c-MET as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in cancer

Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2011, Pages S21-S35

  Sierra, J Rafael ^a   Tsao, Ming Sound ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

c MET; cancer; hepatocyte growth factor; personalized medicine; targeted therapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84997909291     PISSN: 17588340     EISSN: 17588359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1758834011422557     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Aguirre Ghiso J.A. Alonso D.F. Farias E.F. Gomez D.E. de Kier Joffe E.B. (1999) Deregulation of the signaling pathways controlling urokinase production. Its relationship with the invasive phenotype. Eur J Biochem 263: 295–304.
2. Amgen (2008) Panitumumab combination study with AMG 102 or AMG 479 in wild-type KRAS mCRC. National Clinical Trial NCT00788957. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00788957 (accessed 18 August 2011).
3. Argast G.M. Croy C.H. Couts K.L. Zhang Z. Litman E. Chan D.C. (2009) Plexin B1 is repressed by oncogenic B-Raf signaling and functions as a tumor suppressor in melanoma cells. Oncogene 28: 2697–2709.
4. Aune G. Lian A.M. Tingulstad S. Torp S.H. Forsmo S. Reseland J.E. (2011) Increased circulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF): a marker of epithelial ovarian cancer and an indicator of poor prognosis. Gynecol Oncol 121: 402–406.
5. Barakat O. Rodriguez G.C. Raijman I. Allison P.M. Nieto J. Ozaki C.F. (2010) Clinical value of plasma hepatocyte growth factor measurement for the diagnosis of periampullary cancer and prognosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Surg Oncol 102: 816–820.
6. Basile J.R. Afkhami T. Gutkind J.S. (2005) Semaphorin 4D/plexin-B1 induces endothelial cell migration through the activation of PYK2, Src, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. Mol Cell Biol 25: 6889–6898.
7. Basile J.R. Castilho R.M. Williams V.P. Gutkind J.S. (2006) Semaphorin 4D provides a link between axon guidance processes and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 9017–9022.
8. Bean J. Brennan C. Shih J.Y. Riely G. Viale A. Wang L. (2007) MET amplification occurs with or without T790M mutations in EGFR mutant lung tumors with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 20932–20937.
9. Beau-Faller M. Ruppert A.M. Voegeli A.C. Neuville A. Meyer N. Guerin E. (2008) MET gene copy number in non-small cell lung cancer: molecular analysis in a targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor naive cohort. J Thorac Oncol 3: 331–339.
10. Benvenuti S. Comoglio P.M. (2007) The MET receptor tyrosine kinase in invasion and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 213: 316–325.
11. Bladt F. Riethmacher D. Isenmann S. Aguzzi A. Birchmeier C. (1995) Essential role for the c-met receptor in the migration of myogenic precursor cells into the limb bud. Nature 376: 768–771.
12. Boccaccio C. Gaudino G. Gambarotta G. Galimi F. Comoglio P.M. (1994) Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor expression is inducible and is part of the delayed-early response to HGF. J Biol Chem 269: 12846–12851.
13. Borowiak M. Garratt A.N. Wustefeld T. Strehle M. Trautwein C. Birchmeier C. (2004) Met provides essential signals for liver regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 10608–10613.
14. Brand-Saberi B. Muller T.S. Wilting J. Christ B. Birchmeier C. (1996) Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) induces emigration of myogenic cells at interlimb level in vivo. Dev Biol 179: 303–308.
15. Capparuccia L. Tamagnone L. (2009) Semaphorin signaling in cancer cells and in cells of the tumor microenvironment–two sides of a coin. J Cell Sci 122: 1723–1736.
16. Cappuzzo F. Janne P.A. Skokan M. Finocchiaro G. Rossi E. Ligorio C. (2009a) MET increased gene copy number and primary resistance to gefitinib therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol 20: 298–304.
17. Cappuzzo F. Marchetti A. Skokan M. Rossi E. Gajapathy S. Felicioni L. (2009b) Increased MET gene copy number negatively affects survival of surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 27: 1667–1674.
18. Cepero V. Sierra J.R. Corso S. Ghiso E. Casorzo L. Perera T. (2010a) MET and KRAS gene amplification mediates acquired resistance to MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res 70: 7580–7590.
19. Cepero V. Sierra J.R. Giordano S. (2010b) Tyrosine kinases as molecular targets to inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. Curr Pharm Des 16: 1396–1409.
20. Ch'ng E.S. Kumanogoh A. (2010) Roles of Sema4D and Plexin-B1 in tumor progression. Mol Cancer 9: 251–251.
21. Chau N.G. Perez-Ordonez B. Zhang K. Pham N.A. Ho J. Zhang T. (2011) The association between EGFR variant III, HPV, p16, c-MET, EGFR gene copy number and response to EGFR inhibitors in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck Oncol 3: 11–11.
