Glioblastoma multiforme: Pathogenesis and treatment

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 152, Issue , 2015, Pages 63-82

  Alifieris, Constantinos ^a   Trafalis, Dimitrios T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Glioblastoma; Pharmacology; Review; Stem cell; Targeted therapy; Treatment

Indexed keywords

APREPITANT; BERUBICIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ETOPOSIDE; GRN 1005; IRINOTECAN; LOMUSTINE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROCARBAZINE; PROTEIN FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RAPAMYCIN; RILOTUMUMAB; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; TEMOZOLOMIDE; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VINCRISTINE; VORINOSTAT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RESISTANCE; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA STEM CELL; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANIMAL; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DRUG EFFECTS; GENE THERAPY; GENETICS; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; GENETIC THERAPY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMANS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84933672366     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (299)

1. S. Agarwal, R.K. Mittapali, D.M. Zellmer, J.L. Gallardo, R. Donelson, and C. Seiler Active efflux of dasatinib from the brain limits efficacy against murine glioblastoma: broad implications for the clinical use of molecularly-targeted agents Mol Cancer Ther 11 10 2012 2183 2192
2. M.S. Ahluwalia 2010 Society for Neuro-Oncology Annual meeting: a report of selected studies Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 11 2 2011 161 163
3. B.M. Alexander, M. Wang, W.K. Yung, H.A. Fine, B.A. Donahue, and I.W. Tremont A phase II study of conventional radiation therapy and thalidomide for supratentorial, newly diagnosed glioblastoma (RTOG 9806) J Neurooncol 111 2013 33 39
4. A.A. Alvarez, M. Field, S. Bushnev, M.A. Longo, and K. Sugaya The effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on glioblastoma derived cells J Mol Neurosci 55 2015 7 20
5. T.R. Alves, F.R. Lima, S.A. Kahn, D. Lobo, L.G. Dubois, and R. Soletti Glioblastoma cells: a heterogenous and fatal tumor interacting with the parenchyma Life Sci 89 2011 532 539
6. A. Arora, and E.M. Scholar Role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315 3 2005 971 979
7. O. Arrieta, B. Pineda-Olvera, P. Guevara-Salazar, N. Hernandez-Pedro, D. Morales-Espinosa, and T.L. Ceron-Lizarraga Expression of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors in astrocytomas is associated with poor prognosis Br J Cancer 99 2008 160 166
8. T. Asklund, S. Kvarnbrink, C. Holmlund, T. Bergenheim, R. Henriksson, and H. Hedman Synergistic killing of glioblastoma stem-like cells by bortezomib and HDAC inhibitors Anticancer Res 32 7 2012 2407 2413
9. S. Balcaitis, J.R. Weinstein, S. Li, J.S. Chamberlain, and T. Moller Lentiviral transduction of microglial cells Glia 50 2005 48 55
10. G.H. Baltuch, W.T. Couldwell, J.G. Villemure, and V.W. Yong Protein kinase C inhibitors suppress cell growth in established and low-passage glioma cell lines. A comparison between staurosporine and tamoxifen Neurosurgery 33 3 1993 495 501
11. S. Bao, Q. Wu, Z. Li, S. Sathornsumetee, H. Wang, and R.E. McLendon Targeting cancer stem cells through L1CAM suppresses glioma growth Cancer Res 68 15 2008 6043 6048
12. S. Bao, Q. Wu, S. Sathornsumetee, Y. Hao, Z. Li, and A.B. Hjelmeland Stem cell-like glioma cells promote tumor angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor Cancer Res 66 16 2006 7843 7848
13. E.E. Bar, A. Chaudhry, A. Lin, X. Fan, K. Schreck, and W. Matsui Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma Stem Cells 25 10 2007 2524 2533
14. T.T. Batchelor, D.G. Duda, E. di Tomaso, M. Ancukiewicz, S.R. Plotkin, and E. Gerstner Phase II study of cediranib, an oral pan-vasular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 28 17 2010 2817 2823 (Epub 2010 May 10)
15. N. Berdelle, T. Nikolova, S. Quiros, T. Efferth, and B. Kaina Artesunate induces oxidative DNA damage, sustained DNA double-strand breaks, and the ATM/ATR damage response in cancer Mol Cancer Ther 10 12 2011 2224 2233
16. S. Berezowska, and J. Schlegel Targeting ErbB receptors in high-grade glioma Curr Pharm Des 17 2011 2468 2487
17. N.R. Bhat, and F. Fan Adenovirus infection induces microglial activation: involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways Brain Res 948 2002 93 101
18. U. Bogdahn, P. Hau, G. Stockhammer, N.K. Venkataramana, A.K. Mahapatra, and A. Suri Targeted therapy for high-grade glioma with the TGF-β2 inhibitor trabedersen: results of a randomized and controlled phase IIb study Neuro Oncol 13 1 2011 132 142
19. A.A. Brandes, R. Stupp, P. Hau, D. Lacombe, T. Gorlia, and A. Tosoni EORTC study 26041-22041: phase I/II study on concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (RT) with PTK787/XK222584 (PTK/ZK) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma Eur J Cancer 46 2 2010 348 354
20. S.G. Buchanan, J. Hendle, P.S. Lee, C.R. Smith, P.Y. Bounaud, and K.A. Jessen SGX523 is an exquisitely selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase with antitumor activity in vivo Mol Cancer Ther 8 12 2009 3181 3190
21. I.M. Buchanan, T. Scott, A.T. Tandle, W.E. Burgan, T.L. Burgess, and P.J. Tofilon Radiosensitization of glioma cells by modulation of Met signaling with the hepatocyte growth factor neutralizing antibody, AMG102 J Cell Mol Med 15 9 2011 1999 2006
22. N. Butowski, S.M. Chang, K.R. Lamborn, M.Y. Polley, R. Pieper, and J.F. Costello Phase II and pharmacogenomics study of enzastaurin plus temozolomide during and after radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and gliosarcoma Neuro Oncol 13 12 2011 1331 1338
23. N. Butowski, K.R. Lamborn, B.L. Lee, M.D. Prados, T. Cloughesy, and L.M. DeAngelis A North American brain tumor consortium phase II study of Poly-ICLC for adult patients with recurrent anaplastic gliomas J Neurooncol 91 2 2009 183 189
24. N.A. Butowski, P.K. Sneed, and S.M. Chang Diagnosis and treatment of recurrent high-grade astrocytoma J Clin Oncol 24 2006 1273 1280
25. J.A. Carrillo, and C.A. Munoz Alternative chemotherapeutic agents: nitrosureas, cisplatin, irinotecan Neurosurg Clin N Am 23 2 2012 297 306
26. A. Chakravanti, G. Zhai, Y. Suzuki, S. Sarkesh, P.M. Black, and A. Muzikansky The prognostic significance of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway activation in human gliomas J Clin Oncol 22 2004 1926 1933
27. S.M. Chang, P. Wen, T. Cloughesy, H. Greenberg, D. Schiff, and C. Conrad Phase II study of CCI-779 in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme Invest New Drugs 23 4 2005 357 361
28. D. Chaponis, J.W. Barnes, J.L. Dellagatta, S. Kesari, E. Fast, and C. Sauvageot Lonafanib (SCH66336) improves the activity of temozolomide and radiation for orthotopic malignant gliomas J Neurooncol 104 1 2011 179 189
29. N.A. Charles, E.C. Holland, R. Gilbertson, R. Glass, and H. Kettermann The brain tumor microenvironment Glia 59 2011 1169 1180
30. C. Chen, T. Xu, J. Chen, and S. Wu The efficacy of temozolomide for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme Eur J Neurol 20 2013 223 230
31. L. Cheng, Z. Huang, W. Zhou, Q. Wu, S. Donnola, and J.K. Liu Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth Cell 153 2013 139 152
32. H. Cheng, W. Yue, C. Xie, R. Zhang, S. Hu, and Z. Wang IDH1 mutation is associated with improved overall survival in patients with glioblastoma: a meta-analysis Tumour Biol 34 6 2013 3555-3359
33. A.S. Chi, T.T. Batchelor, E.L. Kwak, J.W. Clark, D.L. Wang, and K.D. Wilner Rapid radiographic and clinical improvement after treatment of a MET-amplified recurrent glioblastoma with a mesenchymal-epithelial transition inhibitor J Clin Oncol 30 3 2012 e30 e33 (Epub Dec 12)
