hypoxia-mediated drug resistance: novel insights on the functional interaction of HIFs and cell death pathways, " Drug Resistance Updates, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 191-201, 2011.
60. T. Zhao, Y. Zhu, A. Morinibu et al. , "HIF-1-mediated metabolic reprogramming reduces ROS levels and facilitates the metastatic colonization of cancers in lungs, " Scientific Reports, vol. 4, article 3793, 2014.
61. J. A. Bertout, A. J. Majmundar, J. D. Gordan et al. , "HIF2alpha inhibition promotes p53 pathway activity, tumor cell death, and radiation responses, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 34, pp. 14391-14396, 2009.
62. J. D. Gordan, P. Lal, V. R. Dondeti et al. , "HIF-alpha effects on c-Myc distinguish two subtypes of sporadic VHL-deficient clear cell renal carcinoma, " Cancer Cell, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 435-446, 2008.
63. M. Scortegagna, K. Ding, Y. Oktay et al. , "Multiple organ pathology, metabolic abnormalities and impaired homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in Epas1-/-mice, " Nature Genetics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 331-340, 2003.
64. L. Holmquist-Mengelbier, E. Fredlund, T. Lfstedt et al. , "Recruitment of HIF-1α and HIF-2α to common target genes is differentially regulated in neuroblastoma: HIF-2α promotes an aggressive phenotype, " Cancer Cell, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 413-423, 2006.
65. Z. Li, S. Bao, Q. Wu et al. , "Hypoxia-inducible factors regulate tumorigenic capacity of glioma stem cells, " Cancer Cell, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 501-513, 2009.
66. H. Iida, M. Suzuki, R. Goitsuka, and H. Ueno, "Hypoxia induces CD133 expression in human lung cancer cells by up-regulation of OCT3/4 and SOX2, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 71-79, 2012.
67. M. Y. Koh and G. Powis, "Passing the baton: the HIF switch, " Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 364-372, 2012.
68. M. Y. Koh, R. Lemos Jr. , X. Liu, and G. Powis, "The hypoxia-associated factor switches cells from HIF-1α-to HIF-2α-dependent signaling promoting stem cell characteristics, aggressive tumor growth and invasion, " Cancer Research, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 4015-4027, 2011.
69. C. Branco-Price, N. Zhang, M. Schnelle et al. , "Endothelial cell HIF-1α and HIF-2α differentially regulate metastatic success, " Cancer Cell, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 52-65, 2012.
70. H. E. Lee, J. H. Kim, Y. J. Kim et al. , "An increase in cancer stem cell population after primary systemic therapy is a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 1730-1738, 2011.
71. C. L. Chaffer, I. Brueckmann, C. Scheel et al. , "Normal and neoplastic nonstem cells can spontaneously convert to a stemlike state, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 19, pp. 7950-7955, 2011.
72. C. Odoux, H. Fohrer, T. Hoppo et al. , "A stochastic model for cancer stem cell origin in metastatic colon cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 17, pp. 6932-6941, 2008.
73. I. Malanchi, A. Santamaria-Martiez, E. Susanto et al. , "Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization, " Nature, vol. 481, no. 7379, pp. 85-91, 2012.
74. C. Scheel, E. N. Eaton, S. H.-J. Li et al. , "Paracrine and autocrine signals induce and maintain mesenchymal and stem cell states in the breast, " Cell, vol. 145, no. 6, pp. 926-940, 2011.
75. G. Driessens, B. Beck, A. Caauwe, B. D. Simons, and C. Blanpain, "Defining the mode of tumour growth by clonal analysis, " Nature, vol. 488, no. 7412, pp. 527-530, 2012.
76. J. Mathieu, Z. Zhang, W. Zhou et al. , "HIF induces human embryonic stem cell markers in cancer cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 71, no. 13, pp. 4640-4652, 2011.
77. B. Krishnamachary, M.-F. Penet, S. Nimmagadda et al. , "Hypoxia regulates CD44 and its variant isoforms throughHIF-1α in triple negative breast cancer, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e44078, 2012.