22. Chen H.H. Su W.C. Lin P.W. Guo H.R. Lee W.Y. (2007) Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha correlates with MET and metastasis in node-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 103: 167–175.
23. Chen H.J. Mok T.S. Chen Z.H. Guo A.L. Zhang X.C. Su J. (2009) Clinicopathologic and molecular features of epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation and c-MET amplification in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant Chinese non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 15: 651–658.
24. Comoglio P.M. Giordano S. Trusolino L. (2008) Drug development of MET inhibitors: targeting oncogene addiction and expedience. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 504–516.
25. Conrotto P. Corso S. Gamberini S. Comoglio P.M. Giordano S. (2004) Interplay between scatter factor receptors and B plexins controls invasive growth. Oncogene 23: 5131–5137.
26. Conrotto P. Valdembri D. Corso S. Serini G. Tamagnone L. Comoglio P.M. (2005) Sema4D induces angiogenesis through Met recruitment by Plexin B1. Blood 105: 4321–4329.
27. Cooper C.S. Park M. Blair D.G. Tainsky M.A. Huebner K. Croce C.M. (1984) Molecular cloning of a new transforming gene from a chemically transformed human cell line. Nature 311: 29–33.
28. Corso S. Comoglio P.M. Giordano S. (2005) Cancer therapy: can the challenge be MET?. Trends Mol Med 11: 284–292.
29. Corso S. Ghiso E. Cepero V. Sierra J.R. Migliore C. Bertotti A. (2010) Activation of HER family members in gastric carcinoma cells mediates resistance to MET inhibition. Mol Cancer 9: 121–121.
30. Corso S. Migliore C. Ghiso E. De Rosa G. Comoglio P.M. Giordano S. (2008) Silencing the MET oncogene leads to regression of experimental tumors and metastases. Oncogene 27: 684–693.
31. Danilkovitch-Miagkova A. Zbar B. (2002) Dysregulation of Met receptor tyrosine kinase activity in invasive tumors. J Clin Invest 109: 863–867.
32. De Bacco F. Luraghi P. Medico E. Reato G. Girolami F. Perera T. (2011) Induction of MET by ionizing radiation and its role in radioresistance and invasive growth of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 103: 645–661.
33. DeJager, R. (2010) ARQ 197 plus erlotinib versus placebo plus erlotinib for the treatment of non-squamous, non-small-cell lung cancer. National Clinical Trial NTC01244191. Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01244191?term=nct01244191&rank=1 (accessed 18 August 2011).
34. Di Renzo M.F. Olivero M. Giacomini A. Porte H. Chastre E. Mirossay L. (1995a) Overexpression and amplification of the met/HGF receptor gene during the progression of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1: 147–154.
35. Di Renzo M.F. Olivero M. Serini G. Orlandi F. Pilotti S. Belfiore A. (1995b) Overexpression of the c-MET/HGF receptor in human thyroid carcinomas derived from the follicular epithelium. J Endocrinol Invest 18: 134–139.
36. Di Renzo M.F. Poulsom R. Olivero M. Comoglio P.M. Lemoine N.R. (1995c) Expression of the Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 55: 1129–1138.
37. Edakuni G. Sasatomi E. Satoh T. Tokunaga O. Miyazaki K. (2001) Expression of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met pathway is increased at the cancer front in breast carcinoma. Pathol Int 51: 172–178.
38. Eder J.P. Shapiro G.I. Appleman L.J. Zhu A.X. Miles D. Keer H. (2010) A phase I study of foretinib, a multi-targeted inhibitor of c-Met and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Clin Cancer Res 16: 3507–3516.
39. Eder J.P. Vande Woude G.F. Boerner S.A. LoRusso P.M. (2009) Novel therapeutic inhibitors of the c-Met signaling pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15: 2207–2214.
40. Engelman J.A. Zejnullahu K. Mitsudomi T. Song Y. Hyland C. Park J.O. (2007) MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 316: 1039–1043.
41. Fazzari P. Penachioni J. Gianola S. Rossi F. Eickholt B.J. Maina F. (2007) Plexin-B1 plays a redundant role during mouse development and in tumour angiogenesis. BMC Dev Biol 7: 55–55.
42. Furukawa T. Duguid W.P. Kobari M. Matsuno S. Tsao M.S. (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor and Met receptor expression in human pancreatic carcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 147: 889–895.
43. Garcia S. Dales J.P. Charafe-Jauffret E. Carpentier-Meunier S. Andrac-Meyer L. Jacquemier J. (2007a) Overexpression of c-Met and of the transducers PI3K, FAK and JAK in breast carcinomas correlates with shorter survival and neoangiogenesis. Int J Oncol 31: 49–58.