34. O.L. Chinot, S. Honore, H. Dufour, M. Barrie, D. Figarella-Branger, and X. Muracciole Safety and efficacy of temozolomide in patients with recurrent anaplastic oligodendrogliomas after standard radiotherapy and chemotherapy J Clin Oncol 19 9 2001 2449 2455
35. B.D. Choi, C.M. Suryadevara, P.C. Gedeon, J.E. Herndon Ii, L. Sanchez-Perez, and D.D. Bigner Intracerebral delivery of a third generation EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor is efficacious against human glioma J Clin Neurosci 21 1 2014 189 190
36. G. Choy, R. Joshi-Hangal, A. Oganesian, G. Fine, S. Rasmussen, and J. Collier Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of amuvatinib from three phase 1 clinical studies in healthy volunteers Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 70 1 2012 183 190
37. J.L. Clarke, F.M. Iwamoto, J. Sul, K. Panageas, A.B. Lassman, and L.M. DeAngelis Randomized phase II trial of chemoradiotherapy followed by either dose-dense or metronomic temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 27 23 2009 3861 3867
38. V. Clement, P. Sanchez, N. de Tribolet, I. Radovanovic, and A. Ruiz i Altaba HEDGEHOG-GLI1 signaling regulates human glioma growth, cancer stem cell self-renewal, and tumorigenicity Curr Biol 17 2007 165 172
39. T.F. Cloughesy, P.Y. Wen, H.I. Robins, S.M. Chang, M.D. Groves, and K.L. Fink Phase II trial of tipifarnib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma either receiving or not receiving enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study J Clin Oncol 24 22 2006 3651 3656
40. W.J. Curran Jr., C.B. Scott, J. Horton, J.S. Nelson, A.S. Weinstein, and A.J. Fischbach Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group malignant glioma trials J Natl Cancer Inst 85 1993 704 710
41. G.P. De Faria, J.A. De Oliveira, J.G.P. Oliveira, S.D. Romano, V.M. Neto, and R.C. Maia Differences in the expression pattern of P-glycoproteins and MRP1 in low-grade and hogh-grade gliomas Cancer Invest 26 2008 883 889
42. S. De Fazio, E. Russo, M. Ammendola, E. Donato Di paola, and G. De Sarro Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in glioblastomas Curr Med Chem 19 7 2012 972 981
43. J.F. de Groot, K.R. Lamborn, S.M. Chang, M.R. Gilbert, T.F. Cloughesy, and K. Aldape Phase II study of aflibercept in recurrent malignant glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium study J Clin Oncol 29 19 2011 2689 2698
44. J. de Groot, and H. Sontheimer Glutamate and the biology of gliomas Glia 59 8 2011 1181 1189
45. L. De la Pena, W.E. Burgan, D.J. Carter, M.G. Hollingshead, M. Satyamitra, and K. Camphausen Inhibition of Akt by the alkylphospholipid perifosine does not enhance the radiosensitivity of human glioma cells Mol Cancer Ther 5 6 2006 1504 1510
46. M. Dean, T. Fojo, and S. Bates Tumour stem cells and drug resistance Nat Rev Cancer 5 2005 275 284
47. E.D. Deeks Nivolumab: a review of its use in patients with malignant melanoma Drugs 74 11 2014 1233 1239
48. C.A. Del Vecchio, G. Li, and A.J. Wong Targeting EGF receptor variant III: tumor specific peptide vaccination for malignant gliomas Expert Rev Vaccines 11 2 2012 133 144
49. A. Desjardins, D.A. Reardon, K.B. Peters, K.B. Threatt, A.D. Coan, and J.E. Herndon A phase I trial of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, SCH 66336, with temozolomide for patients with malignant glioma J Neurooncol 105 3 2011 601 606
50. E. di Tomaso, N. London, D. Fuja, J. Logie, J.A. Tyrrell, and W. Kamoun PDGF-C induces maturation of blood vessels in a model of glioblastoma and attenuates the response to anti-VEGF treatment PLoS One 4 4 2009 (Apr 8, Epub ahead of print)
51. R.O. Dillman, C.M. Duma, R.A. Ellis, A.N. Cornforth, P.M. Schiltz, and S.L. Sharp Intralesional lymphokine-activated killer cells as adjuvant therapy for primary glioblastoma J Immunother 32 9 2009 914 919
52. D. Dixit, V. Sharma, S. Ghosh, N. Koul, P.K. Mishra, and E. Sen Manumycin inhibits STAT3, telomerase activity, and growth of glioma cells by elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species generation Free Radic Biol Med 47 4 2009 364 374
53. J. Drappatz, A. Brenner, E.T. Wong, A. Eichler, D. Schiff, and M.D. Groves Phase I study of GRN1005 in recurrent malignant glioma Clin Cancer Res 19 2013 1567 1576
54. J. Drappatz, E.Q. Lee, S. Hammond, S.A. Grimm, A.D. Norden, and R. Beroukhim Phase I study of panobinostat in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent high grade glioma J Neurooncol 107 1 2012 133 138
55. J. Drappatz, E.T. Wong, D. Schiff, D. Kesari, T.T. Batchelor, and L. Doherty A pilot safety study of lenalidomide and radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73 1 2009 222 227
56. G. Dresemann, M. Weller, M.A. Rosenthal, U. Wedding, W. Wagner, and E. Engel Imatinib in combination with hydroxyurea versus hydroxyurea alone as oral therapy in patients with progressive pretreated glioblastoma resistant to standard dose temozolomide J Neurooncol 96 3 2010 393 402
57. W. Du, J.R. Zhou, D.L. Wang, K. Gong, and Q.J. Zhang Vitamin K1 enhances sorafenib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells by blocking the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway World J Surg Oncol 10 1 2012 60
58. A. Ducassou, E. Uro-Coste, P. Verelle, T. Filleron, A. Benouaich-Amiel, and V. Lubrano αvβ3 integrin and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1): prognostic factors in a phase I-II clinical trial associating continuous administration of tipifarnib with radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma Eur J Cancer 49 9 2013 2161 2169
59. T. Efferth, T. Ramirez, E. Gebhart, and M.E. Haltsch Combination treatment of glioblastoma multiforme cell lines with the antimalarial artesunate and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-774 Biochem Pharmacol 67 2004 1689 1700
60. D.D. Eisenstat, L.B. Nabors, W.P. Mason, J. Perry, W. Shapiro, and P. Kavan A phase II study of daily afatinib (BIBW 2992) with or without temozolomide (21/28 days) in the treatment of patients with recurrent glioblastoma 2011 ASCO Chicago (3-7 Jun)
61. M. Esteller, J. Garcia-Foncillas, E. Andion, S.N. Goodman, O.F. Hidalgo, and V. Vanaclocha Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents N Engl J Med 343 2000 1350 1354
62. S. Facchino, M. Abdouh, and G. Bernier Brain cancer stem cells: Current status on glioblastoma multiforme Cancers 3 2011 1777 1797
63. C.E. Fadul, L.S. Kingman, L.P. Meyer, B.F. Cole, C.J. Eskey, and C.H. Rhodes A phase II study of thalidomide and irinotecan for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme J Neurooncol 90 2 2008 229 235
64. H. Fakhrai, J.C. Mantil, L. Liu, G.L. Nicholson, C.S. Murphy-Satter, and J. Ruppert Phase I clinical trial of TGF-beta antisense-modified tumor cell vaccine in patients with advanced gliioma Cancer Gene Ther 13 12 2006 1052 1060
65. Q.W. Fan, Z.A. Knight, D.D. Goldenberg, W. Yu, K.E. Mostov, and D. Stokoe A dual PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor reveals emergent efficacy in glioma Cancer Cell 9 5 2006 341 349
66. C.J. Farrell, and S.R. Plotkin Genetic causes of brain tumors: neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau and other syndromes Neurol Clin 25 2007 925 946
67. N. Ferrara VEGF as a therapeutic target in cancer Oncology 69 Suppl. 3 2005 11 16
68. P. Ferruzzi, F. Mennillo, A. De Rossa, C. Giordano, M. Rossi, and G. Benedetti In vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel Hedgehog signaling antagonist in human glioblastoma cell lines Int J Cancer 131 2 2012 E33 E44
69. E.C. Fields, D. Damek, L.E. Gaspar, A.K. Liu, B.D. Kavanaqh, and A. Waziri Phase I dose escalation trial of vandetanib with fractionated radiosurgery in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82 1 2012 51 57 (Epub 2010 Oct 29)
70. H.A. Fine, L. Kim, P.S. Albert, J.P. Duic, H. Ma, and W. Zhang A phase I trial of lenalidomide in patients with recurrent primary central nervous system tumors Clin Cancer Res 13 23 2007 7101 7106
71. J.L. Fisher, J.A. Schwartzbaum, M. Wresch, and J.L. Wiemels Epidemiology of brain tumors Neurol Clin 25 2007 867 890