78. N. Platet, S. Y. Liu, M. E. Atifi et al. , "Influence of oxygentension on CD133 phenotype in human glioma cell cultures, " Cancer Letters, vol. 258, no. 2, pp. 286-290, 2007.
79. F. M. Gabhann and A. S. Popel, "Systems biology of vascular endothelial growth factors, " Microcirculation, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 715-738, 2008.
80. J. M. Heddleston, Z. Li, R. E. McLendon, A. B. Hjelmeland, and J. N. Rich, "The hypoxic microenvironment maintains glioblastoma stem cells and promotes reprogramming towards a cancer stem cell phenotype, " Cell Cycle, vol. 8, no. 20, pp. 3274-3284, 2009.
81. H. Schepers, D. van Gosliga, A. T. J. Wierenga, B. J. L. Eggen, J. J. Schuringa, and E. Vellenga, "STAT5 is required for long-term maintenance of normal and leukemic human stem/progenitor cells, " Blood, vol. 110, no. 8, pp. 2880-2888, 2007.
82. J. Stingl, P. Eirew, I. Ricketson et al. , "Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells, " Nature, vol. 439, no. 7079, pp. 993-997, 2006.
83. A. T. Collins, P. A. Berry, C. Hyde, M. J. Stower, and N. J. Maitland, "Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 23, pp. 10946-10951, 2005.
84. S. K. Singh, C. Hawkins, I. D. Clarke et al. , "Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells, " Nature, vol. 432, no. 7015, pp. 396-401, 2004.
85. W. Xu, B. G. Debeb, L. Lacerda, J. Li, and W. A. Woodward, "Tetrandrine, a compound common in Chinese traditional medicine, preferentially kills breast cancer tumor initiating cells (TICs) in vitro, " Cancers, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 2274-2285, 2011.
86. N. E. Bhola, J. M. Balko, T. C. Dugger et al. , "TGF-β inhibition enhances chemotherapy action against triple-negative breast cancer, " The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 1348-1358, 2013.
87. M. Natsuizaka, H. Kinugasa, S. Kagawa et al. , "IGFBP3 promotes esophageal cancer growth by suppressing oxidative stress in hypoxic tumor microenvironment, " The American Journal of Cancer Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29-41, 2014.
88. Y. Mishima, Y. Matsumoto-Mishima, Y. Terui et al. , "Leukemic cell-surface CD13/aminopeptidase N and resistance to apoptosismediated by endothelial cells, " Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, no. 13, pp. 1020-1028, 2002.
89. H. M. Kim, N. Haraguchi, H. Ishii et al. , "Increased CD13 expression reduces reactive oxygen species, promoting survival of liver cancer stem cells via an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenomenon, " Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 19, no. 3, supplement, pp. S539-S548, 2012.
90. N. Haraguchi, H. Ishii, K. Mimori et al. , "CD13 is a therapeutic target in human liver cancer stem cells, "The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 120, no. 9, pp. 3326-3339, 2010.
91. L. E. Ailles and I. L. Weissman, "Cancer stem cells in solid tumors, " Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 460-466, 2007.
92. M. Zller, "CD44: can a cancer-initiating cell profit from an abundantly expressed molecule?" Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 254-267, 2011.
93. N. A. Lobo, Y. Shimono, D. Qian, and M. F. Clarke, "The biology of cancer stem cells, " Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 675-699, 2007.
94. M. Al-Hajj, M. S. Wicha, A. Benito-Hernandez, S. J. Morrison, and M. F. Clarke, "Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 3983-3988, 2003.
95. M. E. Prince, R. Sivanandan, A. Kaczorowski et al. , "Identification of a subpopulation of cells with cancer stem cell properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 973-978, 2007.
96. P. C. Hermann, S. L. Huber, T. Herrler et al. , "Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 313-323, 2007.
97. P. Dalerba, S. J. Dylla, I.-K. Park et al. , "Phenotypic characterization of human colorectal cancer stem cells, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 24, pp. 10158-10163, 2007.