44. Garcia S. Dales J.P. Charafe-Jauffret E. Carpentier-Meunier S. Andrac-Meyer L. Jacquemier J. (2007b) Poor prognosis in breast carcinomas correlates with increased expression of targetable CD146 and c-Met and with proteomic basal-like phenotype. Hum Pathol 38: 830–841.
45. Giordano S. (2009) Rilotumumab, a mAb against human hepatocyte growth factor for the treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Mol Ther 11: 448–455.
46. Giordano S. Corso S. Conrotto P. Artigiani S. Gilestro G. Barberis D. (2002) The semaphorin 4D receptor controls invasive growth by coupling with Met. Nat Cell Biol 4: 720–724.
47. Giordano S. Maffe A. Williams T.A. Artigiani S. Gual P. Bardelli A. (2000) Different point mutations in the met oncogene elicit distinct biological properties. FASEB J 14: 399–406.
48. Go H. Jeon Y.K. Park H.J. Sung S.W. Seo J.W. Chung D.H. (2010) High MET gene copy number leads to shorter survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 5: 305–313.
49. Gordon M.S. Sweeney C.S. Mendelson D.S. Eckhardt S.G. Anderson A. Beaupre D.M. (2010) Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of AMG 102, a fully human hepatocyte growth factor-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, in a first-in-human study of patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 16: 699–710.
50. Han S.Y. Druck T. Huebner K. (2003) Candidate tumor suppressor genes at FRA7G are coamplified with MET and do not suppress malignancy in a gastric cancer. Genomics 81: 105–107.
51. Heymann S. Koudrova M. Arnold H. Koster M. Braun T. (1996) Regulation and function of SF/HGF during migration of limb muscle precursor cells in chicken. Dev Biol 180: 566–578.
52. Houldsworth J. Cordon-Cardo C. Ladanyi M. Kelsen D.P. Chaganti R.S. (1990) Gene amplification in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 50: 6417–6422.
53. Huh C.G. Factor V.M. Sanchez A. Uchida K. Conner E.A. Thorgeirsson S.S. (2004) Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 4477–4482.
54. Ichimura E. Maeshima A. Nakajima T. Nakamura T. (1996) Expression of c-met/HGF receptor in human non-small cell lung carcinomas in vitro and in vivo and its prognostic significance. Jpn J Cancer Res 87: 1063–1069.
55. Iwasaki A. Kuwahara M. Yoshinaga Y. Shirakusa T. (2004) Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, as prognostic indicators in NSCLC. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25: 443–448.
56. Jin H. Yang R. Zheng Z. Romero M. Ross J. Bou-Reslan H. (2008) MetMAb, the one-armed 5D5 anti-c-Met antibody, inhibits orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth and improves survival. Cancer Res 68: 4360–4368.
57. John T. Kohler D. Pintilie M. Yanagawa N. Pham N.A. Li M. (2011) The ability to form primary tumor xenografts is predictive of increased risk of disease recurrence in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17: 134–141.
58. Kammula U.S. Kuntz E.J. Francone T.D. Zeng Z. Shia J. Landmann R.G. (2007) Molecular co-expression of the c-Met oncogene and hepatocyte growth factor in primary colon cancer predicts tumor stage and clinical outcome. Cancer Lett 248: 219–228.
59. Kato S. Kubota K. Shimamura T. Shinohara Y. Kobayashi N. Watanabe S. (2011) Semaphorin 4D, a lymphocyte semaphorin, enhances tumor cell motility through binding its receptor, plexinB1, in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci, 4 August [Epub ahead of print].
60. Khachatryan V. Sirunyan A.M. Tumasyan A. Adam W. Bergauer T. Dragicevic M. (2010) Search for quark compositeness with the dijet centrality ratio in pp collisions at radicals=7 TeV. Phys Rev Lett 105: 262001–262001.
61. Kijima T. Takeuchi K. Tetsumoto S. Shimada K. Takahashi R. Hirata H. (2011) Favorable response to crizotinib in three patients with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion-type oncogene-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 102: 1602–1604.
62. Kimura H. Nakajima T. Takeuchi K. Soda M. Mano H. Iizasa T. (2011) ALK fusion gene positive lung cancer and 3 cases treated with an inhibitor for ALK kinase activity. Lung Cancer, 12 July [Epub ahead of print].
63. Knowles L.M. Stabile L.P. Egloff A.M. Rothstein M.E. Thomas S.M. Gubish C.T. (2009) HGF and c-Met participate in paracrine tumorigenic pathways in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15: 3740–3750.