72. D.H. Floyd, B. Kefas, O. Seleverstov, O. Mykhaylyk, C. Dominguez, and L. Comeau Alpha secretase inhibition reduces human glioblastoma stem cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting Notch Neuro Oncol 14 10 2012 1215 1226
73. M. Fouladi, C.F. Stewart, J. Olson, L.M. Wagner, A. Onar-Thomas, and M. Kocak Phase I trial of MK-0752 in children with refractory CNS malignancies: a pediatric consortium study J Clin Oncol 29 26 2011 3529 3534
74. E. Franceschi, R. Stupp, M.J. van den Bent, C. van Herpen, Donadey F. Laigle, and T. Gorlia EORTC 26083 phase I/II trial of dasatinib in combination with CCNU in patients with recurrent glioblastoma Neuro Oncol 14 2012 1503 1510
75. B.B. Friday, S.K. Anderson, J. Buckner, C. Yu, C. Giannini, and F. Geoffroy Phase II trial of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in recurrent glioblastoma: a north central cancer treatment group study Neuro Oncol 14 2 2012 215 221
76. H.S. Friedman, M.D. Prados, P.Y. Wen, T. Mikkelsen, D. Schiff, and L.E. Abrey Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 27 2009 4733 4740
77. J. Fu, M. Rodova, R. Nanta, D. Meeker, P.J. Van Veldhuizen, and R.K. Srivastava NPV-LDE-225 (Erismodegib) inhibits mesenchymal transition and self-renewal of glioblastoma initiating cells by regulating miR-21, miR-128, and miR-200 Neuro Oncol 15 2013 691 706
78. J. Fukai, K. Nishio, T. Itakura, and F. Koizumi Antitumor activity of cetuximab against malignant glioma cells overexpressing EGFR deletion mutant variant III Cancer Sci 99 10 2008 2062 2069
79. F.B. Furnari, T. Fenton, R. Bachoo, A. Mukasa, J.M. Stommel, and A. Stegh Malignant astrocytic glioma: genetics, biology and paths to treatment Genes Dev 21 21 2007 2683 2710
80. E. Galanis, J.C. Buckner, M.J. Maurer, J.I. Kreisberg, K. Ballman, and J. Boni Phase II trial of temsirolimus (CCI-779) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study J Clin Oncol 23 23 2005 5294 5304
81. E. Galanis, K.A. Jaeckle, M.J. Maurer, J.M. Reid, M.M. Ames, and J.S. Hardwick Phase II trial of vorinostat in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a north central cancer treatment group study J Clin Oncol 27 12 2009 2052 2058
82. H.K. Gan, B. Seruga, and J.J. Knox Sunitinib in solid tumors Expert Opin Investig Drugs 18 6 2009 821 834
83. N. Gaspar, S.Y. Sharp, S. Pacey, C. Jones, M. Walton, and G. Vassal Acquired resistance to 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG, tanespimycin) in glioblastoma cells Cancer Res 69 5 2009 1966 1975
84. M.R. Gilbert, J.J. Dignam, T.S. Armstrong, J.S. Wefel, D.T. Blumenthal, and M.A. Vogelbaum A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma N Engl J Med 370 2014 699 708
85. M.R. Gilbert, P. Gaupp, V. Liu, C. Conrad, H. Colman, and M. Groves A phase I study of temozolomide (TMZ) and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI), lonafarnib (Sarazar, SCH66336) in recurrent glioblastoma.2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Procedings Part I J Clin Oncol 24 18S 2006 1556
86. M.R. Gilbert, J. Kuhn, K.R. Lamborn, F. Lieberman, P.Y. Wen, and M. Mehta Cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: the results of NABTC 03-02, a phase II trial with measures of treatment delivery J Neurooncol 106 1 2012 147 153
87. M.R. Gilbert, M. Wang, K. Aldape, A. Sorensen, T. Mikkelsen, and F. Bokstein RTOG 0635: A randomized phase II trial of bevacizumab with either irinotecan (CPT) or dose-dense temozolomide (TMZ) in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) Neuro Oncol 12 Suppl. 4 2010 iv36 iv57
88. B. Gini, C. Zanca, D. Guo, T. Matsutani, K. Masui, and S. Ikegami The mTOR kinase inhibitors, CC214-1 and CC214-2, preferentially block the growth of EGFRvIII-activated glioblastomas Clin Cancer Res 19 2013 5722 5732
89. S. Giordano Rilotumumab, a mAb against human hepatocyte growth factor for the treatment of cancer Curr Opin Mol Ther 11 4 2009 288 455
90. J. Glass, F.H. Hochberg, M.L. Gruber, D.N. Louis, D. Smith, and B. Rattner The treatment of oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligodendroglioma-astrocytomas with PCV chemotherapy J Neurosurg 75 5 1992 741 745
91. H. Glen, S. Mason, H. Patel, K. Macleod, and V.G. Brunton E7080, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor suppresses tumor cell migration and invasion BMC Cancer 11 2011 309
92. C. Gomez-Manzano, J. Holash, J. Fueyo, J. Xu, C.A. Conrad, and K.D. Aldape VEGF Trap induces antiglioma effect at different stages of disease Neuro Oncol 10 6 2008 940 945
93. S.B. Green, D.P. Byar, M.D. Walker, D.A. Pistenmaa, E. Alexander Jr., and U. Batzdorf Comparisons of carmustine, procarbazine, and high dose methylprednisolone as additions to surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma Cancer Treat Rep 67 2 1983 121 132
94. S.A. Greenall, J.F. Donoghue, N.G. Gottardo, T.G. Johns, and T.E. Adams Glioma-specific Domain IV EGFR cysteine mutations promote ligand-induced covalent receptor dimerization and display enhanced sensitivity to dacomitinib in vivo Oncogene 106 2014 (Epub ahead of print)
95. S.A. Grossman, X. Ye, M. Chamberlain, M. Mikkelsen, T. Batchelor, and S. Desideri Talampanel with standard radiation and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: a multicenter phase II trial J Clin Oncol 27 25 2009 4155 4166
96. M.L. Gruber, S. Raza, D. Gruber, and A. Narayana Bevacizumab in combination with radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: update progression-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity J Clin Oncol 27 2009 2017 (Meeting abstracts)
97. Y.S. Guan, and Q. He Sorafenib: activity and clinical application in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma Expert Opin Pharmacother 12 2 2011 303 313
98. F. Guessous, Y. Zhang, C. diPierro, L. Marcinkiewicz, J. Sarkaria, and D. Schiff An orally available c-Mat kinase inhibitor potently inhibits brain tumor malignancy and growth Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10 1 2010 28 35
99. O. Guryanova, Q. Wu, L. Cheng, J.D. Lathia, Z. Huang, and J. Yang Non-receptor tyrosine kinase BMX maintains self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells by activating STAT3 Cancer Cell 19 4 2011 498 511
100. D.A. Haas-Kogan, M.D. Prados, K.R. Lamborn, T. Tihan, M.S. Berger, and Stokoe Biomarkers to predict response to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors Cell Cycle 4 10 2005 1369 1372
101. D.A. Haas-Kogan, M.D. Prados, T. Tihan, D.A. Eberhard, N. Jelluma, and N.D. Arvold Epidermal growth factor receptor protein kinase B/Akt, and glioma response to erlotinib J Natl Cancer Inst 97 12 2005 880 887
102. J.D. Hainsworth, T. Ervin, E. Friedman, V. Priego, P.B. Murphy, and B.L. Clark Concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide followed by temozolomide and sorafenib in the first-line treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme Cancer 116 15 2010 3663 3669
103. J.D. Hainsworth, K.C. Shih, G.C. Shepard, G.W. Tillinghast, B.T. Brinker, and D.R. Spigel Phase II study of concurrent radiation therapy, temozolomide, and bevacizumab, followed by bevacizumab/everolimus as first-line treatment for patients with glioblastoma Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 10 4 2012 240 246
104. L. Hardell, M. Carlberg, F. Soderqvist, K.H. Mild, and L.L. Morgan Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumors: increased risk associated with use for > or = 10 years Occup Environ Med 64 2007 626 632
105. M. Harris Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents for cancer Lancet Oncol 5 2004 292 302
106. C. Hartmann, B. Hentschel, W. Wick, D. Capper, J. Felsberg, and M. Simon Patients with IDH1 wild type anaplastic astrocytomas exhibit worse prognosis than IDH1-mutated glioblastomas, and IDH1 mutation status accounts for the unfavorable prognostic effect of higher age: implications for classification of gliomas Acta Neuropathol 120 2010 707 718