98. T. Ishimoto, H. Sugihara, M. Watanabe et al. , "Macrophagederived reactive oxygen species suppress miR-328 targeting CD44 in cancer cells and promote redox adaptation, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1003-1011, 2014.
99. O. Nagano, S. Okazaki, and H. Saya, "Redox regulation in stemlike cancer cells by CD44 variant isoforms, " Oncogene, vol. 32, no. 44, pp. 5191-5198, 2013.
100. D. Bonnet and J. E. Dick, "Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell, " Nature Medicine, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 730-737, 1997.
101. L. Jin, K. J. Hope, Q. Zhai, F. Smadja-Joffe, and J. E. Dick, "Targeting of CD44 eradicates human acute myeloid leukemic stem cells, " Nature Medicine, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1167-1174, 2006.
102. L. Jin, E. M. Lee, H. S. Ramshaw et al. , "Monoclonal antibodymediated targeting of CD123, IL-3 receptor α chain, eliminates human acute myeloid leukemic stem cells, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 31-42, 2009.
103. R. Majeti, M. P. Chao, A. A. Alizadeh et al. , "CD47 is an adverse prognostic factor and therapeutic antibody target on human acutemyeloid leukemia stem cells, " Cell, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 286-299, 2009.
104. C. T. Jordan, D. Upchurch, S. J. Szilvassy et al. , "The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain is a unique marker for human acute myelogenous leukemia stems cells, " Leukemia, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1777-1784, 2000.
105. C. V. Cox, R. S. Evely, A. Oakhill, D. H. Pamphilon, N. J. Goulden, and A. Blair, "Characterization of acute lymphoblastic leukemia progenitor cells, " Blood, vol. 104, no. 9, pp. 2919-2925, 2004.
106. Y. M. Yang and J. W. Chang, "Bladder cancer initiating cells (BCICs) are among EMA-CD44v6+ subset: novel methods for isolating undetermined cancer stem (initiating) cells, " Cancer Investigation, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 725-733, 2008.
107. X. He, L. Marchionni, D. E. Hansel et al. , "Differentiation of a highly tumorigenic basal cell compartment in urothelial carcinoma, " Stem Cells, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1487-1495, 2009.
108. K. S. Chan, I. Espinosa, M. Chao et al. , "Identification, molecular characterization, clinical prognosis, and therapeutic targeting of human bladder tumor-initiating cells, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 33, pp. 14016-14021, 2009.
109. C. Ginestier, M. H. Hur, E. Charafe-Jauffret et al. , "ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 555-567, 2007.
110. J.-X. Xu, E. Morii, Y. Liu et al. , "High tolerance to apoptotic stimuli induced by serum depletion and ceramide in sidepopulation cells: high expression of CD55 as a novel character for side-population, " Experimental Cell Research, vol. 313, no. 9, pp. 1877-1885, 2007.
111. M. J. Meyer, J. M. Fleming, A. F. Lin, S. A. Hussnain, E. Ginsburg, and B. K. Vonderhaar, " CD44posCD49fhiCD133/2hidefines xenograft-initiating cells in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 4624-4633, 2010.
112. W.-M. Lin, U. Karsten, S. Goletz, R.-C. Cheng, and Y. Cao, "Expression of CD176 (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen) on lung, breast and liver cancer-initiating cells, " International Journal of Experimental Pathology, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 97-105, 2011.
113. W. Gu, E. Yeo, N. McMillan, and C. Yu, "Silencing oncogene expression in cervical cancer stem-like cells inhibits their cell growth and self-renewal ability, " Cancer Gene Therapy, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 897-905, 2011.
114. J. Lpez, A. Poitevin, V. Mendoza-Martiez, C. Prez-Plasencia, and A. Garci-Carranc, "Cancer-initiating cells derived from established cervical cell lines exhibit stem-cell markers and increased radioresistance, " BMC Cancer, vol. 12, article 48, 2012.
115. L. Ricci-Vitiani, D. G. Lombardi, E. Pilozzi et al. , "Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells, " Nature, vol. 445, no. 7123, pp. 111-115, 2007.