64. Kong-Beltran M. Seshagiri S. Zha J. Zhu W. Bhawe K. Mendoza N. (2006) Somatic mutations lead to an oncogenic deletion of met in lung cancer. Cancer Res 66: 283–289.
65. Koochekpour S. Jeffers M. Rulong S. Taylor G. Klineberg E. Hudson E.A. (1997) Met and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression in human gliomas. Cancer Res 57: 5391–5398.
66. Kuniyasu H. Yasui W. Kitadai Y. Yokozaki H. Ito H. Tahara E. (1992) Frequent amplification of the c-met gene in scirrhous type stomach cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189: 227–232.
67. Lee J.H. Han S.U. Cho H. Jennings B. Gerrard B. Dean M. (2000) A novel germ line juxtamembrane Met mutation in human gastric cancer. Oncogene 19: 4947–4953.
68. Lemmon M.A. Schlessinger J. (2010) Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 141: 1117–1134.
69. Lee J. Seo J.W. Jun H.J. Ki C.S. Park S.H. Park Y.S. (2011) Impact of MET amplification on gastric cancer: possible roles as a novel prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target. Oncol Rep 25: 1517–1524.
70. Lengyel E. Prechtel D. Resau J.H. Gauger K. Welk A. Lindemann K. (2005) C-Met overexpression in node-positive breast cancer identifies patients with poor clinical outcome independent of Her2/neu. Int J Cancer 113: 678–682.
71. Liang T.J. Reid A.E. Xavier R. Cardiff R.D. Wang T.C. (1996) Transgenic expression of tpr-met oncogene leads to development of mammary hyperplasia and tumors. J Clin Invest 97: 2872–2877.
72. Liu C. Park M. Tsao M.S. (1992) Overexpression of c-met proto-oncogene but not epidermal growth factor receptor or c-erbB-2 in primary human colorectal carcinomas. Oncogene 7: 181–185.
73. Liu C. Tsao M.S. (1993a) In vitro and in vivo expressions of transforming growth factor-alpha and tyrosine kinase receptors in human non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Am J Pathol 142: 1155–1162.
74. Liu C. Tsao M.S. (1993b) Proto-oncogene and growth factor/receptor expression in the establishment of primary human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. Am J Pathol 142: 413–423.
75. Liu N. Furukawa T. Kobari M. Tsao M.S. (1998) Comparative phenotypic studies of duct epithelial cell lines derived from normal human pancreas and pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 153: 263–269.
76. Lutterbach B. Zeng Q. Davis L.J. Hatch H. Hang G. Kohl N.E. (2007) Lung cancer cell lines harboring MET gene amplification are dependent on Met for growth and survival. Cancer Res 67: 2081–2088.
77. Ma P.C. Tretiakova M.S. MacKinnon A.C. Ramnath N. Johnson C. Dietrich S. (2008) Expression and mutational analysis of MET in human solid cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 47: 1025–1037.
78. Martens T. Schmidt N.O. Eckerich C. Fillbrandt R. Merchant M. Schwall R. (2006) A novel one-armed anti-c-Met antibody inhibits glioblastoma growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 12: 6144–6152.
79. Masuya D. Huang C. Liu D. Nakashima T. Kameyama K. Haba R. (2004) The tumour-stromal interaction between intratumoral c-Met and stromal hepatocyte growth factor associated with tumour growth and prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 90: 1555–1562.
80. Matsui S. Osada S. Tomita H. Komori S. Mori R. Sanada Y. (2010) Clinical significance of aggressive hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastasis, evaluated from the HGF/c-Met pathway. Int J Oncol 37: 289–297.
81. McDermott U. Pusapati R.V. Christensen J.G. Gray N.S. Settleman J. (2010) Acquired resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells to MET kinase inhibition is mediated by a switch to epidermal growth factor receptor dependency. Cancer Res 70: 1625–1634.
82. McDermott U. Sharma S.V. Dowell L. Greninger P. Montagut C. Lamb J. (2007) Identification of genotype-correlated sensitivity to selective kinase inhibitors by using high-throughput tumor cell line profiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(50): 19936–19941 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18077425?dopt=Citation.
83. Michieli P. Mazzone M. Basilico C. Cavassa S. Sottile A. Naldini L. (2004) Targeting the tumor and its microenvironment by a dual-function decoy Met receptor. Cancer Cell 6: 61–73.
84. Migliore C. Giordano S. (2008) Molecular cancer therapy: can our expectation be MET?. Eur J Cancer 44: 641–651.
85. Miller C.T. Lin L. Casper A.M. Lim J. Thomas D.G. Orringer M.B. (2006) Genomic amplification of MET with boundaries within fragile site FRA7G and upregulation of MET pathways in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 25: 409–418.