107. B. Hasselbalch, U. Lassen, S. Hansen, M. Homberg, M. Sørensen, and M. Kosteljanetz Cetuximab, bevacizumab, and irinotecan for patients with primary glioblastoma and progression after radiation therapy and temozolomide: a phase II trial Neuro Oncol 12 5 2010 508 516
108. P. Hau, P. Jachimczak, J. Schlaier, and U. Bogdahn TGF-β2 signalling in high grade gliomas Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12 12 2011 2150 2157
109. M.E. Hegi, A.C. Diserens, T. Gorlia, M.F. Hamou, N. de Tribolet, and M. Weller MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma N Engl J Med 352 2005 997 1003
110. J. Held-Feindt, S. Schmeiz, K. Hattermann, R. Mentlein, H.M. Mehdorn, and S. Sebens The neural adhesion molecule L1CAM confers chemoresistance in human glioblastomas Neurochem Int 61 7 2012 1183 1191
111. L. Hiddingh, B.A. Tannous, J. Teng, B. Tops, J. Jeuken, and E. Hulleman EFEMP1 induces γ-secretase/Notch-mediated temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma Oncotarget 5 2 2014 363 374
112. H. Hirai, H. Sootome, Y. Nakatsuru, K. Miyama, S. Taguchi, and K. Tsujioka MK-2206, an allosteric Akt inhibitor, enhances antitumor efficacy by standard chemotherapeutic agents ormolecular targeted drugs in vitro and in vivo Mol Cancer Ther 9 2010 1956 1967
113. E. Höring, O. Podlech, B. Silkenstedt, I.A. Rota, E. Adamopoulou, and U. Naumann The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A promotes apoptosis and antitumor immunity in glioblastoma cells Anticancer Res 33 2013 1351 1360
114. J.Y. Hsu, and H.A. Wakelee Monoclonal antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor: current status and future challenges in cancer therapy BioDrugs 23 5 2009 289 304
115. W. Hua, Y. Yao, Y. Chu, P. Zhong, X. Sheng, and B. Xiao CD133+ tumor stem-like cell-associated antigen may elicit highly intense immune responses against human malignant glioma J Neurooncol 105 2 2011 149 157
116. S.F. Hussain, L.Y. Kong, J. Jordan, C. Conrad, T. Madden, and I. Fokt A novel small molecule inhibitor of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 reverses immune tolerance in malignant glioma patients Cancer Res 67 20 2007 9630 9636
117. D. Huveldt, L.J. Lewis-Tuffin, B.L. Carlson, M.A. Schroeder, F. Rodriguez, and C. Giannini Targeting Src family kinases inhibits bevacizumab-induced glioma cell invasion PLoS One 8 2 2013 e56505
118. F.M. Iwamoto, T.N. Kreisl, L. Kim, J.P. Duic, J.A. Butman, and P.S. Albert Phase II trial of talampanel, a glutamate receptor inhibitor, for adults with recurrent malignant gliomas Cancer 117 7 2010 1776 1782
119. F.M. Iwamoto, K.R. Lamborn, J.G. Kuhn, P.Y. Wen, W.K. Yung, and M.R. Gilbert A phase I/II trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin for adults with recurrent malignant glioma: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 03-03 Neuro Oncol 13 5 2011 509 516
120. F.M. Iwamoto, K.R. Lamborn, H.I. Robins, M.P. Mehta, S.M. Chang, and N.A. Butowski Phase II trial of pazopanib (GW786034), an oral multi-targeted angiogenesis inhibitor, for adults with recurrent glioblastoma (North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 06-02) Neuro Oncol 12 8 2010 855 861
121. E. Jabbour, and H. Kantarjian Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, monitoring, and management Am J Hematol 87 2012 1037 1045
122. C. Jackson, J. Ruzevic, H. Brem, and M. Lim Vaccine strategies for glioblastoma: progress and future directions Immunotherapy 5 2013 155 167
123. R.K. Jain, E. di Tomaso, D.G. Duda, J.S. Loeffler, A.G. Sorensen, and T.T. Batchelor Angiogenesis in brain tumours Nat Rev Neurosci 8 8 2007 610 622
124. H. Jiang, C. Gomez-Manzano, H. Aoki, M.M. Alonso, S. Kondo, and F. McCormick Examination of the therapeutic potential of Delta-24-RGD in brain tumor cells: role of autophagic cell death J Natl Cancer Inst 99 2007 1410 1414
125. M.Y. Jo, Y.G. Kim, Y. Kim, S.J. Lee, M.H. Kim, and K.M. Joo Combined therapy of temozolomide and ZD6474 (vandetanib) effectively reduces glioblastoma tumor volume through anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative mechanisms Mol Med Rep 6 1 2012 88 92
126. H. Joensuu, M. Puputti, H. Sihto, O. Tynninen, and Nupponen Amplification of genes encoding KIT, PDGFRα and VGFR2 receptor tyrosine kinases is frequent in glioblastoma multiforme J Pathol 207 2005 224 231
127. T.G. Johns, M.J. McKay, A.N. Cvrljevic, H.K. Gan, C. Taylor, and H. Xu MAb 806 enhances the efficacy of ionizing radiation in glioma xenografts expressing the de2-7 epidermal growth factor receptor Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78 2 2012 572 578
128. T.Y. Kang, T. Jin, H. Elinzano, and D. Peereboom Irinotecan and bevacizumab in progressive primary brain tumors, an evaluation of efficacy and safety J Neurooncol 89 1 2008 113 118
129. V. Karavasilis, V. Kotoula, G. Pentheroudakis, D. Televantou, S. Lambaki, and S. Chrisafi A phase I study of temozolomide and lapatinib combination in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas J Neurol 260 2013 1469 1480
130. C. Karimkhari, R. Gonzalez, and R.P. Dellavalle A review of novel therapies for melanoma Am J Clin Dermatol 15 2014 323 337
131. R.E. Kast Glioblastoma invasion, cathepsin B, and the potential for both to be inhibited by auranofin, an old anti-rhematoid arthritis drug Cen Eur Neurosurg 71 3 2010 139 142
132. R.E. Kast, J.A. Boockvar, A. Bruning, F. Cappello, W.W. Chang, and B. Cvek A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated Undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care Oncotarget 4 4 2013 502 503
133. R.E. Kast, and M.E. Halatsch Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in glioblastoma: a trio of old drugs-captopril, disulfiram and nelfinavir-are inhibitors with potential as adjunctive treatments in glioblastoma Arch Med Res 43 3 2012 243 247
134. G.J. Kitange, A.C. Mladek, B.L. Carlson, M.A. Schroeder, J.L. Pokorny, and L. Cen Inhibition of histone deacetylation potentiates the evolution of acquired temozolomide resistance linked to MGMT upregulation in glioblastoma xenografts Clin Cancer Res 18 2012 4070 4079
135. P. Kleihues, and H. Ohgaki Primary and secondary glioblastomas: from concept to clinical diagnosis Neuro Oncol 1 1999 44 51
136. C.B. Knobbe, and G. Reifenberger Mutation analysis of the RAS pathway genes NRAS, HRAS, KRAS and BRAF in glioblastomas Acta Neuropathol 108 2004 467 470
137. H. Koso, H. Takeda, C. Yew, J. Ward, N. Nariai, and K. Ueno Transposon mutagenesis identifies genes that transform neural stem cells into glioma-initiating cells Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 2012 E2998 E3007
138. D. Koul, J. Fu, R. Shen, T.A. LaFortune, S. Wang, and N. Tiao Antitumor activity of NVP-BKM120 - a selective pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor showed differential forms of cell death based on p53 status of glioma cells Clin Cancer Res 18 1 2012 184 195
139. M. Krashraw, and A.B. Lassman Advances in the treatment of malignant gliomas Curr Oncol Rep 12 2010 26 33
140. S. Krebs, K.K. Chow, Z. Yi, T. Rodriguez-Cruz, M. Hegde, and C. Gerken T cells redirected to interleukin-13Ra2 with interleukin-13-mutein-chimeric antigen receptors have anti-glioma activity but also recognize interleukin-13Ra1 Cytotherapy 16 8 2014 1121 1131
141. T.N. Kreisl, S. Kotliarova, J.A. Butman, P.S. Albert, L. Kim, and L. Musib A phase I/II trial of enzastaurin in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas Neuro Oncol 12 2 2010 181 189
142. T.N. Kreisl, L. Kim, K. Moore, P. Duic, C. Royce, and I. Stroud Phase II trial of single-agent bevacizumab plus irinotecan at tumor progression in recurrent glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 27 5 2009 740 745
143. T. Kreisl, K. McNeil, J. Sul, F. Iwamoto, J. Shih, and H.A. Fine A phase I/II trial of vandetanib for patients with recurrent malignant glioma Neuro Oncol 14 2012 1519 1526
144. A. Lai, P. Nghiemphu, R. Green, L. Spier, S. Peak, and S. Phurphanich Phase II trial of bevacizumab in combination with temozolomide and regional radiation therapy for up-front treatment of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme J Clin Oncol 27 2009 2000 (Meeting abstracts)