116. K. Kemper, C. Grandela, and J. P. Medema, "Molecular identification and targeting of colorectal cancer stem cells. , "Oncotarget, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 387-395, 2010.
117. C. A. OBrien, A. Pollett, S. Gallinger, and J. E. Dick, "A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice, " Nature, vol. 445, no. 7123, pp. 106-110, 2007.
118. E. H. Huang, M. J. Hynes, T. Zhang et al. , "Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a marker for normal and malignant human colonic stem cells (SC) and tracks SC overpopulation during colon tumorigenesis, " Cancer Research, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 3382-3389, 2009.
119. N. Barker, R. A. Ridgway, J. H. van Es et al. , "Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer, " Nature, vol. 457, no. 7229, pp. 608-611, 2009.
120. T. Okumura, S. Tsunoda, Y. Mori et al. , "The biological role of the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 12, no. 17, pp. 5096-5103, 2006.
121. J. K. Smit, H. Faber, M. Niemantsverdriet et al. , "Prediction of response to radiotherapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer using stem cell markers, " Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 434-441, 2013.
122. K. H. Tang, Y. D. Dai, M. Tong et al. , "ACD90+ tumor-initiating cell population with an aggressive signature and metastatic capacity in esophageal cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 73, no. 7, pp. 2322-2332, 2013.
123. C. Shi, R. Tian, M. Wang et al. , "CD44+ CD133+ population exhibits cancer stem cell-like characteristics in human gallbladder carcinoma, " Cancer Biology and Therapy, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1182-1190, 2010.
124. M. Wang, J. Xiao, J. Jiang, and R. Qin, "CD133 and ALDHmay be the molecular markers of cholangiocarcinoma stem cells, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 128, no. 8, pp. 1996-1997, 2011.
125. T. Chen, K. Yang, J. Yu et al. , "Identification and expansion of cancer stem cells in tumor tissues and peripheral blood derived from gastric adenocarcinoma patients, " Cell Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 248-258, 2012.
126. J. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. Chuai et al. , "Trastuzumab (herceptin) targets gastric cancer stem cells characterized by CD90 phenotype, " Oncogene, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 671-682, 2012.
127. K. Christensen, C. Aaberg-Jessen, C. Andersen, D. Goplen, R. Bjerkvig, and B. W. Kristensen, "Immunohistochemical expression of stem cell, endothelial cell, and chemosensitivity markers in primary glioma spheroids cultured in serum-containing and serum-free medium, " Neurosurgery, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 933-947, 2010.
128. K. Mishima, Y. Kato, M. K. Kaneko, R. Nishikawa, T. Hirose, and M. Matsutani, "Increased expression of podoplanin in malignant astrocytic tumors as a novel molecular marker of malignant progression, " Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 483-488, 2006.
129. M. J. Son, K. Woolard, D.-H. Nam, J. Lee, and H. A. Fine, "SSEA-1 is an enrichment marker for tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 440-452, 2009.
130. A. Tchoghandjian, N. Baeza, C. Colin et al. , "A2B5 cells from human glioblastoma have cancer stem cell properties, " Brain Pathology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 211-221, 2010.
131. J. Anido, A. Sez-Borderis, A. Gonzalez-Junca et al. , "TGF-β receptor inhibitors target the CD44high/Id1high gliomainitiating cell population in human glioblastoma, " Cancer Cell, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 655-668, 2010.
132. Y.-C. Chen, D.-T. Chen, Y.-W. Chen et al. , "Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a putative marker for cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cancer, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 385, no. 3, pp. 307-313, 2009.
133. Z. F. Yang, D. W. Ho, M. N. Ng et al. , "Significance of CD90+ cancer stem cells in human liver cancer, " Cancer Cell, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 153-166, 2008.
134. Z. Zhu, X. Hao, M. Yan et al. , "Cancer stem/progenitor cells are highly enriched in CD133+CD44+ population in hepatocellular carcinoma, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 126, no. 9, pp. 2067-2078, 2010.
135. B. Terris, C. Cavard, and C. Perret, "EpCAM, a new marker for cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma, " Journal of Hepatology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 280-281, 2010.