86. Nakajima M. Sawada H. Yamada Y. Watanabe A. Tatsumi M. Yamashita J. (1999) The prognostic significance of amplification and overexpression of c-met and c-erb B-2 in human gastric carcinomas. Cancer 85: 1894–1902.
87. Nakamura Y. Niki T. Goto A. Morikawa T. Miyazawa K. Nakajima J. (2007) c-Met activation in lung adenocarcinoma tissues: an immunohistochemical analysis. Cancer Sci 98: 1006–1013.
88. Navab R. Liu J. Seiden-Long I. Shih W. Li M. Bandarchi B. (2009) Co-overexpression of Met and hepatocyte growth factor promotes systemic metastasis in NCI-H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Neoplasia 11: 1292–1300.
89. Okuda K. Sasaki H. Yukiue H. Yano M. Fujii Y. (2008) Met gene copy number predicts the prognosis for completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 99: 2280–2285.
90. Olivero M. Rizzo M. Madeddu R. Casadio C. Pennacchietti S. Nicotra M.R. (1996) Overexpression and activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in human non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Br J Cancer 74: 1862–1868.
91. Olivero M. Valente G. Bardelli A. Longati P. Ferrero N. Cracco C. (1999) Novel mutation in the ATP-binding site of the MET oncogene tyrosine kinase in a HPRCC family. Int J Cancer 82: 640–643.
92. Onitsuka T. Uramoto H. Nose N. Takenoyama M. Hanagiri T. Sugio K. (2010a) Acquired resistance to gefitinib: the contribution of mechanisms other than the T790M, MET, and HGF status. Lung Cancer 68: 198–203.
93. Onitsuka T. Uramoto H. Ono K. Takenoyama M. Hanagiri T. Oyama T. (2010b) Comprehensive molecular analyses of lung adenocarcinoma with regard to the epidermal growth factor receptor, K-ras, MET, and hepatocyte growth factor status. J Thorac Oncol 5: 591–596.
94. Organ S.L. Tong J. Taylor P. St-Germain J.R. Navab R. Moran M.F. (2011) Quantitative phospho-proteomic profiling of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET signaling in colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res 10: 3200–3211.
95. Ou S.H. Kwak E.L. Siwak-Tapp C. Dy J. Bergethon K. Clark J.W. (2011) Activity of crizotinib (PF02341066), a dual mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, in a non-small cell lung cancer patient with de novo MET amplification. J Thorac Oncol 6: 942–946.
96. Pan B.S. Chan G.K. Chenard M. Chi A. Davis L.J. Deshmukh S.V. (2010) MK-2461, a novel multitargeted kinase inhibitor, preferentially inhibits the activated c-Met receptor. Cancer Res 70: 1524–1533.
97. Park M. Dean M. Cooper C.S. Schmidt M. O'Brien S.J. Blair D.G. (1986) Mechanism of met oncogene activation. Cell 45: 895–904.
98. Park W.S. Dong S.M. Kim S.Y. Na E.Y. Shin M.S. Pi J.H. (1999) Somatic mutations in the kinase domain of the Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor gene in childhood hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Res 59: 307–310.
99. Parr C. Watkins G. Mansel R.E. Jiang W.G. (2004) The hepatocyte growth factor regulatory factors in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 10: 202–211.
100. Pennacchietti S. Michieli P. Galluzzo M. Mazzone M. Giordano S. Comoglio P.M. (2003) Hypoxia promotes invasive growth by transcriptional activation of the met protooncogene. Cancer Cell 3: 347–361.
101. Peschard P. Fournier T.M. Lamorte L. Naujokas M.A. Band H. Langdon W.Y. (2001) Mutation of the c-Cbl TKB domain binding site on the Met receptor tyrosine kinase converts it into a transforming protein. Mol Cell 8: 995–1004.
102. Peschard P. Park M. (2007) From Tpr-Met to Met, tumorigenesis and tubes. Oncogene 26: 1276–1285.
103. Petrelli A. Circosta P. Granziero L. Mazzone M. Pisacane A. Fenoglio S. (2006) Ab-induced ectodomain shedding mediates hepatocyte growth factor receptor down-regulation and hampers biological activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 5090–5095.
104. Petrelli A. Valabrega G. (2009) Multitarget drugs: the present and the future of cancer therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10: 589–600.
105. Porter J. (2010) Small molecule c-Met kinase inhibitors: a review of recent patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 20: 159–177.
106. Qi J. McTigue M.A. Rogers A. Lifshits E. Christensen J.G. Janne P.A. (2011) Multiple mutations and bypass mechanisms can contribute to development of acquired resistance to MET inhibitors. Cancer Res 71: 1081–1091.