145. B. Lal, S. Xia, R. Abounader, and J. Laterra Targeting the c-Met pathway potentiates glioblastoma responses to gamma-irradiation Clin Cancer Res 11 12 2005 4479 4486
146. P. Langone, P.R. Debata, Jdel R. Inigo, S. Dolai, S. Mukherjee, and P. Halat Coupling to a glioblastoma-directed antibody potentiates anti-tumor activity of curcumin Int J Cancer 135 2013 710 719
147. J.D. Lathia, J. Gallagher, J.M. Heddleston, J. Wang, C.E. Eyler, and J. Macswords Integrin alpha 6 regulates glioblastoma stem cells Cell Stem Cell 6 5 2010 421 432
148. E.Q. Lee, V.K. Puduvalli, J.M. Reid, J.M. Kuhn, K.R. Lamborn, and T.F. Cloughesy Phase I Study of Vorinostat in combination with Temozolomide in patients with High-Grade Gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 04-03. 2012 Clin Cancer Res 18 21 2012 6032 6039
149. T.J. Lehky, F.M. Iwamoto, T.N. Kreisl, T.N. Floeter, and H.A. Fine Neuromuscular junction toxicity with tandutinib induces a myasthenic-like syndrome Neurology 76 2011 236 241
150. A. Leonard, and J.E. Wolff Etoposide improves survival in high-grade glioma: a meta-analysis Anticancer Res 33 8 2013 3307 3315
151. M.S. Lesniak Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the devil is in the details J Clin Oncol 29 22 2011 3105
152. Y. Li, F. Guessous, C. DiPierro, Y. Zhang, T. Mudrick, and L. Fuller Interactions between PTEN and the c-Met pathway in glioblastoma and implications for therapy Mol Cancer Ther 8 2 2009 376 385
153. Q.L. Liang, Z.Y. Mo, P. Wang, X. Li, Z.X. Liu, and Z.M. Zhou The clinical value of serum hepatocyte growth factor levels in patients undergoing primary radiotherapy for glioma: effect on progression-free survival Med Oncol 31 9 2014 122
154. J. Lin, X.M. Zhang, J.C. Yang, Y.B. Ye, and S.Q. Luo γ-secretase inhibitor-I enhances radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cell lines by depleting CD133+ tumor cells Arch Med Res 41 7 2010 519 529
155. K. Linnet, and T. Ejsing A review on the impact of P-glycoprotein on the penetration of drugs into the brain. Focus on psychotropic drugs Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18 2008 157 169
156. G. Liu, Y. Akasaki, H.T. Khong, C.J. Wheeler, A. Das, and K.L. Black Cytotoxic T cell targeting of TRP-2 sensitizes human malignant glioma to chemotherapy Oncogene 24 33 2005 5226 5234
157. C. Liu, J. Sage, M. Miller, R. Verhaak, S. Hippenmeyer, and H. Vogel Mosaic analysis with double markers reveals tumor cell of origin in glioma Cell 146 2011 209 221
158. S.L. Longo, D.J. Padalino, S. McGillis, K. Petersen, H. Schirok, and O. Politz Bay846, a new irreversible small molecule inhibitor of EGFR and Her2, is highly effective against malignant glioma brain tumor models Invest New Drugs 30 6 2012 2161 2172
159. D.N. Louis Molecular pathology of malignant gliomas Annu Rev Pathol 1 2006 97
160. D.N. Louis, H. Ohgaki, O.D. Wiestler, W.K. Cavenee, P.C. Burger, and A. Jouvet The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system Acta Neuropathol 114 2 2007 97 109
161. C. Lu-Emerson, A.D. Norden, J. Drappatz, E.C. Quant, R. Beroukhim, and A.S. Ciampa Retrospective study of dasatinib for recurrent glioblastoma after bevacizumab failure J Neurooncol 104 1 2011 287 291
162. X. Lun, T. Alain, F.J. Zemp, H. Zhou, M.M. Rahman, and M.G. Hamilton Myxoma virus virotherapy for glioma in immunocompetent animal models: optimizing administration routes and synergy with rapamycin Cancer Res 70 2012 598 608
163. R. Lustig, T. Mikkelsen, G. Lesser, S. Grossman, X. Ye, and S. Desideri Phase II preradiation R115777 in newly diagnosed GBM with residual enhancing disease Neuro Oncol 10 6 2008 1004 1009
164. S. Lv, E. Teugels, J. Sadones, S. De Brakeleer, J. Duerinck, and S. Du Four Correlation of EGFR, IDH1 and PTEN status with the outcome of patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated in a phase II clinical trial with the EGFR-blocking monoclonal antibody cetuximab Int J Oncol 41 3 2012 1029 1035
165. T.J. MackDonald, D. Aguilera, and C.M. Kramm Treatment of high-grade glioma in children and adolescents Neuro Oncol 13 10 2011 1049 1058
166. K. Majumdar, B.D. Radotra, R.K. Vasishta, and A. Pathak Platelet-derived growth factor expression correlates with tumor grade and proliferative activity in human oligodendrogliomas Surg Neurol 72 1 2009 54 60
167. R. Mallon, L.R. Feldberg, J. Lucas, I. Chaudhary, C. Dehnhardt, and E.D. Santos Antitumor efficacy of PKI-587, a highly potent dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor Clin Cancer Res 17 10 2011 3193 3203
168. A. Mani, and E.P. Gelmann The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and its role in cancer J Clin Oncol 23 21 2005 4776 4789
169. A.S. Manmeet, J. de Groot, L.M. Wei, and C.L. Gladson Targeting SRC in glioblastoma tumors and brain metastases: Rationale and preclinical studies Cancer Lett 298 2 2010 139 149
170. T. Martens, N.O. Schmidt, C. Eckerich, R. Fillbrandt, M. Merchant, and R. Schwall A novel one-armed anti-c-Met antibody inhibits glioblastoma growth in vivo Clin Cancer Res 12 20 Pt 1 2006 6144 6152
171. W.P. Mason, K. Belanger, G. Nicholas, I. Vallières, D. Mathieu, and P. Kavan A phase II study of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway inhibitor TLN-4601 in patients with glioblastoma at first progression J Neurooncol 107 2 2012 343 349
172. M.F. McCarty Thalidomide may impede cell migration in primates by down-regulating integrin beta chains: potential therapeutic utility in solid malignancies, proliferative retinopathy, inflammatory disorders, neointimal hyperplasia, and osteoporosis Med Hypotheses 49 2 1997 123 131
173. F. Meiss, and R. Zeiser Vismodegib Recent Results Cancer Res 201 2014 405 417
174. I.K. Mellinhoff, M.Y. Wang, I. Vivanco, D.A. Haas-Kogan, S. Zhu, and E.Q. Dia Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors N Engl J Med 353 19 2005 2012 2024
175. J. Mendelsohn, and J. Baselga Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer Semin Oncol 33 4 2006 369 385
176. M. Mendiburu-Eliçabe, J. Gil-Ranedo, and M. Izquierdo Efficacy of rapamycin against glioblastoma cancer stem cells Clin Transl Oncol 16 5 2014 495 502
177. E.D. Michelakis, G. Sutendra, P. Dromparis, L. Webster, A. Haromy, and E. Niven Metabolic modulation of glioblastoma with dichloroacetate Sci Transl Med 2 31 2010 31ra34
178. D.A. Mitchell, and J.H. Sampson Toward effective immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant brain tumors Neurotherapeutics 6 3 2009 527 538
179. H.G. Møller, A. Rasmussen, H.H. Andersen, K.B. Johnsen, M. Henriksen, and M. Duroux A systematic review of MicroRNA in glioblastoma multiforme: Micro-modulators in the mesenchymal mode of migration and invasion Mol Neurobiol 47 2013 131 144
180. H. Momota, E. Nerio, and E.C. Holland Perifosine inhibits multiple signaling pathways in glial progenitors and cooperates with temozolomide to arrest cell proliferation in gliomas in vivo Cancer Res 65 16 2005 7429 7435
181. M. Muñoz, and R. Coveñas NK-1 receptor antagonists: a new generation of anticancer drugs Mini Rev Chem 12 2012 593 599
182. J.L. Munoz, V. Rodriguez-Cruz, S.J. Greco, V. Nagula, K.W. Scotto, and P. Rameshwar Temozolomide induces the production of epidermal growth factor to regulate MDR1 expression in glioblastoma cells Mol Cancer Ther 13 10 2014 2399 2411
183. L.B. Nabors, T. Mikkelsen, M.E. Hegi, X. Ye, T. Batchelor, and G. Lesser A safety run-in and randomized phase 2 study of cilengitide combined with chemoradiation for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (NABTT 0306) Cancer 118 2012 5601 5607
184. M. Nagane, R. Nishikawa, Y. Narita, H. Kobayashi, S. Takano, and N. Shinoura Phase II study of single-agent bevacizumab in Japanese patients with recurrent malignant glioma Jpn J Clin Oncol 42 10 2012 887 895
185. S. Nagpal The role of BCNU polymer wafers (Gliadel) in the treatment of malignant glioma Neurosurg Clin N Am 23 2 2012 289 295