136. O. Kimura, T. Takahashi, N. Ishii et al. , "Characterization of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)+ cell population in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, " Cancer Science, vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 2145-2155, 2010.
137. A. Eramo, F. Lotti, G. Sette et al. , "Identification and expansion of the tumorigenic lung cancer stem cell population, " Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 504-514, 2008.
138. E. L.-H. Leung, R. R. Fiscus, J. W. Tung et al. , "Non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing CD44 are enriched for stem celllike properties, " PLoSONE, vol. 5, no. 11, Article IDe14062, 2010.
139. C. D. Salcido, A. Larochelle, B. J. Taylor, C. E. Dunbar, and L. Varticovski, "Molecular characterisation of side population cells with cancer stem cell-like characteristics in small-cell lung cancer, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 102, no. 11, pp. 1636-1644, 2010.
140. W. C. Zhang, N. Shyh-Chang, H. Yang et al. , "Glycine decarboxylase activity drives non-small cell lung cancer tumorinitiating cells and tumorigenesis, " Cell, vol. 148, no. 1-2, pp. 259-272, 2012.
141. A. D. Boiko, O. V. Razorenova, M. van de Rijn et al. , "Human melanoma-initiating cells express neural crest nerve growth factor receptor CD271, " Nature, vol. 466, no. 7302, pp. 133-137, 2010.
142. D. Fang, M. Herlyn, T. K. Nguyen et al. , "A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas, " Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 20, pp. 9328-9337, 2005.
143. E. Quintana, M. Shackleton, H. R. Foster et al. , "Phenotypic heterogeneity among tumorigenic melanoma cells from patients that is reversible and not hierarchically organized, " Cancer Cell, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 510-523, 2010.
144. A. Roesch, M. Fukunaga-Kalabis, E. C. Schmidt et al. , "A temporarily distinct subpopulation of slow-cycling melanoma cells is required for continuous tumor growth, " Cell, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 583-594, 2010.
145. T. Schatton, G. F. Murphy, N. Y. Frank et al. , "Identification of cells initiating human melanomas, " Nature, vol. 451, no. 7176, pp. 345-349, 2008.
146. J. Su, X.-H. Xu, Q. Huang et al. , "Identification of cancer stemlike CD44+ cells in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, " Archives of Medical Research, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 15-21, 2011.
147. A. Wu, W. Luo, Q. Zhang et al. , "Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, a functional marker for identifying cancer stem cells in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma, " Cancer Letters, vol. 330, no. 2, pp. 181-189, 2013.
148. H.-W. Zhuang, T.-T. Mo, W.-J. Hou et al. , "Biological characteristics of CD133+ cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, " Oncology Reports, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 2013.
149. Q. Zhang, S. Shi, Y. Yen, J. Brown, J. Q. Ta, and A. D. Le, "A subpopulation of CD133+ cancer stem-like cells characterized in human oral squamous cell carcinoma confer resistance to chemotherapy, " Cancer Letters, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 151-160, 2010.
150. Z. Noto, T. Yoshida, M. Okabe et al. , "CD44andSSEA-4positive cells in an oral cancer cell line HSC-4 possess cancer stem-like cell characteristics, " Oral Oncology, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 787-795, 2013.
151. C. P. Gibbs, V. G. Kukekov, J. D. Reith et al. , "Stem-like cells in bone sarcomas: implications for tumorigenesis, " Neoplasia, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 967-976, 2005.
152. A. S. Adhikari, N. Agarwal, B. M. Wood et al. , "CD117 and Stro-1 identify osteosarcoma tumor-initiating cells associated with metastasis and drug resistance, " Cancer Research, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 4602-4612, 2010.
153. R. Veselska, M. Hermanova, T. Loja et al. , "Nestin expression in osteosarcomas and derivation of nestin/CD133 positive osteosarcoma cell lines, " BMC Cancer, vol. 8, article 300, 2008.
154. V. Saini, C. D. Hose, A. Monks et al. , "Identification of CBX3 and ABCA5 as putative biomarkers for tumor stem cells in osteosarcoma, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e41401, 2012.