107. Qian F. Engst S. Yamaguchi K. Yu P. Won K.A. Mock L. (2009) Inhibition of tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis by EXEL-2880 (XL880, GSK1363089), a novel inhibitor of HGF and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases. Cancer Res 69: 8009–8016.
108. Qiang R. Wang F. Shi L.Y. Liu M. Chen S. Wan H.Y. (2011) Plexin-B1 is a target of miR-214 in cervical cancer and promotes the growth and invasion of HeLa cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 43: 632–641.
109. Ramirez R. Hsu D. Patel A. Fenton C. Dinauer C. Tuttle R.M. (2000) Over-expression of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and the HGF/SF receptor (cMET) are associated with a high risk of metastasis and recurrence for children and young adults with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53: 635–644.
110. Rodrigues G.A. Park M. (1993) Dimerization mediated through a leucine zipper activates the oncogenic potential of the met receptor tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell Biol 13: 6711–6722.
111. Rong S. Segal S. Anver M. Resau J.H. Vande Woude G.F. (1994) Invasiveness and metastasis of NIH 3T3 cells induced by Met-hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor autocrine stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 4731–4735.
112. Salgia R. Sherman S. Hong D.S. Ng C.S. Frye J. Janisch L. (2008) A phase I study of XL184, a RET, VEGFR2, and MET kinase inhibitor, in patients (pts) with advanced malignancies, including pts with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). ASCO Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, May 30–June 3, 2008.
113. Schiller J.H. Akerley W.L. Brugger W. Ferrari D. Garmey E.G. Gerber D.E. (2010) Results from ARQ 197-209: a global randomized placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial of erlotinib plus ARQ 197 versus erlotinib plus placebo in previously treated EGFR inhibitor-naive patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 28: LBA7502–LBA7502.
114. Schmidt L. Duh F.M. Chen F. Kishida T. Glenn G. Choyke P. (1997) Germline and somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas. Nat Genet 16: 68–73.
115. Schmidt L. Junker K. Nakaigawa N. Kinjerski T. Weirich G. Miller M. (1999) Novel mutations of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas. Oncogene 18: 2343–2350.
116. Schroeder P. (1992) Six tips for effective presentations. Nurs Qual Connect 2: 4–4.
117. Seiden-Long I.M. Brown K.R. Shih W. Wigle D.A. Radulovich N. Jurisica I. (2006) Transcriptional targets of hepatocyte growth factor signaling and Ki-ras oncogene activation in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 25: 91–102.
118. Seiden-Long I. Navab R. Shih W. Li M. Chow J. Zhu C.Q. (2008) Gab1 but not Grb2 mediates tumor progression in Met overexpressing colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 29: 647–655.
119. Seiwert T.Y. Jagadeeswaran R. Faoro L. Janamanchi V. Nallasura V. El Dinali M. (2009) The MET receptor tyrosine kinase is a potential novel therapeutic target for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 69: 3021–3031.
120. Seymour, L. (2010) MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor GSK1363089 and erlotinib hydrochloride or erlotinib hydrochloride alone in treating patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that has not responded to previous chemotherapy. National Clinical Trial NCT01068587. Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01068587?term=foretinib=rank=10 (accessed 18 August 2011).
121. Siegfried J.M. Weissfeld L.A. Singh-Kaw P. Weyant R.J. Testa J.R. Landreneau R.J. (1997) Association of immunoreactive hepatocyte growth factor with poor survival in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 57: 433–439.
122. Sierra J.R. Cepero V. Giordano S. (2010) Molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase targeted therapy. Mol Cancer 9: 75–75.
123. Sierra J.R. Corso S. Caione L. Cepero V. Conrotto P. Cignetti A. (2008) Tumor angiogenesis and progression are enhanced by Sema4D produced by tumor-associated macrophages. J Exp Med 205: 1673–1685.
124. Silvagno F. Follenzi A. Arese M. Prat M. Giraudo E. Gaudino G. (1995) In vivo activation of met tyrosine kinase by heterodimeric hepatocyte growth factor molecule promotes angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15: 1857–1865.
125. Skoldenberg E.G. Larsson A. Jakobson A. Hedborg F. Kogner P. Christofferson R.H. (2009) The angiogenic growth factors HGF and VEGF in serum and plasma from neuroblastoma patients. Anticancer Res 29: 3311–3319.
126. Smolen G.A. Sordella R. Muir B. Mohapatra G. Barmettler A. Archibald H. (2006) Amplification of MET may identify a subset of cancers with extreme sensitivity to the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor PHA-665752. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 2316–2321.
127. Soman N.R. Correa P. Ruiz B.A. Wogan G.N. (1991) The TPR-MET oncogenic rearrangement is present and expressed in human gastric carcinoma and precursor lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 4892–4896.