186. S.K. Nair, J.H. Sampson, and D.A. Mitchell Immunological targeting of cytomegalovirus for glioblastoma therapy OncoImmunology 25 3 2014 e29289
187. E. Nduom, C. Hadjipanayis, and E. Meir Glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells - implications for pathogenesis and treatment Cancer J 18 1 2012 100 106
188. B. Neyns, J. Sadones, C. Chaskis, M. Dujardin, H. Everaert, and S. Lv Phase II study of sunitinib malate in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma J Neurooncol 103 3 2011 491 501
189. B. Neyns, J. Sadones, E. Joosens, F. Bouttens, L. Verbeke, and J.F. Baurain Stratified phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma Ann Oncol 20 9 2009 1596 1603
190. P.L. Nghiempu, P.Y. Wen, K.R. Lamborn, J. Drappatz, H.I. Robins, and K. Fink A phase I trial of tipifarnib with radiation therapy, with and without temozolomide, for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81 5 2011 1422 1427
191. H. Ohgaki, and P. Kleihues The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma Clin Cancer Res 19 4 2013 764 772
192. H. Okada, F.S. Lieberman, K.A. Walter, L.D. Lunsford, D.S. Kondziolka, and G.K. Bejjani Autologous glioma cell vaccine admixed with interleukin-4 gene transfected fibroblasts in the treatment of patients with malignant gliomas J Transl Med 5 2007 67
193. M. Onishi, K. Kurozumi, T. Ichikawa, and I. Date Mechanisms of tumor development and anti-angiogenic therapy in glioblastoma multiforme Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 53 2013 755 763
194. A. Ostman PDGF receptors-mediators of autocrine tumor growth and regulators of tumor vasculature and stroma Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 15 4 2004 4899 4907
195. Q.T. Ostrom, H. Gittleman, H. Farah, A. Ondracek, Y. Chen, and Y. Wolinsky CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2006-2010 Neuro Oncol 15 Suppl 2 2013 ii1 ii56
196. E. Pan, D. Yu, B. Yue, L. Potthast, S. Chowdhary, and P. Smith A prospective phase II single-institution trial of sunitinib for recurrent malignant glioma J Neurooncol 110 1 2012 111 118
197. D.M. Peereboom, M.S. Ahluwalia, X. Ye, J.G. Supko, S.L. Hildebrand, and S. Phupbanich NABTT 0502: a phase II and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib and sorafenib for patients with progressive or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme Neuro Oncol 15 2013 490 496
198. C.E. Pelloski, E. Lin, L. Zhang, W.K. Yung, H. Colman, and J.L. Liu Prognostic associations of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt pathways in glioblastoma Clin Cancer Res 12 2006 3935 3941
199. S. Penuelas, J. Anido, R.M. Prieto-Sanchez, G. Folch, I. Barba, and I. Cuartas TGF-beta increases glioma-initiating cell self renewal through the induction of LIF in human glioblastoma Cancer Cell 15 4 2009 315 327
200. S. Phurphanich, J.G. Supko, K.A. Carson, S.A. Grossman, Nabors L. Burt, and T. Mikkelsen Phase 1 clinical trial of bortezomib in adults with recurrent malignant glioma J Neurooncol 100 1 2010 95 103
201. G. Pines, P.H. Huang, Y. Zwang, F.M. White, and Y. Yarden EGFRvIV: a previously uncharacterized oncogenic mutant reveals a kinase autoinhibitory mechanism Oncogene 29 43 2010 5850 5860
202. K.L. Pitter, C.J. Galban, S. Galban, O.S. Tehrani, F. Li, and N. Charles Perifosine and CCI 779 co-operate to induce cell death and decrease proliferation in PTEN-intact and PTEN-deficient PDGF-driven murine glioblastoma PLoS One 6 1 2011 e14545
203. C.B. Potts, X.M. Albitar, C.K. Anderson, S. Baritaki, C. Berkers, and B. Bonavida Marizomib, a proteasome inhibitor for all seasons: preclinical profile and a framework for clinical trials Curr Cancer Drug Targets 11 3 2011 254 284
204. G. Prasad, T. Sottero, X. Yang, S. Mueller, C.D. James, and W.A. Weiss Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR pathways in glioblastoma and implications in combination therapy with temozolomide Neuro Oncol 13 4 2011 384 392
205. S.N. Quayle, J.Y. Lee, L.W. Cheung, L. Ding, R. Wiedemeyer, and R.W. Dewan Somatic mutations of PIK3R1 promote gliomagenesis PLoS One 7 2012 e49466
206. 6-benzylguanine in adults with recurrent, temozolomide-resistant malignant glioma J Clin Oncol 27 8 2009 1262 1267
207. J.J. Raizer, L.E. Abrey, A.B. Lassman, S.M. Chang, K.R. Lamborn, and J.G. Kuhn A phase II trial of erlotinib in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas and nonprogressive glioblastoma multiforme postradiation therapy Neuro Oncol 22 1 2009 133 142
208. F.E. Rassi, and H.J. Khoury Bosutinib: a SRC-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia Pharmacogenomics and Pers Med 6 2013 57 62
209. E. Raymond, A.A. Brandes, C. Dittrich, P. Fumoleau, B. Coudert, and P.M. Clement Phase II study of imatinib in patients with recurrent gliomas of various histologies: a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group Study J Clin Oncol 26 28 2008 4659 4665
210. E. Razis, P. Selviaridis, S. Labropoulos, J.L. Norris, M.J. Zhu, and D.D. Song Phase II study of neoadjuvant imatinib in glioblastoma: evaluation of clinical and molecular effects of the treatment Clin Cancer Res 15 19 2009 6258 6266
211. D.A. Reardon, A. Desjardins, K. Peters, S. Gururangan, J. Sampson, and J.N. Rich Phase II study of metronomic chemotherapy with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma after progression on bevacizumab therapy J Neurooncol 103 2 2011 371 379
212. D.A. Reardon, A. Desjardins, J.J. Vredenburgh, S. Gururangan, A.H. Friedman, and J.E. Herndon II Phase 2 trial of erlotinib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent glioblastoma J Neurooncol 96 2 2010 219 230
213. D.A. Reardon, G. Dresemann, S. Taillibert, M. Campone, M. van den Bent, and P. Clement Multicentre phase II studies evaluating imatinib plus hydroxyurea in patients with progressive glioblastoma Br J Cancer 101 12 2009 119 2004
214. D.A. Reardon, M.J. Egorin, A. Desjardins, J.J. Vredenburgh, J.H. Beumer, and T. Lagattuta Phase I pharmacokinetic study of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor vatalanib (PTK787) plus imatinib and hydroxyurea for malignant glioma Cancer 115 10 2009 2188 2198
215. D.A. Reardon, M.J. Egorin, J.A. Quinn, J.N. Rich, S. Gururangan, and J.J. Vredenburgh Phase II study of imatinib mesylate plus hydroxyurea in adults with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme J Clin Oncol 23 36 2005 9359 9368
216. D.A. Reardon, K.L. Fink, T. Mikkelsen, T.F. Cloughesy, A. O'Neill, and S. Plotkin Randomized phase II study of cilengitide, an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme J Clin Oncol 26 34 2008 5610 5617
217. D.A. Reardon, M.D. Groves, P.Y. Wen, L. Nabors, T. Mikkelsen, and S. Rosenfeld A phase I/II trial of pazopanib in combination with lapatinib in adult patients with relapsed malignant glioma Clin Cancer Res 19 2013 900 908
218. A.A. Reardon, B.L. Nabors, R. Stupp, and T. Mikkelsen Cilengitide: an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide with promising activity for glioblastoma multiforme Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17 8 2008 1225 1235
219. D.A. Reardon, J.A. Quinn, J.J. Vredenburgh, S. Gururangan, A.H. Friedman, and A. Desjardins Phase 1 trial of gefitinib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent malignant glioma Clin Cancer Res 12 3 2006 860 868
220. D.A. Reardon, J.J. Vredenburgh, A. Coan, A. Desjardins, K.B. Peters, and S. Gururangan Phase I study of sunitinib and irinotecan for patients with recurrent malignant glioma J Neurooncol 105 3 2011 621 627
221. D.A. Reardon, J.J. Vredenburgh, A. Desjardins, K. Peters, S. Gururangan, and J.H. Sampson Effect of CYP3A-inducing anti-epileptics on sorafenib exposure: results of a phase II study of sorafenib plus daily temozolomide in adults with recurrent glioblastoma J Neurooncol 101 1 2011 57 66
222. D.A. Reardon, J.J. Vredenburgh, A. Desjardins, K.B. Peters, S. Sathornsumetee, and S. Threatt Phase 1 trial of dasatinib plus erlotinib in adults with recurrent malignant glioma J Neurooncol 108 3 2012 499 506