155. M. D. Curley, V. A. Therrien, C. L. Cummings et al. , "CD133 expression defines a tumor initiating cell population in primary human ovarian cancer, " StemCells, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2875-2883, 2009.
156. S. Zhang, C. Balch, M. W. Chan et al. , "Identification and characterization of ovarian cancer-initiating cells from primary human tumors, " Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 4311-4320, 2008.
157. A. J. Ziebarth, S. Nowsheen, A. D. Steg et al. , "Endoglin (CD105) contributes to platinum resistance and is a target for tumorspecific therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 170-182, 2013.
158. K. Meirelles, L. A. Benedict, D. Dombkowski et al. , "Human ovarian cancer stem/progenitor cells are stimulated by doxorubicin but inhibited by Mullerian inhibiting substance, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, no. 7, pp. 2358-2363, 2012.
159. L. Luo, J. Zeng, B. Liang et al. , "Ovarian cancer cells with the CD117 phenotype are highly tumorigenic and are related to chemotherapy outcome, " Experimental and Molecular Pathology, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 596-602, 2011.
160. C. Li, C. J. Lee, and D. M. Simeone, "Identification of human pancreatic cancer stem cells, " in Cancer Stem Cells, J. S. Yu, Ed. , vol. 568 of Methods in Molecular Biology, pp. 161-173, Humana Press, Clifton, NJ, USA, 2009.
161. L. Xin, D. A. Lawson, and O. N. Witte, "The Sca-1 cell surface marker enriches for a prostate-regenerating cell subpopulation that can initiate prostate tumorigenesis, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 19, pp. 6942-6947, 2005.
162. R. E. Reiter, Z. Gu, T. Watabe et al. , "Prostate stem cell antigen: a cell surface marker overexpressed in prostate cancer, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 4, article 1735, 1998.
163. M. A. DallEra, L. D. True, A. F. Siegel, M. P. Porter, T. M. Sherertz, and A. Y. Liu, "Differential expression of CD10 in prostate cancer and its clinical implication, " BMC Urology, vol. 7, article 3, 2007.
164. A. M. Havens, Y. H. Jung, Y. X. Sunet al. , "The role of sialomucin CD164 (MGC-24v or endolyn) in prostate cancer metastasis, " BMC Cancer, vol. 6, article 195, 2006.
165. I. Malanchi, H. Peinado, D. Kassen et al. , "Cutaneous cancer stem cell maintenance is dependent on β-catenin signalling, " Nature, vol. 452, no. 7187, pp. 650-653, 2008.
166. M. Schober and E. Fuchs, "Tumor-initiating stem cells of squamous cell carcinomas and their control by TGF-β and integrin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 26, pp. 10544-10549, 2011.
167. K. Shimada, S. Anai, T. Fujii, N. Tanaka, K. Fujimoto, and N. Konishi, "Syndecan-1 (CD138) contributes to prostate cancer progression by stabilizing tumour-initiating cells, " The Journal of Pathology, vol. 231, no. 4, pp. 495-504, 2013.
168. E. D. Lagadinou, A. Sach, K. Callahan et al. , "BCL-2 inhibition targets oxidative phosphorylation and selectively eradicates quiescent human leukemia stem cells, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 329-341, 2013.
169. N. Wada, M. Zhan, Y. Hori, K. Honma, J.-I. Ikeda, and E. Morii, "Characterization of subpopulation lacking both B-cell and plasma cell markers in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cell line, " Laboratory Investigation, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 79-88, 2014.
170. R. A. Cairns, I. S. Harris, and T. W. Mak, "Regulation of cancer cell metabolism, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 85-95, 2011.
171. C. Gorrini, I. S. Harris, and T. W. Mak, "Modulationof oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy, " Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 931-947, 2013.
172. K. Ito, R. Bernardi, A. Morotti et al. , "PML targeting eradicates quiescent leukaemia-initiating cells, " Nature, vol. 453, no. 7198, pp. 1072-1078, 2008.