128. Spigel, D.R., Ervin, T.J., Ramlau, R., Daniel, D.B., Goldschmidt, J.H., Krzakowski, M. et al. (2010) Randomized, phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating MetMAb, an antibody to Met receptor, in combination with erlotinib, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. 35th ESMO Conference, Milan, Italy, October 8–12, 2010.
129. Stella G.M. Benvenut S. Gramaglia D. Scarpa A. Tomezzoli A. Cassoni P. (2011) MET mutations in cancers of unknown primary origin (CUPs). Hum Mutat 32: 44–50.
130. Stevens L. McClelland L. Fricke A. Williamson M. Kuo I. Scott G. (2010) Plexin B1 suppresses c-Met in melanoma: a role for plexin B1 as a tumor-suppressor protein through regulation of c-Met. J Invest Dermatol 130: 1636–1645.
131. Swiercz J.M. Kuner R. Offermanns S. (2004) Plexin-B1/RhoGEF-mediated RhoA activation involves the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2. J Cell Biol 165: 869–880.
132. Swiercz J.M. Worzfeld T. Offermanns S. (2008) ErbB-2 and met reciprocally regulate cellular signaling via plexin-B1. J Biol Chem 283: 1893–1901.
133. Takanami I. Tanana F. Hashizume T. Kikuchi K. Yamamoto Y. Yamamoto T. (1996) Hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in pulmonary adenocarcinomas: an evaluation of their expression as prognostic markers. Oncology 53: 392–397.
134. Tamagnone L. Artigiani S. Chen H. He Z. Ming G.I. Song H. (1999) Plexins are a large family of receptors for transmembrane, secreted, and GPI-anchored semaphorins in vertebrates. Cell 99: 71–80.
135. Tamagnone L. Comoglio P.M. (2000) Signalling by semaphorin receptors: cell guidance and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 10: 377–383.
136. Tanimoto S. Fukumori T. El-Moula G. Shiirevnyamba A. Kinouchi S. Koizumi T. (2008) Prognostic significance of serum hepatocyte growth factor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: comparison with serum vascular endothelial growth factor. J Med Invest 55: 106–111.
137. Tengs T. Lee J.C. Paez J.G. Zhao X. LaFramboise T. Giannoukos G. (2006) A transforming MET mutation discovered in non-small cell lung cancer using microarray-based resequencing. Cancer Lett 239: 227–233.
138. To C.T. Tsao M.S. (1998) The roles of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and met receptor in human cancers [review]. Oncol Rep 5: 1013–1024.
139. Toiyama Y. Miki C. Inoue Y. Okugawa Y. Tanaka K. Kusunoki M. (2009) Serum hepatocyte growth factor as a prognostic marker for stage II or III colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 125: 1657–1662.
140. Tokunou M. Niki T. Eguchi K. Iba S. Tsuda H. Yamada T. (2001) c-MET expression in myofibroblasts: role in autocrine activation and prognostic significance in lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 158: 1451–1463.
141. Toschi L. Janne P.A. (2008) Single-agent and combination therapeutic strategies to inhibit hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14: 5941–5946.
142. Trusolino L. Bertotti A. Comoglio P.M. (2010) MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 834–848.
143. Tsao M.S. Liu N. Chen J.R. Pappas J. Ho J. To C. (1998) Differential expression of Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 20: 1–16.
144. Tsao M.S. Yang Y. Marcus A. Liu N. Mou L. (2001) Hepatocyte growth factor is predominantly expressed by the carcinoma cells in non-small-cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol 32: 57–65.
145. Tsao M.S. Zhu H. Giaid A. Viallet J. Nakamura T. Park M. (1993) Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor is an autocrine factor for human normal bronchial epithelial and lung carcinoma cells. Cell Growth Differ 4: 571–579.
146. Tsugawa K. Yonemura Y. Hirono Y. Fushida S. Kaji M. Miwa K. (1998) Amplification of the c-met, c-erbB-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gastric cancers: correlation to clinical features. Oncology 55: 475–481.
147. Tuck A.B. Park M. Sterns E.E. Boag A. Elliott B.E. (1996) Coexpression of hepatocyte growth factor and receptor (Met) in human breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 148: 225–232.
148. Turke A.B. Zejnullahu K. Wu Y.L. Song Y. Dias-Santagata D. Lifshits E. (2010) Preexistence and clonal selection of MET amplification in EGFR mutant NSCLC. Cancer Cell 17: 77–88.
149. Tyner J.W. Fletcher L.B. Wang E.Q. Yang W.F. Rutenberg-Schoenberg M.L. Beadling C. (2010) MET receptor sequence variants R970C and T992I lack transforming capacity. Cancer Res 70: 6233–6237.