223. D.A. Reardon, P.Y. Wen, W.K. Alfred Yung, L. Berk, N. Narasimhan, and C.D. Turner Ridaforolimus for patients with progressive or recurrent malignant glioma: a perisurgical, sequential, ascending-dose trial Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 69 4 2012 849 860
224. E. Ribot, A.K. Bouzier-Sore, V. Bouchaud, S. Miraux, M.H. Delville, and J.M. Franconi Microglia used as vehicles for both inducible thymidine kinase gene therapy and MRI contrast agents for glioma therapy Cancer Gene Ther 14 2007 724 737
225. J.N. Rich, D.A. Reardon, T. Peery, J.M. Dowell, J.A. Quinn, and K.L. Penne Phase II trial of gefitinib in recurrent glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 22 1 2004 133 142
226. J.N. Rich, D.A. Reardon, J.A. Quinn, J.J. Vredenburgh, A. Desjardins, and S. Sathornsumetee A phase I trial of gefitinib (ZD1 839) plus rapamycin for patients with recurrent malignant glioma J Clin Oncol 23 2005 (130-S-S)
227. H.I. Robins, M. Won, W.F. Seiferheld, C.J. Schultz, A.K. Choucair, and D.G. Brachman Phase 2 trial of radiation plus high-dose tamoxifen for glioblastoma multiforme: RTOG protocol BR-0021 Neuro Oncol 8 1 2006 47 52
228. M.R. Rosenfeld, M.C. Chamberlain, S.A. Grossman, D.M. Peereboom, G.J. Lesser, and T.T. Batchelor A multi-institution phase II study of poly-ICLC and radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma Neuro Oncol 12 10 2010 1071 1077
229. K. Sai, S. Wang, V. Balasubramaniyan, C. Conrad, F.F. Lang, and K. Aldape Induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioblastoma stem-like cells by WP1193, a novel small molecule inhibitor of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway J Neurooncol 107 3 2012 487 501
230. J.H. Sampson, A.B. Heimberger, G.E. Archer, K.D. Aldape, A.H. Friedman, and M.R. Gilbert Immonulogic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 28 31 2010 422 429
231. A. Sarangi, J.G. Valadez, S. Rush, T.W. Abel, R.C. Thompson, and M.K. Cooper Targeted inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in established malignant glioma cells enhances survival Oncogene 28 39 2009 3468 3476
232. J.N. Sarkaria, E. Galanis, W. Wu, A.B. Dietz, T.J. Kaufmann, and M.P. Gustafson Combination of temsirolimus (CCI-779) with chemoradiation in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (NCCTG trial N027D) is associated with increased infectious risks Clin Cancer Res 16 22 2010 5573 5580
233. J.N. Sarkaria, E. Galanis, W. Wu, P.J. Peller, C. Giannini, and P.D. Brown North Central Cancer Treatment group Phase I trial N057K of everolimus (RAD001) and temozolomide in combination with radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81 2 2011 468 475
234. J.P. Sasine, N. Savaraj, and L.G. Feun Topoisomerase I inhibitors in the treatment of primary CNS malignancies: an update on recent trends Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10 9 2010 683 696
235. S. Sathornsumetee, A. Desjardins, J.J. Vredenburgh, R.E. McLendon, J. Marcello, and J.E. Herndon Phase II trial of bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma Neuro Oncol 12 12 2010 1300 1310
236. S. Sathornsumetee, D.A. Reardon, A. Desjardins, J.A. Quinn, J.J. Vredenburgh, and J.N. Rich Molecularly targeted therapy for malignant glioma Cancer 110 2007 13 24
237. C.M. Sauvageot, J.L. Weatherbee, S. Kesari, S.E. Winters, J. Barnes, and J. Dellagatta Efficacy of the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG in human glioma cell lines and tumorigenic glioma stem cells Neuro Oncol 11 2 2009 109 121
238. M. Sawada, F. Imai, H. Suzuki, M. Hayakawa, T. Kanno, and T. Nagatsu Brain specific gene expression by immortalized microglial cell-mediated gene transfer in the mammalian brain FEBS Lett 433 1998 37 40
239. F. Schmidt, J. Fischer, U. Herrlinger, K. Dietz, J. Dichgans, and M. Weller PCV chemotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma Neurology 66 2006 587 589
240. R.S. Schmidt, and P.F. Maness L1 and CAM adhesion molecules as signaling coreceptors in neuronal migration and process outgrowth Curr Opin Neurobiol 18 3 2008 245 250
241. J.A. Schwartzbaum, J.L. Fisher, K.D. Aldape, and M. Wrensch Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2 9 2006 494 503
242. C.B. Scott, C. Scarantino, R. Urtasun, B. Movsas, C.U. Jones, and J.R. Simpson Validation and predictive power of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis classes for malignant glioma patients: a report using RTOG 90-96 Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 1998 51 55
243. S.M. Sebti, and A.A. Adjei Farnesyltransferase inhibitors Semin Oncol 31 1 2004 28 39
244. A.P. See, G. Pradilla, I. Yang, S. Han, A.T. Parsa, and M. Lim Heat shock protein-peptide complex in the treatment of glioblastoma Expert Rev Vaccines 10 2011 721 731
245. G.D. Shah, N. Loizos, H. Youssoufian, J.D. Schwartz, and E.K. Rowinsky Rationale for the development of IMC-3G3, a fully human immunoglobulin subclass 1 monoclonal antibody targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha Cancer 116 Suppl. 4 2010 1018 1026
246. V. Sharma, S.S. Shaheen, D. Dixit, and E. Sen Farnesyltransferase inhibitor manumycin targets IL1β-Ras-HIF-1α axis in tumor cells of diverse origin Inflammation 35 2012 516 519
247. J. Shen, H. Zheng, J. Ruan, W. Fang, A. Li, and G. Tian Autophagy inhibition induces enhanced proapoptotic effects of ZD6474 in glioblastoma Br J Cancer 109 2013 164 171
248. K. Sheppard, K.M. Kinross, B. Solomon, R.B. Pearson, and W.A. Phillips Targeting PI3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer Crit Rev Oncog 17 1 2012 69 95
249. N. Shinojima, K. Tada, S. Shiraishi, T. Kamiryo, M. Kochi, and H. Nakamura Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with glioblastoma multiforme Cancer Res 63 20 2003 6962 6970
250. J.R. Sierra, and M.S. Tsao c-MET as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in cancer Ther Adv Med Oncol 3 Suppl. 1 2011 s21 s35
251. M. Solomón, J. Selva, J. Figueredo, J. Vaquer, C. Toledo, and N. Quintanal Radiotherapy plus nimotuzumab or placebo in the treatment of high grade glioma patients: results from a randomized, double blind trial BMC Cancer 13 2013 299
252. A.M. Spence, R.A. Peterson, J.D. Schanhorst, D.L. Silbergeld, and R.C. Rostomily Phase II study of concurrent continuous Temozolomide (TMZ) and Tamoxifen (TMX) for recurrent malignant astrocytic gliomas J Neurooncol 70 2004 91 95
253. M.T. Stockhausen, K. Kristoffersen, and H.S. Poulsen Notch signaling and brain tumors Adv Exp Med Biol 727 2012 289 304
254. R. Stupp, M.E. Hegi, W.P. Mason, M.J. van den Bent, M.J. Taphoorn, and R.C. Janzer Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomized phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial Lancet Oncol 10 2009 459 466
255. R. Stupp, M.E. Hegi, B. Neyns, R. Goldbrunner, U. Schlegel, and P.M. Clement Phase I/IIa study of cilengitide and temozolomide with concomitant radiotherapy followed by cilengitide and temozolomide maintenance therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 28 16 2010 2712 2718
256. R. Stupp, W.P. Mason, M.J. van den Bent, M. Weller, B. Fisher, and M.J. Taphoorn Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma N Engl J Med 352 2005 987 996
257. R. Stupp, J.C. Tonn, M. Brada, and G. Pentheroudakis High-grade malignant glioma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow up Ann Oncol 5 21 2010 190 193
258. G. Tabatabai, M. Weller, B. Nabors, M. Picard, D. Reardon, and T. Mikkelsen Targeting integrins in malignant glioma Target Oncol 5 2010 175 181
259. N. Tamura, K. Hirano, K. Kishino, K. Hashimoto, O. Amano, and J. Shimada Analysis of type of cell death induced by topoisomerase inhibitor SN-38 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma lines Anticancer Res 32 11 2012 4823 4832
260. M. Terasaki, S. Shibui, Y. Narita, T. Fujimaki, T. Aoki, and K. Kajiwara Phase I trial of a personalized peptide vaccine for patients positive for human leukocyte antigen - A24 with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme J Clin Oncol 29 3 2011 337 344