173. T. Simunek, M. Sterba, O. Popelov, M. Adamcov, R. Hrdina, and V. Gersi, "Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free cellular iron, " Pharmacological Reports, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 154-171, 2009.
174. J. Alexandre, Y. Hu, W. Lu, H. Pelicano, and P. Huang, "Novel action of paclitaxel against cancer cells: bystander effect mediated by reactive oxygen species, " Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 3512-3517, 2007.
175. Y. Jin, Z. Lu, K. Ding et al. , "Antineoplastic mechanisms of niclosamide in acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells: inactivation of the κB pathway and generation of reactive oxygen species, " Cancer Research, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 2516-2527, 2010.
176. T. Yoshida, S. Goto, M. Kawakatsu, Y. Urata, and T.-S. Li, "Mitochondrial dysfunction, a probable cause of persistent oxidative stress after exposure to ionizing radiation, " Free Radical Research, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 147-153, 2012.
177. J.-A. Losman, R. E. Looper, P. Koivunen et al. , "(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate is sufficient to promote leukemogenesis and its effects are reversible, " Science, vol. 340, no. 6127, pp. 1621-1625, 2013.
178. F. Wang, J. Travins, B. DeLaBarre et al. , "Targeted inhibition of mutant IDH2 in leukemia cells induces cellular differentiation, " Science, vol. 340, no. 6132, pp. 622-626, 2013.
179. J. Zhu, X. Song, H.-P. Lin et al. , "Using cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as molecular platforms to develop a new class of apoptosis-inducing agents, " Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, no. 23, pp. 1745-1757, 2002.
180. O. W. Griffith, "Mechanism of action, metabolism, and toxicity of buthionine sulfoximine and its higher homologs, potent inhibitors of glutathione synthesis, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 257, no. 22, pp. 13704-13712, 1982.
181. M. Lo, V. Ling, C. Low, Y. Z. Wang, and P. W. Gout, "Potential use of the anti-inflammatory drug, sulfasalazine, for targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer, " Current Oncology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 9-16, 2010.
182. P. W. Gout, A. R. Buckley, C. R. Simms, and N. Bruchovsky, "Sulfasalazine, a potent suppressor of lymphoma growth by inhibition of the Xc -cystine transporter: a new action for an old drug, " Leukemia, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1633-1640, 2001.
183. A. J. Montero, C. M. Diaz-Montero, Y. E. Deutsch et al. , "Phase 2 study of neoadjuvant treatment with NOV-002 in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel in patients with HER-2 negative clinical stage II-IIIc breast cancer, " Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 215-223, 2012.
184. C. A. Belfi, S. Chatterjee, D. M. Gosky, S. J. Berger, and N. A. Berger, "Increased sensitivity of human colon cancer cells to DNA cross-linking agents after GRP78 up-regulation, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 257, no. 2, pp. 361-368, 1999.
185. R. Pieters, S. P. Hunger, J. Boos et al. , "L-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, " Cancer, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 238-249, 2011.
186. A. Le, A. N. Lane, M. Hamaker et al. , "Glucose-independent glutamine metabolism via TCA cycling for proliferation and survival in B cells, " Cell Metabolism, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 110-121, 2012.
187. C. Marzano, V. Gandin, A. Folda, G. Scutari, A. Bindoli, and M. P. Rigobello, "Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by auranofin induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells, " Free Radical Biology andMedicine, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 872-881, 2007.
188. M. L. Guzman, R. M. Rossi, L. Karnischky et al. , "The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide induces apoptosis of human acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells, " Blood, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 4163-4169, 2005.
189. S. H. Kaufmann and W. C. Earnshaw, "Induction of apoptosis by cancer chemotherapy, " Experimental Cell Research, vol. 256, no. 1, pp. 42-49, 2000.
190. K. A. Conklin, "Chemotherapy-associated oxidative stress: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness, " Integrative Cancer Therapies, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 294-300, 2004.
191. G. Barrera, "Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products in cancer progression and therapy, " ISRN Oncology, vol. 2012, Article ID 137289, 21 pages, 2012.