150. Valente G. Nicotra G. Arrondini M. Castino R. Capparuccia L. Prat M. (2009) Co-expression of plexin-B1 and Met in human breast and ovary tumours enhances the risk of progression. Cell Oncol 31: 423–436.
151. Vigna E. Gramaglia D. Longati P. Bardelli A. Comoglio P.M. (1999) Loss of the exon encoding the juxtamembrane domain is essential for the oncogenic activation of TPR-MET. Oncogene 18(29): 4275–4281.
152. Vigna E. Pacchiana G. Mazzone M. Chiriaco C. Fontani L. Basilico C. (2008) ‘Active’ cancer immunotherapy by anti-Met antibody gene transfer. Cancer Res 68: 9176–9183.
153. Vuononvirta R. Sebire N.J. Messahel B. Perusinghe N. Reis-Filho J.S. Pritchard-Jones K. (2009) Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor met in Wilms' tumors and nephrogenic rests reflects their roles in kidney development. Clin Cancer Res 15: 2723–2730.
154. Wakelee, H.A., Gettinger, S.N., Engelman, J.A., Janne, P.A., West, H.J., Subramaniam, D.S. et al. (2010) A phase Ib/II study of XL184 (BMS 907351) with and without erlotinib (E) in patients (pts) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In: Proceedings of the 2010 ASCO Annual Meeting, J Clin Oncol 28(15): suppl_3017.
155. Wang N.S. Liu C. Emond J. Tsao M.S. (1992) Annulate lamellae in a large cell lung carcinoma cell line with high expression of tyrosine kinase receptor and proto-oncogenes. Ultrastruct Pathol 16: 439–449.
156. Wang R. Ferrell L.D. Faouzi S. Maher J.J. Bishop J.M. (2001) Activation of the Met receptor by cell attachment induces and sustains hepatocellular carcinomas in transgenic mice. J Cell Biol 153: 1023–1034.
157. Wen P.Y. (2010) American Society of Clinical Oncology 2010: report of selected studies from the CNS tumors section. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 10: 1367–1369.
158. Wen P.Y. Schiff D. Cloughesy T.F. Raizer J.J. Laterra J. Smitt M. (2011) A phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AMG 102 (rilotumumab) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 13: 437–446.
159. Wong O.G. Nitkunan T. Oinuma I. Zhou C. Blanc V. Brown R.S. (2007) Plexin-B1 mutations in prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 19040–19045.
160. Yamamoto S. Tsuda H. Miyai K. Takano M. Tamai S. Matsubara O. (2011) Gene amplification and protein overexpression of MET are common events in ovarian clear-cell adenocarcinoma: their roles in tumor progression and prognostication of the patient. Mod Pathol 24: 1146–1155.
161. Yamashita J. Ogawa M. Yamashita S. Nomura K. Kuramoto M. Saishoji T. (1994) Immunoreactive hepatocyte growth factor is a strong and independent predictor of recurrence and survival in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 54: 1630–1633.
162. Yap T.A. Olmos D. Brunetto A.T. Tunariu N. Barriuso J. Riisnaes R. (2011) Phase I trial of a selective c-MET inhibitor ARQ 197 incorporating proof of mechanism pharmacodynamic studies. J Clin Oncol 29: 1271–1279.
163. Yi S. Chen J.R. Viallet J. Schwall R.H. Nakamura T. Tsao M.S. (1998) Paracrine effects of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor on non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 77: 2162–2170.
164. Yi S. Tsao M.S. (2000) Activation of hepatocyte growth factor-met autocrine loop enhances tumorigenicity in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Neoplasia 2: 226–234.
165. Yun C.H. Mengwasser K.E. Toms A.V. Woo M.S. Greulich H. Wong K.K. (2008) The T790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity for ATP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 2070–2075.
166. Zeng Z.S. Weiser M.R. Kuntz E. Chen C.T. Khan S.A. Forslund A. (2008) c-Met gene amplification is associated with advanced stage colorectal cancer and liver metastases. Cancer Lett 265: 258–269.
167. Zhou C. Wu Y.-L. Chen G. (2010) Efficacy results from the randomised phase III OPTIMAL (CTONG 0802) study comparing first-line erlotinib versus carboplatin (CBDCA) plus gemcitabine (GEM), in Chinese advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) with EGFR activating mutations. ESMO 2010 21: LBA12–LBA12.
168. Zou H.Y. Li Q. Lee J.H. Arango M.E. McDonnell S.R. Yamazaki S. (2007) An orally available small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, PF-2341066, exhibits cytoreductive antitumor efficacy through antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res 67: 4408–4417.