261. B. Thiesen, C. Stewart, M. Tsao, S. Kamel-Reid, P. Schaiquevich, and W. Mason A phase I/II trial of GW572016 (lapatinib) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: clinical outcomes, pharmacokinetics and molecular correlation Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 65 2 2010 353 361
262. T. Tsuzuki, S. Izumoto, T. Ohnisi, S. Hiraga, N. Arita, and T. Hayakawa Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in gliomas: correlation with TGF-beta and p53 J Clin Pathol 51 1 1998 13 17
263. S. Tzadok, E. Beery, M. Israeli, O. Uziel, M. Lahav, and E. Fenig In vitro novel combinations of psychotropics and anti-cancer modalities in U87 human glioblastoma cells Int J Oncol 37 2010 1043 1051
264. M.J. van den Bent, A.A. Brandes, R. Rampling, M.C. Kouwenhoven, J.M. Kros, and A.F. Carpentier Randomized trial of erlotinib versus temozolomide or carmustine in recurrent glioblastoma: EORTC brain tumor group study 26034 J Clin Oncol 27 8 2009 1268 1274
265. R.G. Verhaak, K.A. Hoadley, E. Purdom, V. Wang, Y. Qi, and M.D. Wilkerson Intergrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR and NF1 Cancer Cell 17 1 2010 98 1100
266. J.L. Villano, T.E. Seery, and L.R. Bressler Temozolomide in malignant gliomas: current use and future targets Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 64 4 2009 647 655
267. P.J. Vlachostergios, E. Hatzidaki, C.D. Befani, P. Liakos, and C.N. Papandreou Bortezomib overcomes MGMT-related resistance of glioblastoma cell lines to temozolomide in a schedule-dependent manner Invest New Drugs 31 2013 1169 1181
268. T. Wang, S. Agarwal, and W.F. Elmquist Brain distribution of cediranib is limited by active efflux at the blood-brain barrier J Pharmacol Exp Ther 341 2 2012 386 395
269. 1 signalling pathway inhibition restricts cell migration and invasion in human gliomas Neurol Res 32 9 2010 975 980
270. Y. Wang, L. Pan, X.F. Sheng, S. Chen, and J.Z. Dai Nimotuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for the EGFR, in combination with temozolomide and radiation therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: First results in Chinese patients Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2014 10.1111/ajco.12166 (Epub ahead of print)
271. J.W. Welsh, D. Mahadevan, R. Ellsworth, L. Cooke, D. Bearss, and B. Stea The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor MP470, radiosensitizes glioblastoma cells Radiat Oncol 4 2009 69
272. P.Y. Wen American Society of Clinical Oncology 2010: report of selected studies from the CNS tumor section Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 10 9 2010 1367 1369
273. P.Y. Wen, T. Cloughesy, J. Kuhn, K. Lamborn, L.E. Abrey, and F. Lieberman Phase I/II study of sorafenib and temsirolimus for patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) (NABTC 05-02) ASCO Meet Abstr 27 15S 2009 2006
274. P.Y. Wen, and S. Kesari Malignant gliomas in adults N Engl J Med 359 2008 492 507
275. P. Wen, D. Schiff, T. Cloughesy, J.J. Raizer, J. Laterra, and M. Smitt A phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AMG 102 (rilotumumab) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma Neuro Oncol 13 2011 437 446
276. P.Y. Wen, D. Schiff, S. Kesari, J. Drappatz, D. Gigas, and L. Doherty Medical management of patients with brain tumors J Neurooncol 80 2006 131 132
277. P.Y. Wen, W.K. Yung, K.R. Lamborn, P.L. Dahia, Y. Wang, and B. Peng Phase I/II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 99-08 Clin Cancer Res 2 16 2006 4899 4907
278. W. Wick, V.K. Puduvalli, M.C. Chamberlain, M.J. van den Bent, A.F. Carpentier, and L.M. Cher Phase III study of enzastaurin compared with lomustine in the treatment of recurrent intracranial glioblastoma J Clin Oncol 28 7 2010 1168 1174
279. W. Wick, J.P. Steibach, M. Plattern, C. Hartmann, F. Wenz, and A. von Deimling Enzastaurin before and concomitant with radiation therapy, followed by enzastaurin maintenance therapy, in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation Neuro Oncol 15 2013 1405 1412
280. W. Wick, M. Weller, M. Weiler, T. Batchelor, A.W. Yung, and M. Platten Pathway inhibition: emerging molecular targets for treating glioblastoma Neuro Oncol 13 6 2011 566 579
281. A. Wieland, D. Trageser, S. Gogolok, R. Reinartz, H. Hofer, and M. Keller Anticancer effects of niclosamide in human glioblastoma Clin Cancer Res 19 15 2013 4124 4136
282. T.A. Wilson, M.A. Karajannis, and D.H. Harter Glioblastoma multiforme: State of the art and future therapeutics Surg Neurol Int 5 2014 64
283. C.G. Wood, and P. Mulders Vitespen: a preclinical and clinical review Future Oncol 5 2009 763 774
284. M. Wrensch, Y. Minn, T. Chew, M. Bondy, and M.S. Berger Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature Neuro Oncol 4 2002 278 299
285. Q. Xie, R. Bradley, L. Kang, J. Koeman, M.L. Ascierto, and A. Worschech Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) autocrine activation predicts sensitivity to MET inhibition in glioblastoma Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 2 2012 570 575
286. F.M. Yakes, J. Chen, J. Tan, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Shi, and P. Yu Cabozantinib (XL184), a novel MET and VEGFR2 inhibitor, simultaneously suppresses metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor growth Mol Cancer Ther 10 12 2011 2298 2308
287. Y. Yarden, and M.X. Sliwkowski Untangling the ErbB signaling network Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2 2 2001 127 137
288. F. Ye, Q. Gao, and M.J. Cai Therapeutic targeting of EGFR in malignant gliomas Expert Opin Ther Targets 14 3 2012 303 316
289. Z. Yelskaya, V. Carrillo, E. Dubisz, H. Gulzar, D. Morgan, and S.S. Mahajan Synergistic inhibition of survival, proliferation, and migration of U87 cells with a combination of LY341495 and Iressa PLoS One 8 5 2013 e64588
290. J.J. Yiin, B. Hu, P.A. Schornack, R.S. Sengar, K.W. Liu, and H. Feng ZD6474, a multitargeted inhibitor for receptor tyrosine kinases, suppresses growth of gliomas expressing an epidermal growth factor receptor mutant, EGFRvIII, in the brain Mol Cancer Ther 9 4 2010 929 941
291. H. Yin, Y. Zhou, C. Wen, C. Zhou, W. Zhang, and X. Hu Curcumin sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide by simultaneously generating ROS and disrupting AKT/mTOR signallling Oncol Rep 32 4 2014 1610 1616
292. S. Yust-Katz, D. Liu, Y. Yuan, V. Liu, S. Kang, and M. Groves Phase 1/1b study of lonafarnib and temozolomide in patients with recurrent or TMZ refractory glioblastoma Cancer 2013 119 2013 2747 2753
293. A. Zanotto-Filho, E. Braganhol, A.M. Battastini, and J.C. Moreira Proteasome inhibitor MG132 induces selective apoptosis in glioblastoma cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NFkappaB pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of p38-JNK1/2 signaling Invest New Drugs 30 2012 2252 2262
294. M. Zhang, T.W. Herion, C. Timke, N. Han, K. Hauser, and K.J. Weber Trimodal gioblastoma treatment consisting of concurrent radiotherapy, temozolomide, and the novel TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor LY2109761 Neoplasia 13 6 2011 537 549
295. M. Zhang, S. Kleber, M. Röhring, C. Timke, N. Han, and J. Tuettenberg Blockade of TGF-β signaling by the TGFRβR-I kinase inhibitor LY2109761 enhances radiation response and prolongs survival in glioblastoma Cancer Res 71 23 2011 7155 7167
296. J. Zhang, M.F. Stevens, and T.D. Bradshaw Temozolomide: mechanisms of action, repair and resistance Curr Mol Pharmacol 5 1 2012 102 114
297. D. Zhao, D. Alizadeh, L. Zhang, W. Liu, O. Farrukh, and E. Manuel Carbon nanotubes enhance CpG uptake and potentiate antiglioma immunity Clin Cancer Res 17 2011 771 782
298. W. Zhuang, L. Long, B. Zheng, W. Ji, Q. Yang, and Q. Zhang Curcumin promotes differentiation of glioma-initiating cells by inducing autophagy Cancer Science 103 2012 684 690
299. Y. Zou, Y. Cao, Z. Yue, and J. Liu Gamma secretase inhibitor DAPT suppresses glioblastoma growth via uncoupling of tumor vessel density from vessel function Clin Exp Med 13 4 2013 271 278