192. P. A. Riley, "Free radicals in biology: oxidative stress and the effects of ionizing radiation, " International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 27-33, 1994.
193. Y. Tateishi, E. Sasabe, E. Ueta, and T. Yamamoto, "Ionizing irradiation induces apoptotic damage of salivary gland acinar cells via NADPH oxidase 1-dependent superoxide generation, " Biochemical and Biophysical ResearchCommunications, vol. 366, no. 2, pp. 301-307, 2008.
194. T. Yamamori, H. Yasui, M. Yamazumi et al. , "Ionizing radiation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production accompanied by upregulation of mitochondrial electron transport chain function and mitochondrial content under control of the cell cycle checkpoint, " Free Radical Biology andMedicine, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 260-270, 2012.
195. Y. Wang, L. Liu, S. K. Pazhanisamy, H. Li, A. Meng, and D. Zhou, "Total body irradiation causes residual bone marrow injury by induction of persistent oxidative stress inmurine hematopoietic stem cells, " Free Radical Biology andMedicine, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 348-356, 2010.
196. S. Bao, Q. Wu, R. E. McLendon et al. , "Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response, " Nature, vol. 444, no. 7120, pp. 756-760, 2006.
197. M. Ropolo, A. Daga, F. Griffero et al. , "Comparative analysis of DNA repair in stem and nonstem glioma cell cultures, " Molecular Cancer Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 383-392, 2009.
198. A. M. McCord, M. Jamal, E. S. Williams, K. Camphausen, and P. J. Tofilon, "CD133+ glioblastoma stem-like cells are radiosensitive with a defective DNA damage response compared with established cell lines, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 15, no. 16, pp. 5145-5153, 2009.
199. S.-Y. Kim, J. G. Rhee, X. Song, E. V. Prochownik, D. R. Spitz, and Y. J. Lee, "Breast cancer stem cell-like cells are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than non-stem cells: role of ATM, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 11, Article ID e50423, 2012.
200. D.-J. Tai, W.-S. Jin, C.-S. Wu et al. , "Changes in intracellular redox status influence multidrug resistance in gastric adenocarcinoma cells, " Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 291-296, 2012.
201. A. Sobhakumari, L. Love-Homan, E. V. M. Fletcher et al. , "Susceptibility of human head and neck cancer cells to combined inhibition of glutathione and thioredoxin metabolism, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 10, Article IDe48175, 2012.
202. H.-W. Chiu, Y.-A. Chen, S.-Y. Ho, and Y.-J. Wang, "Arsenic trioxide enhances the radiation sensitivity of androgen-dependent and-independent human prostate cancer cells, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 2, Article ID e31579, 2012.
203. L.-C. Lin, C.-T. Yeh, C.-C. Kuo et al. , "Sulforaphane potentiates the efficacy of imatinib against chronic leukemia cancer stem cells through enhanced abrogation ofWnt/β-catenin function, " Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 28, pp. 7031-7039, 2012.
204. P. Kovacic and J. D. Jacintho, "Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: focus on oxidative stress and electron transfer, " Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 773-796, 2001.
205. K. I. Block, A. C. Koch, M. N. Mead, P. K. Tothy, R. A. Newman, and C. Gyllenhaal, "Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 1227-1239, 2008.
206. W. Zhang, X.-O. Shu, H. Li et al. , "Vitamin intake and liver cancer risk: a report from two cohort studies in China, " Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 104, no. 15, pp. 1174-1182, 2012.
207. G. S. Omenn, G. E. Goodman, M. D. Thornquist et al. , "Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, "The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 334, no. 18, pp. 1150-1155, 1996.
208. J. Liu, X. Gu, D. Robbins et al. , "Protandim, a fundamentally new antioxidant approach in chemoprevention using mouse two-stage skin carcinogenesis as a model, " PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 4, Article ID e5284, 2009.
209. Y. S. Kim, W. Farrar, N. H. Colburn, and J. A. Milner, "Cancer stem cells: potential target for bioactive food components, " The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 691-698, 2012.